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  • Springer  (132,888)
  • Blackwell Science Ltd
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (134,940)
  • 1999  (68,305)
  • 1998  (66,635)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (134,940)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Establishment and characterization of a continuous cell line (GF-1) derived from grouper, Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton): a cell line susceptible to grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV) (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A new continuous cell line (GF-1) was established and characterized. The GF-1 cell line, derived from the fin tissue of a grouper, Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton), was maintained in L15 medium containing 5% foetal bovine serum (FBS) at 28 °C, and has been subcultured more than 160 times since 1995. The majority of GF-1 cells are fibroblast-like, together with some epithelioid cells. Spontaneous transformation of GF-1 cells occurred during subculture 50 to subculture 80, and led to an increase of plating efficiency, less requirement of FBS and de novo susceptibility to grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV). Cytopathic effects (CPEs) could be observed in GF-1 cells 3–5 days post-infection with pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), hard clam reovirus (HCRV), eel herpes virus Formosa (EHVF) and GNNV. In addition, abundant GNNV particles were found in the cytoplasm of GNNV-infected GF-1 cells using electron microscopy and nucleic acids of GNNV virus were detected by polymerase chain reaction in the culture medium of GNNV-infected cells after CPE appeared. The experimental results indicated that GF-1 can effectively proliferate fish nodavirus and is a promising tool for studying fish nodavirus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.1999.00152.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the internalization process of the fish pathogen Renibacterium salmoninarum in cultured fish cells (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.1999.00160.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence of Gyrodactylus thymalli Zitnan, 1960 on grayling, Thymallus thymallus (L.), in England (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.1999.00166.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implications of weed composition and thrips species for the epidemiology of tomato spotted wilt in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of 21 weeds acting as hosts of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), temperature, thrips population and diversity on disease progress in chrysanthemum cv. Polaris were studied. Under greenhouse conditions, only Taraxacum officinale, Bidens sp., Resedaluteola and Mirabilis jalapa were hosts for TSWV. Of 38 weeds species in the area surrounding a chrysanthemum field, Tithonia tubaeformis and R. luteola had the highest populations of adult and immature thrips. These weeds, as well as M. jalapa, had an extensive seasonal distribution and may play a key role in the disease progress. Seventeen thrips species belonging to the genera Bravothrips, Thrips and Frankliniella were identified on weed flowers, with Frankliniella occidentalis (FOC) representing 9.5% of all thrips identified. Of 123 thrips collected from chrysanthemum inflorescences, 9.75% were FOC, and only 2.5% of them transmitted TSWV. Of all the thrips species collected from chrysanthemum flowers in the field, only FOC was capable of transmitting TSWV. On 120 experimental plots established at two sites, with three transplanting dates (June, July and August), it was estimated that 1.25% of the chrysanthemum cuttings were already infected with TSWV when transplanted. Secondary spread, vectored by FOC, occurred only for the earliest transplanting date and resulted in a further 2.36% disease incidence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00397.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecological stability and crop protection: a case for investment in technological alternatives (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00400.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stomatal penetration of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) leaves by a Colletotrichum species causing latent anthracnose (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The infection process of a Colletotrichum species causing latent infection and anthracnose in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was studied in seedlings by light and confocal microscopy. Leaf surfaces were extensively colonized by an anastomosing network of germ-tubes and conidia. This epiphytic mycelium produced abundant secondary conidia on short conidiophores. Although melanized appressoria were developed, the host surface was not penetrated directly. The fungus only gained ingress into leaves through stomatal openings, by means of undifferentiated germ-tubes, and slowly colonized the mesophyll by intercellular hyphae, without initially producing visible symptoms. Anthracnose lesions with multisetate acervuli appeared on senescent leaves after a prolonged symptomless period of host colonization lasting 〉 2 weeks. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the amplified D2 and ITS-2 regions of rDNA revealed close similarities (95–96%) between this cowpea pathogen and isolates of C. gloeosporioides from Aeschynomene virginica,Stylosanthes scabra and Mangifera indica. These results, in addition to other morphological and growth attributes, identify this endophytic anthracnose pathogen of cowpea as a Colletotrichum species distinct from C. capsici and C. destructivum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00405.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification and toxicity of Alternaria brassicicola, the causal agent of dark leaf spot disease of Brassica species grown in Thailand (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Fungi, with spores characteristic of the genus Alternaria, were isolated from necrotic lesions on leaves of cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese kale and choi-sum growing in Thailand, and were proved by Koch's postulates to be the causal agents of a disease known as dark leaf spot. All isolates corresponded in morphology to descriptions of Alternaria brassicicola and the identification was confirmed by analysis of the ITS1, 5.8S gene and ITS2 regions of rDNA, the nucleotide sequences of isolates from all four plants being identical to each other and to the published sequence of a known isolate of A. brassicicola. Culture filtrates of isolates of the fungus from each host, grown on a defined medium consisting of Czapek–Dox nutrients supplemented with cations, were toxic to cells isolated from the four host plants. Taking the data overall, filtrates from the cauliflower isolate were significantly less toxic than those from the other isolates. Although the filtrate from the cabbage isolate was most toxic to cabbage cells and that of the choi-sum isolate most toxic to choi-sum cells, filtrates of the Chinese kale and cauliflower isolates were most toxic to cells of plants other than those from which they were isolated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00406.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual disease and PCR assessment of stem base diseases in winter wheat (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Stem base disease (eyespot, sharp eyespot and brown foot rot) was assessed visually and by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique on single plants sampled at four-week intervals in two crops of winter wheat grown in the UK in 1992–3. PCR assays were conducted for Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, both varieties of Microdochium nivale, both eyespot-causing species of Tapesia and Rhizoctonia cerealis. PCR diagnoses were compared with visual diagnoses at each time point. Eyespot was caused principally by T. acuformis (R-type) and developed rapidly late in the season. Visual diagnoses of eyespot were largely confirmed by PCR but T. acuformis was detected in many plants lacking eyespot symptoms. R. cerealis was detected at relatively low incidences on both sites, and sharp eyespot visual diagnoses did not correlate with the incidence of any of the pathogens assayed by PCR. Brown foot rot, caused principally by Microdochium nivale var. majus, accumulated earlier in the season than eyespot. Overall, visual diagnoses of stem base disease coincided poorly with PCR data until after growth stage (GS) 30.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00407.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inheritance of partial resistance to race 2 of Albugo candida in canola-quality mustard (Brassica juncea) and its role in resistance breeding (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The inheritance of partial resistance to race 2 of Albugo candida was studied in a canola-quality line of Brassica juncea. This partially resistant line was crossed with the susceptible B. juncea cultivar Commercial Brown. F1, F1(reciprocal), F2, BC and doubled haploid generations from the cross were inoculated with a zoospore suspension of race 2 to study segregation of partial resistance. The partially resistant phenotype appeared to be controlled by a single dominant gene that has variable expression. This partial resistance can have implications in breeding for disease resistance against white rust, as adult plants did not develop hypertrophic growth or stagheads under greenhouse and field conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00408.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    The agrochemical industry: its contribution to crop protection and environmental policy (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00409.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved detection of citrus psorosis virus using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Citrus psorosis is a serious and widespread disease associated with citrus psorosis virus (CPsV), a novel filamentous negative-stranded virus in the genus Ophiovirus. Laborious and costly indexing on test plants has been the only routine diagnostic method available, but recently an antiserum usable in double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA has been prepared. Here, major improvements to the DAS-ELISA protocol, a new purification method, and production of two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to CPsV, an IgG and an IgM are reported. A highly sensitive triple antibody sandwich (TAS) ELISA making use of the mabs is described. In glasshouse citrus the homologous virus was still detectable at a tissue dilution of 1/6250 in DAS and at 1/31250 in TAS-ELISA. Both the DAS and IgG mab-TAS formats detected all CPsV isolates so far tested (from Argentina, Italy, Lebanon, Spain and the USA). A few isolates were not detected by the IgM mab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00410.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Assessing the susceptibility of chrysanthemum cultivars to tomato spotted wilt virus (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three methods were compared to assess the susceptibility of vegetatively propagated chrysanthemum to tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV): mechanical and thrips-mediated inoculation of whole plants, and a leaf-disc assay. As symptom expression was often poor or even absent, TSWV infections and subsequent susceptibility to TSWV were determined by ELISA. All 15 chrysanthemum cultivars tested were susceptible to TSWV, irrespective of their degree of vector resistance (based on feeding-scar damage rates). Thrips-mediated inoculation using different numbers of thrips revealed that 100% infection was obtained when plants were challenged by six thrips per plant, whereas 80 and over 50%, respectively, of the plants became infected when inoculated by a single male or female thrips. However, false negatives were scored even after intensive sampling because of erratic, cultivar-specific and time-dependent virus distribution after inoculation in the plants. Labour-intensive samplings and long incubation periods could be overcome by a readily applicable leaf-disc assay. This assay was as reliable as thrips-mediated inoculation of whole plants, and its use is therefore favoured to assess chrysanthemum cultivars for TSWV susceptibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00412.x
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  • 13
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    Transmission of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus by Thripstabaci populations originating from leek (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The transmission of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) by Thrips tabaci collected from leek was studied using the petunia local-lesion leaf-disc assay. After an acquisition-access period of 72 h given to newborn larvae up to 8 h old, the efficiency of transmission by adults was determined in three inoculation-access periods of 48 h. This efficiency varied for six T. tabaci populations from 0.7 to 11.6% in experiments using the Greek TSWV isolate GR-04. Males were more efficient transmitters than females (19 out of 176 versus five out of 494). Frankliniella occidentalis transmitted the same virus with a higher efficiency (34.8%). The transmission rate differed also among TSWV isolates, as shown in tests with four T. tabaci using two isolates. The virus was more efficiently acquired from infected leaf material of Datura stramonium than from that of Emilia sonchifolia. Plants of the latter species were more susceptible than Nicotiana tabacum in thrips transmission tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00414.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Survival of Botrytis cinerea conidia on kiwifruit (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Experiments were conducted over two seasons (1995 and 1996) to determine the survival of Botrytis cinerea conidia applied to the fruit surface of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa, cv. Hayward). In 1995, potted vines were exposed for nine weeks to controlled environments at the National Climate Laboratory and to natural conditions in a shadehouse. In 1996, field experiments were carried out over a period of 16 weeks at two research sites. Change in number of conidia (enumeration), viability (germination) and vigour (germ-tube length, 1995; infection of host tissue, 1996) of conidia were assessed over time. In both years, the number of conidia/fruit declined significantly over time. However, conidia remained viable on the fruit surface throughout the two experiments. In both seasons, approximately 40% of the conidia recovered still germinated after field exposure and the vigour of viable conidia remained constant over the duration of the two experiments. The results of the research showed that B. cinerea conidia are able to survive on fruit surfaces of kiwifruit, remaining viable and infectious throughout the growing season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00413.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Interaction of virus-infected celery and Septoria apiicola (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Inoculation of celery plants with viruses CV036 (celery mosaic) and CV506 (parsnip yellow fleck) decreased blight on leaves inoculated later with Septoria apiicola by 17–39% and 54–91%, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between the amount of blight and the furanocoumarin content of the celery petioles. The antifungal activity of these furanocoumarins was demonstrated by their in vitro inhibition of the germination of spores of S. apiicola and Botrytis cinerea. Scanning electron microscopy of virus-infected leaves sprayed with spores of S. apiicola also showed slight but significant reductions in percentage germination and in germ-tube length, and considerable reductions in the proportion of germ-tubes which produced an appressorium, compared with spores on virus-free leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00379.x
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  • 16
