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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A hierarchical expert system for integrated scheduling of ship berthing, discharging and material transport (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Berthing ships at a port and unloading the stowed materials require a series of scheduling problems: ship berthing, discharging, and material transport. To deal effectively with the scheduling complexity due to mutual interdependence among those problems, this paper proposes a two-level hierarchical architecture for the integrated scheduling of all the activities arising in port. The hierarchical architecture assigns ships to multiple lower level dispatchers, each of which makes its own discharging and material transport schedule independently while satisfying the requirements imposed by the higher level coordinator. If any problem occurs within a dispatcher, the higher level coordinator attempts to resolve the trouble through the coordination of other dispatchers. Based on the hierarchical architecture, a prototype scheduling expert system is developed using G2 for the port scheduling problem at a steelworks. Through the object- oriented interaction of frames, the system is shown to effectively construct integrated schedules from the berth scheduling to the material transport scheduling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00082
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ESAS: A case-based approach to business planning and monitoring (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Creating and sustaining a competitive advantage in today’s turbulent world markets is a formidable business challenge. For many organisations, operating within an inherently unstable external environment has resulted in the need for a cultural rethink. Business complacency, brought about by corporate industry monopolisation, the reliance on reputation, brand identity, and customer allegiance, is no longer a recipe for sustained market growth. Companies have realised that being market focused could provide them with a competitive edge within the marketplace. To achieve this organisations have turned to the ‘Quality movement’, embracing the Total Quality Management (TQM) philosophy and its inherent tools (auditing frameworks, concept of quality systems etc.) as a means to recapture lost ground. ESAS (Enterprise Strategic Advisory System) is a prototype intelligent system that utilises a case- based approach to address the issues raised above, by providing organisations with advice on market- led quality and competitive strategy. This paper explores the philosophy and ideas behind the ESAS concept, and describes the development of an ESAS prototype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00076
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Two Faces of AI: AAAI ’97 - Providence, Rhode Island, USA, 27–31 July 1997 (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00070
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Gillies, Donald, Artificial Intelligence and Scientific MethodGurney, Kevin, An Introduction to Neural Networks
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00063
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards Industrial Application of Intelligent Training Systems (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Computer-based training is an area where knowledge-based techniques enable us to achieve new system functionalities which cannot be attained with conventional techniques. Knowledge-based training systems can adapt the course, the lesson and the instructional strategy to the needs and attitude of the individual trainee, so as to obtain a completely individualised instruction. Due to these capabilities they are known as Intelligent Training Systems (ITSs). After their introduction in the mid-eighties with their first successful application in the military sector, ITSs are now mature enough for practical use in civil applications.This paper presents the experience gained by the authors over the last decade through the realisation of two industrial prototypes in different sectors and the recent development of a full-scale application. Such experience led to a specification methodology and to a development framework which now provide a solid baseline for the industrial application of the ITS technology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00060
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Truth Maintenance in Blackboard Environment (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Constraint satisfaction and search problems generally fall into the class of problems for which a direct algorithmic solution does not exist. The solution of these problems requires the examination of state spaces. A problem solver (inference engine) alone is not able to organize and maintain state space consistently. For this purpose a so-called truth maintenance system is required. Our truth maintenance system (MEKON) organizes data within a data abstraction called a context. Each context corresponds to one problem state and contains currently believed data. The truth maintenance system provides believed data retrieval, belief revision, contradiction handling and non-monotonicity handling, the features that help a problem solver to examine state spaces. MEKON represents an ATMS-like system implemented within BEST (Blackboard-based Expert System Toolkit). However, some special MEKON features such as state variables, context sensitive generation of assumptions and explicit context generation, that are not present in standard ATMSs, facilitate not only the solution of constraint satisfaction problems, but also the solution of search problems (not provided by standard ATMSs). Being deeply integrated with Prolog/Rex, BEST’s knowledge representation language, and BEST’s inference engine, MEKON provides a simple and efficient means for the examination of state spaces. Facts, hypotheses (assumptions), and concepts (frames) are used to describe a problem state, contexts are used to represent points in the state spaces, while rules are used to perform state transitions. MEKON is the only truth maintenacne system that provides truth maintenance capabilities on local blackboards thus enabling the solution of complex problems which include different kinds of real constraint satisfaction and search problems concerning diagnosis, allocation tasks, classification tasks, planning or scenario making.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00061
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Referees (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00071
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utilizing Moment Invariants and Gröbner Bases to Reason About Shapes (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Shapes such as triangles or rectangles can be defined in terms of geometric properties invariant under a group of transformations. Complex shapes can be described by logic formulas with simpler shapes as the atoms. A standard technique for computing invariant properties of simple shapes is the method of moment invariants, known since the early 1960s. We generalize this technique to shapes described by arbitrary monotone formulas (formulas in propositional logic without negation). Our technique produces a reduced Gröbner basisfor approximate shape descriptions. We show how to use this representation to solve decision problems related to shapes. Examples include determining if a figure has a particular shape, if one description of a shape is more general than another, and whether a specific geometric property is really necessary for specifying a shape. Unlike geometry theorem proving, our approach does not require the shapes to be explicitly defined. Instead, logic formulas combined with measurements performed on actual shape instances are used to compute well-characterized least squares approximations to the shapes. Our results provide a proof that decision problems stated in terms of these approximations can be solved in a finite number of steps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00072
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probabilistic Inference in Influence Diagrams (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper is about reducing influence diagram (ID) evaluation into Bayesian network (BN) inference problems that are as easy to solve as possible. Such reduction is interesting because it enables one to readily use one's favorite BN inference algorithm to efficiently evaluate IDs. Two such reduction methods have been proposed previously (Cooper 1988; Shachter and Peot 1992). This paper proposes a new method. The BN inference problems induced by the new method are much easier to solve than those induced by the two previous methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00073
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toward a Model Theory of Actions: How Agents do it in Branching Time (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A clear understanding and formalization of actions is essential to computing, and especially so to reasoning about and constructing intelligent agents. Several approaches have been proposed over the years. However, most approaches concentrate on the causes and effects of actions, but do not give general characterizations of actions themselves. A useful formalization of actions would be based on a general, possibly nondiscrete, model of time that allows branching (to capture agents’ choices). A desirable formalization would also allow actions to be of arbitrary duration and would permit multiple agents to act concurrently. We develop a branching-time framework that allows great flexibility in how time and action are modeled. We motivate and formalize several coherence constraints on our models, which capture some nice intuitions and validate some useful inferences relating actions with time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00064
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pattern Databases (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The efficiency of A* searching depends on the quality of the lower bound estimates of the solution cost. Pattern databases enumerate all possible subgoals required by any solution, subject to constraints on the subgoal size. Each subgoal in the database provides a tight lower bound on the cost of achieving it. For a given state in the search space, all possible subgoals are looked up in the pattern database, with the maximum cost over all lookups being the lower bound. For sliding tile puzzles, the database enumerates all possible patterns containing N tiles and, for each one, contains a lower bound on the distance to correctly move all N tiles into their correct final location. For the 15-Puzzle, iterative-deepening A* with pattern databases(N ="8) reduces the total number of nodes searched on a standard problem set of 100 positions by over 1000-fold.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00065
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Representing and Reasoning about Motion in a Two-Dimensional World (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We present a point-based spatiotemporal first-order logic for representing the qualitative and quantitative spatial temporal knowledge needed to reason about motion in a two-dimensional space. A feature of the logic is the uniform treatment of space and time. The knowledge of a simplified world, a two-dimensional street network with active traffic lights, is represented, and the reasoning problem of how a robot moves from one place to another in the world is formalized with the proposed logic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00061
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How much can you learn? A new learning metric (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00083
