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  • Artikel  (10.430)
  • 1995-1999  (10.430)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1935-1939
  • 1997  (10.430)
  • Informatik  (10.430)
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  • 1995-1999  (10.430)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Book Reviews (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Russell, Stuart and Norvig, Peter Artificial Intelligence: A Modern ApproachEdwards, Alistair, D.N. (ed.) Extra-Ordinary Human-Computer Interaction: Interfaces for Users with DisabilitiesVacca, John R. VRML: Bringing Virtual Reality to the Internet
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00057
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    REDSIEX: A Cooperative Network of Expert Systems with Blackboard Architectures (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: The blackboard architecture, originally developed for the system that permits the comprehension of language, HEARSAY II, has later been used in a great variety of domains and in various environments for the construction of systems. From the classic architecture of HEARSAY II, many applications, generalizations, extensions and refinements have been developed. In this paper we present REDSIEX, (RED de SIstemas EXpertos) which is a network of expert systems within a blackboard architecture, for the cooperation solution of distributed problems. The REDSIEX system inherits various of the elements defined by the architecture of HEARSAY II and incorporates new components and organization. These produce a very characteristic and exclusive global work style in the solution of problems, within a conceptual framework of emergent control. The main structural and functional characteristics of REDSIEX are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00055
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diary (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.t01-3-00058
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An Intelligent Business Advisor System for Stock Investment (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: This paper presents an intelligent system to assist small investors to determine stock trend signals for investment in stock business. A pilot system is built providing three main categories of technical and analysis theories, namely momentum, moving average, and support/resistance line. It has extensive graphic interface design to facilitate the usage of the system. For novice investors, the system is associated with tutoring features and it supports analysis study of the rationale behind some system recommendations. Skilful investors can explore the various theories for the prediction by means of adjusting the weightings, combinations and even some independent variables allocated by the intelligent system. General users can therefore formulate their investment strategies upon system recommendations under different investment criteria accordingly.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00049
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Using the CARMEN’s framework to model and acquire knowledge (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: The manner in which CARMEN (Constraints And Rules Management ENgine), an operational expert system generator developed as part of the ESPRIT project ITHACA, models and acquires knowledge is discussed. Central to CARMEN are three types of control entities (TASKs, MKSs and BKSs) which are used to describe problem-solving at the knowledge-use level. Modeling of domain knowledge is done both at the deep and surface levels. The Integrity Checking Task (or ICT) is used to illustrate the manner in which CARMEN works. We conclude the paper with a comparison of CARMEN with other approaches in knowledge modeling.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00043
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Temporal Knowledge Representation Approach Based on Elementary Calculus (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: The standard AI method for representing temporal information in a first-order logic is to directly associate the information with a time point or interval via a relation. We present a new paradigm for temporal knowledge representation. All point-based temporal information is translated to real-valued functions in the Cartesian plane. For example, information that is true/false at a point becomes a 0–1 function. Other types of information, such as velocity, are directly represented with real-valued functions. The unique feature of the proposed approach is the use of the Riemann integral to represent interval-based information. Our approach is based on the fact that what is true at every point in an interval completely determines what is true over the interval. We conclude with a formal presentation of a first-order logic that is based on the proposed representation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00048
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Types of Contexts and Their Role in Multimodal Communication (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: In this paper the idea is presented that human communication is carried through messages that are the result of the integration of a set of communicative acts, some of which are, in a traditional view, contextual phenomena with respect to a main (linguistic) communication act. A formalization of the notion of communicative situation is attempted, which eliminates the distinction between context and main communication acts. The ideas presented in this paper come from a re-thinking of a prototype implemented in 1989 for the ESPRIT Project 527, CFID whose main features are presented in Section 4.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00045