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    Races of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria overcoming the gene Bs2 for bacterial spot resistance in pepper, prevalent on Capsicum chinense in Barbados and Grenada and weakly pathogenic on bell pepper and tomato in the field (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A total of 404 isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, obtained from Capsicum chinense cv. West Indian Red grown in Barbados and Grenada, were differentiated into pathogenic races, and of these, 96 were tested also for selected taxonomic group phenotypes. The response of C. chinense to infection by several X. campestris pv. vesicatoria races and the contribution of races isolated from this cultivar to severity of bacterial spot of bell pepper and tomato were also investigated. P4T2, P5T2 and P6T2 were the predominant races of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria isolated from C. chinense grown in Grenada, whereas nine races (T1, P4, P6, P0T2, P1T2, P4T1, P4T2, P6T1 and P6T2) were isolated in Barbados. Race P4T2 comprised 46.0 and 71.4% of the isolates from Barbados and Grenada, respectively. The 96 isolates, all of which overcame resistance conferred by the gene Bs2, shared taxonomic group B strain characteristics, including the presence of the β-protein band, positive amylolytic activity and inability to oxidize cis-aconitate. The C. chinense cv. West Indian Red was susceptible only to races of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria that can overcome Bs2 gene resistance. Of six such races identified in Barbados, only P4T1, P4T2 and P6T1 affected bacterial spot-susceptible bell pepper or tomato in the field, and they amounted to only 1.5–2.1% of each sample of isolates from these plant species. Moreover, they were confined to the smallest bacterial spot lesions. Bell pepper was most severely affected by combinations of races T1 with P3T2 and T2 with P0T1, and tomato by race T1 only and combinations of races P0T1 with P0T2 and P1T1 with P1T0, all of which prevailed in the field despite selection against them by C. chinense cv. West Indian Red.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00369.x
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  • 17
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    Genotypic diversity in barley powdery mildew populations in northern France (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Diversity in populations of Erysiphe graminis (Blumeria graminis) f.sp. hordei was studied with virulence and molecular markers. Isolates were sampled in two locations in northern France from a winter barley cultivar (Plaisant) and a spring cultivar (Caruso). Only a few pathotypes (determined by virulence markers) were common. The rest of the population was diverse. Diversity within common pathotypes, estimated by five RAPD and two SCAR markers, was generally high, except for one pathotype, which was frequent on Plaisant. This pathotype carried only one virulence, Va22, out of the 11 virulences tested. It appeared as a clonal lineage, which had occurred previously, at least in 1992, in northern France, demonstrating survival of asexual lineages in populations that often reproduce sexually.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00381.x
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  • 18
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    Molecular comparisons amongst wheat bymovirus isolates from Asia, North America and Europe (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: To study the variation between wheat bymovirus isolates and to resolve uncertainties about the identity of the virus in some countries, leaves of infected plants were obtained from nine sites in China and from one each in Italy, Germany, USA and Canada. The German isolate was obtained from rye and the Canadian isolate was the type strain of wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV). In RT-PCR, using primers designed from a partial sequence of a French isolate (tentatively described as WSSMV), genome fragments were obtained from the Italian and the French isolates but not from the Chinese ones. Conversely, products were consistently obtained from the Chinese isolates, but not from the Italian or French ones, when primers were designed from the sequence of a Japanese isolate of wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV). Nucleotide sequences were obtained from regions at or near the 3′-terminus of RNA1 of six Chinese isolates and the four from Europe and North America, usually including the coat protein. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons demonstrated that the European and North American isolates were extremely similar and were therefore WSSMV, while the Chinese isolates were close to the Japanese isolate and were thus WYMV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00392.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Seed Health Testing. Progress Towards the 21st Century (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.0378c.x
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  • 20
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    Plant Pathology and Plant Pathogens (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.0378d.x
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  • 21
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    Soilborne Diseases of Tropical Crops (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.0378e.x
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  • 22
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    Winter oilseed rape with high levels of resistance to Pyrenopeziza brassicae derived from wild Brassica species (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Oilseed rape cultivars possess inadequate levels of resistance to light leaf spot disease, caused by the ascomycete Pyrenopeziza brassicae Sutton & Rawlinson. High levels of resistance to this disease were found within wild accessions of Brassica oleracea and B. rapa. This resistance was introgressed into agronomically acceptable winter oilseed rape breeding lines. Seedling resistance was determined by two genes. One of these, derived from B. rapa and positioned on linkage group N1, resulted in no apparent symptoms following infection, while the other, derived from B. oleracea and positioned on N16, resulted in black necrotic flecks and a reduced amount of sporulation compared with standard cultivars. Several agronomically acceptable double haploid lines were developed which expressed very high levels of adult plant resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00373.x
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    Dry-dispersal and rain-splash of brown (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici) and yellow (P. striiformis) rust spores from infected wheat leaves exposed to simulated raindrops (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The dispersal of spores from lesions of brown (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici) or yellow (P. striiformis) rusts of wheat by impacting drops was studied. Using a generator of uniform-size drops, drops of 2.5, 3.4, 4.2 and 4.9 mm in diameter were released from rest at heights of 5, 50 and 100 cm above horizontal and primary leaves uniformly covered with sporulating lesions. Dry-dispersal and rain-splash occurred simultaneously in response to drop impaction. A coloration technique allowed separate counting of dry-dispersed and rain-splashed spores caught on slides. More spores were rain-splashed than dry-dispersed. Neither removal mechanism affected in-vitro germination of spores, which was higher in brown than in yellow rust. For both rusts, the number of both dry-dispersed and rain-splashed spores, as well as their travel distance, increased with drop diameter and fall height. The fall speed of incident drops in relation to diameter and fall height was obtained by solving numerically the equation of vertical drop motion. The number of spores removed by a given impacting drop was found to be a power function of the calculated kinetic energy of the impacting drop. Based on this experimental relationship, a simulation study showed the relevance of rain type in the removal of spores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00372.x
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    Inheritance of resistance to stem canker (Phomopsis helianthi) in sunflower (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Six male sterile sunflower lines were crossed with seven restorers in a factorial mating design. The 13 inbred lines and their 42 F1 hybrids were planted in a randomized block design with three replicates. Each replicate consisted of two rows, 5 m long (30–35 plants per replicate). Resistance to natural Phomopsis infection, presented as the percentage of plants with no encircling necrosis lesions of the fungus on the main stem, was determined at physiological maturity. Analysis of variance showed that female and male general combining abilities (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) of F1 hybrids were significant. The ratio of additive variance to total variance was 0.662, a high value which indicates prevailing additive effects. The additive variance due to females was more important than that of males, probably because of the existence of maternal effects or more effective genes for resistance in the female lines used in this experiment. The estimates of GCA were significant and positive for LC1004A, KO549A, 50KD8 and LC1064C inbred lines. These lines should be considered in developing hybrids with improved resistance to Phomopsis in sunflower breeding programmes.
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  • 25
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    Genetic control of resistance to fenpropimorph in Ustilago maydis (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Fenpropimorph-resistant mutants of Ustilago maydis were obtained at high frequency (30 × 10−6) after UV-irradiation followed by selection on media containing fenpropimorph (50 μg mL−1). Genetic analysis of 30 such mutants resulted in the identification of two unlinked chromosomal loci, the U/fpm-1 locus with two allelic genes (U/fpm-1A and U/fpm-1B) and the U/fpm-2 locus. The mutant genes U/fpm-1A and U/fpm-2 are responsible for high resistance levels (Rf: 75–100 or 257–286 based on MICs or ED50s, respectively), while the U/fpm-1B mutation gives only a small reduction (approximately 7–10-fold) in fenpropimorph sensitivity. Cross-resistance studies with other SBIs showed that the major gene (U/fpm-1A and U/fpm-2) mutants were cross-resistant to the related compound fenpropidin (Rf: 15–20 or 53–66 based on MICs or ED50s values, respectively) and to tridemorph (Rf: 5 or 7.1–9.5 based on MICs or ED50s values, respectively), but not to the inhibitors of steps of ergosterol biosynthesis preceding the Δ14-reductase. The minor gene (U/fpm-1B) mutants also had low-level resistance (approximately 5-fold) to tridemorph and to fenpropidin, but in contrast with the major gene mutants they were 2–10 times more sensitive to the triazoles studied (triadimefon, triadimenol, propiconazole and flusilazole) and to the pyridine, pyrifenox.Studies of the fitness of U. maydis mutants showed that in major gene mutants, resistance was not associated with changes in growth rate in liquid culture or pathogenicity on young maize plants. The minor gene mutation reduced significantly the growth rate in liquid culture and the pathogenicity, either in homozygous or heterozygous condition in dikaryotic mycelium.
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    Lord Sainsbury of Turville 1 (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00377.x
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  • 27
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    The Plant Disease Clinic and Field Diagnosis of Abiotic Diseases (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.0366a.x
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  • 28
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    Erwinia pyrifoliae, an Erwinia species different from Erwinia amylovora, causes a necrotic disease of Asian pear trees (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Bacteria from necrotic branches of Asian pear trees (Pyrus pyrifolia) in Korea were consistently isolated as white colonies on nutrient agar and formed mucoid, slightly yellow colonies on a minimal medium with copper sulphate. Isolates with this colony morphology were studied in a series of microbiological, molecular and pathological tests. Most isolates allowed the verification of Koch's postulate on P. pyrifolia seedlings and on slices from immature pear (Pyrus communis) fruits and were also positive in hypersensitivity tests on tobacco leaves. They showed characteristics common to species in the genus Erwinia, but were different from Erwinia amylovora, the agent of fire blight. A relationship between the novel pathogen and E. amylovora was found in microbiological and serological tests. Both organisms had similar but not identical protein patterns in 2-D gel electrophoresis, and in growth morphology the new pathogen produced colonies on MM2 Cu medium that were mucoid and slightly yellow, compared with the clearly yellow colonies of E. amylovora. No similarity was found in the plasmid profiles, and consequently no PCR signal was obtained with primers from the E. amylovora plasmid pEA29. REP-PCR also produced bands differing for the two organisms.
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  • 29
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    Heterobasidion annosum. Biology, Ecology, Impact and Control (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.0366b.x
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    Tropical Plant Diseases, 2nd edn (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.0366c.x
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  • 31
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    Genetic differentiation in the French population of Erysiphe cichoracearum, a causal agent of powdery mildew of cucurbits (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The relative incidence of Erysiphe cichoracearum and Sphaerotheca fuliginea, both agents of powdery mildew of cucurbits, was determined from 275 samples of mildewed leaves of cucurbits collected in 1994 from five regions of France. E. cichoracearum was identified in 9 to 39% of the mildewed leaf samples from four of the regions but was not detected in samples from the Mediterranean island of Corsica. The genetic structure of the French population of E. cichoracearum was examined using RFLPs of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers amplified by PCR, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, pathogenicity and mating-type tests. Forty-one isolates, including one from England, were analysed. Cluster analysis from 147 RAPD fragments using 16 primers revealed the existence of three distinct genetic lineages corresponding to three rDNA haplotypes (designated groups A, B and C). Bootstrap, genetic diversity, gametic disequilibrium and private allele analyses supported this differentiation. The genetic differentiation observed in the French population was not related to the geographical origin of the isolates. Group A isolates may be more specialized on melon as, with one exception, they were of race 1 (growth on four of the five melon cultivars tested) in comparison with group B and C isolates, which were of race 0 (growth on IranH only). Thus, the genetic differentiation observed may indicate a host-specialized subdivision within the French population of E. cichoracearum from cucurbits. Gametic disequilibrium analysis among RAPD loci and biological observations suggest that the sexual stage is of minor importance for epidemics of E. cichoracearum on cucurbits.
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  • 32
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    Molecular Variability of Fungal Pathogens (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.0366d.x
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  • 33
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    Evaluation of bacterial wilt resistance in tomato lines nearly isogenic for the Mi gene for resistance to root-knot (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Resistance to bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, in tomato lines CRA 66 and Caraïbo is reported to be decreased by root-knot nematode galling and by introduction of the Mi gene for nematode resistance. The Mi gene is located on tomato chromosome 6, which also carries a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for resistance to bacterial wilt. Bacterial wilt resistance was evaluated in F3-progenies derived from two crosses between near-isogenic lines, Caraïbo × Carmido and CRA 66 × Cranita, differing for small and large introgressions from Lycopersicon peruvianum that carry the Mi gene, respectively. These introgressed regions were mapped using RFLP markers. Plants homozygous Mi+/Mi+ (susceptible to the nematode) and homozygous Mi/Mi (resistant) for the Mi gene were selected in F2 and used to produce F3 progenies. Parents and F3-lines with Mi/Mi had resistance to bacterial wilt reduced by 30% in Caraïbo × Carmido and by 15% in CRA 66 × Cranita. Caraïbo and Carmido were demonstrated to be isolines and the small introgression from L. peruvianum resulted in loss of the QTL for bacterial wilt resistance, which is probably allelic or linked in repulsion to the Mi gene. In contrast, resistance to bacterial wilt segregated in the F3 lines from the cross CRA 66 × Cranita, giving families varying in resistance between the levels shown by the parents. Consequently, two hypotheses were considered: (i) after only four backcrosses, the parents were not isolines and the genes for resistance to bacterial wilt from CRA 66 were still segregating, and (ii) the parents were isolines and variation in resistance to bacterial wilt in F3 was due to recombination events among the large L. peruvianum introgressed chromosome region from Cranita.
