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  • Articles  (282)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (282)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • PANGAEA
  • Wiley-Blackwell
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (282)
  • 1999  (282)
  • Economics  (282)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LABOR EARNINGS AND HOUSEHOLD INCOME MOBILITY IN REUNIFIED GERMANY: A COMPARISON OF THE EASTERN AND WESTERN STATES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we compare income mobility of persons from the eastern and western states of Germany between 1990 and 1995. We consider income mobility between consecutive years and between the first and the final year of this time period. We find that gross individual labor income mobility was much higher in the east than in the west during the first years after reunification, but that this difference has become much smaller until 1995. Changing to measures that reflect economic well-being more accurately, we observe that gross equivalent labor income mobility and net equivalent income mobility initially were also much higher in the eastern states than in the western states, but converged over time as well. This convergence has been particularly strong for net equivalent income mobility, suggesting that the social protection system has greatly reduced mobility risks associated with the transformation process in the eastern states of Germany.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00342.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HOW CERTAIN ARE DUTCH HOUSEHOLDS ABOUT FUTURE INCOME? AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The precautionary saving literature shows that income uncertainty increases savings and wealth. To estimate the magnitude of this effect, we need a measure of income uncertainty. This paper empirically analyzes subjective income uncertainty in The Netherlands. Data come from a large Dutch household survey. We measure income uncertainty by asking questions on expected household income in the next twelve months. First, we describe the data and investigate the relationship between the measure of income uncertainty and a number of household characteristics. Controlling for information on expected income changes, we find strong relationships between labor-market characteristics and the subjective income uncertainty as reported by the heads of the households. Second, we compare income uncertainty in The Netherlands with income uncertainty in the U.S. and Italy. It becomes evident that perceived income uncertainty is smaller in The Netherlands than it is in the U.S.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00343.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE WEALTH EFFECTS OF INCOME INSURANCE (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Precautionary savings models suggest that wealth should rise with income risk. Risk is reduced by means-tested transfers, however, which implies that transfer programs should discourage private wealth accumulation. We offer a comprehensive empirical assessment based on variation across states in the generosity of a number of programs, specifically unemployment insurance and means-tested transfers (Aid to Families with Dependent Children and Food Stamps). We use monthly data on married couples from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to regress wealth on income, income risk, and various measures of transfer generosity. The results support the precaution-ary savings model and reveal moderate negative wealth effects of both unemployment insurance and means-tested transfers, with an elasticity of about −0.18.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00344.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NEW ESTIMATES OF HOURS OF WORK AND REAL INCOME IN CANADA FROM THE 1880s TO 1930: LONG-RUN TRENDS AND WORKERS' PREFERENCES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The first set of hours of work estimates constructed for Canada and its regions for the 1880–1930 period is presented in this article. These estimates suggest a trend decline in hours of work, especially following First World War. In addition, these estimates suggest that the decline in hours of work came at no or little cost in terms of real weekly income. The trends uncovered for Canada are found to be similar to those revealed for the U.S. In effect, by the early twentieth century workers were realizing their long expressed preferences for a shorter workweek at no loss in real income.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00345.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    TROPICS AND INCOME: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF THE U.S. STATES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A simple regression of personal income per capita for the U.S. states is estimated from cross-section data for the years 1929, 1950, 1970 and 1990 with each state's distance from the equator as the regressor. While proximity to the equator is noted to have a sizable adverse effect on income, elasticity of personal income per capita with respect to “tropicality” shows a steady and somewhat dramatic decline during this 60-year period. The estimates indicate that the disadvantage of tropicality is not immutable, and need not imply a developmental determinism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00346.x
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  • 6
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    THE MIDDLE YEARS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH IN INCOME AND WEALTH, 1962–87 (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00348.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    CATEGORISATION OF ADDITIVE PURCHASING POWER PARITIES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Additivity is an important property for the aggregation methods used in constructing purchasing power parities. For a practical definition of additivity, this paper categorises all aditive methods. First of all, a generalisation of the Geary-Khamis method of aggregation is defined: this is called the Generalised Geary-Khamis, (GGK), approach. The key result proved is that, within a broad class of possible aggregation methods, the set of additive methods is precisely equivalent to the set of GGK indices. Some implications of this categorisation of additive methods are considered, both in the multilateral and bilateral cases. For example, in the multilateral case, the Iklé index is set in context as another special case of the GGK approach. In the bilateral case, it is shown that there always exists a GGK, (and therefore additive), equivalent to the Fisher Index.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00330.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    NET ACCUMULATION OF TIMBER RESOURCES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: National accounting issues related to forest resources have attracted much attention recently. The net-depletion method, the most popular method for estimating aggregate changes in the value of timber stocks, tends to overstate both the depreciation of mature forests due to harvests and the appreciation of immature forests due to growth. Alternative, correct methods, which I term the net-price and El Serafy variations, can be derived from an asset valuation model that takes forest age into account. An empirical example indicates that estimates from the net-depletion method can deviate from actual values by up to 40 percent for some age classes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00331.x
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  • 9
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    HOUSEHOLD NEEDS AND POVERTY: WITH APPLICATION TO SPAIN AND THE U.K. (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We examine the sensitivity of U.K.-Spanish poverty comparisons to variations in the dependence of equivalence scales on household size and composition, using evidence from national household budget surveys. We sum up these comparisons using subjective confidence levels. Taking into account the dissimilarities in the distribution of incomes and needs across countries, we find, inter alia, that although the poor are typically more numerous in Spain than in Britain, the actual headcount differences may vary by up to 10 percent of the population when needs allowances are altered, even when kept the same across the two countries. Comparisons of poverty composition across the two countries are also very sensitive to the choice of equivalence scale parameters. Generally, however, the proportion of single adults among the poor is much less important in Spain than in Britain, the reverse being true for households with three or more adults.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00313.x
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  • 10
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    Announcements (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00316.x
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  • 11
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    THE TRANSITION FROM SOVIETISM: TODAY'S DEPRESSION, TOMORROW'S GROWTH? (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00315.x