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Extending Conceptual Definitions with Default Knowledge (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: In description logics, default knowledge is exclusively treated as incidental rules. However, as few concepts are definable using only strict knowledge, imposing strict definitions leads to terminological knowledge bases that mostly contain partially defined concepts. This is a real problem because such concepts can only be inserted as leaves of the terminology. Moreover, instance recognition is biased as these concepts must be explicitly mentioned as properties of these instances. It follows that partially defined concepts are described with necessary but not sufficient conditions. As a solution to these problems, we propose to integrate defaults in concept definitions and we argue that this is essential for our diagnosis application. We introduce a description language ALεδ with default(δ) and exception(ε) connectives. The cornerstone of our approach is the introduction of a definitional point of view where a default can be part of a concept definition, whereas in the classical inheritance one it is only viewed as a weak implication. We go on to describe a map between the definition of a concept and its inherited properties, and we show that the combination of these definitional and inheritance levels considerably improves the capabilities of classification processes. In particular this allows us to distinguish sure from probable instances and typical from exceptional instances. Finally we provide a specific operation, object refinement, which consists in enlarging object descriptions with exceptions in order to find additional concepts the object is an instance of. This operation is useful for our diagnosis application.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00040
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Abstractional Concept Mapping: A Foundational Model for Analogical Reasoning (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: We present a mathematical model providing a formal basis for analogical reasoning, referred to as abstractional concept mapping. The approach provides a formal basis for all comparison–based reasoning (e.g., literal similarity, analogy, metaphor, and scientific models) in that given any two descriptions in first–order logic, arbitrary comparisons of similarity are representable as first–order theories (referred to as “comparison theories”), dependent only on the notion of logical truth and not on domain–specific heuristics or particular features of the knowledge representation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00028
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Critical Reexamination of Default Logic, Autoepistemic Logic, and Only Knowing (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Fifteen years of work on nonmonotonic logic has certainly increased our understanding of the area. However, given a problem in which nonmonotonic reasoning is called for, it is far from clear how one should go about modeling the problem using the various approaches. We explore this issue in the context on two of the best–known approaches, Reiter's default logic and Moore's autoepistemic logic, as well as two related notions of “only knowing,” due to Halpern and Moses and to Levesque. In particular, we return to the original technical definitions given in these papers and examine the extent to which they capture the intuitions they were designed to capture.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00036
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Editorial (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00035
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Database Based Reasoning for Real Time Monitoring and Data Analysis in Intensive Care Units (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: The complexity of the monitored data available in modern intensive care units (ICUs) means that they are best processed, for presentation to medical staff, by expert system techniques. This article describes an expert system that has an appropriately designed inference engine, handling the temporal considerations inherent in monitoring and manages data acquisition via a Medical Information Bus. Also, we will describe how we extended our monitoring system in ICUs by writing an interface allowing communication in dynamic SQL with a relational database management system. The extended system facilitates both permanent filing of case data and the use of filed data by the rules of the expert system, and allows automatic intelligent screening of data prior to permanent filing so as to ensure data reliability.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00056
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    News (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00058
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Measurement Framework that Supports Evaluation of Knowledge Engineering Products (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: In this paper, we stress the importance of considering evaluation from an overall viewpoint in order to product higher quality Knowledge-based Systems (KBS), that is, measuring attributes of products generated throughout the entire system life cycle rather than the final system alone. A framework for measuring typical products obtained during the development phases is proposed here. This measurement framework includes the definition of the products and the definition of attributes that characterize these products. The attributes are ordered as a multilevel hierarchy. The aim of the measurement framework proposed is to facilitate the application of measurement plans to KBS, using associated metrics. When building this environment, we sought to unify other work in the field of KBS evaluation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00050
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Intelligent Scheduling with GUESS (Generically Used Expert Scheduling System): Development and Testing Results (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Scheduling is a prevalent function that is omnipresent throughout many industries and applications (Pinedo, 1995; Morton & Pentico, 1993; Zweben & Fox, 1994; Brown & Scherer, 1995). A great need exists for developing scheduling toolkits that can be generically applied to a number of different scheduling problems. To meet this need, more research is warranted for developing a state-of-the-art generic constraint problem-solver as related to scheduling. This paper discusses the development and testing of the Generically Used Expert Scheduling System (GUESS).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00048
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    News (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00046
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diary (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00047