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  • 34
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    Stability of the aphid transmission phenotype in cucumber mosaic virus (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The stability of the aphid transmission phenotype in seven field isolates of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was studied, using aphids Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae. Field isolates, obtained from four vegetable crops, were propagated in squash and Nicotiana glutinosa, and passaged by either aphid transmission or mechanical transfer. All seven isolates were transmissible by both aphids and this aphid transmission phenotype was stable after 20–24 mechanical passages. Upon further mechanical passaging, one of the seven isolates, CMV-2 A1-MT 60x, lost its transmissibility by Myzus persicae but was still transmissible by Aphis gossypii, although at a reduced rate. Isolates maintained by both aphid transmission and mechanical transfer were transmitted more efficiently by Aphis gossypii than by Myzus persicae. A comparison of the RNA profiles showed no major differences among the CMV isolates before and after mechanical passage.
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  • 35
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    The effect of fungal density on fungicide dose–response curves in barley powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei) (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of inoculation density on fungicide dose–response curves and the estimated ED50 value (the fungicide concentration needed to halve the infected leaf area relative to the infected area of leaves that had not been treated with a fungicide) were investigated theoretically, and predictions were tested experimentally using powdery mildew of barley (Erysiphe graminis [syn. Blumeria graminis] f.sp. hordei). A host leaf was assumed to consist of a number of independent compartments, in each of which only a single fungal spore could germinate successfully. The number of fungal spores landing in a compartment was assumed to be Poisson-distributed. The spores were assumed to vary in their sensitivity toward a fungicide, and the sensitivity of the spore population was assumed to be normally distributed around a mean sensitivity. Under these assumptions, the ED50 value was shown to be a positively biased estimate of the mean sensitivity in the fungal population, and the bias increased with inoculum density. Consequently, the estimated ED50 value is expected to vary between experiments and laboratories if the inoculation density varies over a considerable range. The correlation between inoculum density and estimated ED50 value is expected to be strongest when the assayed fungal population consists of several genotypes differing in sensitivity. This expectation was tested by estimating the ED50 values for one barley powdery mildew isolate at different inoculation densities for three different fungicides. These ED50 values were positively correlated strongly with the inoculum density for fenpropimorph and more weakly for triadimenol, whereas no correlation was observed for propiconazole.
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  • 36
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    Hepatoblastomas in the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.), from a creosote-contaminated environment: a histologic, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A detailed histologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural description of two cases of hepatoblastoma, a primitive liver cell neoplasm, is provided from mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.), inhabiting a creosote-contaminated environment in the Elizabeth River, Virginia, USA. Both neoplasms were multifocal and comprised of undifferentiated embryonal cells with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. One case was characterized by a prominent macrotrabecular arrangement of tumour cells, whereas the other was solid in organization and undifferentiated. Tumour cells in some areas formed rosettes or pseudorosettes characteristic for hepatoblastoma. Focal areas within the macrotrabecular tumour were poorly differentiated, exhibiting a solid cellular arrangement. Strong immunolabelling with antibody C-219 indicated elevation and altered patterns of P-glycoprotein expression in both cases. In case 1, plasma membranes and tumour cell cytoplasm, but not bile canaliculi, were strongly labelled. However, in case 2, the macrotrabecular lesion, bile canaliculi were prominently labelled by the C-219 antibody with only patchy immunolabelling of tumour cell cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally, neoplasms from both specimens were composed of small, closely apposed, undifferentiated embryonal cells with scant cytoplasm resembling developing hepatocytes. The macrotrabecular lesion (case 2) exhibited a prominent tubular organization with well-developed bile canaliculi and constituent cells with abundant organelles. Based on histologic pattern, immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural features, these undifferentiated liver lesions are distinct from hepatocellular carcinoma reported in this species and warrant a diagnosis of hepatoblastoma.
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    Effects of cecropin peptides on bacteria pathogenic to fish (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The antibacterial effects of synthetic cecropin B and cecropin P1 were tested against the fish-pathogenic bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio salmonicida, Aeromonas salmonicida, Edwardsiella ictaluri and Yersinia ruckeri. Both cecropins were active against all bacteria tested, but the effect was strongly influenced by the growth media used. In brain heart infusion medium, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of cecropin B ranged from 0.3 to 1.3 μm and from 0.3 to 1.0 μm for cecropin P1, except for E. ictaluri, which was noticeably less sensitive to cecropin P1 (61 μm). The present authors have compared the bactericidal activity of these two peptides, showing that the killing rate for the selected bacteria was higher for cecropin B than for cecropin P1. V. anguillarum was the most sensitive to the cecropins, and in the present study, no colony forming units were detected after 4 and 8 min of treatment with cecropin B and P1, respectively. Electron microscopy was performed to document the effect of cecropin on the bacterial surface.
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  • 38
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    Isolation and characterization of the causative agent of pasteurellosis, Photobacterium damsela ssp. piscicida, from sole, Solea senegalensis (Kaup) (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The first description of pasteurellosis affecting sole, Solea senegalensis (Kaup), cultured in the South-west of Spain is reported. Diseased fish showed no apparent lesions except for a dark skin pigmentation and swelling in the abdominal cavity. Internally, affected specimens showed paleness of liver and kidney and typical white tubercles of 1–2 mm in diameter in the spleen. Microbiological analysis of these fish revealed the presence, in pure culture from all the organs examined, of one type of bacterial colony which was biochemically and serologically characterized as Photobacterium damsela ssp. piscicida. The sensitivity pattern to antimicrobials and the enzymatic activities of the bacterial extracellular products are described.
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  • 39
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    Two isolates of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L., nervous necrosis virus with distinct genomes (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Diagnosis by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification using previously published primers specific for the capsid protein gene of fish nodaviruses detected an isolate of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L., nervous necrosis (SBNNV) from the French Mediterranean coast, but did not detect an isolate from the Atlantic coast. The capsid protein coding sequence of the nodavirus of both isolates was cloned. Sequence analysis revealed that the Mediterranean isolate was identical to the sequence previously published for SBNNV, while the Atlantic isolate is related, but carried numerous substitutions, in particular in the region used for RT-PCR diagnosis. A new primer set was tested which detected the viral genome of the Atlantic isolate. Using the new primer set, PCR amplification of a range of 10-fold dilutions of a plasmid containing the capsid protein gene of the Atlantic isolate showed that the limit of detection of the assay was between 10 and 100 copies of plasmid.
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  • 40
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    Occurrence of two serotypes of sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus in East Africa and their associated differences in coat protein and HSP70 homologue gene sequences (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Amongst samples of the sweet potato chlorotic stunt crinivirus (SPCSV) obtained from crops of sweet potato in Uganda, two serotypes (SEA1 and SEA2) were distinguished using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to a Kenyan isolate of SPCSV. SEA1 serologically resembled the Kenyan isolate of SPCSV whereas SEA2 has not previously been reported. SEA1 was predominant in eastern Uganda whereas SEA2 was predominant in southern and western Uganda. SEA2 tended to occur in more severely diseased sweet potato plants than SEA1. RNA was extracted from eight plants and replicate clones representing the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) homologue and coat protein (CP) genes were generated by reverse transcription and PCR. Sequence analyses revealed substitutions at two nucleotide positions in the HSP70 homologue gene, although neither affected deduced amino-acid sequences. Nucleotide substitutions in the CP gene region, which led to 11 amino-acid substitutions, revealed two major groupings plus other minor variants.The EMBL accession numbers of the sequences reported in this paper are AJ010754 through to AJ01769 (coat protein sequences) and AJ010914 through to AJ010929 (partial HSP70 homologue gene sequences).
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    Comparison of the reaction of tomato lines to infection by tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus in Lebanon (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus (TYLCV), transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, is epidemic in Africa, the Middle East and South-East Asia. It is also reported in some European countries and the American continent. In Lebanon, it is the major limiting factor for summer and autumn production of tomato. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence in the intergenic region with other reported leaf curl viruses showed the Lebanese TYLCV isolate to be closely related to Egyptian, Israeli and Jamaican isolates (94–96% identity). However, it is not closely related to isolates from Sardinia, Spain and Thailand, or to tomato leaf curl isolates from India, Taiwan and Australia. In field and greenhouse screening tests conducted for 5 years on 67 tomato lines, several were identified as promising. TY-Carla, PSR and RS lines were among the most promising with determinate growth, while S&G 143 and the DR lines were the most promising with semi-determinate and indeterminate growth, respectively. Virus concentrations in most, but not all, tolerant tomato lines were significantly lower than in the susceptible lines. None of the lines tested was immune to the virus. A survey of TYLCV alternative hosts on at least 58 plant species, using nucleic acid hybridization, showed that Amaranthus sp., Malva sp., Sonchus oleraceus, Plantago sp., Solanum melongena, Phaseolus vulgaris and Mercurialis annua may play an important role in the epidemiology of TYLCV in Lebanon. Mercurialis annua is a newly reported host for TYLCV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00403.x
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    Fungicides in Crop Protection. (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.0411d.x
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    Comparison of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici from South America and Europe (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Twenty isolates of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici from South America were compared with 19 from Europe using virulence, isozymes and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The isozyme and virulence patterns for these isolates were also compared with those of 11 isolates representative of the common race clusters in North America. All three types of marker showed a level of similarity between the South American and European isolates comparable with that between isolates from the same continent. The average similarity coefficients between the South American and European isolates were 0.65 for virulence, 0.67 for isozymes, and 0.70 for RAPD markers. Among South American isolates the values were 0.63 for virulence, 0.64 for isozymes and 0.72 for RAPDs. For the South American and European isolates, correlation between the similarity matrices based on RAPDs and on isozyme markers, respectively (r = 0.52), was higher than that between the RAPD and virulence matrices (r = 0.32) or between isozyme and virulence matrices (r = 0.16). The North American isolates had a comparable level of similarity for virulence and isozymes to both the South American and European populations. There was no clear distinction between the South American, North American and European isolates, which is consistent with the hypothesis that these populations may have had a common origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00367.x
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    Analysing disease incidence data from designed experiments by generalized linear mixed models (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: As a result of aggregation or clustering of sampling units, disease incidence data from designed experiments frequently show overdispersion relative to the binomial distribution. This paper discusses generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) suitable for analysing overdispersed disease incidence data. The methods are exemplified using data from a randomized complete block experiment on the incidence of downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) of grape (Vitis lambrusca). Hints are given regarding implementation of the methods using the %GLIMMIX macro for the SAS system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00383.x
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  • 45
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    A two-step multiplex RT-PCR method for simultaneous detection of soil-borne wheat mosaic virus and wheat spindle streak mosaic virus from France (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A sequence of 942 nucleotides, located in the helicase gene of RNA1 of a French isolate of soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV), is presented. This sequence was compared with the corresponding sequences published for Nebraskan and Chinese isolates and showed a 74.8% and 73.4% identity, respectively, with these isolates, whereas the Nebraskan and Chinese isolates shared a 78.2% identity. A set of primers specific to the French SBWMV isolate was designed on the basis of this sequenced 942 nucleotide fragment. A primer set for wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV) was designed from the published partial sequence of a French isolate. Both sets of primers were combined into a two-step multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, allowing simultaneous detection of both viruses in leaves of infected wheat samples. The amplification specificity of the two sets of primers was checked against isolates of SBWMV from Oklahoma and China, Indian peanut clump virus strains H, L and D from India, barley mild mosaic virus and barley yellow mosaic virus from France. SBWMV primers were specific for French isolates of this virus, whereas the primers designed from the sequence of a French isolate of WSSMV could also faintly detect barley yellow mosaic virus in barley plants. The RT-PCR technique was also compared with ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) on 100 wheat leaf samples collected from the field on the basis of symptoms, and was shown to be reliable and reproducible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00382.x
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    Characterization of a potyvirus from eggplant (Solanum melongena) as a strain of potato virus Y by N-terminal serology and sequence relationships (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A potyvirus (eggplant mottle virus, EMoV) causing mosaic mottling in eggplant (Solanum melongena) was characterized on the basis of biological, serological and partial nucleotide sequence properties. EMoV infected Chenopodium amaranticolor and members of the Solanaceae. Polyclonal antiserum against EMoV showed antigenic relationship with henbane mosaic potyvirus (HMV) and potato Y potyvirus (PVY). Virus-specific antibodies directed to the N-terminal region of EMoV cross-reacted only with PVY. Determination and comparison of nucleotide sequence of the coat protein (CP) and the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of EMoV with other potyviruses showed that the level of homology was highest with PVY isolates. Comparative sequence analyses of the CP amino acid and 3′-UTR sequences with distinct PVY isolates placed EMoV within the PVYO subgroup.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00384.x