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural language interface for an expert system (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper provides complete analysis of natural language interface from the screen manager to the parser/understander, even though it has some limitations. The main focus is on the design and development of a subsystem for understanding natural language input in an expert system. Fast response time and user-friendliness were the most important considerations in the design. The screen manager provides an easy editing capability for the user. The spelling correction system can detect most spelling errors and correct them automatically, quickly and effectively. The Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) parser and the understander are designed to handle most types of simple sentences, fragments, and ellipses. As a result, this system as applied to a man-machine dialogue gives improved ill-formed natural language input handling capabilities to the expert system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00080
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    News (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00084
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Goal-driven automation of a deep space communications station: a case study in knowledge engineering for plan generation and execution (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper describes the application of Artificial Intelligence techniques for plan generation, plan execution, and plan monitoring to automate a Deep Space Communication Station. This automation allows a communication station to respond to a set of tracking goals by appropriately reconfiguring the communications hardware and software to provide the requested communications services. In particular this paper describes: (1) the overall automation architecture, (2) the plan generation and execution monitoring AI technologies used and implemented software components, and (3) the knowledge engineering process and effort required for automation. This automation was demonstrated in February 1995, at the DSS13 Antenna Station in Goldstone, CA on a series of Voyager tracks and the technologies demonstrated are being transferred to the operational Deep Space Network stations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00073
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ASHSD-II: A computational model for litigation support (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: In this paper a hybrid knowledge-based system which exploits both rule-based reasoning (RBR) and case-based reasoning (CBR) is presented. The issues of RBR and CBR in general in the context of legal knowledge-based systems and legislation in rule form and previously-decided cases in an interconnected graph form are discussed. It is possible for the user to select either reasoning method (RBR or CBR), or indicate no preference. The rule base of this system consists of two types of rule. The first type of rule determines which options are legally applicable. The second type indicates how the courts are likely to act within the range of options available, which is determined by the first type of rule. When CBR is selected, the system uses the features of previously-decided cases to select the most similar cases to the situation that is described in the input and displays their details of decisions. In case of the selection of no preference option, the system applies RBR and CBR method separately, and then presents results based on an automated relative rating of the qualities of the RBR (based on the second type of rules) and CBR advice. These ideas have been implemented in a prototype system, known as Advisory Support for Home Settlement in Divorce (ASHSD-II).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00075
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A blackboard system approach to electromagnetic sensor data interpretation (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: A prototype system for automated defect classification and characterisation of automotive or other components involving two separate inspection sensors, vision and electromagnetic, was developed. This paper concentrates on the development work and issues related to the electromagnetic sensor. In particular, the issues relating to knowledge acquisition and knowledge representation are discussed. For instance, one of the problems which arose during the development work was that it appeared that the reasoning carried out unconsciously by a human was more complex than had been realised and not easily encapsulated as high level knowledge. A blackboard architecture was used to integrate the different areas of expertise required for each sensor to interpret the results of the inspections. The main issue here was in the effective use of the blackboard architecture for intelligent data fusion at all levels to improve interpretation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00077
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Bibliography of Genetic Algorithm Business Application Research: 1988–June 1996 (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The purpose of this research is to present a comprehensive bibliography of genetic algorithm application research in business. Ninety-seven genetic algorithm papers (98 applications) are identified through the exhaustive literature searches. A classification of these articles by application area reveals that genetic algorithms are being used for a diverse range of corporate functional activities, particularly in the areas of production/operations and information systems. Information on the genetic algorithm development tool/language and the computer operating environment as reported in each article is included. Those journals which have published the most genetic algorithm business applications are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00066
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Device-independent Color Correction for Multimedia Applications Using Neural Networks and Abductive Modeling Approaches (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Although color has appeal for developers and consumers alike, color reproduction poses a major problem in many computer based applications including multimedia and desktop publishing. The problem arises because of the device-independence of color, and the way each device processes color. Matching the appearance of monitor and print images, and achieving satisfactory results is complex. Not only are there fundamental differences between computer screen (additive) and printers (subtractive), but subtractive color is in general more prone to errors due to dye inadequacies. In order to control the error in porting color, different techniques have been applied. In this paper, the utilization of artificial neural networks as well as abductive modeling approaches to color error reduction are introduced from an RGB (Red Green Blue) color model perspective. Analysis of the results and on-going research issues are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00069
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00072
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00065
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The 6-49 Lottery Paradox (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The paradox of the preface and the lottery paradox are paradoxes of practical certainty sharing certain features. The paradox of the lottery argues that rational agents are at once practically certain that each ticket in a lottery will lose but also practically certain some ticket will win. The paradox of the preface argues that rational agents are at once practically certain that all facts in a written volume are true, yet are also practically certain that some fact is wrong. A difference between real lotteries and prefaces is that a winning lottery ticket is generally an intended feature of the lottery, whereas incorrect facts are generally unintended.Despite these similarities, Pollock gives a novel argument suggesting that the preface paradox warrants qualitatively different treatment from the lottery, using as a rationale the differences between real lotteries and prefaces. This draws a clear line between the work of Pollock and the work of Kyburg, both of whom have had a prominent influence in recent thinking on nonmonotonic reasoning in AI.This note shows there are real lotteries with the formal structure of the preface paradox and possibly prefaces with the formal structure of lotteries. The surprising conclusion is that within Pollock's framework, the treatment of any problem with a formal structure resembling the lottery (or the preface) depends on the process by which winning tickets (or publishing errors) are generated. The rationales given by Pollock seem to be unrelated to the actual mechanisms implemented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00063
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Many-Sorted Natural Deduction (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The goal of this paper is to motivate and define yet another sorted logic, called SND. All the previous sorted logics that can be found in the Artificial Intelligence literature have been designed to be used in (completely) automated deduction. SND has been designed to be used in interactive theorem proving. Because of this shift of focus, SND has been designed to satisfy three innovative design requirements: it is defined on top of a natural deduction calculus, and in a way to be a definitional extension of such calculus; and it is implemented on top of its implementation. In turn, because of this fact, SND has various innovative technical properties; among them: it allows us to deal with free variables, it has no notion of well-sortedness and of well-sortedness being a prerequisite of well-formedness, its implementation is such that, in the default mode, the system behaves exactly as with the original unsorted calculus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00058
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expressing Time Intervals and Repetition Within a Formalization of Calendars (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We investigate a formal representation of time units, calendars, and time unit instances as restricted temporal entities for reasoning about repeated events. We generalize Allen's interval relations to a class level, and based on interval classes we define time units. We examine characteristics of time units, and provide a categorization of the hierarchical relations among them. Hence we define an abstract hierarchical unit structure (a calendar structure) that expresses specific relations and properties among the units that compose it. Specific objects in the time line are represented based on this formalism, including nonconvex intervals corresponding to repeated events. A goal of this research is to be able to represent and reason efficiently about repetition in time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00075
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  • 26
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    Electronic Resource
    Title Index, Volume 14, 1998 (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8640.00077
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reasoning about Locations in Theory and Practice (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Locational reasoning plays an important role in many applications of AI problem-solving systems, yet has remained a relatively unexplored area of research. This paper addresses both theoretical and practical issues relevant to reasoning about locations. We define several theories of location designed for use in various settings, along with a sound and complete belief revision calculus for each that maintains a STRIPS-style database of locational facts. Techniques for the efficient operationalization of the belief revision rules in planning frameworks are presented. These techniques were developed during application of the location theories to several large-scale planning tasks within the Sipe planning framework.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00059