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An Analysis of Knowledge Acquisition Roles and Participants (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Much recent research effort in the field of knowledge acquisition (KA) has focussed on extending knowledge acquisition techniques and processes to include a wider array of participants and knowledge sources in a variety of knowledge acquisition scenarios. As the domain of expert systems applications and research has expanded, techniques have been developed to acquire and incorporate knowledge from groups of experts and from various sources such as text, video, and audio tapes. However, the dominant participant-role model remains that of the knowledge engineer eliciting knowledge from one or more human experts. This conceptual gap has contributed to the major divisions in the KA field between researchers interested in manual KA and those developing tools for automated KA. This article considers the wide variety of possible KA scenarios and presents a meta-view of KA participants and the roles they may assume.We suggest that it is more appropriate to think of knowledge acquisition participants as playing one or more roles. These include knowledge sources, agents and targets for KA processes. We also present a participant model drawn from research in decision support systems that more accurately characterizes the diversity of the entities participating in the KA process. This view is more inclusive as it allows us to consider both human-human and human-computer KA interactions as well as the whole variety of knowledge sources and targets. A careful consideration of the meta-view and its associated role-participant mappings also yields the new ideas of the elemental and composite role and the multi-role entity. These new constructs are then used to identify areas where research is currently needed and to generate specific research issues. Taken altogether, this view allows a more flexible consideration of the many possible combinations that can and frequently do occur in actual KA situations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00036
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Case Based Diagnosis and Repair of Software Faults (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Software debugging (the diagnosis and repair of faults in software) can be a difficult and time consuming problem. In many cases a problem which can take an inexperienced developer a long time to correct can be quickly identified and corrected by a more experienced one. This is often because they have seen that problem (or a similar one) before. In this paper we present a system (called WATSON) which automatically constructs an explanation of the fault and a repair strategy from a library of partial repair models. This system exploits Case Based Reasoning (CBR) technology to perform this construction. The paper introduces the concepts behind CBR before going on to describe the components of the WATSON system. It then illustrates, by example, how WATSON constructs a diagnosis and repair model from the case databases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00037
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    News (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00040
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diary (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00041
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Editorial (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1997.00035.x
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Decomposing and Solving Timetabling Constraint Networks (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: The binary version of the school timetabling (STT) problem is a real-world example of a constraint network that includes only constraints of inequality. A new and useful representation for this real-world problem, the STT_Grid, leads to a generic decomposition technique. The paper presents proofs of necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution to decomposed STT_Grids. The decomposition procedure is of low enough complexity to be practical for large problems, such as a real-world high school.To test the decomposition approach, a typical high school was analyzed and used as a model for generating STT_Grids of various sizes. Experiments were conducted to test the difficulty of large STT networks and their solution by decomposition. The experimental results show that the decomposition procedure enables the solution of large STT_Grids (620 variables for a real school) in reasonable time. The constraint network of a typical STT_Grid is sparse and belongs to the class of easy problems. Still, due to the sizes of STTs, good constraint satisfaction problem search techniques (i.e., BackJumping and ForwardChecking) do not terminate in reasonable times for STT_Grids that are larger than 300 variables.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00049
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Regularity-based Perceptual Grouping (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: This paper investigates perceptual grouping from a logical point of view, defining a grouping interpretation as a particular kind of logical expression, and then developing an explicit inference theory in terms of such expressions. First, a regularity-based interpretation language is presented, in which an observed configuration is characterized in terms of the regularities(special configurational classes, e.g. nonaccidental properties) it obeys. The most preferred interpretation in such a system is shown to be the most-regular (maximum “codimension”) model the observed configuration obeys, which is also the unique model in which it is generic(typical). Inference then reduces to a straiightforward exercise in LogicProgramming. Because generic model assignment involves negation, this reduction requires that a version of the Closed World Assumption (CWA) be adopted.Next, this entire regularity-based machinery is generalized to the grouping problem: here an interpretation is a hierarchical recursive) version of a model called a parse tree.For a given number of dots and a fixed choice of regularity set, it is possible to explicitly enumerate the complete set of possible grouping interpretations, partially ordered by their degree of regularity (codimension). The most preferred interpretation is the one with maximum codimension (i.e., the most regular interpretation), which we call the qualitative parse. An efficient procedure (worst case $O(n^2)$) for finding the qualitative parse is presented. The qualitative parse has a unique epistemic status: given a choice of regularity set, it is the only grouping interpretation that both (a) is maximally regular, and (b) satisfies the CWA. This unique status, it is argued, accounts for the perceptually compelling quality of the qualitative parse.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00052