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    Effects of temperature on the latent period of the rose powdery mildew pathogen, Sphaerotheca pannosa (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of temperature on the length of the latent period of rose powdery mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae, were studied. At constant temperatures over the range of 10–28°C, the length of the latent period ranged from 4 to 10 days. The relationship between temperature and the rate of fungal development during the latent period (expressed as the reciprocal of the latent period) was described by a nonlinear (thermodynamic) model. The resulting curve was asymmetrically bell-shaped with an optimum temperature of about 22°C. The latent period was further subdivided into two periods: incubation period (from inoculation to visible colonies) and postincubation period (from visible colonies to the first sign of conidiophores). The relationship between temperature and the rate of fungal development during the incubation period (expressed as the reciprocal of the incubation period) was also well described by a thermodynamic model. In contrast, the relationship between temperature and the rate of fungal development during the postincubation period (expressed as the reciprocal of the postincubation period) was approximately linear. The latent period under fluctuating temperatures was predicted using a two-stage integration scheme at a step of 24 min by first integrating the incubation rate and then the postincubation rate. The predicted length of the latent period agreed well with the observed values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00385.x
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  • 48
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    Detection and recovery of Rhizoctonia solani in naturally infested glasshouse soils using a combined baiting, double monoclonal antibody ELISA (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A combined baiting, double monoclonal antibody immunoassay was developed that allows specific and sensitive detection of the economically important soil-borne plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani in naturally infested soils. The assay is quick, taking only three days to complete from receipt of soil samples and the immunoassay format allows recovery of Rhizoctonia isolates from colonized baits for determination of anastomosis group (AG) affiliation and pathogenicity. The assay was tested on naturally infested soils from commercial glasshouses used to grow lettuce. Using the immunoassay, conventional anastomosis tests against known AG isolates, and pathogenicity tests, it was shown that R. solani isolates recovered from soil samples were pathogenic towards lettuce and belonged to AG4. Furthermore, those isolates that exhibited strong pathogenicity towards lettuce were recovered from sites that had experienced severe Rhizoctonia damage in previous lettuce crops. The possibility of developing a preplanting test to predict damage to specific crop plants due to the presence of particular AGs in the soil is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00386.x
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  • 49
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    Effect of local inoculum on the spread of sweet potato virus disease: limited infection of susceptible cultivars following widespread cultivation of a resistant sweet potato cultivar (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A study compared the spread of sweet potato virus disease (SPVD) into crops of two moderately resistant and initially SPVD-free sweet potato cultivars in northern and southern Mpigi, Uganda. Whiteflies, the vector of sweet potato chlorotic stunt crini virus (SPCSV), a component cause of SPVD, were similarly abundant in farmers' sweet potato fields around Namulonge in northern Mpigi, and Kanoni in southern Mpigi. However, mean incidence of SPVD in farmers' crops neighbouring the trials was higher at Kanoni (13.3%) than at Namulonge (2.8%). Furthermore, spread of SPVD into initially SPVD-free sweet potato plots of two only moderately resistant cultivars was greater in plots at Kanoni than in plots at Namulonge. The SPVD-resistant New Kawogo was the most common cultivar grown in farmers' fields at Namulonge and had few diseased plants, whereas susceptible cultivars with relatively high incidences of disease predominated at Kanoni. Final SPVD incidence in each trial was positively correlated with a measure combining the proximity and level of inoculum in surrounding fields. The study demonstrates the importance of local SPVD inoculum in determining the rate of spread of the disease into fields and implies that the widespread cultivation of a resistant variety limits infection of susceptible cultivars grown nearby.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00387.x
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    Genetic diversity of Ganoderma in oil palm plantings (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Isolates of Ganoderma spp. associated with basal stem rot of oil palm were obtained by sampling from two palm plantings in Malaysia. Members of a subset of these were compared using a combination of somatic incompatibility and molecular genetic analyses. Incompatibility interactions between heterokaryons in culture indicated that Ganoderma generally occurred as numerous distinct strains, with compatible strains usually confined to individual palms. Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in presumptive mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) revealed heterogeneity among isolates from neighbouring palms, and from within individual palms. The combination of mtDNA variability and somatic incompatibility suggests that Ganoderma BSR does not spread by direct root-to-root contact between palms. The results may indicate infection spread through basidiospore dispersal or through contact with a heterogeneous long-term residual inoculum in debris.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00390.x
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    Seedling and adult plant resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea convar. botrytis var. botrytis) (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Seedlings of six cauliflower cultivars (Brassica oleracea convar. botrytis var. botrytis) were assessed for resistance to a Danish isolate of Peronospora parasitica, under controlled conditions. Resistance, characterized by restricted sporulation and necrotic dark flecks at the inoculation site on the cotyledons, was expressed in the hybrids 9306 F1, 9311 F1, and the open pollinated cultivar Perfection. Testing of the parent lines and F2 generations of the two resistant hybrids suggested that resistance was a dominantly inherited trait controlled by a single gene. Inoculation of the cultivars with seven isolates, from different geographical origins, showed that the resistance was isolate specific. The two hybrid cultivars expressing cotyledon resistance and two hybrids expressing susceptibility were assessed for adult plant resistance under field conditions. The AUDPC (Area Under the Disease Progress Curve), based on disease incidence and severity, revealed significant differences between the cultivars. At harvest, the cultivars exhibited significantly different levels of defoliation and curd attack. The cultivars 9306 F1 and 9311 F1 showed high levels of resistance in all assessments, whereas the two cultivars exhibiting susceptibility at the seedling stage, 9304 F1 and 9305 F1, also exhibited susceptibility through the adult plant stage. Thus, the resistance exhibited under field conditions resembled that identified at the seedling stage under controlled conditions. The results suggest that cotyledon resistance similar to that described could provide resistance throughout the adult plant stage, including curds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00388.x
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    Genetic relationship between the adult plant resistance gene Lr12 and the complementary gene Lr31 for seedling resistance to leaf rust in common wheat (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A resistant phenotype similar to that conferred in wheat by the complementary genes Lr27 + Lr31 was produced in the progeny of intercrosses of cultivars carrying Lr27 and a line possessing Lr12. This confirms that Lr12 is either completely linked with Lr31 or is the same gene. On the basis of these findings and that Lr31 is located on chromosome 4BS, it is concluded that Lr12 must also be located on 4BS. Adult-plant genetic tests confirm that the Australian wheat cultivar Timgalen carries Lr12, and stocks with Lr12 alone were established from this cultivar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00391.x
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    Parasitism of macroconidia, chlamydospores and hyphae of Fusarium culmorum by mycoparasitic Pythium species (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 48 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Parasitism of macroconidia and endoconidial chlamydospores of Fusarium culmorum by Pythium oligandrum was studied on water agar (WA), corn-meal agar (CMA) and glass slides. Loss of cytoplasmic content in F. culmorum spores was followed by complete degradation, and P. oligandrum produced an abundance of oogonia on the parasitized macroconidia. A simple method for assessing the relative aggressiveness of isolates is presented, based on the percentage of macroconidial cells devoid of cytoplasm. Parasitism of macroconidia by P. acanthophoron, P. oligandrum and P. periplocum, but not by the plant pathogenic species, P. tracheiphilum, was demonstrated by this method. Interactions between hyphae of P. oligandrum and F. culmorum on WA resulted in an increase in the number of oogonia of P. oligandrum and a decrease in the sporulation of F. culmorum. The ability of isolates of P. oligandrum, P. periplocum, P. acanthophoron and P. mycoparasiticum to suppress disease symptoms caused by F. culmorum on barley seedlings was demonstrated in a greenhouse test.
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    Effect of fermentation on the nutritive value of sesame seed meal in the diets for rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), fingerlings (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Six isonitrogenous (350 g kg−1 crude protein) and isoenergetic (17573 kJ kg−1) experimental diets incorporating raw and fermented sesame (Seasamum indicum) seed meal at 200, 300, and 400 g kg−1 into a fishmeal based diet were fed to rohu Labeo rohita fingerlings for 60 days and the growth performance and feed utilization efficiency of the fish was studied. The antinutritional factor phytic acid, from raw sesame seed meal, could be reduced below detection limit by fermentation with lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus). Fermentation of the oilseed meal resulted in reduction of the tannin content from 20 to 10 g kg−1. In terms of growth response, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio, a diet containing 400 g kg−1 fermented sesame seed meal resulted in a significantly (P 〈 0.01) best fish performance. In general, growth and feed utilization efficiencies of fish fed fermented sesame seed meal diets were superior to those fed raw oilseed meal diets. Apparent protein digestibility (APD) values decreased with increasing levels of raw oilseed meal. APD was, however, significantly (P 〈 0.01) higher at all levels of incorporation of fermented sesame seed meal, while diets containing raw oilseed meal resulted in poor protein and lipid digestibility. Carcass protein and lipid contents of fish fed fermented sesame seed meal diets increased with increasing level of incorporation, being highest with 400 g kg−1 fermented oilseed meal-containing diet. The results showed that sesame seed meal may be incorporated in carp diets up to 200 g kg−1 and 400 g kg−1 in raw and treated (fermented) forms respectively.
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    Evaluation of the dietary essentiality of vitamins for Penaeus monodon (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of deletion of individual water-soluble (thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, niacin, biotin, choline, inositol and ascorbic acid) and fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E and K) in semipurified diets on growth and survival of juvenile shrimp, Penaeus monodon, was studied in the laboratory for 8 weeks. Diets lacking riboflavin and vitamin K did not affect growth and survival of shrimp. However, deletion of inositol and choline in the diet resulted in poor growth. Maximum growth was observed in the control diet (C1) supplemented with all vitamins. Diets deficient in ascorbic acid, biotin, folic acid, niacin, thiamin and α-tocopherol resulted in poor appetite and poorer feed conversion efficiency. All treatments except the control (C1) resulted in histopathological changes in the digestive gland cells. Detachment or destruction of the epithelial cells was observed in all treatments lacking individual vitamins but more severely in the treatment without a vitamin supplement, followed by inositol, choline and ascorbic acid deficient diets.
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    Acceptability and digestibility by tilapia Oreochromis niloticus of feeds containing cocoa husk (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The acceptability, digestibility and nutrient utilization of feeds containing cocoa husk were determined for tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings reared in a recirculation system. Three semipurified isonitrogenous diets formulated to contain 0, 100 and 200 g kg−1 of cocoa husk were fed to satiation three times daily. Although the feeds containing cocoa husk were acceptable to the fish, as indicated by their voracious consumption and positive weight gains, there were significant (P 〈 0.05) reductions in gross feed conversion efficiency with the cocoa husk feeds. Both apparent protein and dry matter digestibility were significantly (P 〈 0.05) reduced when 100 and 200 g kg−1 cocoa husk was fed. Specific growth rates of 3.51 and 3.34% per day, resulting from the two cocoa husk feeds, respectively, were significantly (P 〈 0.05) lower than growth rates of control fish. Apparent net protein utilization was not significantly affected (P 〉 0.05) by the 100 g kg−1 cocoa husk feed treatment. The consumption of the cocoa husk feeds could compensate for their low digestibility under acceptable fish yields and returns.
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    Cholesterol and short-chain fatty acids in diets for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (L.): effects on growth, organ indices, macronutrient digestibility, and fatty acid composition (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The influence of dietary cholesterol (CHOL) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; sodium salts of acetic, propionic and butyric acid, 5:5:2 w/w/w) on growth, organ indices, macronutrient digestibility, and fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar was investigated. Salmon (initial average weight 0.7 kg) held in seawater (7°C) for 175 days were fed one of six diets: 1, without CHOL/SCFA supplement; 2, with 0.5% SCFA; 3, with 2.0% SCFA; 4, with 1.0% CHOL; 5, with 1.0% CHOL and 0.5% SCFA; 6, with 1.0% CHOL and 2.0% SCFA.Neither SCFA nor CHOL supplements had any significant effects on specific growth rate (SGR), mortality, apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of macronutrients, total lipid content. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) was slightly increased in salmon fed the CHOL supplement (P 〈 0.05). Hepatic CHOL concentration, but not the hepatic CHOL pool, was significantly increased (P 〈 0.001) by dietary CHOL supplementation.The fatty acid compositions of fillet and gut tissues were not influenced by dietary treatment, while significant effects of CHOL supplements were observed in faeces and liver. Less saturated fatty acids and more mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids were excreted with faeces in salmon fed CHOL supplements. Salmon fed CHOL supplements significantly reduced the relative concentration of hepatic palmitic acid (C16 : 0), arachidonic acid (C20 : 4 n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22 : 6 n-3), while the contents of oleic acid (C18 : 1 n-9) and eicosenoic acid (C20 : 1 n-9) were significantly increased. SCFA did not influence the observed effects of dietary CHOL.The present study shows that dietary CHOL supplements profoundly altered excretion and liver metabolism of individual fatty acids in salmon. The impact of this alteration on physiological performance has not been elucidated.