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    Process and Policy: Resource-Bounded NonDemonstrative Reasoning (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper investigates the appropriateness of formal dialectics as a basis for nonmonotonic reasoning and defeasible reasoning that takes computational limits seriously. Rules that can come into conflict should be regarded as policies, which are inputs to deliberative processes. Dialectical protocols are appropriate for such deliberations when resources are bounded and search is serial.AI, it is claimed here, is now perfectly positioned to correct many misconceptions about reasoning that have resulted from mathematical logic's enormous success in this century: among them, (1) that all reasons are demonstrative, (2) that rational belief is constrained, not constructed, and (3) that process and disputation are not essential to reasoning. AI mainly provides new impetus to formalize the alternative (but older) conception of reasoning, and AI provides mechanisms with which to create compelling formalism that describes the control of processes.The technical contributions here are: the partial justification of dialectic based on controlling search; the observation that nonmonotonic reasoning can be subsumed under certain kinds of dialectics; the portrayal of inference in knowledge bases as policy reasoning; the review of logics of dialogue and proposed extensions; and the preformal and initial formal discussion of aspects and variations of dialectical systems with nondemonstrative reasons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00055
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    Integrating Discrete and Continuous Change in a Logical Framework (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The goal of our work is to develop theoretical foundations for the representation of knowledge in domains in which properties may vary continuously. One achievement of our research is that it extends the applicability of current research on theories of action. Furthermore, we are able to apply known approaches to the frame and ramification problems, developed for discretely changing worlds, to domains in which the world changes continuously.Our approach is based on the discrete situation calculus and on a monotonic solution to the frame problem. In order to address the combined frame and ramification problems, we extend Lin and Reiter's work. We use Pinto and Reiter's extension to the situation calculus to represent occurrences. We extend this work further to allow for reasoning by default. For example, if we know that a ball is falling and we do not have any reason to believe that an action would interfere with the ball's motion, then we assume that the ball will hit the ground. Finally, we extend the language of the situation calculus to allow for properties that change within situations. We also show that our proposed situation calculus inherits the solutions to the frame and ramification problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00056
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    Perceiving and Reasoning about a Changing World (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A rational agent (artificial or otherwise) residing in a complex changing environment must gather information perceptually, update that information as the world changes, and combine that information with causal information to reason about the changing world. Using the system of defeasible reasoning that is incorporated into the OSCAR architecture for rational agents, a set of reason-schemas is proposed for enabling an agent to perform some of the requisite reasoning. Along the way, solutions are proposed for the Frame Problem, the Qualification Problem, and the Ramification Problem. The principles and reasoning described have all been implemented in OSCAR.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00074
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    The Foundations of Taxonomic Encoding (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Taxonomies (partially ordered sets and lattices) are important in many areas of computing science, particularly object-oriented languages, machine learning, and knowledge representation. Taxonomic encoding strives to enhance the efficiency of taxonomic representation and use, which becomes increasingly important as the size of taxonomies grows. In this paper, we describe a formal structure, called a spanning set, in which taxonomic encoding techniques can be characterized. Any taxonomic encoding scheme implements a mapping from the original ordered set into a structure, such as the lattice of bit-vectors or logical terms, in which operations can be performed efficiently. We analyze the fundamental properties any such mapping must satisfy in order to preserve subsumption, joins, or meets. Spanning sets are an abstract framework within which we portray and compare existing encoding techniques, and provide a context in which new encoding problems can be analyzed, leading to existing, related algorithms or, using other results we develop in this paper, guiding the development of new algorithms. We also explore the limits of minimal-sized encodings, proving a lower bound for simple forms of encoding and showing that, in general, finding minimal-sized encodings is NP-hard. This paper can thus be viewed as both a synthesis of current research in taxonomic encoding and a repository of new results and directions for encoding as viewed from the perspective of spanning sets.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00076
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    Logic for Nested Graphs (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We study the expressiveness of Nested Graphs, an extension of conceptual graphs. Nesting is introduced as a formal version of the intuitive “zooming in” on descriptions of individuals. Projections are defined inductively as the formal tool for “reasoning with nested graphs.” Nested graphs are translated to “colored” formulas. Coloring represents anaphoras in a way similar to conceptual graphs. A system of Gentzen sequents is shown to be adequate and complete with respect to projections of nested graphs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00066
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    On the Correctness and Reasonableness of Cox's Theorem for Finite Domains (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Halpern has recently claimed a counterexample to Cox's Theorem, a well-known existence result for subjective probability distributions, but stated that the counterexample can be defeated by a specific assumption. Cox made this assumption, and so escapes the counterexample. Although Halpern questioned whether the assumption is reasonable for finite sets of sentences, it supports features that distinguish Cox's work from other, more restrictive motivations of probabilism. Paris has recently offered a new proof of Cox's Theorem whose correctness is satisfactory to Halpern, one that depends on a premise consistent with Cox's later work. As with any deductive argument, denial of a premise licenses denial of the conclusion, but Cox's conclusion does follow from premises plainly acceptable to him.
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    Using Diagrams to Understand Geometry (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes ARCHIMEDES-STUDENT, a computer program that constructs and modifies its own representations of diagrams from instructions supplied by a human who is demonstrating a theorem of geometry. The program's representation permits it to make inferences from its constructions and to find a justification for the conclusion of the theorem. It is argued that the sort of perceptual reasoning displayed by this program represents one important aspect of understanding because it relates the abstract mathematical theorem to knowledge of spatial relations. For humans this approach grounds abstraction in experience and thus provides a more compelling demonstration than a formal proof. Because ARCHIMEDES-STUDENT is a well-defined computer program, it provides a precise suggestion of how this aspect of understanding can be achieved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00062
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    An Approach for Merging Plans Hierarchically in Decomposable Domains (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Recent works in domain-independent plan merging have shown that the optimal plan-merging problem is NP-hard, and heuristic algorithms have been proposed to generate near-optimal solutions. These works have shown heuristic algorithms which assume that the mergeability of two actions can be determined by considering only the actions themselves. In this paper, we show that it is often that case that the surrounding actions in the plan must also be considered when determining the mergeability of two or more actions; therefore, the context in which the actions are used affects their mergeability. To address this problem, we have developed a plan-merging methodology that merges partial-order plans based on the the notion of plan fragments, which encapsulate actions with the context in which they are being utilized. This methodology applies to a class of planning domains, called decomposable domains, which consist of actions that follow all or some portion of a type sequence. Merging is performed hierarchically by action type. We also investigate the previously unexplored notion of alternative actions in domain-independent plan merging, which can improve the quality of the resulting merged plan. A novel approach is presented for removing cyclic dependencies that may occur during the plan-merging process.A key part of the methodology is the computation of a minimum cost cover of plan fragments. We provide theoretical analyses of two optimal algorithms and a greedy-based algorithm for computing the minimum cost cover. We support the theoretical analysis of these algorithms with experimental data to show that the greedy approach is near-optimal and efficient.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00067
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    Analysis of Heuristics for Number Partitioning (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We illustrate the use of phase transition behavior in the study of heuristics. Using an “annealed” theory, we define a parameter that measures the “constrainedness” of an ensemble of number partitioning problems. We identify a phase transition at a critical value of constrainedness. We then show that constrainedness can be used to analyze and compare algorithms and heuristics for number partitioning in a precise and quantitative manner. For example, we demonstrate that on uniform random problems both the Karmarkar–Karp and greedy heuristics minimize the constrainedness, but that the decisions made by the Karmarkar–Karp heuristic are superior at reducing constrainedness. This supports the better performance observed experimentally for the Karmarkar–Karp heuristic. Our results refute a conjecture of Fu that phase transition behavior does not occur in number partitioning. Additionally, they demonstrate that phase transition behavior is useful for more than just simple benchmarking. It can, for instance, be used to analyze heuristics, and to compare the quality of heuristic solutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00069
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    Utility Models for Goal-Directed, Decision-Theoretic Planners (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: AI planning agents are goal-directed: success is measured in terms of whether an input goal is satisfied. The goal gives structure to the planning problem, and planning representations and algorithms have been designed to exploit that structure. Strict goal satisfaction may be an unacceptably restrictive measure of good behavior, however.A general decision-theoretic agent, on the other hand, has no explicit goals: success is measured in terms of an arbitrary preference model or utility function defined over plan outcomes. Although it is a very general and powerful model of problem solving, decision-theoretic choice lacks structure, which can make it difficult to develop effective plan-generation algorithms.This paper establishes a middle ground between the two models. We extend the traditional AI goal model in several directions: allowing goals with temporal extent, expressing preferences over partial satisfaction of goals, and balancing goal satisfaction against the cost of the resources consumed in service of the goals. In doing so we provide a utility model for a goal-directed agent.An important quality of the proposed model is its tractability. We claim that our model, like classical goal models, makes problem structure explicit. This structure can then be exploited by a problem-solving algorithm. We support this claim by reporting on two implemented planning systems that adopt and exploit our model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00068