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  • 12
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    THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL CAPITAL IN PRODUCTION (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: It is increasingly acknowledged that the financial structure of a firm is an important determinant of its production costs. This paper argues that the use of a firm's liabilities should be seen as a separate input in the production process. At the same time, the input of non-financial assets is limited to the value that is used up during the reference period. The paper elaborates on these ideas and shows their use in empirical work. It is concluded that the approach set out in this paper establishes a much closer relationship of general economic accounting and analysis to business economics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00358.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    HOUSEHOLD SAVING IN THE '90s: EVIDENCE FROM CROSS-SECTION WEALTH SURVEYS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper uses a series of cross-section surveys to measure how wealth accumulation and active saving rates varied across cohort-groups during the early and mid 1990s. Our estimated rates of saving and wealth change across cohorts show a somewhat more dramatic life-cycle pattern than found in previous studies, in part because we use a new technique, and in part because the cross-section wealth surveys we use oversample the wealthiest families whose behavior dominates aggregate changes. Adjusting the wealth-change rates for bequests and subtracting out the capital gains component of wealth change move the estimates in the direction of results from previous studies, but the biggest changes in that direction result from excluding the top of the wealth distribution in each year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00359.x
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  • 14
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    A CROSS-COUNTRY STUDY OF EQUIVALENCE SCALES AND EXPENDITURE INEQUALITY ON UNIT RECORD HOUSEHOLD BUDGET DATA (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Inequality comparisons require equivalence scales to account for differences in household size and composition. The multiplicity of equivalence scale models makes the sensitivity of the inequality calculations to the scale used a significant policy issue. Such an investigation based on unit records of two adult households from Italy, Australia, South Africa, Thailand, Peru, Philippines, India and Tanzania was our principal motivation. The equivalence scale varies across countries and between different types of children. Inequality rankings of countries, though not the inequality decomposition between households of different composition, are robust to the equivalence scale used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00360.x
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  • 15
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    THE CHOICE OF THE AGGREGATION LEVEL IN THE ESTIMATION OF QUARTERLY NATIONAL ACCOUNTS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Many central statistical offices use indirect time series disaggregation methods to produce quarterly national accounts estimates or other high frequency variables. This paper investigates the relation existing between the statistical properties of indirectly estimated time series and the contemporaneous aggregation level at which estimation is carried out, when a version of the Chow-Lin (1971, 1976) method is used to evaluate quarterly time series. It is shown that estimation at the lowest possible level of contemporaneous aggregation is not always optimal. In order to choose the level of contemporaneous aggregation at which time series disaggregation should be carried out, the use of formal econometric tests is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00361.x
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  • 16
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    INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY: A REVIEW (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Several different approaches to international comparison of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) have now emerged. Among these are the time-series approach, the panel approach, and the cross-section approach. This paper compares methodologies of these different approaches and results that have been obtained from their application. The comparison of results is conducted in the context of two samples, namely the sample of G7 countries and a large sample that includes developing nations. It is found that while there are broad agreements in results, there exist considerable differences too. The analysis shows how these differences can be related, in part, to differences in methodology. The paper also shows how these different approaches to international TFP-comparison can play a complementary role in enhancing our understanding of such important phenomena as technological diffusion and TFP-convergence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00362.x
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  • 17
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    HOUSEHOLDS' NON-SNA PRODUCTION: LABOUR TIME, VALUE OF LABOUR AND OF PRODUCT, AND CONTRIBUTION TO EXTENDED PRIVATE CONSUMPTION (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper first shows, with data from fourteen countries, the potential of time-use studies for measuring, in comparable physical quantities, labour inputs in SNA and in non-SNA production. It then presents the monetary valuations of unpaid household labour and of households' non-market product achieved on the basis of time-use data in a few of these countries. Further elaboration of these valuations illustrates the contribution of households' non-SNA production to extended private consumption. The conclusion suggests desirable future developments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00363.x
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  • 18
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    EQUIVALENCE SCALES AND THE WELFARE OF CHILDREN: A COMMENT ON “IS THERE BIAS IN THE ECONOMIC LITERATURE ON EQUIVALENCE SCALES?” (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In a recent issue of this journal, M. Luisa Ferriera, Reuben C. Buse, and Jan-Paul Chavas argue that the equivalence scales implicit in the official U.S. poverty line and in public welfare programs overcompensate parents for their children, with resulting negative distributional and incentive effects. We show that their analysis is based on a very particular, and ethically unappealing, assumption about the importance of children's well-being.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00364.x
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  • 19
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    BEYOND THE SNA—WHITHER? (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00366.x
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  • 20
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    ON OUTPUT OF THE SWEDISH EDUCATION SECTOR: ADDITIONAL REMARKS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The main purpose of this paper is to relate the empirical attempt of measuring output from the education sector to theoretical results about the welfare significance of an extended net national product (NNP) measure. We show that economic theory provides a more focused way of interpreting such output estimates, which has not been recognized in previous studies. The paper also contains new estimates of the output from the Swedish education sector.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00365.x
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  • 21
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    Announcements (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00367.x
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  • 22
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    TRAVEL GRANT for the IARIW 26th GENERAL CONFERENCE IN CRACOW, POLAND 27 August-2 September 2000 (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00368.x
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  • 23
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    INTEREST AND INFLATION ACCOUNTING (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper analyses the treatments proposed by Chapter XIX (Annex B) of the 1993 SNA and the manual Inflation Accounting published by the OECD (Peter Hill) as alternatives to the traditional recording of nominal interest. Real interest and interest prime (annex B) are relevant for different purposes. Their amounts are not the same to the extent that actual compensation and full required compensation for inflation differ. The recording of negative real interest is not compatible with the exclusion of holding gains/losses from the SNA current accounts. The accounting treatments in Inflation Accounting (capital transfers, additional lending/borrowing, no nominal holding gains/losses) and Annex B (nominal holding gains/losses, no capital transfers, no new lending/borrowing) are contrasted.
