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  • nitrogen  (75)
  • biological control  (52)
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  • Springer  (168)
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  • 2015-2019
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  • 1999  (168)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999  (168)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suitability of new and old association hosts for the development of selected microgastrine parasitoids of gramineous stemborers (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 257-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host suitability ; acceptance ; biological control ; new associations ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; New World ; Old World ; stemborers ; Braconidae ; larval parasitoids ; Gramineae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present study examined the acceptability and suitability of Old World stemborers (Chilo partellus and C. orichalcociliellus) for the development of New World parasitoids (Apanteles deplanatus and A. minator) and New World stemborers (Diatraea saccharalis and D. grandiosella) for the development of Old World parasitoids (Cotesia sesamiae, C. flavipes and C. chilonis). Results revealed that acceptance and suitability were high in old associations. In new associations, parasitoids accepted about 60% of the new association hosts. In addition, 10 out of 17 new associations were successful. Apanteles species appeared to be more physiologically host specific than Cotesia species. For example, two of four new association hosts were accepted by A. deplanatus and only one (D. saccharalis) was partially suitable for progeny development. Among the Cotesia species, Cotesia flavipes appeared to have a wider host range than the two other species. It attacked all hosts offered and successfully parasitized all but one (D. grandiosella). Diatraea saccharalis was accepted and was a suitable host for the development of all parasitoid species tested, whereas D. grandiosella was unsuitable for the development of four out of five parasitoid species tested. No clear pattern was observed as behavioral acceptance did not always agree with the pattern of physiological suitability. Implications of these findings for importation biological control of stemborers are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026435617979
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of an artificial host egg for in vitro egg laying of Trichogramma galloi and T. pretiosum using plastic membranes (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 327-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: biological control ; in vitro rearing ; rearing techniques ; host selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An artificial host egg was developed as a first attempt to improve the techniques for in vitro rearing of Trichogramma galloi Zucchi and T. pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae). Plastic membranes (polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene) of different thickness were tested for their usefulness in manufacturing artificial eggs, using a thermal system to produce semi-spherical cupules on the plastic surface. These artificial eggs were filled with larval hemolymph of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), and the optimal size of the artificial egg and density of females/artificial egg for the highest host acceptance (percentage of artificial eggs with at least one parasitoid egg) as well as the ideal level of parasitism (eggs/artificial egg) were determined. High-density polyethylene 7–8 and 9–10 μm thick resulted in the best acceptance and level of parasitization for both parasitoid species. Six females per artificial egg resulted in the best rate of parasitization for these parasitoids, although these data were not different when using 4 or 5 females of T. galloi. The size, shape and surface texture of the artificial eggs were found to provide enough cues to elicit parasitization behavior in Trichogramma females, since no chemical stimulus was provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003649316161
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do sympatric Trichogramma species parasitize the pest insect Helicoverpa armigera and the beneficial insect Chrysoperla carnea in different proportions? (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 101-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trichogramma spp. ; Helicoverpa armigera ; Chrysoperla carnea ; Portugal ; parasitism ; biological control ; non-target species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Parasitism of two host species by five Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) was studied in the laboratory. The host species were: i) the bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), an important pest of many crops in the tropics and subtropics, and ii) one of its natural enemies, the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), a predator often used as a biological control agent. The proportion of H. armigera eggs parasitized from the total number of parasitized hosts differed between Trichogramma species. The average number of parasitized eggs per female in 24 h by Trichogramma pintoi and T. bourarachae was 10 of H. armigera and about 0.5 of C. carnea. For the other three Trichogramma species (T. cordubensis, T. evanescens and T. turkestanica) these averages varied from 6 to 11 H. armigera eggs and from 3 to 4 C. carnea eggs. Total adult offspring production, contacts with hosts, secondary clutch size and sex-ratio of each Trichogramma species were determined as well. The results show that sympatric Trichogramma may parasitize target and non-target species in different proportions. If this difference corresponds to the field situation, simple laboratory tests could be performed to select not only efficient biogical control agents, but also species which are the least detrimental to non-target hosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003772905954