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    Depth-First Branch-and-Bound versus Depth-Bounded IDA: New Results (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In a real-time task an action must be executed given limited computation. One approach to limited computation is to search a tree of possible action sequences to a fixed depth and then execute an action with the lowest associated backed-up cost. The standard algorithm for such a search is Depth-First Branch-and-Bound (DFBB), also known in the Artificial Intelligence literature as Minimin with Alpha Pruning. This article shows that a depth-bounded extension of a popular iterative algorithm called IDA has a surprisingly large range of search trees on which it outperforms DFBB—something previous analytical results do not predict. We prove that the extended algorithm, which we call DIDA, is correct, is guaranteed to terminate, and is asymptotically (i.e., on its last iteration) as efficient as DFBB—assuming a consistent heuristic is used. We also prove that both algorithms are guaranteed not to decrease their accuracy with a deeper search, assuming a consistent heuristic. Because accuracy is generally correlated with decision quality, the time saved by visiting fewer states translates to deeper searches which translates to better decisions. Results from random search trees show that DIDA is most efficient when the path cost + leaf node heuristic value is distributed with low variance; as branching factor increases, the range for which DIDA is more efficient also increases. Results with Eight, Fifteen, Twenty-four, and Ninety-nine Puzzle implementations of both algorithms—all domains with low variance of path cost + leaf node heuristic value—show that DIDA significantly outperforms DFBB.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00060
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    An Action Representation Formalism to Interpret Natural Language Instructions (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The focus of this paper is on an action representation formalism that encodes bothlinguistic andplanning knowledge about actions, and that supports the interpretation of complex Natural Language instructions and, in particular, of instructions containing Purpose Clauses. The representation uses linguistically motivated primitives, derived from Jackendoff's work on Conceptual Semantics, and is embedded in the description logic based system CLASSIC. I first motivate the characteristics of the formalism as needed to understand Natural Language instructions. I then describe the formalism itself, and I argue that the integration of a linguistically motivated lexical semantics formalism and of a description logic based system is beneficial to both. Finally, I show how the formalism is exploited by the algorithm that interprets Purpose Clauses. The output of the algorithm is used in theAnimation from NL project, that has as its goal the automatic creation of animated task simulations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00057
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    The campus Web: a connecting device or a trap? (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 15 (1998), S. 16-21 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The World Wide Web is the most significant advance in mass dissemination of information since the invention of the printing press. Because electronic information is largely display independent, it is accessible to persons with disabilities who have the use of a computer with adaptive technology. Unfortunately, some Web design erects new, needless barriers to the use of this medium. This article outlines some of the problems, describes international activities aimed to transcend these problems and also suggests some simple, immediate solutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749810369867
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    English comp goes high-tech (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 15 (1998), S. 27-28 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Reports that the use of new technology in English composition courses is making it easier to teach and to learn how to write, according to instructors and students at the University of Oregon. A new computerized writing classroom and extensive training of instructors in use of the classroom, plus electronic mail and the Internet, are having positive results. About 35 instructors and 750 students benefited from use of the new instructional methods and technology in 1996, according to Ann Alskaya, director of the university's new Center for the Teaching of Writing. Eventually, the changes will affect all 4,000 freshman students who take English Composition at the UO. Later, the center will train faculty members outside the English department who want to incorporate technology and writing into their courses.
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    "Garbage can decision making" in a "structured anarchy" for your CWIS. Could you translate that for me please? (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 15 (1998), S. 29-33 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: It is important to understand the organizational structures and decision making processes in the university and their relationship to the CWIS. This article describes, reviews and summarizes March and Cohens' theories on the university as a structured anarchy. It also raises a list of questions that CWISs struggle with regularly which may be best answered by this theory. A second part of the article describes the companion theory of garbage can decision making proposed by March, Cohen and Olsen. Besides proposing the decision making model, March and Cohen even offer tactics to use in a structured anarchy that can enhance chances of success. Although CWIS problems seem dominated by management of technical questions, the authors feel that the ability to understand the organizational model of an institution and to manage the decision making process may be equally important to success as technical expertise is.
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    The copyright permission pages: making a frustrating experience more convenient (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 15 (1998), S. 61-62 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Describes a Web-based service set up for authors and teachers at the library, Wake Forest University. It involves a Web site which facilitates copyright permission requests, thus encouraging the seeking of permission and freeing up library staff time which had previously been spent helping individual patrons through the process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749810216749
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    University of Wisconsin-Green Bay: technology makes students active participants in American government (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 15 (1998), S. 66-67 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Summarizes a teaching strategy developed by three University of Wisconsin-Green Bay faculty members which employs e-mail and the World Wide Web to bring interactivity to large-section, introductory lecture classes.
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    Building a client-focused IT organization (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 15 (1998), S. 91-102 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper focuses on a multi-year effort to change the organizational culture of a very traditional IS unit into one that is "learning organization" and "client service" oriented. It describes the steps taken in the first two years within the context of John Kotter's "eight-stage process of creating major change". The paper sets forth the intent of each phase and the practical steps that have been taken to bring about the desired change. It approaches the process from the perspective of the CIO (the initiator of the process) with a practical appraisal of its success to date from the viewpoint of a long-time university staff member.
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    Our institutional memory at risk: collaborators to the rescue (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 15 (1998), S. 103-107 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Without reliable electronic records, colleges and universities will be unable to manage and defend themselves - they will lose their memories and be at significant risk. The authors explain the problems associated with the continuing reliability of electronic systems, and define the difference between an "information system" and a "record-keeping system". Collaborative partnerships among information technology staff, archivists, records managers, auditors, lawyers, and others at each campus, and also among professional organizations, are proposed to address these needs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749810227170
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    SPA's higher education initiative on software piracy (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 15 (1998), S. 128-130 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Describes steps that can be taken by all members of the campus community to prevent software piracy. Details the application of copyright law for works of software, then goes on to advocate the development and implementation of a software policy and software audits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749810370612
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    Cost accounting a network - a case study (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 15 (1998), S. 122-127 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Regardless of how they are budgeted, information technology (IT) costs must be paid. Most schools offer some computing services at no cost to the individual or unit and some that are charged back to users and units. Typically, common good services are centrally funded, and services that differentially benefit specific individuals or units are charged for. How services are funded often reflects a school's philosophy about IT and about finances. Preferably, IT funding mechanisms deliberately help shape and influence an institution's IT and services philosophy, as opposed to an IT or service philosophy being unintentionally shaped by fiscal policies that follow no particular strategy. Levying fees to users on an individual or departmental basis may yield a different demand and expectation of IT services than when costs are borne by a central budget. Quantity and quality, degree of centralization, and administrative complexity of services are major variables in determining funding. Also at stake is the degree to which an institution wishes to endorse, suppress, control or expand IT services. These issues are specifically illustrated through a case study of the formulation of a new budget and cost accounting model to both finance an institution-wide network upgrade and to maintain that network.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749810237313
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    Is IT worth it? (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 15 (1998), S. 131-136 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Administrators and funding agencies are legitimately asking whether our huge investment in information technology is improving higher education. Two surveys conducted at The College of Wooster gathered students' impressions of the impact of e-mail discussion groups and Web pages on their classes, and they show that overall students do see these technologies as beneficial. Other studies are also summarized. But what is the right question? Is it the technology that matters, or is the benefit in how it is used?