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    Supplementation of ascorbic acid 2-monophosphate during the early postlarval stages of the shrimp Penaeus vannamei (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A culture trial was performed using five levels of ascorbic acid 2-monophosphate (AmP at 0, 10, 100, 1000 and 2000 mg kg−1 diet, expressed as active ascorbic acid, AA) in a semipurified diet for early postlarval Penaeus vannamei. The experiment started 10 days after metamorphosis of the mysid larvae into postlarvae (=PL10). Each treatment was run in four replicates. P. vannamei postlarvae showed significantly better growth according to dietary AA level after 25 days of feeding, i.e. at PL36 stage. Whereas the dry weight of PL36 in the control treatment (0 mg AA kg−1 diet) was only 2 mg, supplementation of 1000 mg AA kg−1 increased the shrimp dry weight up to 18 mg. However, the growth in the other treatments was not significantly different from the control. Fitting a broken-line regression to the biomass yield demonstrated an optimal dietary level of 130 mg AA kg−1 diet. There were no differences observed among the treatments in stress resistance of postlarval P. vannamei to a salinity shock.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00106.x
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    Weaning of Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus L. using formulated diets with various levels of ascorbic acid (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Atlantic halibut larvae (120 mg) were weaned to formulated diets with different supplementations of ascorbate- poly-phosphate, ApP (300, 2000 and 3000 mg ascorbic acid (AA) equivalents kg−1 diet). The experiment lasted for 50 days with cofeeding of enriched Artemia and formulated diets during the first 30 days. During the last 20 days, only formulated diets were offered to the fish. One control group was fed only Artemia (770 mg AA kg−1 dry weight) during the entire experimental period. The specific growth rate during the 50 days was ≈ 4.5% day−1 and the mean weights in all dietary groups were ≈ 1 g when the experiment was terminated. No differences in mean weight and mortality were observed between the groups fed formulated diets and that fed Artemia during the experiment. The fish size in the groups fed formulated diets ranged between 0.10 and 3.05 g and this differed from the Artemia group where the size ranged between 0.35 and 1.35 g. Dietary levels of ApP had no positive effect on growth and survival. The retention of AA was significantly higher in the groups fed high dietary levels of ApP. Apparently, the bioavailability of high dietary levels of ApP appeared to be low for young halibut. After stressing the fish using a high-salinity challenge test, no significant difference in survival occurred among the dietary groups. Cortisol levels in plasma recorded 3 h post stress was significant lower in the Artemia group compared with the groups fed the formulated diets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00111.x
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    Optimization of the protein fraction of microcapsules used in feeding of marine fish larvae using in vitro digestibility techniques (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The development of artificial feeds for marine fish larvae is demanding and, taking into account the difficulties and costs associated with the rearing of the larvae of some fish, preliminary evaluation of feed ingredients using in vitro techniques may be an alternative to in vivo assays. Some proteins used in microfeeds for marine fish were tested in vitro for examination of their effect on the proteases of seabream larvae. Casein and cuttlefish meal did not affect protease activity of crude larval extracts, whereas ovalbumin produced a 60% inhibition. The use of a pH-stat for the assessment of the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of proteins confirmed the low nutritive value of ovalbumin, since a much lower value was obtained for microcapsules prepared using this protein source when compared with those prepared using casein or cuttlefish meal (3.2 vs. 7.3 and 7.6, respectively). Products resulting from such hydrolysis were analysed using sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). Image analysis of such gels led to the formulation of an index named the coefficient of protein degradation (CPD) which expressed the extent to which the main protein fractions were hydrolysed by larval proteases in a given time. A significant correlation (r2 = 0.98, P 〈 0.05) was obtained between DH and CPD values measured for either protein sources or microcapsules. The combination of protease inhibition assays with measurements of DH and CPD is proposed as a preliminary evaluation of protein ingredients used in the formulation of artificial feeds for larval fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00093.x
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    Editorial (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00001.x
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    Effect of dietary lipid level on muscle composition in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding increasing lipid concentrations (310, 380 and 470 g kg–1 lipid on dry weight) in diets based mainly on herring byproducts to Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. The diets were isonitrogenous, varying in dietary lipid content at the expense dietary starch. Average fish weight increased from 1.2 kg in April to 2.2–2.7 kg at the end of the feeding trial in September. Significantly greater growth was found in fish fed either the 380 g kg−1 or the 470 g kg−1 lipid diets compared with the 310 g kg−1 lipid diet. Muscle lipid content increased in all dietary groups on a wet weight basis from 7.7 ± 1.4% to 12 ± 3% in salmon fed the 310 g kg−1 lipid diet, and to 16 ± 2% in salmon fed the 380 g kg−1 and 470 g kg−1 lipid diets. In fish of similar weight there was a positive correlation between dietary lipid and muscle lipid concentrations. Low concentrations of muscle glycogen were detected in fish fed each of the diets, while muscle vitamin E concentrations slowly decreased as muscle lipid increased. Muscle fatty acid composition reflected dietary fatty acid profiles, containing similar percentages of total saturated, monoenic and n-3 fatty acids (20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) in fish from all dietary treatment groups. However, a higher ratio of n-3/n-6 was found in muscle from fish fed the 470 g kg−1 lipid diet compared with the other two groups. Blood chemistry values varied somewhat, but all values were within normal ranges for Atlantic salmon of these sizes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00081.x
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    Absorption of dissolved and dispersed nutrients from sea-water by Panulirus japonicus phyllosoma larvae (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This study examined the capacity of Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus phyllosoma larvae to absorb nutrients directly from the surrounding water. For this purpose, 48-, 81-, 124-, 160-, and 264-day-old intermoult larvae were starved for 48 h, held for 30 min to 4 h in 0.05 g L–1 solutions or dispersions of cholesterol, peanut oil, saccharose and horseradish peroxidase in seawater, and subsequently examined by histological and ultrastructural methods. Lipids, carbohydrate, and protein were detected in either the lumen of the midgut gland tubules, the midgut gland cells, the haemolymph or in the cells of the epidermis of all larvae examined after each experimental period, with general improvement of the cell and tissue characteristics over unfed controls. The lipids were also found in the cuticle. Thus, the results provide evidence of nutrient absorption via the digestive tract, and possibly also via the integument. Structural adaptations that may be involved in the process of absorption were tentatively identified. Our observations suggest the possibility that particulate organic matter (POM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) can be utilized by the P. japonicus phyllosoma larvae, perhaps as supplementary sources of nutrients to macroscopic diets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00086.x
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    Effects of dietary protein to metabolizable energy ratios and total protein concentrations on the performance of yellow perch Perca flavescens (1998)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Juvenile yellow perch Perca flavescens were fed semipurified diets with varying protein to metabolizable energy ratios (PME, g protein MJ−1 metabolizable energy) and nutrient densities in three experiments to determine recommended dietary protein and energy concentrations. Experiment 1 fish (18.6 g) were fed diets containing 450 g crude protein kg−1 dry diet and 14.5–18.8 MJ ME kg−1 dry diet for 10 weeks. No differences were found in the growth of experiment 1 fish fed the different diets. Experiment 2 fish (21.9 g) were fed diets containing 15.7 MJ ME kg−1 dry diet and 210–420 g crude protein kg−1 dry diet for 8 weeks. Fish fed the diet containing 340 g kg−1 protein (diet PME = 22) exhibited the greatest weight gain. Experiment 3 fish (27.1 g) were fed diets with a PME of 22 and varying nutrient density (yielding 205–380 g crude protein kg−1 dry diet) for 8 weeks. No differences were found in the growth of experiment 3 fish. Yellow perch fed the semipurified diets exhibited increased liver fat content, liver size and degree of liver discoloration compared with fish fed a commercial fish meal-based diet. Liver changes may have resulted from high dietary carbohydrate levels. We conclude that a protein level of 210–270 g kg−1 dry diet is suitable for juvenile yellow perch provided that the dietary amino acid profile and carbohydrate content are appropriate for yellow perch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00061.x
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    Evaluation of fish-meal free diets for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (1998)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Eight experimental diets were formulated for rainbow trout using agricultural byproducts as major ingredients. Each experimental diet contained varying amounts of corn grain, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed and one of the following: 200 g kg−1 peanut meal, 200 or 400 g kg−1 soybean meal (SBM), 390 g kg−1 low-allergen soy flour, 310 g kg−1 soy protein concentrate, 300 g kg−1 low-allergen soy protein concentrate or 200 g kg−1 SBM + 110 g kg−1 blood meal. One diet contained 200 g kg−1 SBM and canola oil as the main lipid source. The remaining diets contained 95 g kg−1 menhaden oil. Fish fed a commercial trout diet exhibited significantly greater weight gain (322%), and a lower feed conversion ratio (0.89) but significantly lower protein efficiency ratio (2.18) than fish fed the experimental diets. Within the experimental diets, fish fed the 400 g kg−1 soy flour diet and the 400 g kg−1 soybean meal diet had significantly higher weight gains (276% and 268%) and protein efficiency ratios (2.58 and 2.52), and lower feed conversion ratios (1.02 and 1.03) than fish fed other experimental diets. Fillet flavour varied between treatments. Most notable was the lower fishy flavour and higher chicken flavour of fish fed the diet that contained canola oil rather than menhaden oil. Microscopic evaluation of the liver and five sections of the gastrointestinal tract failed to demonstrate any differences between treatment groups. The ingredient costs of several experimental diets were lower than the estimated cost of a standard commercial trout diet. However, the superior feed conversion ratios of fish fed the control diet resulted in lower feed costs per unit of fish produced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00077.x
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    Effect of diet and light regime on growth and survival of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) larvae and early juveniles (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Growth of larval sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus fed live Artemia nauplii, a specially prepared dry feed (MN-3), a commercial dry salmon starter feed (Silver Cup 3600), or a combination of 50% live Artemia and 50% MN-3, under conditions of either light or dark for 21 days was studied. For all diets, fish reared in darkened tanks were significantly larger than those in illuminated tanks from day 8 onwards. Fish fed a combination of live Artemia plus MN-3 grew significantly more quickly than those fed either live Artemia or MN-3 only. On day 21 of the experiment, average weight of fish fed the combined diet was 649 ± 30 mg (mean ±SEM) in darkened tanks and 445 ± 16 mg in illuminated tanks, while those fed Artemia alone were 242 ± 9 and 198 ± 13 mg (dark and light, respectively) and fish fed MN-3 only were intermediate at 377 ± 20 and 267 ± 16 mg (dark and light, respectively). Catfish fed the salmon starter initially grew slowly, but after day 11 grew more quickly than the other groups. Mortalities were highest for fish fed salmon feed.Permanent darkness enhances the growth of C. gariepinus larvae during and after metamorphosis. While dry diets promoted higher growth rate than live Artemia nauplii alone, a combination of the two resulted in the fastest growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00064.x
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    Bioavailability of feed grade calcium phosphate incorporated into practical diets for Penaeus vannamei (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Practical diets designed for penaeid shrimp are commonly supplemented with phosphorus, which may lead to unnecessary nutrient loading of the culture system and effluent waters as well as unnecessary investments in a nutrient that is not utilized by the culture species. To facilitate the optimization of phosphorus levels in practical shrimp feeds, research was conducted with Penaeus vannamei juveniles to determine the biological availability of two feed-grade calcium phosphate sources. A practical basal diet containing 350 g protein kg−1 diet and 9.8 g P kg−1 diet was formulated using anchovy and soybean meal as the primary protein and phosphorus sources. The basal diet was supplemented with graded levels of phosphorus and offered to juvenile shrimp (0.57 ± 0.017 g) over a 10-week period. Weight gain and estimated feed efficiency values increased with phosphorus supplements, indicating a dietary deficiency of the basal diet. Under the reported conditions, a dietary supplement of 1.4 or 2.3 g P kg−1 diet was required for maximum growth and estimated feed efficiency values if Cefkaphos (primarily monobasic calcium phosphate) or Dynafos (primarily dibasic calcium phosphate) was utilized. Dynafos was determined to have a relative biological value (RBV) of 63.8% of Cefkaphos based on final weights of the shrimp offered diets containing 1.25 g supplemental P kg−1 diet. A similar RBV of 60.9% was estimated based on broken-line analyses of growth data. There were no significant differences in apparent net phosphorus retention (ANPR) for the basal diet (23.1%) or diets supplemented with 1.25 g P kg−1 diet originating from Cefkaphos (25.7%) or Dynafos (17.9%). However, shifts in ANPR values of the diets corresponded to biological availability of the two phosphorus sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00070.x