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of host density on the reproductive strategy of Cephalonomia stephanoderis, a parasitoid of the coffee berry borer (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host feeding ; host paralysis ; oviposition ; pre-oviposition phase ; Hypothenemus hampei ; Scolytidae ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the density of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on reproductive and host-feeding behaviours of the parasitoid Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The number of hosts used for oviposition was density-dependent at low host density. Beyond a density of six hosts/day, the oviposition rate reached a maximum of 1.2 eggs/day due to egg limitation. Cephalonomia stephanoderis females responded to increasing host availability with a linear increase in host feeding. Overall, parasitoids killed more coffee berry borers by feeding and paralysis than by parasitism. At low host density, the pre-oviposition phase was extended, oogenesis was delayed, more males were produced, and host feeding occasionally occurred concurrently with oviposition. We suggest that the efficacy of C. stephanoderis as a biological control agent depends on seasonal variations in host density. Inoculative vs inundative releases in coffee plantations are discussed in relation to the abundance of the coffee berry borer during the fructification and interharvest periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003745606862
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of an aphid parasitoid, Aphelinus asychis to its host, plant, host-plant complex, and to malathion (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 449-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Schizaphis graminum ; Aphelinus asychis ; aphid ; parasitoid ; natural enemy ; biological control ; greenbug ; host selection ; plant volatile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aphelinus asychis (Walker) can be valuable as a biocontrol agent of the aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), a major pest on grain crops in the United States. This study reports the wind tunnel, and olfactometric responses of this parasitoid to the host (aphid), plant (sorghum), and host-plant complex (aphid-infested sorghum). In addition, the parasitoids' response to malathion-treated plants is also presented. The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that volatiles associated with the host attract natural enemies, as reported in cases of many hymenopterous parasitoids, and also to learn about the effects of insecticides on these parasitoids. In wind tunnel studies, these parasitoids moved upwind in the direction of the host-infested plant. There was no direct flight observed, however, these parasitoids were observed to hop and jump, and sometimes walk to their host. In the olfactometer experiments, we found that A. asychis is attracted to host-plant complex. The parasitoids' response to malathion in the olfactometer suggested that a malathion formulation when applied to plants can lure these beneficials, thus providing new insight into the ongoing task of integrating chemical and biological control of insect pests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003766928069
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compensatory responses of Samea multiplicalis larvae when fed leaves of different fertilization levels of the aquatic weed Pistia stratiotes (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 205-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Samea multiplicalis ; Spodoptera pectinicornis ; Pistia stratiotes ; waterlettuce ; nitrogen utilization efficiency ; compensatory feeding ; nitrogen ; biological control of weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Compensatory responses of caterpillars fed low quality food include increased consumption and utilization of essential nutrients. Information about an insect's responses to nutritional challenges from their host plants could benefit weed biological control efforts in the selection and establishment of new agents. The target weed, Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) is a floating aquatic plant that has relatively low nitrogen levels which are further diluted with high water content. Efforts to establish the insect Spodoptera pectinicornis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for biological control of P. stratiotes could benefit by examining the nutritional responses of a similar widely established lepidopteran species, Samea multiplicalis (Guenèe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Larvae of this species were fed leaves of P. stratiotes plants that had been fertilized (NPK) at high and low rates. The leaves of the fertilized plants had a 4.3-fold increase in nitrogen (dry weight) and a 1.6-fold increase in water content. The results suggest that no compensatory increases occurred in larvae fed leaves from the low fertilized plants as no changes were found in fresh mass consumption or nitrogen utilization efficiency. Consequently, development time from second-third instars to pupation was delayed about 3 days compared with larvae fed the high nitrogen leaves. Furthermore, consumption of nitrogen was only 30% and its accumulation into larval tissues was only 60% compared with the larvae fed the high fertilized leaves. The resulting larvae had both a final biomass and a growth rate that were reduced by 40%. Regardless of plant fertilizer level, the larvae fed at a rate 5–10 times greater than that of similar lepidopteran species consuming either low or high quality diets, suggesting that the S. multiplicalis larvae may be functioning at their biological limit for ingesting food.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003771512722