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    Large-scale distance learning initiatives (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 15 (1998), S. 137-141 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Multi-campus/large scale distance learning initiatives increase the complexity of issues, and affect the impact of various quality factors that must be considered in the design and implementation of programs. The impact and interactions of distance education quality factors differs when designing large-scale versus smaller-scale distances learning programs. This article will look at the various quality considerations within a large-scale model, and will look at how decisions were made to ensure quality in the design of the California Virtual University (CVU).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749810237377
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    Readin', writin', arithmetic, and information competency: adding a basic skills component to a university's curriculum (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 15 (1998), S. 158-163 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Describes work at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA, in developing information across the curriculum. Similar to writing competency programs, this approach will require students to take a number of information-intensive courses and necessitate a close partnership between librarians and teaching faculty in establishing requirements, integrating information skills into the curriculum, and evaluating outcomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749810248294
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    Ownership of electronic course materials in higher education (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 15 (1998), S. 142-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The introduction of sophisticated information technology to higher education is now forcing faculty and administrators to reexamine the traditional allocations of ownership interests in course materials. This article has been prepared to alert educators and administrators in higher educational institutions to the issues surrounding ownership of electronic course materials. In particular, the article focuses on the allocation of copyright ownership in electronic course materials as between faculty and their sponsoring institutions. While copyright laws vary somewhat from country to country, basic ownership issues will be common to nearly all copyright regimes. Drawing on US copyright law as an example, the article briefly reviews relevant copyright basics, the work made for hire doctrine, and options for contractual allocations of copyright. The article concludes by laying out a series of criteria that should be considered in formulating an institution's intellectual property policy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749810237494
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    Internet delivery of instruction: issues of best teaching practice, administrative hurdles, and old-fashioned politics (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 15 (1998), S. 164-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The authors describe the preparation and execution of a statistics and a fine arts course, each of which was offered in parallel to an on-campus classroom group and an online Internet group. The authors address the pedagogical, administrative, and political issues that must be resolved before one can legitimately offer a course of study to an Internet audience that the instructor will never physically see. Pedagogical issues are paramount if the goal is to achieve best teaching practice. In addition, there are numerous administrative hurdles to resolve where admission officers, registrars, and governing boards are working from a traditional mindset where rules and guidelines are based on local geography and physical presence. Further, political issues quickly present themselves, including time issues, faculty-colleague and administrator perceptions of "legitimate teaching activity", and valuations of the course.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749810248302
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    "Doing it quickly": use of a generic Web application platform for the rapid deployment of new services (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 15 (1998), S. 183-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: With the Web sweeping through every aspect of campus services, how do you quickly deliver complex services without reinventing the wheel each time? The ability to quickly create support processes allows development staff to be more productive, and provides better service to clients. The use of collaborative development methodologies have been shown to be effective in the delivery of high customer satisfaction, fast prototyping of new services, and rapid deployment of operational processes. Discusses the aspects and benefits of rapidly developing and implementing Web-based services with limited resources, and our success with tools that support collaborative development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749810248320
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    Technology and virtual teams: using globally distributed groups in MBA learning (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 15 (1998), S. 174-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes the experience of a globally distributed organization, as simulated across three MBA programs. The students, located in each of three countries, worked collaboratively in teams to create a common project, using technology as a means of communication. Observations were made of local team interaction, as well as the intergroup exchange that came about from merging the local teams into a larger global team. The project revealed some weaknesses in technology as a communication tool, as compared to face-to-face interaction. Nevertheless, the findings support traditional group theories - theories developed through observation of face-to-face groups. The existence of mutual accountability and evaluation, superordinate goals, and the tone of the initial group meeting were found to be key for successful task completion and group satisfaction. Building a team in a virtual setting was found to be more difficult than in a face-to-face environment, but not impossible. Team-building factors that might be implied in a local arrangement, had to be made explicit in the virtual setting, as opportunities did not exist for clarifying intentions outside of the meeting place. Additional experience in using the technology as a means of communication should reinforce this need for clarity, as managers become accustomed to fewer opportunities for communicating implications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749810248311
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    Developing an intranet: tool selection and management issues (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 142-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Intranet adopts the same information technology that the Internet utilizes for network processing with the exception of system boundaries. Moving corporate systems onto an intranet environment will increase the data traffic within corporate network. In order to smooth out data traffic in the network, adopting a high-quality management process to the intranet is needed. This article discusses the costs and benefits of adopting the intranet, tool availability and selection criteria, and some management issues for developing an intranet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810211601
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    Internet use by university students: an interdisciplinary study on three campuses (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 136-141 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This study sought to determine if differences exist among various age groups regarding students' use of the Internet. Surveys were administered to 548 students from three regional universities in the southeastern USA. Survey responses were then analyzed to determine how many students regularly use the Internet, how many hours per week regular users spend on the Internet, and what computers they use. Information was also tabulated for use of e-mail, use of the Internet to obtain university information, and for the number of students who had home pages. Finally, survey responses were analyzed to determine which students: consider the Internet to be a fad; project their future use of the Internet to be less, the same, or more than now; and project they will use the Internet in their chosen careers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810211593
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    Qualitative investigation of an e-mail mediated help service (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 123-135 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Many organizations are developing e-mail mediated help services, although the implications of using e-mail for client service are not yet fully understood. A qualitative study of a successful service was developed incorporating content analysis of service logs and interviews with staff and users. Two models of ideal service exchanges emerge: concise question/response dyads and extended dialog. Staff tend to consider dialog typical, while users almost exclusively consider the minimum exchange normal. Service logs show most exchanges are simple question/answer pairs where users explicitly request instructions, explanations, brief informational answers, or direct intervention by staff. However, users sometimes underspecify their request or omit needed information while staff often respond incompletely to queries. This frequent omission of information places significant stresses on a dyadic exchange model. As users become more experienced in the using e-mail for requesting service, broader acceptance and use of a dialog model of help provision might occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810211520
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    Differential effects of occupation on Internet usage (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 156-165 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Although there has been much publicity about the Internet, empirical research focusing on it is still relatively sparse. Most research on the Internet has been carried out in Europe or USA rather than Asia. This study examines the differential effects of occupation on Internet usage in an Asian country, namely, Singapore. Data were collected on Internet users via a questionnaire placed on the World Wide Web. From three main occupational groups (students, non-IT personnel and IT personnel) 1,299 usable responses were obtained. Differential effects of occupation in terms of Internet usage patterns, tasks preferences and factors affecting an enjoyable Internet experience were examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810211629
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    A framework for effective commercial Web application development (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 166-173 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The World Wide Web (WWW) or the Web has been recognized as a powerful new information exchange channel in recent years. Today, an ever-increasing number of businesses have set up Web sites to publicize their products and services. However, careful planning and preparation is needed to achieve the intended purpose of this new information exchange channel. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework for effective commercial Web application development based on prior research in hypermedia and human-computer interfaces. The framework regards Web application development as a special type of software development project. At the onset of the project, its social acceptability is investigated. Next, economic, technical, operational, and organizational viability are examined. For Web page design, both the functionality and usability of Web pages are thoroughly considered. The use of the framework should result in more effective commercial Web application development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810211638
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    Content design frameworks for Internet Studies curricula and research (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 174-184 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This article examines instructional frameworks for university-level education in Internet content design. Examined are academic constructs, philosophies and strategies from two disciplines traditionally associated with content - herein defined as instructional science and informational studies. These approaches are then extended into a curricula paradigm for academic studies in Internet content design. The intent of the article is to begin dialog on the development of university-level curricula and degree programs in Internet studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810211647
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    Identifying effectiveness criteria for Internet payment systems (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 202-218 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The Internet, since its commercialisation, has expanded with tremendous rapidity. This development has been still further assisted by the creation of the World Wide Web, which has caught the imagination of users around the world. As the marketing and provision of goods and services over the Web continues to grow, the missing factor appears to be a well-accepted and well-trusted method of paying for these products and services. This paper discusses the problem of internet payment systems (IPS) and reports the results of a research project which attempts to identify and classify effectiveness criteria for IPS. The project was undertaken by means of a Delphi survey of experts in IPS usage and classified types of IPS providers, as well as the factors which each group considers most important. This information was used in the development of our set of IPS effectiveness criteria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810217759