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Default Reasoning and Generics (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: There are numerous logical formalisms capable of drawing conclusions using default rules. Such systems, however, do not normally determine where the default rules come from; i.e., what it is that makes Birds flya good rule, but Birds drive trucksa bad one.Generic sentences such as Birds fly are often used informally to describe default rules. I propose to take this characterization seriously, and claim that a default rule is adequate if the corresponding generic sentence is true. Thus, if we know that Tweety is a bird, we may conclude by default that Tweety flies, just in case Birds fly is a true sentence.In this paper, a quantificational account of the semantics of generic sentences is presented. It is argued that a generic sentence is evaluated not in isolation, but with respect to a set of relevant alternatives. For example, Mammals bear live young is true because among mammals that bear live young, lay eggs, undergo mitosis, or engage in some alternative form of procreation, the majority bear live young. Since male mammals do not procreate in any form, they do not count. Some properties of alternatives are presented, and their interactions with the phenomena of focus and presupposition is investigated.It is shown how this account of generics can be used to characterize adequate default reasoning systems, and several desirable properties of such systems are proved. The problems of the automatic acquisition of rules from natural language are discussed. Because rules are often explicitly expressed as generics, it is argued that the interpretation of generic sentences plays a crucial role in this endeavor, and it is shown how the theory presented here can facilitate such interpretation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00050
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Conversational Actions and Discourse Situations (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: We use the idea that actions performed in a conversation become part of the common ground as the basis for a model of context that reconciles in a general and systematic fashion the differences between the theories of discourse context used for reference resolution, intention recognition, and dialogue management. We start from the treatment of anaphoric accessibility developed in discourse representation theory (DRT), and we show first how to obtain a discourse model that, while preserving DRT's basic ideas about referential accessibility, includes information about the occurrence of speech acts and their relations. Next, we show how the different kinds of ‘structure’ that play a role in conversation—discourse segmentation, turn-taking, and grounding—can be formulated in terms of information about speech acts, and use this same information as the basis for a model of the interpretation of fragmentary input.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00042
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An Informal Semantic Analysis of Motion Verbs Based on Physical Primitives (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: A representation scheme for verbs and prepositions specifying path and locative information is developed. The representation emphasizes the implementability of the underlying semantic primitives. The primitives pertain to mechanical characteristics such as geometric relationships among objects, force or motion characteristics implied by verbs, and their prepositional modifiers. This representation has been used to animate the performance of tasks underlying natural language imperatives.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00034
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Multimodal Interaction for Information Access: Exploiting Cohesion (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Multimodality is a powerful concept for dealing with dialogue cohesion in a human–computer natural language (NL)-centered system. This work is a modest step toward more effective exploitation of the potentially large bandwidth of communication provided by this situation. The relations between exploration, navigation, and NL-based communication are discussed in general and with reference to two prototypes. Light cognitive load feedback and direct manipulation are proposed so that user and system can cooperate in mutually establishing the structure of the ongoing dialogue. The main points are: (i) use of an appropriate dialogue structure to constrain inference in the anaphora resolution process; (ii) use of a graphical representation of the structure, to limit the problem of opacity; (iii) allowance for the possibility of direct manipulation on this representation, to avoid the necessity of operating linguistically at the metalevel. The context of the work is within NL-centered multimodal information access systems, in which basic entities are pairs (most commonly question and answer). A dialogue model is provided by a modified version of the centering model; it is both sufficiently simple to be displayed in an intuitive fashion on the screen, and sufficiently powerful to give accurate results. An extension of the discourse model, oriented to the treatment of deixis, is also proposed. Finally, steps toward an overall approach to the integration of navigational and mediated aspects of interaction are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00047
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Simulated Annealing and the Generation of the Objective Function: A Model of Learning During Problem Solving (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: A computational model of problem solving based on significant aspects of human problem solving is introduced. It is observed that during problem solving humans often start searching more or less randomly, becoming more deterministic over time as they learn more about the problem. This two-phase aspect of problem-solving behavior and its relation to learning is one of the important features this model accounts for. The model uses an accelerated simulated annealing technique as a search mechanism within a real-time dynamic programming-like framework upon a connected graph of neighboring problem states. The objective value of each node is adjusted as the model moves between nodes, learning more accurate values for the nodes and also compensating for misleading heuristic information as it does so. In this manner the model is shown to learn to more effectively solve isomorphs of the Balls and Boxes and Tower of Hanoi problems. The major issues investigated with the model are (a) whether such a simulated annealing-based model exhibits the kind of random-to-directed transition in behavior exhibited by people, and (b) whether the progressive discovery of the objective function, even when given very little or poor initial information, is a plausible method for representing the learning that occurs during problem solving and the knowledge that results from that learning.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00051