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    The potential of liposomes as a nutrient supplement in first-feeding marine fish larvae (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The ingestion rate (ng liposome larva–1 h–1) of extruded [1–14C] palmitic acid-labelled liposomes containing physiological saline (PHS) or cod fish extract (CFE), was tested in 5-day-old gilthead seabream Sparus aurata and white grouper Epinephelus aeneus larvae. A follow-up study compared the assimilation of radioactive free fatty acid (FFA) label of these two liposome treatments into six phospholipid and neutral lipid fractions as well as the nonlipid fraction in 5-day-old seabream. In seabream larvae, there was a 50-fold (P 〈 0.05) increase in the net consumption rate when fed CFE liposomes (2305.8 ng liposome larva–1 h–1) compared with liposomes containing physiological saline (42.7 ng liposome larva–1 h–1). A similarly significant (P 〈 0.05) but less marked pattern was also observed in the grouper larvae where the CFE treatment larvae ingested 238.5 ng liposome larva–1 h–1 compared with 54.3 ng liposome larva–1 h–1 in larvae fed the PHS liposomes. In seabream larvae ingesting CFE and PHS liposomes, radioactivity was found in all larval fractions analysed. However, marked treatment differences (P 〉 0.05) in assimilation were found only in the triacylglycerol fraction (3.4 and 0.6 dpm larva–1 h–1, respectively) and nonlipid fraction (11.2 and 15 dpm larva–1 h–1, respectively).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00121.x
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    Iron status and dietary levels of iron affect the bioavailability of haem and nonhaem iron in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The absorption of haem iron and nonhaem iron in 155-g Atlantic salmon Salmo salar was studied by simultaneous labelling of the two forms of iron with 59Fe or 55Fe, respectively. Iron absorption was measured after incorporation of this element into blood and tissue 2 days after oral administration. Fish with a low iron status showed a significantly greater absorption of both haem and nonhaem iron than iron-loaded fish. The low-iron group distributed a larger proportion of the iron to kidney and spleen than the iron-loaded or control fish. Absorption of both forms of iron increased with higher doses administered, but absorption relative to dose administered decreased. There was a trend suggesting that increased levels of dietary haem iron resulted in the reduced uptake of nonhaem iron, but not vice versa. The results of the present study suggest that factors affecting bioavailability of haem and nonhaem iron in Atlantic salmon are similar to those of other vertebrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00105.x
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    A note on the method of calculating digestibility coefficients of nutrients provided by single ingredients to feeds of aquatic animals (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A commonly used equation for the calculation of the apparent digestibility coefficients of feedstuffs for fish and crustaceans is shown to be incorrect. The correct (but rarely used) equation is presented and contrasted with the previous equation. Data from a previously published trial is used to illustrate the differences between these equations. In many cases, the values obtained using the two equations is very similar. Larger differences are found, however, when the level and digestibility of the nutrient in the test ingredient are greatly different from those in the reference diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00082.x
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    Evaluation of lipid spray beads for the delivery of water-soluble materials to a marine suspension-feeder, the Manila clam Tapes philippinarum (Deshayes 1853) (1998)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: We describe the development and evaluation of a new microparticle for delivering low-molecular weight, water-soluble materials to suspension feeders. Spray beads successfully incorporated materials dissolved in an aqueous phase or as dry particulate, within a triacylglyceride bead composed of tripalmitin, 600 mg g−1 tripalmitin/400 mg g−1 triolein, or 600 mg g−1 tripalmitin/400 mg g−1 fish oil.Riboflavin was successfully incorporated (up to 44 mg g−1 lipid) and retained (up to 98% over 24 h in seawater) as dry particles in all three mixtures of lipid. Aqueous oxytetracycline hydrochloride or polymeric dye were incorporated (45.6 mg g−1 lipid and 18.1 mg g−1 lipid, respectively) and retained best (99% and 94%, respectively) in spray beads composed of tripalmitin. The addition of triolein or fish oil to the lipid bead reduced incorporation and retention efficiencies for aqueous core materials by up to 75%.Manila clam seed readily ingested and digested lipid microparticles, spray beads and lipid-walled microcapsules. Microparticles composed of tripalmitin were excreted with their payloads intact. Intact microparticles composed of 600 mg g−1 tripalmitin/400 mg g−1 fish oil were largely absent in faecal strands suggesting successful release and delivery of microparticle contents to clams.Spray beads composed of tripalmitin softened with 400 mg g−1 fish oil represent an effective microparticle type for delivering low-molecular weight, water-soluble materials to aquatic suspension feeders.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00079.x
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    Utilization of wastewater-grown zooplankton: Nutritional quality of zooplankton and performance of silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell 1838) (Teraponidae) fed on wastewater-grown zooplankton (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Zooplankton grow in the last stage of water purification at the Werribee Sewage Treatment Lagoons (WSTL) and the resource is huge and unutilized. Daphnia carinata and Moina australiensis are the dominant species at the WSTL. The protein content of D. carinata and M. australiensis was 54.80% and 64.80%, respectively. Analysis of zooplankton showed that both essential and nonessential amino acids were present at a level that was higher than control diet. Silver perch fed on D. carinata exhibited better growth, better food conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU), which were not significantly different from the control diet (P 〉 0.05). Heavy metals concentrations were at very low levels in fish fed on wastewater-grown zooplankton.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00108.x
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    Evaluation of potential of lupin meal as an alternative to fish meal in juvenile Penaeus monodon diets (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An indoor feeding trial in a flow-through marine water system was performed to evaluate the feasibility of using dehulled lupin Lupinus albus seed meal as a protein source to replace fish meal in diets for the juvenile Penaeus monodon. Five isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) diets formulated by replacing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of fish meal protein by lupin meal protein were fed to shrimp (mean initial weight of 4.32 ± 0.23 g) three times daily at a feeding allowance of 5% body weight per day for 42 days. Shrimp fed diets with 0, 25, 50 and 75% replacement had similar (P 〉 0.05) weight gain, dry matter feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU). Shrimp fed the highest dietary inclusion level of lupin meal (100% replacement) had significantly (P 〈 0.05) lower responses for all the above parameters than shrimp fed all other diets. Survival was high (87–100%) and similar for all diets. Apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) of diets with 25, 50, 75 and 100% replacement of fish meal with lupin meal was similar (75.6–76.6%) and significantly (P 〈 0.05) higher than that of diet with 0% replacement (73.9%). Diets containing the two highest lupin inclusion levels (75 and 100% replacement) had significantly (P 〈 0.05) better apparent protein digestibility (APD) than those containing the two lowest lupin meal inclusion levels (0 and 25% replacement). There were no significant differences (P 〉 0.05) in whole-body composition (dry matter, protein, lipid and ash) of shrimp fed on the various diets. Pellet water stability was inversely related to level of lupin meal inclusion. It was found, in this study, that up to 75% protein of fish meal can be replaced with the protein of dehulled lupin seed meal in diets for juvenile P. monodon. The diet with total replacement of fish meal containing 40% lupin meal was utilized very poorly by the shrimp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00117.x
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    Arginine and phenylalanine requirement of juvenile silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus and validation of the use of body amino acid composition for estimating individual amino acid requirements (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment was conducted in a closed system to quantify the arginine requirement of juvenile silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain 40% crude protein with five graded levels of arginine. The diets contained casein and gelatine as protein sources supplemented with crystalline L-amino acids to simulate the reference amino acid profile (except for arginine) of silver perch tissue protein. The experiment lasted 12 weeks and, based on growth data using broken-line analysis, the arginine requirement of juvenile silver perch was found to be 2.7 g 100 g−1 dry diet (or 6.8% of protein).Based on whole-body amino acid composition, A/E ratios (essential amino acid/total essential amino acids + (cystine + tyrosine) × 1000) were estimated. Using the experimentally determined requirement for arginine and A/E ratios, the phenylalanine requirement of silver perch was predicted to be 5.5 g 100 g−1 protein. Another feeding trial was conducted to determine the phenylalanine require-ment of silver perch using a series of diets with various amounts of phenylalanine and a protocol similar to the previous one. It was found that the experimentally determined phenylalanine requirement of juvenile perch was similar to that predicted. The A/E ratios have been hitherto utilized for the estimation of essential amino acid requirements in three salmonids, common carp and channel catfish: the present findings extend the validity of the method to other fish species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00102.x
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    Effects of the dietary protein : lipid ratio on growth and nutrient utilization in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. (initial mean body weight: 42.5 g) were fed four experimental diets containing either 47 or 51% of dry matter (DM) as protein and either 15 or 21% as lipid for 12 weeks. Each diet was hand-distributed to triplicate groups of 60 fish, three times a day until satiation. The digestibility coefficients of the dietary components were determined using chromic oxide as a marker. The levels of protein or lipid in the diets did not affect the digestibility. Fish regulated their feed intake and attained the same weight at the end of the experiment. However, feed efficiency varied between diets, with best values obtained with both diets containing 21% lipid. When diets contained only 15% lipid, feed efficiency increased with dietary protein level. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher with high fat diets regardless of dietary protein level. Neutral lipid deposition was significantly higher in liver for diets rich in lipids. It was elevated in muscle only in fish fed the diet containing 47% protein and 21% lipid and this deposition in muscle contributed to a significant increase in body fat content. Phosphorus load to the environment, measured as percentage retention of ingested or digestible phosphorus, was significantly lower with both diets higher in lipids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00107.x
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  • 76
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    Low-protein supplement increases protein retention and reduces the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus wasted by rainbow trout fed on low-fat herring (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The growth, food utilization and amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus lost into the water by rainbow trout (initial size 485 g) fed on low-fat Baltic herring and supplemented with a low-protein dry diet fed separately were studied in an 18-week net cage trial. Similarly to balancing protein and nonprotein energy in full diets, giving nonprotein energy in different feeds several hours apart improved the protein retention of low-fat herring to a level comparable to a commercially available dry diet control. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus lost into the water were also reduced to the same extent. The losses from the plain herring-feeding were twice as high. The improved protein retention and reduced nutrient losses were accompanied by 15–25% reductions in growth of the fish compared with the control dry diet. The growth of the fish fed on plain herring was 14% lower than the growth on the dry diet control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00090.x
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  • 77
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    Dietary methionine requirement of juvenile Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The dietary methionine requirement of juvenile Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) was assessed by feeding diets supplemented with graded levels of DL-methionine (9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 g kg−1dietary protein) for 16 weeks at 12°C. All diets contained 400 g kg−1 protein, 170 g kg−1 lipid, 66 g kg−1 ash and an estimated 17.5 MJ digestible energy (DE) kg−1. When live-weight gain was examined using quadratic regression, the estimate of methionine requirement for optimal growth was 17.6 g kg−1 of dietary protein (DP) or 7 g kg−1 of the diet. Requirements estimated on the basis of carcass protein and energy gains were 18.8 and 17.9 g kg−1 DP, respectively. Plasma methionine concentrations and ocular focal length variability measurements did not provide a sensitive measure of requirement, because each responded in a linear fashion to increasing dietary methionine levels. Based on the prevalence of cataracts, the methionine level required to prevent lens pathology (26.7 g kg−1 DP) appears to be higher than that required for maximum growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00097.x
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  • 78
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    In vitro hydroxylation of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 in tissues of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus, Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus and Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The in vitro metabolism of 14CD3 and 3H25OHD3 was investigated in different tissues from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus, Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus and Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. The tissues analysed were liver, kidney, head kidney, gills, spleen and intestine. The metabolites were extracted in methanol–chloroform and separated by normal-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by scintillation counting. Identification of the metabolites was by comigration with standards on normal and reversed-phase HPLC systems and by protein-binding assays. All tissues from all species analysed produced hydroxylated derivatives identified as 25OHD3, 24,25(OH)2D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3. In addition, some unidentified derivatives were recorded, one probably being 25,26(OH)2D3. Organs producing great amounts of one metabolite also produced considerable amounts of the other possible derivatives, suggesting a lower degree of specificity in fish organs than in human organs. The predominating metabolite was 24,25(OH)2D3 in all organs from salmon and mackerel during incubation with 14CD3 and within most organs from all species during 3H25OHD3 incubation. The latter observation probably results from the need for decreasing rather than increasing the calcium absorption in these species, which live at least some periods of life in a marine environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00084.x