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    Electronic digests in scientific communication (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 243-246 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: There are two basic forms of scientific communication: discussion and publication. In both forms, electronic versions have appeared over the Internet to challenge the viability of traditional instruments. Gives a discourse of the tools available and explains why electronic digests appear to provide the best scope in supplanting newsletters; their traditional counterpart.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810217858
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    The effectiveness of commercial Internet Web sites: a user's perspective (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 219-228 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The main thrust of this article is to discuss a survey of 60 companies, predominantly from the user's perspective, that use the Internet currently; and to examine the effectiveness of their current Internet Web sites. The results of an online survey were subjected to statistical analysis and this revealed some interesting findings. It was found that 30 percent of the companies had facilities for conducting transactions online and only 7 percent charged users for Web site access. Overall, the Web sites rated highly in terms of ease of access, content and structure but scored poorly for their number of unique features. Of the six industry sectors surveyed (electronic commerce, entertainment and leisure, financial and banking services, information services, retailing and travel and tourism), it was the retailing sector that showed the best overall performance. The best individual Web site in the survey was the Financial Times (http://www.ft.com). It is suggested that this initial survey work could be advanced by extending the sample size and by devising a programme of more extensive statistical analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810217768
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    A security framework for online distance learning and training (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 236-242 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Considers the requirement for information security within thedomain of online distance learning. A generic modulestructure is presented which represents a high level abstractionof the different stages of the educational process.Discusses the main security issues that must be considered ateach stage. These various requirements are being addressedin practice by the security framework being developed by theSDLearn research project, a collaborative initiative betweenhigher academic establishments in the UK and Germany.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810217821
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    Small and mid-sized businesses and Internet use: unrealized potential? (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 229-235 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The findings of a study by Auger and Gallaugher (1997), in addition to suppositions and anecdotal evidence provided in a number of articles, suggest that there may be key areas of difference as well as similarities in Internet usage patterns among small and mid-sized businesses. Since large businesses are both potential customers of and suppliers to small to mid-sized businesses, it is important to understand their Internet usage patterns as well. The study was designed as a preliminary examination contrasting such usage among large and small and mid-sized owner-operated firms. Study findings suggest mid-sized businesses may be at a competitive disadvantage in their current operational use of the Internet. Small businesses in the study were more likely than mid-sized or large firms to have a home page and to reveal computer/technology programs as potential Internet services needed to improve current operations. Future research must continue to examine the role the Internet can play in allowing small and mid-sized businesses to be more competitive in today's technology based global environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810217786
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    File not found: the problems of changing URLs for the World Wide Web (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 247-250 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Explores the issue of changing URLs and provides a brief analysis of the degree to which change is occurring. Examines the range of potential solutions and provides discussion concerning the reasons for outdated and inaccurate URLs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810217867
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    Inclusive management (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 251-256 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Discusses the use of a corporate Internet in a geographically-spread consulting firm, James Martin & Co., to share ideas, vision, client information and results. Illustrates with examples. Applications include a quarterly Employee Attitude Survey and regular discussion forums. Proposes that a well-designed corporate intranet is a highly effective method of making intangible vision and mission pledges more tangible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810217876
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    Global delivery of education via the Internet (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 257-265 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Describes the issues associated with global delivery of education via the Internet, as well as the academic, technical, administrative, instructional, and behavioral considerations. Also presents a course delivery prototype, which has been designed to serve as a shell for the development of full-length courses. The paper's position is that eventually a cyber-academia will be progressively formed, with its own culture and institutions, which will meet the needs of those who are time or place constrained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810217885
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    Evaluating Internet information services in the Asia-Pacific region (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 266-271 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: States that there has been a trend for publications in the Asia-Pacific region to move to a combined print and electronic medium, in an effort to achieve the goals of social equity and increased exposure to the worldwide community through the World Wide Web (WWW). Reviews some of the mechanisms by which this transition can be evaluated with respect to these two goals, both economically, but more importantly, in terms of user-behaviour recorded WWW server access logs. The auditing of these logs facilitates new forms of market research which are impossible to conduct on traditional paper publications, as objective, quantitative information about usage patterns can be measured directly from key variables such as country of origin, most popular content pages, and typical access errors. It is argued that these audits can be used effectively for future planning, developing popular content areas, and creating publicity policy for electronic publications. The transition to a joint paper and electronic format for the South Pacific Journal of Psychology is presented in a three-month case study, with important issues, such as the importance of indigenous contributions, being resolved using statistics computed from the server access logs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810217894
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    Task performance using the library and Internet to acquire business intelligence (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 290-302 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The Internet is increasingly being used as a potential library substitute for a wide variety of business information tasks. However, little comparative research exists on the impact of such uses on task performance. This study examined performance differences (perceived, actual, and temporal) for a strategic business information acquisition experimental task when subjects used a library or the Internet. It was found that task performance decreased and time to completion increased when using the Internet as compared to the library. This paradox of performance enhancement expectations and actual outsomes when using the Internet may be temporal or idiosyncratic, or it may signal that our assumptions about traditional and electronic repositories are invalid. In any case, it is imperative that research on task performance continues to be done in order to ascertain the viability of this repository for information tasks. Implications of these findings and avenues of future research are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810231032
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    Facing life without the Internet (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 303-312 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The size of that section of the electronic market place known as the Internet is substantially dependent on how many people acquire and retain Internet access. This core of Internet users is the bedrock on which electronic commerce will be built. More attention has been given to the reasons why people join the Internet community than to their motivation for leaving. We therefore sought to carry out exploratory research into the thinking of some of the likely Internet defectors in order to identify intelligent questions which could form the basis for subsequent experimental hypotheses. At the same time we took the opportunity to examine possible critical mass effects in the adoption of the Internet as a piece of innovative technology, and to shed some light on the question of knowledge gaps, more recently characterised as the problem of the information rich and the information poor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810231041
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    The importance of trust in electronic commerce (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 313-321 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper a new concept "trust", and how it influences the process of managing the security of an organization operating in an electronic commerce environment has been introduced. Pragmatically, the study suggests awareness for organizations entering into electronic commerce and theoretically the study aims to develop a framework of trust and security for electronic commerce thus providing a set of guidelines for secure electronic commerce.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810231050
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    An Internet-based framework for federated process support (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 425-433 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The coupling of process-centered environments (PCEs) with distributed object architectures like COM, CORBA and Java opens up an unprecedented range of possibilities in terms of automatic process management. The human factor is still the major component of the software process but its role is changing, as is the kind of support it needs. Focusing on the interactions between different distributed PCEs (heterogeneous federation), we present an Internet-based framework for the definition and enactment of federated processes. A CSP-like process definition language makes distribution problems transparent to the process designer while compiler and execution engines exploit Internet technology in order to map process specifications into the actual IT infrastructure. Different solutions are investigated for both the deployment of the enactment components and their interaction with local PCEs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810241284
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    Facilitating designer-customer communication in the World Wide Web (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 442-451 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Introduces a way to design geographically distributed virtual prototyping, a new Internet technology, in order to facilitate designer-customer communication in the product development of small electronic devices, such as mobile telephones. First, we will present our research in the concept design domain with a set of requirements focusing on communication between the designer and the customer. Second, a technique called "smart virtual prototyping" will be presented to elaborate on the virtual prototyping techniques to be used over the World Wide Web. Third, we will present the main ideas, architecture and selected software techniques of WebShaman, which is an application built to demonstrate how a distributed virtual prototyping system could support geographically distant designer-customer communication. Finally, we discuss the possible impact of the distributed virtual prototyping approach on the WWW community.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810241301