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  • 24
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    50-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE OF THE IARIW: THE EARLY YEARS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper, for the anniversary session on Milestones in Measurement, covers the years of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth (IARIW) through the sixth General Conference in 1959. The first section of the paper describes the setting in which the Association was established and attempts to give a sense of the early years by identifying the people who were active in the Association and the topics that were being discussed. The second section identifies four milestones among the papers published in Income and Wealth, the volumes that brought together a selection of the papers from the General Conferences of this early period.
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  • 25
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    THE “RECENT PERIOD” OF THE IARIW, 1988 TO 1998 (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00349.x
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  • 26
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    YOUNG BABY BOOMERS' WEALTH (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Researchers know relatively little about the beginnings of wealth accumulation. This paper analyzes the wealth of young baby boomers, individuals born from 1957 to 1964, using a previously ignored wealth data set, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). First, a detailed data quality evaluation is performed. Findings suggest that not cleaning NLSY79 wealth data causes nonsensical results, but there are no other serious problems. Analyzing the cleaned wealth data quantifies many stylized facts. For example, the typical baby boomer's wealth holdings increase by more than $2,000 a year. Married females hold more wealth than either married or unmarried males. Finally, while young boomers start with a majority of their wealth in illiquid holdings such as automobiles and possessions, they rapidly shift their wealth holdings into homes as they grow older.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00325.x
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  • 27
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    CONSISTENT WEIGHT DESIGN FOR THE 1989, 1992 AND 1995 SCFs, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Estimates using survey data are determined by two factors: the data collected and the survey weights. This paper discusses the design and calculation of a set of consistent weights for the Surveys of Consumer Finances. Taking both these weights and the multiply-imputed survey data, we look at estimates of changes in the distribution of wealth over the first half of the 1990s.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00328.x
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  • 28
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    COHABITATION AND THE MEASUREMENT OF CHILD POVERTY (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We use 1990 U.S. Census of Population data to calculate what poverty rates would have been if cohabitors were treated in the same manner as married couples. We find that the official treatment of cohabiting partners as separate family units overstated the extent of poverty in 1989 among all children by about three percent. Only about 11 percent of the observed rise in child poverty between 1969 and 1989 would be eliminated if the Census Bureau made this change in its definition of the family. We estimate a logistic regression model of the likelihood that poor, cohabiting families with children would be reclassified as non-poor if the cohabitor's income were included in family income.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00327.x
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    CERTAIN PROBLEMS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS 1993–A CASE STUDY OF CANADA (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The international System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA) was implemented in Canada in November 1997, but with some modifications. Our occasional departures from the 1993 SNA affect the overall GDP only marginally and are primarily in the sector details. This paper provides a brief description of some of the most important differences still remaining between the 1997 Canadian System of National Accounts and the 1993 SNA. It will be very useful Lo know if other countries have faced or are facing similar problems in their implementation of the 1993 SNA. A collection of such reports from many countries will provide us very useful and rich source material for possible changes in the future version of the international SNA.
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    CALCULATING A PRICE INDEX FOR FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN: IMPLICATIONS FOR MEASURING TRENDS IN CHILD POVERTY RATES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates the effects of varying consumption patterns for families with and without children on measured trends in child poverty. We first use data from consumer expenditure surveys to calculate price indices by family type. We next examine the effect of using these group-specific price indices on measured trends in child poverty. Although we find that, all else equal, children increase the cost of living, our calculations indicate that on average families with children experienced relatively lower inflation rates than families without children during the 1968 to 1987 period. While this result suggests that estimates of child poverty rates calculated using an average price index may have over-stated secular increases in child poverty, we find that child poverty rates calculated using a price index specific lo families with children are not substantively different from those calculated using an average index for all families.
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    THE INEQUALITY OF EMPLOYMENT AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT INCOMES: A DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS FOR THE U.K. (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: U.K. employment and self-employment income inequality are analysed over 1979–94/95. Robust inequality decompositions reveal occupation to be a relatively important and hitherto neglected determinant of earnings inequality. In contrast, self-employment income inequality is harder to explain, although occupation is also the most important single factor in the mid-1990s. The paper also provides a novel implementation of a decomposition of changes in Kolm's inequality index.