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Interpreting Presuppositions Using Active Logic: From Contexts to Utterances (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Presuppositionis a pervasive feature of human language. It involves many interesting interactions between the utterances of a discourse and the contextof the discourse. In this paper we focus on issues of logical form connected with the interaction of presupposition and discourse context, and illustrate our theory with some implementational work using the active logicframework. After reviewing some of the major issues in presupposition theory we turn to a largely successful unified approach of Heim. We show how the main principles of this theory can be implemented in active logic. But we also find two serious difficulties. These consist in (a) a straightforward counterexample and (b) a type of discourse that we call a garden-path discourse. We maintain that both the counterexample and the garden-path type of discourse can be handled by our active-logic version of Heim's theory. This requires us to reformulate and extend Heim's theorey. Although this work is largely theoretical, both Heim's theory and ours have important things to say about the incremental processing of the utterances that make up discourse. And we present our theory as a specification of a processing device that takes logical form of a sentence along with current discourse context as input and delivers an updated discourse context as output. As an experiment, we have implemented portions of this device.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00044
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Formal Model for Experience–Aided Diagnosis (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: This paper presents a novel approach to model–based diagnosis. The approach addresses the two main problems that have prevented model–based diagnostic techniques from being widely used: computational complexity of abduction and inadequacies of device models. A model for automated diagnosis is defined that combines (1) deduction to rule out hypotheses, (2) abduction to generate hypotheses, and (3) induction to recall past experiences and account for potential errors in the device models. A review of the three forms of inference is provided, as well as a detailed analysis of the relationship between case–based reasoning and induction. The proposed model for diagnosis is used to characterize diagnostic errors and relate them to different types of errors in the device models. Experimental results are then described and used to assert the practicality and the usefulness of the approach. The model presented in this paper yields a practical method for solving hard diagnostic problems at a reasonable computational cost and provides a theoretical basis for overcoming the problem of partially incorrect device models.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00038
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Combinatorial Semantics: Semantics for Frequent Validity (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: In ordinary first–order logic, a valid inference in a language L is one in which the conclusion is true in every model of the language in which the premises are true. To accommodate inductive/uncertain/probabilistic/nonmonotonic inference, we weaken that demand to the demand that the conclusion be true in a large proportion of the models in which the relevant premises are true. More generally, we say that an inference is [p,q] valid if its conclusion is true in a proportion lying between p and q of those models in which the relevant premises are true. If we include a statistical variable binding operator “%” in our language, there are many quite general (and useful) things we can say about uncertain validity. A surprising result is that some of these things may conflict with Bayesian conditionalization.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00039
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Determining Prepositional Attachment, Prepositional Meaning, Verb Meaning, and Thematic Roles (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: An algorithm for semantic interpretation that integrates the determination of the meaning of verbs, the attachment and meaning of prepositions, and the determination of thematic roles is presented. The parser does not resolve structural ambiguity, which is solely the task of the semantic interpreter. Lexical semantic information about nouns and verbs is applied to the resolution of verb polysemy and modifier attachment. Semantic interpretation is centered on the representation of the meaning of the verb, called verbal concept. Verbal concepts are organized into a classification hierarchy. As long as the meaning of the verb remains unknown, parsing proceeds on a syntactic basis. Once the meaning of the verb is recognized, the semantic component makes sense of the syntactic relations built so far by the parser and of those still to be parsed. The algorithm has been implemented and tested on real–world texts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00032
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Introduction to the Special Issue on Context in Natural Language Processing (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00041
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reasoning with Intensional Negative Adjectivals: Semantics, Pragmatics, and Context (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Intensional negative adjectives alleged, artificial, fake, false, former, and toyare unusual adjectives that depending on context may or may not be restricting functions. A formal theory of their semantics, pragmatics, and context that uniformly accounts for their complex mathematical and computational characteristics and captures some peculiarities of individual adjectives is presented.Such adjectives are formalized as new concept builders, negation-like functions that operate on the values of intensional properties of the concepts denoted by their arguments and yield new concepts whose intensional properties have values consistent with the negation of the old values. Understanding these new concepts involves semantics, pragmatics and context-dependency of natural language. It is argued that intensional negative adjectives can be viewed as a special-purpose, weaker, conntext-dependent negationin natural language. The theory explains and predicts many inferences licensed by expressions involving such adjectives. Implementation of sample examples demonstrates its computational feasibility. Computation of context-dependent interpretation is discussed.The theory allows one to enhance a knowledge representation system with similar concept building, negation-like, context-dependent functions, the availability of which appears to be a distinct characteristic of natural languages.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00043