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    ADDE: Application Development for the Distributed Enterprise (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 452-465 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Application Development for the Distributed Enterprise (ADDE) is a methodological set that supports design of distributed business processes and ICT systems. ADDE provides a guide, a repository and supporting software tools, an underlying meta-model, based on UML, that may be used in developing further software tools, or adapting existing tools to work with the ADDE repository. The main principles that have driven the authors' approach to distributed system design are presented. These principles are the focus on distribution issues, the separation of organisational and technical issues, the emphasis on the design process as a decision process, the notion of technological services and the method independence of the guidance. Following this, the guidance on the definition and planning of the application development will be introduced. A presentation of the guidance on distributed application design, as well as the concepts of macro and micro decisions follows. Finally, the future work of the ADDE project will be outlined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810241310
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    IT and university libraries in Africa (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 5-13 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Based on the findings of a detailed review of the current state and future prospects of 19 university libraries in 12 countries of Africa undertaken in 1995, levels of adoption and benefits IT has brought to libraries are weighed against the drawbacks. Implications for practitioners and researchers are discussed. IT will not reduce the need for hard copy books and journals. Its biggest potential is in providing links to the outside world and in increasing intra-African exchange and communication.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810368842
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    Commercial WWW site appeal: how does it affect online food and drink consumers' purchasing behavior? (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 32-38 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper reports the results of a recent online survey of consumer attitudes toward selected US online storefronts marketing barbecue sauce, cheese, olive oil, and potato chips as well as international companies marketing an assortment of specialty food products. It describes the relationship between consumer attitudes toward a commercial WWW site and likelihood of purchase as well as demographic factors which are related to online purchasing behavior of food and drink products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810368860
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    Investigating the future of Internet regulation (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 26-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The Internet, which began as a communication network controlled by the US Government, is a free and open international information superhighway. The number of Internet users and the variety of information found on the network have grown dramatically in the last decade. This rapid growth also occurred with minimal control of content or acceptable uses of the Internet. This study was designed to investigate the future of Internet regulation. Surveys were sent out to 510 Internet providers in 40 countries. Respondents indicated that some regulation may be necessary, but the cultural diversity in the world will make it difficult to implement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810368914
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    A framework for evaluating Internet telephony systems (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 14-25 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: An Internet telephony system functions like a conventional telephone to support real-time voice communication over the Internet. Numerous proprietary systems have surfaced since its introduction as a result of its main attraction of allowing transcontinental telephone calls to be made at the price of local telephone calls. Currently, these systems are at their infancy stage with no support for standards to allow interoperability among systems. A proper framework to allow evaluation or comparison between systems is also lacking. This paper proposes such a framework that utilises a feature and functionality appraisal together with both quantitative and qualitative assessment techniques to allow a systematic evaluation of Internet telephony systems to take place. These techniques include voice process evaluation through signal reproduction, Diagnostic Rhyme Test, Diagnostic Acceptability Measure, Degradation Category Rating, and Free Conversation Test. This framework has been successfully demonstrated and utilised for the evaluation of five Internet telephony systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810368851
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  • 81
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    Mapping Africa's initiative at building an information and communications infrastructure (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 49-58 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The article explores Africa's initiative at building a regional plan for the formulation and development of a National Information and Communication Infrastructure (NICIP) in every African state. The paper also examines the challenges and opportunities confronting Africa in its bid to launch itself into the information age. The role of information, communication and knowledge in accelerating African socio-economic development is emphasised. The paper makes a critical examination of the globalisation of economies and argues that globalisation appears to favour the rich and not so much the poor. It challenges the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) to provide funding for the project if it is to succeed. It eventually concludes by making the observation that Africa's Information Society Initiative (AISI) should promote Africa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810368888
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  • 82
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    Extending common knowledge (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 59-69 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Common knowledge: Pittsburgh is a school networking project which is developing network connectivity and curricular applications in the Pittsburgh Public Schools. With its emphasis on the curriculum and its efforts to institutionalize the use of networking technology, the project offers a useful model for other school districts to follow. The present paper describes how the project has expanded from its initial structure, delineates specific products that have been produced and indicates directions in which future expansion is likely to take place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810368897
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  • 83
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    Creating an online library to support a virtual learning community (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Describes how an independent business school, International Management Centres (IMC), has created a virtual library in partnership with database publisher Anbar Electronic Intelligence. Outlines the action learning methodology used by IMC in delivering management development programmes, and the virtual business school model being developed and used. Examines the relationship between the partner organizations, highlighting the benefits each gains from the collaboration. Analyzes the benefits being experienced by IMC faculty and students from the virtual library investment to-date, anticipated benefits, and future investment in online information resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810368923
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  • 84
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    A user-based design process for Web sites (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 39-48 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper reports on Phase II of a two-part project to identify and implement user-based design criteria in World Wide Web sites. The test site is a Web page for the academic business community. As an alternative to existing, largely ad hoc design processes, the authors developed a user-based design process, gathering user input at three different times in the process. Delineating this four-stage process (information-gathering; development; test and evaluation; and implementation) is a major focus of the paper. In addition to explaining the process in detail, the paper reports on the second stage of this process, which involves operationalizing definitions of the criteria and translating the criteria into Web page features and, to some extent, on the evaluation activities undertaken during Stage 3. Already reported are the results of Stage 1, which gathered user criteria for evaluating Web sites through a focus group session.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810368879
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  • 85
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    Legal considerations of Internet use - issues to be addressed (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 70-74 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: With an estimated over 40 million Internet users all over the world, things that once happened only in "real life" are starting to occur in this virtual world. This Internet, just like the physical world, cannot rely on laws alone to keep order. The rules that regulate behavior, the policies for what is acceptable and the laws that pertain to activities have developed and will continue to emerge over time. However, conflicts of interest are inevitable and wherever conflict occurs, the government will regulate on matters including e-mail, data theft, piracy, search and seizure, electronic banking, offensive behavior, and other legal liability issues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810368905
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  • 86
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    Applying Chaos Theory to school reform (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 101-114 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper is a case study of the ideology, strategies and process of the Common Knowledge: Pittsburgh project in its attempt at school reform in an urban school district. The paper reflects on the project's activities, looks at its efforts from the literature of school reform, and uses its experience to develop a conceptual framework for discussing such reform efforts. The conceptual framework is based on Chaos Theory (Gleick, 1987). The objectives of this paper are to apply Chaos Theory, as developed in mathematics and science to educational organizations and present a conceptual model for school reform consistent with this theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810211485
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  • 87
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    Web page design and network analysis (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 115-122 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This research project looks at problems in Web site design from the perspective of network analysis. In view of the similarity between the hypertext structure of Web pages and a generic network, the authors find in network analysis several concepts and theories which could provide some insight for Web site design. In this paper, the problem of homepage location and the control of number of Web pages and their links are described. Solutions to these problems are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810211494
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    Marketing opportunities in the digital world (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 185-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: With the birth of the World Wide Web, the current decade has witnessed tremendous evolution in the media environment, and indicates that electronic commerce, defined as the electronic exchange of information, goods, services, and payments, has finally come of age. Despite the fast-growing popularity of electronic commerce and presence of many companies on the virtual market, the opportunities offered by this new environment are still unknown. Many marketers still approach the Web based on the traditional mass communication model. The paper addresses the opportunities offered by the Web to marketers. Its approach considers the Web as a two-way communication model in which four different communication states can take place. The paper also suggests the necessity of new concepts and models for marketers to manage their Web sites, and then presents the opportunities supporting the marketers' objectives in the new environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810211656
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  • 89
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    Essai: weaving postmodernism (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 149-155 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: As more and more organizations establish their presence on the World Wide Web, the question of interacting in the new medium presents challenges to practitioners and academics alike. How should economic and symbolic activity be conducted and conceptualized? Different assumptions about the new medium will result in disparate activities - and concomitantly varying degrees of success or failure. In this article we explore the phenomenon of the Web using themes which characterize postmodernism. Postmodernism is a rubric of praxes and thoughts that "dis-embodies" the information age, and thus offers unique insights into information-rich contexts such as the Web. The article is set out as follows. First, the signifiers of "modern" and "postmodern" are discussed. Second, the Web is explored using key themes of postmodernism. We conclude that a postmodern perspective will illuminate thinking in the new information medium, just as modernism facilitated thinking in traditional physical medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810211610