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    IN MEMORIAM: DR. ZOLTAN KENESSEY 1928–1998 (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    TRAVEL GRANT (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    THE IMPORTANCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR WEALTH CONCENTRATION AND MOBILITY (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper conducts an empirical analysis of the importance of entrepreneurship for wealth concentration and mobility using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The data shows a marked concentration of wealth in the hands of entrepreneurs which is not merely a consequence of their higher incomes. The higher saving rates among entrepreneurs is one of the possible explanations for their higher asset holdings and this hypothesis is supported by the statistical tests conducted in the paper. The data also shows that entrepreneurs experience greater upward mobility in that they have a greater probability of moving to higher wealth classes, and this is not only a consequence of their higher incomes.
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    BETWEEN GROUP INEQUALITY AND TARGETED TRANSFERS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper provides two extensions to the group decomposition of the Gini index by Yitzhaki and Lerman. First, within group, stratification, and between group inequality are analyzed along several dimensions at once. This provides for a better understanding of the determinants of inequality. Second, the impact on the Gini of marginal changes in income or consumption by group is derived. This can be used to evaluate targeted redistributive policies or assess the impact of exogenous shocks by group. The analysis is applied to data from Bangladesh with a focus on the impact of land ownership, education, and occupation on inequality.
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    AN EVALUATION OF THE USE OF HEDONIC REGRESSIONS FOR BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONSUMER PRICE INDICES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The importance of adjusting for quality changes in the measurement of consumer prices, and the role hedonic regressions can play in achieving this, is well recognised. However, the use of such regressions can take different forms, including (i) adjustments by statistical offices for non-comparable substitutions via the matched models method, (ii) direct estimates from the coefficients on dummy variables for time, and (iii) exact hedonic and superlative indices corresponding to a constant utility formulation from an economic theoretic approach. The literature on these approaches generally deals with each in isolation; the purpose of this paper is to outline and evaluate them in order to draw conclusions as to their practical suitability for the compilation of quality-adjusted consumer prices indexes. The case is argued for a move towards the last of these approaches, which developments in electronic data retrieval (scanner data) now make feasible. The paper concludes with the results of some empirical work comparing the results of the direct method with those from the exact, superlative, approach.
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    THE AGE-WEALTH PROFILE AND THE LIFE-CYCLE HYPOTHESIS: A COHORT ANALYSIS WITH A TIME SERIES OF CROSS-SECTIONS OF ITALIAN HOUSEHOLDS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper I estimate the age-wealth profile under two different identification assumptions about age, cohort and time effects. According to the life-cycle model, the two sets of assumptions should yield similar age-wealth profiles. Using the 1984–93 Italian Survey of Household Income and Wealth, the estimated average annual rate of wealth decumulation in old age is found to be between 3 and 6 percent. As in the life-cycle model, the cohort effect increases with year of birth. However, the results also uncover considerable population heterogeneity: the rates of wealth decumulation are much lower for rich households and households headed by individuals with higher education.
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    EFFECTIVE RATES OF ASSISTANCE FOR NORWEGIAN INDUSTRIES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 45 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We measure the effective assistance to 24 Norwegian private industries in 1989 and 1991 from government budgetary subsidies, indirect commodity taxes, import protection through nominal tariffs and non-tariff barriers, and electricity market distortions. The assistance effects are measured by the change in the net-of-tax value added price due to a removal of the policy measures considered. Most industries were effectively assisted, but the effective assistance differs widely between industries, indicating the overall distortive effect on the industry structure. Agriculture, Food Processing and Manufacture of Beverages and Tobacco stand out as the most assisted industries. Budgetary subsidies and non-tariff barriers had the strongest effective assistance effect.
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    Trade, Wage Inequalities and Disparities between Countries: The Technology Connection (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper takes seriously the idea that international trade has played an important role in explaining both some convergence between developed economies as well as rising inequalities at the personal level. Previous studies used traditional trade theory as a reference framework. The empirical consensus is now that differences in factor endowment explain at best a small fraction of rising wage inequalities. This argument, by contrast, builds on labor specialization and increasing returns. Deeper economic integration allows trade in differentiated intermediate goods and primary tasks, thus transforming local increasing returns into global increasing returns. This pushes towards geographical equalization. At the same time, deeper integration also increases the size of the pool of available skilled workers. This may lead them to a‘technological secession’as it makes more skill-demanding technologies more profitable. Technological secession in turn fosters wage inequalities at the personal level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00041.x
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    State Infrastructure and the Geography of Employment (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The effects of state public capital investment on economic growth is an important question that has been the focus of a recent substantial research effort. But the majority of this research has ignored these investments’influence on the intra-state pattern of economic activity. Yet if external agglomeration economies are important determinants of growth, then investments may indirectly affect growth by fostering or discouraging agglomeration. This paper discusses the effect of state infrastructure investments on the distribution of employment within states and the implications of these spatial effects for aggregate state employment growth. Preliminary empirical results suggest that state infrastructure investments tend to redistribute growth from areas of dense employment to other parts of the state. This redistribution may diminish agglomeration benefits offered by cities, which has the potential to reduce state growth. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications of the work for research and policy.