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  • 79
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    Supplemental citric acid and particle size of fish bone-meal influence the availability of minerals in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) were fed six low-phosphorus (P) diets supplemented with two different sizes of ground fish bone-meals (fine, 68 μm or less; coarse, 250–425 μm) and a coarse bone-meal diet containing four levels of citric acid (0, 4, 8 or 16 g kg−1 diet) to investigate the effects of pH and bone particle size on P bioavailability. The basal diet provided 3.4 g P kg−1 and bone-meal increased P contents to 5.4–6.0 g P kg−1. Coarse bone-meal diets supplemented with 0, 4, 8 or 16 g kg−1 of citric acid had pH values of 6.0, 5.7, 5.4 and 5.0, respectively. Weight gain and whole-body water, protein and lipid contents were not influenced by bone-meal supplementation. Supplementing the basal diet with both coarse and fine bone-meal significantly increased whole-body ash content. Fish fed no bone-meal were hypophosphataemic compared with fish fed with either fine or coarse bone-meals. Phosphorus in fine bone-meal had higher availability than P in coarse bone-meal. Bone-meal supplementation significantly decreased whole-body manganese content from 8.9 μg g−1 in fish fed no bone-meal to 2.3 and 4.5 μg g−1 in fish fed with fine and coarse bone-meals, respectively. The concentration of magnesium increased but zinc concentration was not affected by bone-meal supplements. Citric acid increased whole-body ash content but the influence of citric acid on the body P content was not significant (P = 0.07). Dietary acidification by citric acid significantly increased whole-body iron in a linear fashion. The bioavailability of dietary P can be improved by fine grinding the bone in fish meals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00092.x
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  • 80
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    Estimating the quantitative essential amino acid requirements of striped bass Morone saxatilis, using fillet A/E ratios (1998)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In order to determine the essential amino acid requirements (EAA) of striped bass Morone saxatilis, fillets were analysed to ascertain the relative amino acid concentrations for determining A/E ratios ((EAA/total EAA) × 1000)). Analysis of the striped bass fillets yielded the following concentrations of essential amino acids (g kg–1) and A/E ratios, respectively: arginine, 12.5, 115; histidine, 5.1, 47; isoleucine, 8.0, 74; leucine, 17.1, 157; lysine, 20.2, 186; methionine + cysteine, 9.2, 85; phenylalanine + tyrosine, 16.0, 147; threonine, 9.8, 90; tryptophan, 1.9, 18; and valine, 9.1, 84. In two experiments, diets with graded levels of EAA were fed to striped bass weighing 111 ± 3 g and 790 ± 122 g per fish, respectively. In both experiments, the dietary A/E ratios were maintained in the same relative concentrations as determined in the striped bass fillets. Statistical analysis of weight gains, feed conversions and nitrogen balance indicated significant differences (P 〈 0.05) between treatments. Non-linear regression analysis of the response criteria pooled from both experiments yielded the following estimates of dietary EAA requirements (g kg–1 dry diet) when digestible energy equalled 13.39 MJ kg–1 diet: arginine, 14; histidine, 6; isoleucine, 9; leucine, 19; lysine, 22; methionine + cysteine, 10; phenylalanine + tyrosine, 17; threonine, 11; tryptophan, 3; and valine, 10. The use of fillet A/E ratios allows for the rapid estimation of quantitative EAA requirements and the development of species specific diets for new aquaculture species. The data presented here are the first to simultaneously describe all the dietary EAA requirements for M. saxatilis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00075.x
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  • 81
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    Quantitative estimation of maximum daily feed intake of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell, fingerlings using radiography (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Gastric evacuation rate, return of appetite and satiation time of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822, fingerlings, fed with a commercial pelleted feed, were determined under experimental conditions. The gastric evacuation rate was described by an exponential function, which was found to be inversely related to the rate of ingestion (return of appetite). Satiation time remained constant over the experimental period. Based on these data the authors estimated maximum daily ration in relation to feeding schedule and feeding frequency for C. gariepinus fingerlings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00063.x
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  • 82
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    Effects of dietary incorporation of potato protein concentrate and supplementation of methionine on growth and feed utilization of rainbow trout (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Four diets (1, 2, 3 and 4) were formulated to contain different potato protein concentrate (PPC) levels (0, 22, 56, and 111 g kg−1). Diet 5 contained 56 g kg−1 PPC and 17 g kg−1 methionine. A growth trial was conducted to investigate the effect on growth and feed utilization of incorporation of PPC and supplementation of methionine in the diet of rainbow trout. When the proportion of PPC exceeded 56 g kg−1 the growth of fish decreased while both growth and feed utilization decreased when the dietary PPC was 111 g kg−1. Protein productive value and condition factor of the fish decreased and mortality increased with the increase in the proportion of dietary PPC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00066.x
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  • 83
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    Evaluation of a spray-dried artificial diet for larval culture of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and striped bass, Morone saxatilis (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Larvae of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man), and the striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), were fed artificial diets manufactured by a spray-drying process or live Artemia nauplii, separately or in various combinations. Spray-dried diets were neutrally buoyant, water stable (low protein leaching rate), and were satisfactorily consumed as verified by the observation of full guts after feeding. Survival and growth of larvae fed live Artemia nauplii was significantly greater than those of larvae fed spray-dried diets. Lowest survival and growth rates were observed when larvae were fed artificial diets exclusively from the onset of exogenous feeding. Survival rates were positively related to the duration of feeding live Artemia nauplii before weaning to artificial diets. The poor performance associated with spray-dried artificial diets may be the result of the digestive capabilities of the larvae of caridean shrimp and striped bass being insufficient to process compact, dense particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00050.x
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  • 84
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    Growth and condition of marron Cherax tenuimanus fed pelleted diets of different stability (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Six groups of 0 + marron Cherax tenuimanus were reared on commercial marron diets based on two different fish meals in a study lasting 4 months. Both diets were prepared in a stable and an unstable pelleted form. Matron fed with koi carp or salmon diet and unfed were used as reference groups. Matron were reared communally in tanks (5 m−2) and individually in an intensive crayfish culture system (ICCS, 25 m−2). Marron were fed at the rate of 6.5% of their body weight per week. Groups fed with stable diets showed larger weight increment at moult, shorter intermoult period, and higher specific growth rate than groups fed with similar unstable diets. Stable matron diets resulted in faster growth than fish diets. There were no differences in hepatopancreatic indices of marron fed with stable diets or similar unstable diets in the ICCS. The condition of hepatopancreata of marron reared in communal tanks were better than those of marron reared in the ICCS on a similar diet. Results indicate that marron production can be improved using stable pelleted diets in both intensive and semi-intensive culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00059.x
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  • 85
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    Energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Factorial determinations of energy and protein requirements in growing Sparus aurata were carried out at 23–24°C. The energy content in the whole fish was dependent on fish weight and ranged from 5 to 11 MJ kg−1 body mass for 1–250 g fish, whereas the protein content remained constant at 179 g kg−1.During starvation the fish lost 42.5 kJ body weight (BW) (kg)−0.83 day−1 and 0.42 g protein BW (kg)−0.70 day−1. The maintenance requirement for energy was calculated to be 55.8 kJ BW (kg)−0.83 day−1 and for protein 0.86 g BW (kg)−0.70 day−1. Utilization of digestible energy and digestible crude protein below and at maintenance was determined as 0.72 and 0.51, respectively. Utilization of digestible energy and digestible crude protein for growth above maintenance was determined as 0.46 and 0.28, respectively.These values allow estimation of requirements for growing Sparus aurata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00065.x
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  • 86
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    Effects on growth and feed utilization of Chinese longsnout catfish Leiocassis longirostris Günther of replacement of dietary fishmeal by soybean cake (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Four practical diets containing different levels of soybean cake (0, 155, 320, 490 g kg−1) were prepared to investigate the effect of replacement of fishmeal by soybean cake on the Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Günther) during a 62-day growth trial. The diets were isonitrogenous, isoenergetic and contained about 430 g kg−1 crude protein and 20 MJ kg−1 gross energy. With increasing levels of dietary soybean cake, growth rate and feed utilization decreased; feeding rate and the contents of dry matter, fat and energy of fish body were not significantly affected while body protein showed lowest value in the fish fed the diet containing 320 g kg−1 soybean cake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00069.x
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    Effect of dietary L-carnitine supplements on growth and body composition of fingerling rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Rohu, Labeo rohita (Ham.), fingerlings (average wt 3.38 g) maintained in 25 m2 cement tanks were fed fish-meal-based, 300 g kg−1 protein diets containing different levels (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 g kg−1) of L-carnitine in triplicate over a period of 126 days. Fish that received 0.5 g kg−1 carnitine showed significantly higher growth than those fed the basal diet or the rest of the carnitine diets. Fat digestibility, food conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were better in carnitine-fed fish; however, viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic indices decreased. Muscle proximate composition was affected as a result of carnitine treatment. The results of the present study demonstrate a positive effect of carnitine on the growth and body composition of rohu.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00052.x
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  • 88
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    Long-term effects of dietary fat level and feeding rate on growth, feed utilization and carcass quality of Atlantic salmon (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two extruded diets designed to have fat levels of 220 g kg−1 (F22) and 300 g kg−1 (F30) were fed to Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in two different experiments during the sea rearing period (from 0.2–0.3 kg to 3–4 kg). Each diet was fed restricted and isoenergetically at two feeding rates to fish in triplicate groups. In one of the experiments, a supplementary group of fish was fed to satiation with the F30 diet. All fish were slaughtered and evaluated for quality according to a commercial standard.No difference in growth was observed between fish fed the two diets at similar feeding rates and the growth was proportional to the amount of dietary energy offered. Feed conversion ratios decreased according to higher energy content in the F30 diet, and the nitrogen and phosphorus retention increased significantly. Fish fed the F30 diet revealed a higher incidence of sexual maturity. Fat content in cutlets and dressed carcasses were significantly affected by feeding rate but not by dietary fat level. Fish fed the F30 diet had more visceral fat and, consequently, lower dress-out percentage. Mortality, liver size and liver colour were not significantly affected by dietary fat level.These experiments showed that even large differences in dietary fat level employed for the entire sea rearing period of Atlantic salmon, did not, or only marginally affected the cutlet and dressed carcass fat content. The high fat diet improved the feed utilization, thus decreasing the discharge to the environments. Furthermore, it resulted in greater growth at ad libitum feeding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00051.x
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  • 89
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    Efficacy of phytase on phosphorus utilization in practical diets fed to striped bass Morone saxatilis (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Several experiments were conducted to determine the effects of phytase on dietary phosphorus (P) utilization by striped bass Morone saxatilis fed high phytate diets. The experiments were designed to determine the effectiveness of various dietary levels of a dry or liquid phytase concentrate incorporated in diets to improve the P utilization of striped bass. Fish were fed various basal diets containing over 700 g kg−1 plant feed ingredients and 4.9–7.1 g kg−1 P and 1.5–1.7 g kg−1 non-phytin P. A diet supplemented with potassium monophosphate (PMP) and containing 9 g kg−1 total P and 6 g kg−1 non-phytin P with no added phytase was the positive control. The dietary treatments were assigned to duplicate tanks and diets were fed to juvenile striped bass for up to 14 weeks. The effectiveness of the phytase treatments was determined by measuring weight gain, feed conversion, serum, scale and vertebral calcium and P, as well as P absorption. Apparent P absorption was determined using 5 g kg−1 chromic oxide as an indigestible marker in the diet. In experiment one, significant improvements (P 〈 0.05) were found in scale and vertebral phosphorus concentrations with 2400 Phytase Units (PU) kg−1 (PU is the quantity of enzyme which liberates one micromole of inorganic P per minute from 0.015 tool L−1 sodium phytate at 37°C and pH 5.5) added to the diet. In experiment two, significant differences were observed between serum phosphorus in the phytase and no-phytase groups, while there were no differences between the positive control (PMP supplemented) and the phytase-treated fish. It was concluded that 2400 PU kg−1 of enzyme resulted in bone mineralization and serum phosphorus concentrations equal to that observed with 13 g kg−1 dietary PMP addition (9 g kg−1 total P).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00057.x