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    Internet consumer catalog shopping: findings from an exploratory study and directions for future research (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 322-330 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Internet shopping has received considerable attention in the popular press as the future of in-home shopping. Although actual sales figures attributed to this direct mode of shopping are relatively modest in comparison to predictions, there are too many potential benefits to consumers and retailers alike to ignore Internet shopping as a fad. The authors present findings from an exploratory, empirical investigation of perceptions of Internet catalog shopping and more traditional print catalog shopping. The study extends previous research on strategy developments for direct modes of shopping and examines two factors (personality and important other people) that might influence perceptions. Preliminary results suggest that there are significant differences in individuals' perceptions of Internet catalog shopping and print catalog shopping, and perceptions differ by individual differences in personality (levels of need-for-cognition) and influence of important other people. Finally, the authors present research propositions that deserve further attention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810231069
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    The Internet and the banks' strategic distribution channel decisions (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 331-337 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Bank customers are divided into an Internet banking segment and a branch banking segment and it is argued the former is growing and the latter is declining. This development is predicted dramatically to change the distribution channel structure in the retail banking sector. Two important strategic distribution channel decisions face banks. The first is whether to target the branch banking segment or the Internet banking segment. The other regards the geographical area banks aim to serve. This can be the local/national area or several nations. Based on this, four pure distribution channel strategies and a dual strategy are identified and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810231087
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    Intranet document management systems (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 338-346 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Intranets use Internet technology to construct private, corporate webs. They take advantage of available TCP/IP Internet development tools to bring a variety of server-based information to desktops. This research presents a case study of a large regional Bell operating company and illustrates how intranets faciltate documentation availability within the company at substantial cost savings. The paper first reviews the current practice of document publication process, and then compares the traditional paper-based publication costs with intranet publication costs. This is followed by the examination of intranet document management systems (IDMS) design and development issues. Finally, managerial challenges of IDMS are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810231078
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    Cognitive maps, AI agents and personalized virtual environments in Internet learning experiences (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 347-358 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper develops frameworks to help Internet media designers address end-user information presentation preferences by advancing structures for assessing metadata design variables. Design variables are then linked to user cognitive styles. An underlying theme is that AI methodologies may be used to help automate the Internet media design process and to provide personalized and customized experiences. User preferences concerning knowledge acquisition in online experiences provide the basis for discussions of cognitive analysis, and are extended into structural implications for media design and interaction. The assumption is made that frameworks for the alignment of design metadata with user metacognitive elements may serve as a reference to aid information design for Internet-based media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810231096
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    A semantic modeling approach to metadata (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 377-386 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: States that heterogeneous project groups today may be expected to use the mechanisms of the Web for sharing information. Metadata has been proposed as a mechanism for expressing semantics of information and, hence, facilitate information retrieval, understanding and use. Presents an approach to sharing of information which aims to use a semantic modeling language as the basis for expressing semantics of information and designing metadata schemes. Functioning in the borderlines between human and computer understandability, the modeling language could be able to express semantics of published Web documents. Reporting on work in progress, the paper presents the overall framework and ideas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810241248
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    A client-side Web agent for document categorization (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 387-399 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The authors propose a client-side agent for exploring and categorizing documents on the World Wide Web. As the user browses the Web using a usual Web browser, this agent is designed to aid the user by classifying the documents the user finds most interesting into clusters. The agent carries out the task completely automatically and autonomously, with as little user intervention as the user desires. The principal novel components in this agent that make it possible are a scalable hierarchical clustering algorithm and a taxonomic label generator. In this paper, the overall architecture of this agent is described and the details of the algorithms within its key components are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810241257
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    Co-ordination of mobile information agents in TuCSoN (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 400-413 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The increasing need to access and elaborate dynamic and heterogeneous information sources distributed over the Internet calls for new models and paradigms for application design and development. The mobile agent paradigm promotes the design of applications where agents roam through Internet sites to locally access and elaborate information and resources, possibly co-operating with each other. Focuses on mobile agent co-ordination, and presents the TuCSoN co-ordination model for Internet applications based on mobile information agents. TuCSoN exploits a notion of local tuple-based interaction space, called a tuple centre. A tuple centre is a tuple space enhanced with the capability of programming its behaviour in response to communication events. This enables properties to be embedded into the interaction space, and a mobile agent to be designed independently of the peculiarities of the information sources. Several issues critical to Internet applications can then be charged on tuple centres transparently to agents. The effectiveness of the TuCSoN model is first shown by means of an application example in the area of Internet information retrieval, then discussed in the context of workflow management and electronic commerce.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810241266
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    Internet technology to run workflows (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 414-424 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The existing, and still evolving, Internet technologies have, up to now, only been used for paper-free distribution and hypermedia presentation of electronic documents. But today's business and research often require more - the compilation of knowledge worked out asynchronously by different distributed knowledge holders. This is in general connected with diverse review and revise processes. Owing to awkward paper-based information flows lacking in control, this task is often characterized by exceptionally lengthy, spontaneous, unsystematic work, high error frequency and lack of transparency, which results in a lack of quality. Coming from the initial goal of supporting a process-oriented management of distributed editorial work in the publishing sector - which is analogous to the problem outlined above - INTERFYS is an innovative Internet-based system concept for making such processes more efficient by applying the concepts of workflow management using Web technologies only. With INTERFYS not only the distribution and presentation, but also the creation process of documents is supported using Internet technologies only. The paper explains and evaluates the conceptual and technical aspects of the System INTERFYS 1.0 which has just been realized and was presented on the CeBIT 1998 in Hanover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810241275
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    Shared semantics and the use of organizational memories for e-mail communications (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 8 (1998), S. 434-441 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Examines the use of shared semantics information to link concepts in an organizational memory to e-mail communications. E-mail is by far the dominant business application of the Internet, yet the use of e-mail relies on a number of assumptions regarding the effectiveness of interpersonal communications. One of these assumptions is that of common meaning or shared semantics. Assuming shared semantics in electronic communications can lead to a breakdown in communication, and the very managerial improvements that e-mail is intended to foster can be negated by the resultant lack of understanding. In this paper how shared semantics are created, maintained, and used to enhance e-mail communications is discussed. A framework for determining shared semantics based on organizational and personal user profiles is presented. How shared semantics are used by the HyperMail system to help link OM content to e-mail messages is illustrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249810241293
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    A further exploration into information systems development: the evolution of Multiview2 (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 11 (1998), S. 124-139 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Multiview was defined in 1985 and has been since refined to become an influential approach to information systems development. It has soft and hard aspects and, as a contingency approach, is not prescriptive but adapted to the particular situation in the organization and the application. Observations and reflections on Multiview in action over the last ten years together with more recent literature based on, for example, holism, emergence, multi-causality, ethical analysis and technology foresight, form the basis for a new definition of Multiview. Changes in the domain of information systems are also taken into account. Away from centralized technology, long lead times and hierarchical organizations, towards networks, new organizational forms, business processes, informational products and services, and the removal of time and space constraints on human activity. This paper underlines the need for IS researchers to learn about methodologies as they are used in practice (rather than as described in text books) and for methodologies to evolve in response to changes in the domain in which they are applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849810218319
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    The importance of organisational issues in systems development (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 11 (1998), S. 104-123 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: A survey of senior and influential IT managers explored the related questions of why some senior IT professionals perceive organisational issues to be more important than technical issues, and whether this has a concomitant impact on the treatment of organisational issues. An overall response rate of 63 per cent was achieved from a combined survey of two distinct groups. The results show that there are significant differences in managers' perceptions about the importance of organisational issues which can, to some extent, be explained in terms of organisational size, and to a lesser extent by the favoured development approach. However, these differences in perception appear to have no identifiable relation to the significant differences in the approaches adopted for treating organisational issues. It is suggested that this is due to the difficulties in treating such issues and further research to resolve these difficulties is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849810218300
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