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    Labor Shock and the Diversity of Transnational Corporate Strategy in Export Processing Zones (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This article examines diverse transnational corporations’(TNC) strategies in response to labor shock and specific conditions that enhance TNCs’local embedding in export processing zones (EPZs). The goal of this paper is to understand the rationale behind TNCs’choice between spatial differentiation (mobility) and spatial fmity (immobility). Based on field research and data analysis from the Masan Free Export Zone (MAFEZ) in South Korea, it is argued that TNCs do not always withdraw from EPZs in reaction to wage costs and growing labor militancy. Higher labor costs can be overridden by other advantages: existing physicalkocial inhstructure, tax benefits, fured assets, localized labor skills and technology, cultural proximity, and advantages from geographical proximity to market, raw materials, and TNCs’headquarters. This paper criticizes the overly simplistic view of capital mobility. However, TNCs that choose to remain in the EPZs use both upgrading and cheapening strategies, and their remaining does not necessarily result in upgrading labor skills or improving labor conditions. This article raises a critical question of the firm-centered view of the global enterprise literature and the local embeddedness literature of TNCs on workers’welfare. It emphasizes the important role of firms and of unions in training workers for purposes of technology and skill upgrading.
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    Spatial and Temporal Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Trends in Income Inequality (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Overall total inequality for state per capita personal income as well as total inequality for nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas are examined for the period 1969 to 1995. In each case, the total inequality was partitioned into between-and within-region variations. Statistical testing shows no perceptible differences between the major categories, nonmetropolitan and metropolitan. Further, this study uses a model to test for narrowing of income gaps within these categories. It was found that for both nonmetropolitan and metropolitan, a general trend toward equality was evidenced during the early 1970s decade. In that decade, the nonmetropolitan areas’incomes approached the metropolitan areas’incomes but showed significant divergences in the 1980s, followed again by a narrowing of the gaps in the 1990s.
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    Foreign Industrial Exports and State Manufacturing Performance (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Foreign exports are claiming growing shares of US. state economic production. While growth of foreign exports is often cited as a driving force for state economic growth, little attention has been paid in prior research to the issue of Granger causality between foreign exports and economic performance at the state level. This study examines Granger causality between foreign manufacturing export growth and state manufacturing performance during the period from 1980 to 1991. Results indicate that, at the aggregate level, there is a bi-directional Granger causal relationship between foreign exports and state manufacturing activity. Among the individual industrial sectors, results are more mixed, however, with sectors displaying either export-led growth, reverse Granger causality, or in some instances, negative Granger causality.
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    Extending Carlino-Mills Models to Examine Urban Size and Growth Impacts on Proximate Rural Areas (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A modification of the Boamet model of local economic change is developed that links the growth of urban nodes in functional economic regions to employment and population change in the rural hinterlands of these regions. The two-equation model uses labor market and residential zone observations that are consistent with commuter fields around each rural community in the regions studied. The model parameters are estimated for 204 Danish rural municipalities, for 3515 rural communes in six regions of Eastern France, and for 268 rural census tracts in South Carolina. Results indicate that urban nodal spread effects are often significant and tend to dominate urban backwash impacts on rural communities. Accordingly, rural communities need to be concerned with the economic fortunes of their urban nodes and with policies that affect the pattern of urban growth between urban center and the urban fringe.
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    Thanks to Manuscript Reviewers (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The Value of Ranch Open Space to Tourists: Combining Observed and Contingent Behavior Data (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Several empirical studies have estimated the value of agricultural land as open space to local residents. An important goup of individuals that may be affected by the loss of agricultural land are visitors to a region. The value of ranchland to tourists visiting a resort town in the Rocky Mountains is estimated through a travel cost model that combines information on observed behavior data from actual trips with contingent behavior data on intended current visitation if the resource were converted to urban and resort uses. The value of ranch open space to tourists is the gain or loss in consumer surplus derived from a visit to the study area attributable to the resource. A random effects Poisson regression model is estimated because of the panel nature of the data, accounting for the correlation of the multiple responses from heterogeneous individuals. Twenty-five percent of the sample would reduce visitation and 23 percent of the sample would increase visitation if ranch open space were converted to urban and resort uses. The overall effect of converting ranch open space to resort and urban uses is no net change in average consumer surplus per trip for summer tourists in general.
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    Public vs. Private Garbage Disposal: The Economics of Solid Waste Flow Controls (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The welfare effects of public versus private waste disposal with and without flow controls are analyzed. The pricing of private waste disposal services is modeled as being bounded above by the public entity's average disposal cost, but constrained by potential entry of private competitors. It is found that once a publicly owned disposal facility has been built, waste generators are almost always better off if their local government has flow control authority. This results from the necessity of covering the fixed costs of the public facility once it has been built, in conjunction with the expected pricing behavior of private firms.
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    Integrating Economic Base Theory with Regional Adjustment Models: The Nonmetropolitan Rocky Mountain West (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Interest in the use of adjustment models has recently increased as analysts have come to see the value of these models in the study of regional growth processes. Adjustment models are especially useful in clarifying the nature and direction of population-employment interactions. However, other models of regional growth suggest that employment should not be treated as a single homogeneous variable, as is the usual assumption in regional adjustment models. This paper looks at the issue of employment disaggregation, and suggests that adjustment models can be alternatively specified by making use of economic base theory to separate employment into at least two broad sectors. Alternative economic base specifications are tested using data for the nonmetropolitan counties (n=254) of the US. Rocky Mountain West during a recent time period. The results show that an economic base version of the adjustment model provides insights to regional change that are not available from the traditional version of the model.