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  • 90
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    Total sulphur amino acid requirement of the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The quantitative dietary sulphur amino acid requirement of the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), was determined by conducting a growth study. The experimental diets contained 400 g crude protein kg−1 from casein, gelatine and supplemental crystalline amino acids. Diets containing six graded levels of methionine (3.2, 6.5, 9.0, 11.5, 14 and 16.5 g kg−1) with a constant level of cystine (1.4 g kg−1) were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of Labeo rohita fingerlings twice a day to satiation for 60 days. The optimum dietary requirement for methionine was estimated using the break-point regression analysis at 11.5 g kg−1 of diet or 28.8 g kg−1 of dietary protein. Thus the total sulphur amino acid (Met + Cys) requirement was determined to be 12.9 g kg−1 of diet or 32.3 g kg−1 of protein. Higher survival, specific growth rate and food conversion efficiency values were observed for fish fed the diet containing optimum levels of sulphur amino acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00045.x
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  • 91
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    Effect of dietary protein level on excretion of ammonia in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, fingerlings (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protein on nitrogenous excretion in the form of ammonia in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Ham.), fingerlings (3.0 ± 0.25 g). Fish were fed to satiation in a metabolism chamber. Approximately isoenergetic diets containing 230, 280, 330 and 380 g kg−1 protein were used at 28°C. Ammonia-N excretory energy (U) as a percentage of ingested food energy (C) increased with an increase in dietary protein level: from 4.3% in fish fed 230 g kg−1 to 6.0% in fish fed 380 g kg−1 dietary protein. The relationship between excretory energy and dietary protein level is modelled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00049.x
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  • 92
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    The effect of dietary phosphatidylcholine and its constituent fatty acids on microdiet ingestion and fatty acid absorption rate in gilthead sea bream, Sparus auratus, larvae (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This study tested the effect of the level of dietary phosphatidylcholine (PC) and its constituent medium-chain fatty acids on microdiet ingestion (μg diet larva−1 h−1) and the absorption rate of the free fatty acid [14C]16:0 (pmole larva−1 h−1) in 15, 20, 21, 25, 26, 30 and 31-day-old gilthead sea bream, Sparus auratus L., larvae. Fish were fed four microdiets (A, B, C and D): microdiet A contained no phospholipid (PL), while microdiet B included 10 g kg−1Artemia nauplii PL (3.7 g kg−1 PC). Microdiets C and D contained 10 g kg−1 purified saturated PC dimyristoyl (C14:0) and polyunsaturated PC dilinoleoyl (C18:2[cis]−9,12), respectively.Larvae from one or both of the PC microdiets demonstrated significantly higher (P 〈 0.05) ingestion rates (μg diet larva−1 h−1) than the non-PL microdiet control in 15, 21, 22, 25 and 26-day-old larvae and the Artemia PL microdiet in 15, 22 and 26-day-old larvae. However, microdiet ingestion and fatty acid absorption rate appeared to be independent of the associated medium carbon chain saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acid moiety of the PC diets. Apparent absorption, as measured by the retention of radio-labelled [14C]16:0 following 8 h of non-labelled microdiet feeding, was possibly related to feeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00101.x
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Balance trials with African catfish Clarias gariepinus fed phytase-treated soybean meal-based diets (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Balance trials were conducted with African catfish Clarias gariepinus to assess the effect of phytase treatment of soybean meal-based diets on growth, feed utilization and nutrient budgets. Isocaloric (20–22 kJ g−1) and isonitrogenous (47–50% protein) diets were tested. In a first experiment the control diet (58% fish meal and 18% soybean meal) was compared with two diets containing 6% fish meal and 69% soybean meal, and two diets containing 29% fish meal and 41% soybean meal. One of each of these two diets had been pretreated with phytase (1000 units per kg dry diet). In the second experiment, the control diet (6% fish meal and 69% soybean meal, pretreated with 1000 units phytase kg−1 dry diet) was compared with four diets that were similar in composition but supplemented with increasing amounts of phytase (15, 380, 750, 1000 units kg−1 dry diet). Replacement of fish meal by soybean meal in the first experiment led to a depression in growth rate and feed utilization parameters. Results of both experiments clearly indicated a positive effect of phytase treatment, particularly on phosphorus digestibility and retention, and consequently the phosphorus conversion efficiency and the phosphorus budget. No differences in these parameters were found between addition of equal amounts of phytase by pretreatment or supplementation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00100.x
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  • 94
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    Quality characteristics in raw and smoked fillets of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, fed high-energy diets (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, were fed four levels of dietary fat (256, 308, 346 and 389 g kg−1 of diet) for 138 days, with the purpose of studying quality characteristics in raw and smoked fish fillets. Dietary fat levels up to 346 g kg−1 resulted in increased fat content of the raw fillets. The dietary fat levels had a less systematic effect on perceived fatness of the smoked fillets and caused a trend towards better odour and flavour. The fat content of raw fillets was significantly (P≤ 0.05) correlated to lower smoke odour, greater rancid flavour, fatness, and a yellower hue of the smoked fillets. Astaxanthin levels of the raw fillets varied between 6 and 11 mg kg−1 of fillet and were significantly (P≤ 0.05) correlated with greater intensity of smoke odour, lower off-odour, and less whiteness, greater colour intensity and a redder hue of the smoked fish. It is proposed that salmon fillets can be graded according to weight, fat content and colour values prior to smoking to obtain more standardized quality characteristics of the final product after processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00053.x
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and detection of phosphorus deficiency in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr and post-smolts (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A pathological condition was induced in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., by feeding a diet severely deficient in phosphorus. Parallel results were obtained in two consecutive experiments, one in fresh water and one in sea water. The deficiency condition was first manifest as a reduction in whole-body calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels and the development of abnormally soft and malformed bones. In later stages, growth was severely impaired and there was elevated mortality compared with fish fed a diet with sufficient phosphorus.Two semipurified casein-based test diets were used in the experiments. The low-P diet contained only the P from casein, 3.5 g kg−1 or 0.35%, whereas the reference diet was supplemented with P and contained 9.0 g kg−1 or 0.9%, The diets were fed to salmon parr in fresh water (initial weight 4.7 g) and to post-smolts in sea water (initial weight 113 g) for 12 and 15 weeks, respectively. In both experiments, the fish grew adequately for a prolonged period, whereas the whole-body Ca and P levels declined almost immediately. Within a few weeks, the whole-body P content was reduced to ≊ 65% of the initial value, and Ca to 40%. The reductions in mineral content were most severe in the mineral-rich tissues, bones and scales. On gross examination, all bony structures were abnormally soft. The ribs were wrinkly, and the spine displayed scoliotic changes. These changes were correlated to the reduction in bone mineralization, and were manifest at the time when reductions in growth rate could be noted.After the deficient fish were fed adequate levels of P for 9 weeks, their whole-body mineral levels returned to normal. The bone lesions did not heal completely during the same period of time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00095.x
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  • 96
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    Stability of crystalline and coated vitamins during manufacture and storage of fish feeds (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The stability of two forms of vitamins, crystalline and fat-coated, during manufacturing processes and storage of fish feeds was investigated. After extrusion, vitamin recovery was generally lower than that found after pelleting. The recovery of coated forms after pelleting was higher than that of crystalline ones, especially for ascorbic acid, menadione, pyridoxine and folic acid. Coated forms were also found to be more resistant to extrusion than crystalline forms. No significant differences in vitamin losses during storage were found between pelleted and extruded feeds. However, losses of ascorbic acid, menadione and pyridoxine in both manufactured feeds were much greater in crystalline than in coated forms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00094.x
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  • 97
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    Effects of diet composition on apparent nutrient absorption along the intestinal tract and of subsequent fasting on mucosal disaccharidase activities and plasma nutrient concentration in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Atlantic salmon (1.9 kg), were fed a low carbohydrate/high protein or a high carbohydrate/low protein diet for 20 days prior to a fasting period of 60 days. At the end of the feeding period chyme was collected from the gastro-intestinal tract divided into six sections, for studies of starch, lipid and amino acid absorption. Blood and gut wall samples were taken on days 0, 5, 12, 33 and 60 of fasting. The results showed that 50% or more of amino acid, lipid and starch absorption took place in the pyloric region. The distal intestine was also of quantitative importance for lipid absorption. Diet composition affected only starch absorption. The effect was apparent in the pyloric region with no compensatory absorption in the more distal regions. Brush-border disaccharidase activities were negligible in the stomach, high in mid-intestinal regions and decreased towards the distal regions. High carbohydrate diet caused reduced trehalase activity. Fasting caused immediate decreases in disaccharidase activities as well as in plasma glucose, triacylglycerols, cholesterol and insulin. During the second week of the fasting period, temporary increases were seen in mucosal maltase, sucrase and trehalase activities and in plasma insulin level. Similar changes were observed for several plasma amino acids. To regain efficient nutrient digestion after a fasting period, a restoration period may therefore be needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00095.x
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  • 98
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    Dietary vitamin E requirement of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops female × M. saxatilis male) (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This study was conducted to determine the dietary vitamin E requirement of juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops female × Morone saxatilis male). Semi-purified diets supplemented with 0.2 mg Se kg−1 from Na2SeO3 and either 0 (basal), 10, 20, 40, 60, or 80 mg vitamin E kg−1 as DL-α-tocopheryl acetate were fed to hybrid striped bass initially averaging 1.8 ± 0.1 g (mean ± SD) for 12 weeks. Fish fed the basal diet, which contained 5.8 mg α-tocopherol kg−1 dry weight, were darker in colour and had reduced weight gain, as well as generally reduced haematocrit values compared with fish fed diets supplemented with vitamin E. In addition, fish fed diets containing less than 20 mg supplemental vitamin E kg−1 had significantly (P 〈 0.05) reduced weight gain and feed efficiency compared with those fed diets supplemented with vitamin E at 20–80 mg kg−1. Dietary supplementation of vitamin E caused incremental increases in the concentration of α-tocopherol in both plasma and liver tissues. However, hybrid striped bass fed graded levels of vitamin E did not exhibit a dose response in terms of ascorbic acid-stimulated lipid peroxidation of hepatic microsomes. Regression analysis of weight gain data using the broken-line model indicated a minimum vitamin E requirement (± SE) of 28 (± 3) mg kg−1 dry diet. Based on these data, the dietary vitamin E requirement of hybrid striped bass appears to be similar to that determined for other fish species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00074.x
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  • 99
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    A reference diet for nutritional studies of the giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Critical evaluation of the nutrient requirements of an animal requires the use of a purified reference diet. In this study, the effects of either a purified reference experimental diet, a practical experimental diet and an imported commercial diet on the growth and nutritional condition of the prawn Penaeusmonodon were compared. The reference diet, based on widely available ingredients of consistent and known nutrient content, supported excellent prawn growth when fed either ad libitum or subsatiation (≈ 75% of the mean initial satiation intake). In a 6-week experiment, growth (as percentage increase in weight, ± SEM) of the prawns fed ad libitum differed significantly (P 〈 0.05) between each diet in the order: practical (142 ± 10%), reference (121 ± 9%) and commercial (91 ± 16%). Growth for the reference diet fed subsatiation was 116 ± 4%, and was not significantly (P 〉 0.05) different from that obtained with the same diet fed ad libitum. Dry matter food conversion for the reference diet was significantly (P 〈 0.05) better when fed subsatiation (1.58 ± 0.08) rather than ad libitum (2.08 ± 0.06) and better than that obtained with either the practical (3.40 ± 0.15) or commercial (3.02 ± 0.28) diets, which were not significantly (P 〉 0.05) different from each other. The lipid content (mg g–1 of prawn) of the digestive gland of prawns fed ad libitum was similar for reference, practical and commercial diets (6.03 ± 0.38, 4.92 ± 0.90 and 4.92 ± 0.95 mg g–1 of prawn, respectively), but significantly (P 〈 0.05) higher than that for the reference diet fed subsatiation (4.73 ± 0.38 mg g–1 of prawn).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00085.x
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  • 100
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    Contents and organ distribution of pantothenic acid in maturing turbot (Psetta maxima) (1998)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00068.x
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