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life table characteristics of Macrolophus caliginosus preying upon Tetranychus urticae (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 267-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Macrolophus caliginosus ; mirid bug ; life table ; longevity ; fecundity ; development time ; mortality ; sex ratio ; oviposition period ; intrinsic rate of increase ; spider mite ; Tetranychus urticae ; tomato ; biological control ; glasshouse pests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The life table characteristics of the polyphagous mirid Macrolophus caliginosus Wagner (Heteroptera: Miridae) preying on various stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) with tomato as host plant were described at 22 °C. The following average parameters were obtained: Female longevity: 28.7 days; fecundity: 0.7 eggs/female/day; egg mortality: 2.6%; pre-oviposition period: 5.5 days; oviposition period: 18.1 days; post-oviposition period: 3.2 days; juvenile development time: 26.8 days; juvenile mortality: 34.9%; and sex ratio (♀/(♀+♂): 0.46. Life table parameters were estimated as net reproduction rate (R 0): 6.15; intrinsic rate of increase (r m): 0.031 day−1; finite rate of increase (λ): 1.032; mean generation time (T c): 58.17 days; and doubling time (T 2) 22.2 days. The parameters obtained were in accordance with those reported for M. caliginosus fed on another mite species (T. turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski (Acari: Tetranychidae)). However, compared to the performance of M. caliginosus fed on common glasshouse insect pests, a diet consisting of only mites appeared to be inferior. However, being a voracious predator, M. caliginosus may be a valuable addition to existing methods of mite control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003948313507
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absence of odour-mediated avoidance of heterospecific competitors by the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 73-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: biological control ; food web interactions ; volatiles ; Phytoseiidae ; predatory bugs ; thrips ; predator-predator interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Arthropods use odours associated with the presence of their food, enemies and competitors when searching for patches. Responses to these odours therefore determine the spatial distribution of animals, and are decisive for the occurrence and strength of interactions among species. Therefore, a logical first step in studying food web interactions is the analysis of behaviour of individuals that are searching for patches of food. We followed this approach when studying interactions in an artificial food web occurring on greenhouse cucumber in the Netherlands. In an earlier paper we found that one of the predators of the food web, the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, used to control spider mites, discriminates between odours from plants with spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and plants with spider mites plus conspecific predators. The odours used for discrimination are produced by adult prey in response to the presence of predators, and probably serve as an alarm pheromone to warn related spider mites. Other predator species may also trigger production of this alarm pheromone, which P. persimilis could use in turn to avoid plants with heterospecific predators. We therefore studied the response of the latter to odours from plants with spider mites and 3 other predator species, i.e. the generalist predatory bug Orius laevigatus (Fieber), the polyphagous thrips Frankliniella occidentalis and the spider-mite predator Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor). Both olfactometer and greenhouse release experiments yielded no evidence that P. persimilis avoids plants with any of the 3 heterospecific predators. This suggests that these predators do not elicit production of alarm pheromones in spider mites, and we argue that this is caused by a lack of coevolutionary history. The consequences of the lack of avoidance of heterospecific predators for interactions in food webs and biological control are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003708512701
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The epizootiology of a Metarhizium infection in mini-nests of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 51-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Metarhizium anisopliae ; Atta sexdens rubropilosa ; leaf-cutting ants ; biological control ; social homeostasis ; entomopathogenic fungus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract There is growing interest in the use of entomopathogenic organisms to control leaf-cutting ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). However, the way leaf-cutting ants react as a colony to biohazards is poorly understood. We investigated the effects of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) applied to the foraging arenas of mini-nests (queenless sub-colonies) of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Forel). Dry spores were applied either alone or mixed with citrus powder, at 0.5 g or 0.05 g per mini-nest. The spores were removed four days after application, and all dead ants removed every three days. Ant numbers near the Metarhizium increased as the ants attempted to clean up the biohazard. The ants attempted to place the spores in piles, which they then covered over with other material. They were able to deal with the low doses in this way, but the high doses overwhelmed them. All treated mini-nests suffered increased ant mortality during the first ten days after application. This mortality was particularly high in the media worker caste which had played the major role in attempting to clean up the spores. Foraging activity decreased, as did the health of the fungus gardens. The mini-nests exposed to the low dose of spores mixed with citrus powder then recovered fully. The health of the other treated mini-nests declined gradually until around 26 days after application, when they began deteriorating sharply. However, the decline of these mini-nests after day 26 was not due directly to the pathogenic action of the Metarhizium, nor to the initial ant mortality it had caused. The results suggest that the social stress caused by even such a short-lived Metarhizium epizootic was sufficient to cause the decline and ultimate death of the mini-nests. This has important implications for the control of leaf-cutting ants. It also demonstrates how important the social homeostasis of the colony is to leaf-cutting ants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003830625680
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual learning in larval Orius majusculus a polyphagous predator (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 103-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: learning ; Orius majusculus (Reuter) ; Heteroptera ; Anthocoridae ; predator ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003587014243
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