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    Book Reviews (1999)
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    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book review in this article:East Asian Development: Will the East Asian Growth Miracle Survive? Edited by F. Gerald Adams and Shinichi Ichimura.Regional Change in Industrializing Asia. Edited by Leo van Grunsven.Black Powe/White Power in Public Education, by Ralph Edwards and Charles V. Willie.
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    Interregional Fiscal Accounting (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Fiscal devolution fiom federal to state jurisdictions gives states more authority but also more responsibility for redistributing and stabilizing income. Both the revenue and expenditure sides of a state's budget are affected. This paper describes a social accounting matrix approach to documenting multi-regional, multi-jurisdiction fiscal accounts, called a fiscal SAM. Two of the many potential uses of a fiscal SAM are demonstrated. First, a fiscal SAM of rural, urban, and metro areas of Iowa is used directly to describe and compare the benchmark net fiscal situations of interdependent regions. Second, it is used to analyze the impacts of an economic downturn under a block-grant welfare system.Substate regions are relatively more specialized than state or national economies. Thus, for example, shocks to agriculture will directly affect agriculture-dependent counties more than other types of counties. Substate regions are also more interdependent than states, as well as more open than the nation as a whole. This means that indirect and spatial spillover effects of fiscal and other exogenous changes can be surprisingly large between counties. Here, analysis of fhe multipliers highlights the relative intensities of within and across-region effects of changes in the form of intergovernmental transfers. The multiplier simulation estimates the relative impacts and spillover effects of economic shocks under the new regime.
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    Spatial Patterns in the Economic Development of the Mountain West (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Many counties in the mountainous areas of the western U.S. are experiencing rapid growth in population and income, even though extractive industries that served historically as their primary economic base are in decline. The purpose of this paper is to establish statistically the spatial determinants of population, employment, and income densities in 86 rural mountain counties and any changes in those determinants between 1985 and 1994. The results of this analysis indicate that densities are oriented to regional metropolitan centers and critical amenities such as ski areas, national parks, and universities or colleges. Negatively sloped density gradients with respect to distance from regional metropolitan centers suggest that the densities of settlement patterns beyond metropolitan boundaries are analogous to those within metropolitan areas relative to urban centers. In short, a tension apparently exists in locational choice; residents of the Mountain West desire to live near the beauties and amenities of the mountain landscape but do not want to entirely sever their urban ties. Because amenities are the primary attraction of mountain counties rather than employment in locationally dependent industries, at least some migrants must have relatively footloose forms of income.
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    Book Reviews (1999)
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book review in this article:The California Cauldron: Immigration and the Changing Fortunes of Local. Communities. By William A.V. Clark.Structural Economics, by Faye Dunchin.
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    Competitive Characteristics of Small and Medium-sized Manufacturing Firms in the US. and Canada (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the competitive characteristics of small and medium-sized manufacturing firms (SMFs) in a Canada-U.S. crossborder region (the Niagara Frontier). Particular attention is given to the innovation and business performance of comparably-sized firms on both sides of the border. The results of two firm-level surveys are presented. A comparative analysis of the two groups suggests that Canadian Sh4Fs exhibit significantly stronger export and innovation performance than their US. counterparts. The results also suggest that U.S. firms face tougher competitive difficulties arising fiom specific national and regional circumstances, including shortages of skilled labor, higher corporate tax rates, rising import competition, and a more complex regulatory environment. The implications of the empirical results are discussed in the context of policy options for regional economic development in crossborder zones such as the Niagara Frontier
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    Analytical Economic Geography (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Editorial: Europe: single market or political union? (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    The New Europe (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: British people are right in wanting a ‘wait and see’ approach to the euro.It carries potential dangers of increasing federalism. With the future path of the EU so unclear, Britain should be confident in her ability to adopt a cautious approach and, if necessary, to opt-out of the euro without jeopardising either her EU membership or international standing.
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    Europe: single market or political union? (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The choice is between single market and political union over-simplified. Even an effective single market requires some political integration. So too does the management of a single currency, advantageous in itself. Neither requires a ‘European economic government.’ Beyond this, the peoples of Europe increasingly question the need for further supra-nationalism.‘Political union,’ in the form which frightens people, will not happen. Britain must play a full part in shaping the EU and its unique institutional structures, and prepare to join the euro-zone as soon as sensibly possible.
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    Britain, the EU and the global economy (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Notes: Britain should retain a global outlook in its political and economic affairs. Whilst recognising her proximity to and trade relations with Europe, it is argued that in order to compete on the world stage Britain should adopt a more flexible economy along American lines as a contrast to the European model. Importantly, this means retaining economic and political sovereignty.
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    Europe in the year 2000: three pitfalls ahead (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper analyses three problems facing the EU in the near future: (1) A move towards majority decision-making would impose costs upon the minority and restrict freedom. (2) A European Bill of Rights would give the European Court more centralising power. (3) European determination to strengthen and separate its own military forces within NATO bodes badly for the future of the Organisation.
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    Professor Michael E. Beesley: an appreciation (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    National governments under the discipline of global forces (1999)
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    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Globalisation, in particular the increasing multinationalisation of businesses, has forced government suppliers into direct (in the form of parallel governments) or indirect (in the form of free trade) competition. However, the growth of supranational organisations such as the EU threatens the power of exit which is so vital to competition: overlapping government functions create waste and encourage further the growth of centralisation.
