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  • Articles  (131)
  • Molecular Sequence Data  (131)
  • 1995-1999  (131)
  • 1997  (131)
  • Physics  (131)
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  • Articles  (131)
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  • 1995-1999  (131)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1997-03-21
    Description: The "Spanish" influenza pandemic killed at least 20 million people in 1918-1919, making it the worst infectious pandemic in history. Understanding the origins of the 1918 virus and the basis for its exceptional virulence may aid in the prediction of future influenza pandemics. RNA from a victim of the 1918 pandemic was isolated from a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, lung tissue sample. Nine fragments of viral RNA were sequenced from the coding regions of hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, nucleoprotein, matrix protein 1, and matrix protein 2. The sequences are consistent with a novel H1N1 influenza A virus that belongs to the subgroup of strains that infect humans and swine, not the avian subgroup.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taubenberger, J K -- Reid, A H -- Krafft, A E -- Bijwaard, K E -- Fanning, T G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 21;275(5307):1793-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Cellular Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC 20306-6000, USA. taubenbe@email.afip.osd.mil〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9065404" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Base Sequence ; *Genes, Viral ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/classification/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Influenza, Human/history/*virology ; Lung/virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neuraminidase/genetics ; Nucleoproteins/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Viral/*genetics ; *RNA-Binding Proteins ; Viral Core Proteins/genetics ; Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics ; Virulence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-05-23
    Description: During translation errors of aminoacylation are corrected in editing reactions which ensure that an amino acid is stably attached to its corresponding transfer RNA (tRNA). Previous studies have not shown whether the tRNA nucleotides needed for effecting translational editing are the same as or distinct from those required for aminoacylation, but several considerations have suggested that they are the same. Here, designed tRNAs that are highly active for aminoacylation but are not active in translational editing are presented. The editing reaction can be controlled by manipulation of nucleotides at the corner of the L-shaped tRNA. In contrast, these manipulations do not affect aminoacylation. These results demonstrate the segregation of nucleotide determinants for the editing and aminoacylation functions of tRNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hale, S P -- Auld, D S -- Schmidt, E -- Schimmel, P -- GM15539/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 23;276(5316):1250-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9157882" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cloning, Molecular ; Escherichia coli ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; *RNA Editing ; RNA, Transfer/*metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Ile/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Val/chemistry/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1997-11-05
    Description: Reactive and potentially toxic cofactors such as copper ions are imported into eukaryotic cells and incorporated into target proteins by unknown mechanisms. Atx1, a prototypical copper chaperone protein from yeast, has now been shown to act as a soluble cytoplasmic copper(I) receptor that can adopt either a two- or three-coordinate metal center in the active site. Atx1 also associated directly with the Atx1-like cytosolic domains of Ccc2, a vesicular protein defined in genetic studies as a member of the copper-trafficking pathway. The unusual structure and dynamics of Atx1 suggest a copper exchange function for this protein and related domains in the Menkes and Wilson disease proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pufahl, R A -- Singer, C P -- Peariso, K L -- Lin, S J -- Schmidt, P J -- Fahrni, C J -- Culotta, V C -- Penner-Hahn, J E -- O'Halloran, T V -- GM-38047/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-50016/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-54111/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM054111/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 31;278(5339):853-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9346482" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Carrier Proteins ; *Cation Transport Proteins ; Copper/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli ; Fungal Proteins/metabolism/*physiology ; Humans ; Molecular Chaperones/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Recombinant Proteins ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism/*physiology ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-08-08
    Description: In addition to the RNA polymerases (RNAPs) transcribing the nuclear genes, eukaryotic cells also require RNAPs to transcribe the genes of the mitochondrial genome and, in plants, of the chloroplast genome. The plant Arabidopsis thaliana was found to contain two nuclear genes similar to genes encoding the mitochondrial RNAP from yeast and RNAPs of bacteriophages T7, T3, and SP6. The putative transit peptides of the two polymerases were capable of targeting fusion proteins to mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively, in vitro. The results indicate that the mitochondrial RNAP in plants is a bacteriophage-type enzyme. A gene duplication event may have generated the second RNAP, which along with the plastid-encoded eubacteria-like RNAP could transcribe the chloroplast genome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hedtke, B -- Borner, T -- Weihe, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 8;277(5327):809-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Humboldt University Berlin, Institute of Biology, Chausseestrasse 117, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9242608" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/*enzymology/genetics ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Chloroplasts/*enzymology ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/chemistry/*genetics ; Exons ; *Genes, Plant ; Introns ; Mitochondria/*enzymology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; T-Phages/enzymology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1997-07-04
    Description: Angiogenesis is thought to depend on a precise balance of positive and negative regulation. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) is an angiogenic factor that signals through the endothelial cell-specific Tie2 receptor tyrosine kinase. Like vascular endothelial growth factor, Ang1 is essential for normal vascular development in the mouse. An Ang1 relative, termed angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), was identified by homology screening and shown to be a naturally occurring antagonist for Ang1 and Tie2. Transgenic overexpression of Ang2 disrupts blood vessel formation in the mouse embryo. In adult mice and humans, Ang2 is expressed only at sites of vascular remodeling. Natural antagonists for vertebrate receptor tyrosine kinases are atypical; thus, the discovery of a negative regulator acting on Tie2 emphasizes the need for exquisite regulation of this angiogenic receptor system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maisonpierre, P C -- Suri, C -- Jones, P F -- Bartunkova, S -- Wiegand, S J -- Radziejewski, C -- Compton, D -- McClain, J -- Aldrich, T H -- Papadopoulos, N -- Daly, T J -- Davis, S -- Sato, T N -- Yancopoulos, G D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 4;277(5322):55-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9204896" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Angiopoietin-1 ; Angiopoietin-2 ; Animals ; Blood Vessels/embryology/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Molecular ; Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism ; Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular/*cytology/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Ligands ; Lymphokines/genetics/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Receptor, TIE-2 ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1997-04-18
