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  • 1
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    Quantification of bone surface textures: exploring a new method of ontogenetic ageing (2023)
    In:  Journal of Analytical Science and Technology vol. 14 no. 1
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-26
    Description: Identifcation of ontogenetic age classes plays an important role in the felds of zoology, palaeontology and archaeology, where accurate age classifcations of (sub)fossil remains are a crucial component for the reconstruction \nof past life. Textural ageing\xe2\x80\x94the identifcation of age-related bone surface textures\xe2\x80\x94provides a size-independent \nmethod for age assessment of vertebrate material. However, most of the work so far is limited to qualitative results. \nWhile qualitative approaches provide helpful insights on textural ageing patterns, they are heavily subject to observer \nbias and fall short of quantitative data relevant for detailed statistical analyses and cross-comparisons. Here, we present a pilot study on the application of 3D surface digital microscopy to quantify bone surface textures on the long \nbones of the grey heron (Ardea cinerea) and the Canada goose (Branta canadensis) using internationally verifed \nroughness parameters. Using a standardised measuring protocol, computed roughness values show a strong correlation with qualitative descriptions of textural patterns. Overall, higher roughness values correspond to increased numbers of grooves and pits and vice versa. Most of the roughness parameters allowed distinguishing between diferent \nontogenetic classes and closely followed the typical sigmoidal animal growth curve. Our results show that bone \ntexture quantifcation is a feasible approach to identifying ontogenetic age classes.
    Keywords: General Physics and Astronomy ; General Environmental Science ; General Biochemistry ; Genetics and Molecular Biology ; General Materials Science ; General Chemistry ; Roughness ; Surfaces ; Taphonomy ; Topography ; Bone ; Ontogeny ; Digital microscopy
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photochemistry of 9,10-Dicarbonyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene - A Source of 9,10-Dehydroanthracene? (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Benzyne ; Dehydroanthracene ; Matrix isolation ; Photochemistry ; Bergman reaction ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -9,10-Didehydroanthracene (1) is an interesting derivative of p-benzyne that has been subject of several studies. In contrast to an earlier report, the photochemical decarbonylation of 9,10-dicarbonyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene (2) does not lead to 1 but rather to the ring-opened ene-diyne 4. The key intermediate for this reaction is keto carbene 7 which is formed by monodecarbonylation of 2. Carbene 7 is labile towards visible-light irradiation and easily looses the second CO molecule to give 4. Carbene 7 and diyne 4 are characterized by IR and UV/Vis spectra, the IR spectra are compared to calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversal Diastereofacial Selectivity in the n-Butyllithium Addition to O-Protected N-Trimethylsilylimines of (2S)-Lactal: Enthalpic versus Entropic Contributions (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Nucleophilic addition ; Solvent effect ; Reversal of diastereoselectivity ; Temperature effect ; Imines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Commonly observed, but rarely explored, is the possibility of modifying the diastereomeric excess (de%) by means of temperature. A complete reversal in the diastereofacial selectivity could be obtained whenever the diastereoisomers concerned are differentially favored by enthalpy and entropy. The enthalpic or entropic dominance of a diastereoisomer depends greatly on the reaction solvent used.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Syntheses of Donor-Acceptor-Substituted 2,6-Stellanes (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 73-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Donor-acceptor systems ; Cage compounds ; Stelladione ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -A number of condensations could be carried out using tricyclo[3.3.0.03,7]octane-2-one (stellanone, 4) and tricyclo[3.3.0.03,7]octane-2,6-dione (2,6-stelladione, 5) as starting materials. The components for condensations were 2-trimethylsilyl-1,3-dithiane (6), 1,1-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1H-cyclopropa[b]naphthalene (7), its 3,6-dimethoxy-substituted analogue 8, fluorene (12), xanthene (13), diethyl malonate (14), and malononitrile (15). The condensation reactions with 5 yielded mono- and disubstituted products, among them were the donor-acceptor-substituted 2,6-stellanes 33-35. The structures of 18 (prepared from stellanone and fluorene), 19, 24, 27, 31 and 32 (synthesized by condensation of 2,6-stelladione and 2-trimethylsilyl-1,3-dithiane and malononitrile, respectively) were determined by X-ray crystallography.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of ω-Nitro Acids and ω-Amino Acids by Ring Cleavage of α-Nitrocycloalkanones (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Water ; α-Nitrocycloalkanones ; ω-Nitro acids ; Surfactant ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -The reaction of various α-nitrocycloalkanones 1 with aqueous 0.05 M NaOH, at 80 °C, in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTACl) as a cationic surfactant, produces ω-nitro acids 2 in good yields. Reduction of the latter with HCOONH4/Pd-C, in methanol, at 80 °C affords ω-amino acids 3. The synthesis of methyl 9-oxodecanoate (8) is also reported.