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    The Monetary Policy Committee: an end-of-term evaluation (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee has controlled interest rates since June 1997. By comparing the MPC's record with that of the Shadow Monetary Policy Committee (SMPC) and evaluating the degree of volatility in the financial markets, this paper concludes that in many respects the MPC succeeded in its task. However, whilst the lack of ‘groupthink’ and the record compared with the SMPC are commendable, increased financial market volatility suggests the MPC could have done better.
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    The future of NATO: a defence economics perspective (1999)
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    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper analyses the future direction of NATO and suggests some of the possible problems it will face. Most notably, the questions of how to share the burden of the cost of NATO action among its members and what is the optimal size of the organisation in the future, are addressed. One possible way forward is the creation of a NATO free trade area.
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    Are gilts ethical investments? (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the light of the rolling bandwagon of socially responsible investment (SRI), this paper attacks gilt-edged securities as highly unethical investments. With gilts not conforming to the rules laid down by the government for the private sector, the author invites the pension funds to shake off this anachronism in favour of expansion of the corporate bond market
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    In the City (1999)
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    Social Affairs (1999)
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    Education (1999)
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    The Environment (1999)
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    Fallacies (1999)
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    Books (1999)
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Book review in this articleInstitutional Economics Social Order and Public Policy The Locke Institute Series W. Kasper and M. E. Streit Gerard RadnitzkyDebt and Delusion: Central Bank Follies That Threaten Economic Disaster Peter Warburton David KernWinners and Losers: The Business Strategy of Football Stefan Szymanski and Tim KuypersUnderstanding Regulation: Theory, Strategy and Practice Robert Baldwin and Martin CavesOpen-Economy Macroeconomics for Developing Countries Akhtar Hossain andThe Independent Commission on the Voting System Edward CollinsInternational Year Book of Industrial Statistics 1999 Graham BannockAsia Meltdown–The End of the Miracle? Leo GoughEuropean Monetary Unification: Theory, Practice and Analysis Barry EichengreenNew Ideas from Dead Economists: An Introduction to Modern Economic Thought Todd G. BuchholzThe Theory of Monetary Institutions Lawrence H. WhiteTwo Lucky People: Memoirs Milton Friedman and Rose D. Friedman
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    Editorial: A decade of relative peace and productivity (1999)
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    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Raising the portcullis: repeal of the National Dock Labour Scheme and the employment relationship in the docks industry (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The National Dock Labour Scheme (NDLS) was created because of the unsatisfactory nature of the employment relationship in the docks industry. The most strident criticisms and damaging effects of the mature operation of the NDLS also revolved around the nature of labour relations. This article concludes that following repeal there has been no simple ‘swing of the pendulum’ back to the casual, ill-trained and unsafe working practices of the past.
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    The strengths and weaknesses of dock labour reform - ten years on (1999)
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    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper discusses some of the strengths and weaknesses of port labour reform ten years after the abolition of the National Dock Labour Scheme, using taped interviews with both employers and trade unions within the industry and the writings of interested parties. It represents their views and opinions on some aspects of the industry before and after abolition. The paper discusses briefly the history of the National Dock Labour Scheme and its downfall. It then analyses the results of the de-regulation in terms of economic and operational success, employment, training and social costs.
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    Port reform without tears – the New Zealand experience (1999)
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    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: New Zealan?s port reforms in 1989 and 1990 were part of a wider programme of economic reform. The paper analyses their effects, concluding that there have been substantial benefits in terms of improved port performance which have helped New Zealand exporters and the economy generally.
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    The abolition of the National Dock Labour Scheme and the revival of the Port of Liverpool (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Notes: In the ten years since the abolition in 1989 of the National Dock Labour Scheme, the commercial viability of the Port of Liverpool has improved considerably. Not all of the improvement can be attributed to greater labour flexibility amongst the dock workforce. But the ability of dock workers and management to combine their skills in a productive alliance without the hindrance of a third party's intervention has made a very significant contribution to the better performance of the port, which in turn bodes well for the wider Merseyside economy.
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    The Australian waterfront: breaking monopoly power (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Waterfront unions in Australia, as in other countries, enjoyed considerable monopoly power for many years. But, after a ten-week dispute in 1998, there is a ‘new and very different culture’ on the Melbourne waterfront where operations now ‘rank among the world's best’.
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    The Constitution and liberty (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Notes: The present drive for piecemeal constitutional change in Britain is ‘unprecedented in a thousand years of history’. Many of the proposed changes are ‘superfluous and irresponsible’. The one change which could be justified - removing the anti-Catholic provisions of the Act of Settlement - is not on the agenda. We should try to retain the foundations of the Constitution on which liberties rest.
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    A free retail investment market? (1999)
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Retail financial services regulation under the Financial Services Act of 1986 has been a disaster, and Labour plans to reform it promise to be little better. This paper suggests a better approach - a free market approach sbased on the principles of free competition, caveat emptor, utmost good faith, disclosure and summary redress of grievance. This regime would be both efficient and equitable, and the existing army of regulatory bodies could be disbanded.
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    Income: the real and the incomparable (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Notes: The main propositions of this paper are: inter-temporal and interspatial comparisons lose meaning when the arrays of goods and services being priced are too dissimilar; the composition and pricing of GDP are a function of income distribution; income tends to circulate among persons of broadly similar wealth and culture; a significant part of what is recorded as final household expenditure is intermediate in nature; public expenditure is intrinsically intermediate, and poses a variety of conceptual difficulties. Growth is associated with changes which undermine the validity of its measurement.