    Description: The crystal structure of the adenine nucleotide exchange factor GrpE in complex with the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) domain of Escherichia coli DnaK [heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70)] was determined at 2.8 angstrom resolution. A dimer of GrpE binds asymmetrically to a single molecule of DnaK. The structure of the nucleotide-free ATPase domain in complex with GrpE resembles closely that of the nucleotide-bound mammalian Hsp70 homolog, except for an outward rotation of one of the subdomains of the protein. This conformational change is not consistent with tight nucleotide binding. Two long alpha helices extend away from the GrpE dimer and suggest a role for GrpE in peptide release from DnaK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harrison, C J -- Hayer-Hartl, M -- Di Liberto, M -- Hartl, F -- Kuriyan, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 18;276(5311):431-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratories of Molecular Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9103205" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphatases/*chemistry/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Heat-Shock Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Chaperones/*chemistry/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-02-28
    Description: A gene encoding a zinc finger protein of the Snail family, cSnR, is expressed in the right-hand lateral mesoderm during normal chick development. Antisense disruption of cSnR function during the hours immediately preceding heart formation randomized the normally reliable direction of heart looping and subsequent embryo torsion. Implanted ectopic sources of intercellular signal proteins that are involved in establishing normal left-right information randomized the handedness of heart development and also altered the asymmetry of cSnR expression. cSnR thus appears to act downstream of these signals, or perhaps in parallel with the latest expressed of them, the Nodal protein, in controlling the anatomical asymmetry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Isaac, A -- Sargent, M G -- Cooke, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 28;275(5304):1301-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9036854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Activin Receptors ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Body Patterning/*genetics ; Chick Embryo ; Culture Techniques ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Embryonic Induction/genetics/physiology ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Heart/*embryology ; Hedgehog Proteins ; Levocardia/embryology/genetics ; Mesoderm/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nodal Protein ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense ; Proteins/genetics/physiology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics/physiology ; Somites/metabolism ; *Trans-Activators ; *Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Up-Regulation ; Zinc Fingers/*genetics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: The neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) tumor suppressor protein is thought to restrict cell proliferation by functioning as a Ras-specific guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein. However, Drosophila homozygous for null mutations of an NF1 homolog showed no obvious signs of perturbed Ras1-mediated signaling. Loss of NF1 resulted in a reduction in size of larvae, pupae, and adults. This size defect was not modified by manipulating Ras1 signaling but was restored by expression of activated adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Thus, NF1 and PKA appear to interact in a pathway that controls the overall growth of Drosophila.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉The, I -- Hannigan, G E -- Cowley, G S -- Reginald, S -- Zhong, Y -- Gusella, J F -- Hariharan, I K -- Bernards, A -- NS22229/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS34779/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS36084/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):791-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Count ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila/cytology/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/metabolism ; Genes, Insect ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neurofibromin 1 ; Phenotype ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; *ras GTPase-Activating Proteins ; ras Proteins/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-09-26
    Description: A selection strategy was devised to identify bacterial genes preferentially expressed when a bacterium associates with its host cell. Fourteen Salmonella typhimurium genes, which were under the control of at least four independent regulatory circuits, were identified to be selectively induced in host macrophages. Four genes encode virulence factors, including a component of a type III secretory apparatus. This selection methodology should be generally applicable to the identification of genes from pathogenic organisms that are induced upon association with host cells or tissues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Valdivia, R H -- Falkow, S -- AI26195/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DK38707/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 26;277(5334):2007-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. valdivia@cmgm.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9302299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Fluorescence ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics ; Macrophages/*microbiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology ; Salmonella typhimurium/*genetics/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity ; Spleen/microbiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Virulence/genetics
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-08-22
    Description: Mutations in the SUPERMAN gene affect flower development in Arabidopsis. Seven heritable but unstable sup epi-alleles (the clark kent alleles) are associated with nearly identical patterns of excess cytosine methylation within the SUP gene and a decreased level of SUP RNA. Revertants of these alleles are largely demethylated at the SUP locus and have restored levels of SUP RNA. A transgenic Arabidopsis line carrying an antisense methyltransferase gene, which shows an overall decrease in genomic cytosine methylation, also contains a hypermethylated sup allele. Thus, disruption of methylation systems may yield more complex outcomes than expected and can result in methylation defects at known genes. The clark kent alleles differ from the antisense line because they do not show a general decrease in genomic methylation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jacobsen, S E -- Meyerowitz, E M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 22;277(5329):1100-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9262479" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alleles ; Arabidopsis/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; Base Sequence ; Crosses, Genetic ; Cytosine/metabolism ; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase/genetics ; *DNA Methylation ; DNA, Antisense ; DNA, Plant/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; RNA, Plant/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*genetics
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