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Selective O-Alkylation of Ambident Nucleophiles - The Synthesis of Thiohydroxamic Acid O-Esters by Phase-Transfer Reactions (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 97-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: O-Alkylation ; Ambident nucleophile ; Thiazolethione ; Thiohydroxamic acid ; Phase-transfer reaction ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -O-Alkylation of cyclic thiohydroxamic acids 1 and 3-5 has been studied with a view to developing an efficient method for the synthesis of N-(alkoxy)pyridine-2(1H)-thiones and N-(alkoxy)thiazole-2(3H)-thiones. Four issues have been addressed and the following conclusions can be drawn: (i) Thiones 1 and 5 exist as O-H acids in the solid state. (ii) According to NMR investigations (1H, 13C), the thione structures should be largely retained in CDCl3, [D6]DMSO, and CD3OD solutions of acids 1, 3-5, as is also the case for pyridinethione salts 2a-h. (iii) O-Alkylation of pyridinethione salts occurs in competition with S-alkylation. Selective O-alkylation is however possible, if thiohydroxamate salts with large countercations, such as M = NBu4, are treated with hard alkylating reagents in polar aprotic media. (iv) As tetrabutylammonium thiohydroxamates, such as 2f, are highly useful in the synthesis of cyclic thiohydroxamic acid O-esters, we have developed an efficient protocol for the preparation of N-(alkoxy)pyridine-2(1H)-thiones directly from acid 1 using phase-transfer conditions (alkyl halide or sulfonic acid ester, CH3CN, K2CO3, Bu4NHSO4). This method has proved particularly successful for the synthesis of N-(alkoxy)thiazole-2(3H)-thiones 11, 20-28, which were obtained in yields of up to 87%.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-vinylquinoxalines (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 129-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Tetrahydro-2-vinylquinoxaline ; Cyclization ; Palladium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Reaction of (Z)-1,2-bis(methoxycarbonyloxy)but-2-ene (2) with various N,N-bis(arylsulfonyl)-o-phenylenediamines 1 was catalyzed by a palladium complex associated with chiral ligands to give optically active 1,4-bis(arylsulfonyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-vinylquinoxalines 3 with up to 62% ee. The use of (S)-MeOBIPHEP as the chiral ligand and N,N-bis(p-tolylsulfonyl)-o-phenylenediamine (1i) as the nucleophile led to the highest ee at 25 °C, regardless of the solvent used. The enantioselectivity of the cyclization is strongly affected by the nature of the substituents at the nitrogen atom.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stereoselective Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure β-Fluoroalkyl γ-Butyrolactones by Sulfoxide-Directed Lactonization (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 111-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Fluorine ; Lactones ; Annulation ; Ketene ; Sulfoxides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Enantiomerically pure α,α-dichloro β-fluoroalkyl γ-p-tolylthio γ-butyrolactones trans-6a-c have been obtained with excellent stereocontrol (〉 98:2) and enantiomeric purity (〉 98:2) by sulfoxide-directed lactonization (Marino's annu-lation reaction) of β-fluoroalkyl vinyl sulfoxides (R)-(E)-5a-c with dichloroketene. Highly chemoselective dechlorination and desulfurization reactions performed on trans-6c efficiently provided the β-chlorodifluoromethyl γ-butyrolactone (S)-8c, the absolute stereochemistry of which was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis of its γ-p-tolylthio precursor (2R,3S)-7c.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction of Nitrosobenzene with 4-Methoxy-N-methyleneaniline (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 141-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Nitrosobenzene ; 4-Methoxy-N-methyleneaniline ; 1,3,5-Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazinane ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -A 1:1 adduct produced in the reaction of nitrosobenzene (2) with 1,3,5-tris(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazinane (3) has been shown by X-ray diffraction structure analysis to be the N′-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenyl-N-oxyformamidinium species 5.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A New Diastereoselective Synthesis of anti-α-Alkyl α-Hydroxy β-Amino Acids (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkylation ; Oxazolines ; anti-α-Alkyl α-hydroxy β-amino acids ; Lithium dianion ; Penicillin G acylase ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -As part of an ongoing project concerning the synthesis of enantiomerically pure α-hydroxy β-amino acids, we have now developed a general strategy allowing the synthesis of anti-α-alkyl α-hydroxy β-amino acids. Our procedure involves the intermediate formation of trans-oxazolines, which are alkylated at C-5 with good to high diastereoselectivity and then hydrolysed under mildly acidic conditions, affording in quantitative yield the corresponding hydroxy amides. The starting (R)-3-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid and (S)-3-aminobutanoic acid were obtained in enantiomerically pure form by selective enzymatic hydrolysis of the corresponding phenylacetylamides with penicillin G acylase.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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