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    In the City (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Retirement and the parable of the fishermen (1999)
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    Notes: Using a parable about a fishing community, the paper draws morals for retirement policy-makers. It concludes that government should phase out universal pensions, reduce taxes, avoid tax discrimination for savings, stop trying to influence market interest rates and promoting consumption, and remove barriers to trade and investment.
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    Social Affairs (1999)
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    Education (1999)
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    The Environment (1999)
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    Fallacies (1999)
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    Editorial: Macroeconomic management (1999)
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    Books (1999)
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Book review in this articleMarkets Not Stakes: The Triumph of Capitalism and the Stakeholder Fallacy Patrick MinfordEssays: Moral, Political and Economic Sir Samuel BrittanEconomics as a Moral Science: The Political Economy of Adam Smith Jeffrey T. YoungClassical Liberalism and International Economic Order: Studies in Theory and Intellectual History Razeen SallyLimited Government, Individual Liberty and the Rule of Law: Selected Works of Arthur Asher Shenfield Norman Barry (ed.)An Illustrated Guide to the British Economy Bill JamiesonTransport Policy in Britain Stephen Glaister, June Burnham Handley Stevens and Tony Travers
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    From demand management to monetary control, sustainable budgets and supply-side policy (1999)
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    Notes: The monetarist revolution displaced Keynesian management in the 1970s and early 1980s. But because of the shift in thinking to rational expectations, the idea that information is used efficiently in forming beliefs about the economy, monetarism has evolved into a general policy preoccupation with proper budgeting and the supply side as well as with monetary-policy rules that will both control inflation and help to stabilize the economy.
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    Monetary targets: an unfinished experiment? (1999)
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    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Notes: The memoirs of Chancellors of the Exchequer and the retirement speeches of officials indicate that monetary targets were adopted in the second half of the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s primarily in an attempt to manage expectations in financial markets, to stop them from behaving in an undesirable way, and not as an intermediate target to control nominal GDP, as monetarists advocated.Gordon Pepper is Honorary Visiting Professor, City University Business School, and Michael J. Oliver is Senior Lecturer in Economics and Economic History, Sunderland Business School.
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    Fashions and continuity in British fiscal policy (1999)
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    Notes: Fiscal policy in the UK has reflected changing intellectual influences from Keynesianism in the 1960s to monetarism in the 1970s and early 1980s. New Labour's rules hark back to pre-war Treasury orthodoxies, despite their claims to modernity.
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    Economic thought and the reform of the welfare state (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Notes: Economics has become increasingly important in the analysis of the objectives, scope and effects of the welfare state and its future development, with the interesting result of producing growing support for ‘liberalist’ methods of social reform.
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    Keynesian economics in the twenty-first century (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The Keynesian theory as set out by Keynes embodied an Achilles heel which he himself half understood but chose to ignore. It is also ignored by “post-Keynesians” and “New Keynesians”. The trouble is not in the labour market but in the goods market, where The General Theory, at least up to Chapter 19, definitely assumes perfect competition. But on that assumption the possibility of a Keynesian recession requires that employers behave with highly inconsistent expectations. Once, however, the assumption of perfect competition in the goods market is replaced by imperfect competition or oligopoly, the Keynesian theory re-emerges not only as robust, but also totally relevant to the 21st century.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00138
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    Ripping off Aunt Agatha: a decade of the Financial Services Act (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The new Financial Services Authority will put the public interest first. These were the words of the Chancellor, Gordon Brown, when announcing that the Financial Services Act 1988 was to be overhauled and self regulation was to be abandoned. This paper argues that the regime put in place by the Act in 1988, has manifestly failed to deliver the protection that was promised to ‘Aunt Agatha.’ It argues that regulatory failure is ubiquitous and that the cause of this failure is that regulatory agencies are invariably captured by the people that they are supposed to be regulating. Finally, it presents an alternative to state regulation, by highlighting the considerable protections offered by the common law, by self regulation and, most importantly by a free, competitive and open market.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00140
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    In the City (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00143
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    The international importance of low tax rates (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: G-7 economies raised tax rates in the 1990s, unlike the 1980s. Yet many developing nations continued to bring their highest tax rates down. Economic growth among 19 countries with low or falling tax rates averaged 5.8% a year from 1990 to 1996, up from 4.5% in the preceding decade. At the same time, annual GDP growth among G-7 countries slowed to 1.7%, down from 2.9%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00142
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    Social Affairs (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00144
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    Education (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00145
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    The Environment (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00146
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    Fallacies (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00147
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    Books (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 19 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Book review in this articleProperty Rights and Competition: An Essay on the Constitution of Capitalism Wolfgang KasperThe Gold Standard in Theory and History (2nd edn.) Barry Eichengreen andHistory of Banking II, 1844–1959 Duncan M. Ross (ed.)Institutions and the Evolution of Modern Business Mark Casson andProfits and Morality Robin Cowan andLibertarians and Liberalism: Essays in Honour of Gerard Radnitzky Hardy Bouillon (ed.)Freedom to Trade: Refuting the New Protectionism Edward L. Hudgins (ed.)After Maastricht: A Guide to European Monetary Union John GrahlThe Economics of Organised Crime Gianluca Fiorentini andProfitability, Mechanization and Economies of Scale Dudley Jackson
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00148
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