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    What Should Default Reasoning be, by Default? (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: This is a position paper concerning the role of empirical studies of human default reasoning in the formalization of AI theories of default reasoning. We note that AI motivates its theoretical enterprise by reference to human skill at default reasoning, but that the actual research does not make any use of this sort of information and instead relies on intuitions of individual investigators. We discuss two reasons theorists might not consider human performance relevant to formalizing default reasoning: (a) that intuitions are sufficient to describe a model, and (b) that human performance in this arena is irrelevant to a competence model of the phenomenon. We provide arguments against both these reasons. We then bring forward three further considerations against the use of intuitions in this arena: (a) it leads to an unawareness of predicate ambiguity, (b) it presumes an understanding of ordinary language statements of typicality, and (c) it is similar to discredited views in other fields. We advocate empirical investigation of the range of human phenomena that intuitively embody default reasoning. Gathering such information would provide data with which to generate formal default theories and against which to test the claims of proposed theories. Our position is that such data are the very phenomena that default theories are supposed to explain.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00037
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Discounted Reinforcement Learning Does Not Scale (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Currently popular reinforcement learning methods are based on estimating value functions that indicate the long–term value of each problem state. In many domains, such as those traditionally studied in AI planning research, the size of state spaces precludes the individual storage of state value estimates. Consequently, most practical implementations of reinforcement learning methods have stored value functions using generalizing function approximators, with mixed results. We analyze the effects of approximation error on the performance of goal–based tasks, revealing potentially severe scaling difficulties. Empirical evidence is presented that suggests when difficulties are likely to occur and explains some of the widely differing results reported in the literature.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00035
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Use of Situation Theory in Context Modeling (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: At the heart of natural language processing is the understanding of context dependent meanings. This paper presents a preliminary model of formal contexts based on situation theory. It also gives a worked-out example to show the use of contexts in lifting, i.e., how propositions holding in a particular context transform when they are moved to another context. This is useful in NLP applications where preserving meaning is a desideratum.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00046
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    In need of support: the academic help desk (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 14 (1997), S. 120-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: The help desk and user support industry has, over the last ten years, risen to prominence as one of the most important areas of the IT and customer services industry. However, it has also become clear that not all help desks have the same requirements, and help desks operating in academic environments find themselves with distinct circumstances and problems. Drawing on research published by the author, and a comprehensive review of recent literature and input from practitioners, addresses these issues which distinguish the help desk in academia. Also finds that it often suffers from difficulty in defining its role and obtaining resources, examines how some institutions have successfully tackled these problems and offers some suggestions for strategies, future developments and sources of expert advice.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749710194510
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Australian academic use of the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 85-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: It is widely assumed - and frequently asserted - that university communication practices are being radically transformed by the introduction of electronic communication. Explores the introduction of Internet access in a single university, the University of Canberra, located in the capital city of Australia. The prime objective was to identify the frequency and type of use that academic staff were making of the Internet during 1995, with supplementary objectives being to record perceptions of users toward the Internet, and barriers to its effective use. The principal finding is not unexpected: academics were making very varied use of the Internet. Some staff were utilizing some facilities on a daily basis; others were yet to begin exploring this new communication medium. A particular surprise was that at the time of this survey the Internet was being used very little for teaching.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710165217
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Internet in the context of cross-cultural management (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 189-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Documents the sequence of steps taken in setting up a cross-cultural management course, and making extensive use of the Internet to add to the reality of the experience for fourth-year and MBA students who, like most university students, have access to the Internet, a communication medium that allows inexpensive contact with other cultures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710171823
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Motivations for and barriers to Internet usage: results of a national public opinion survey (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 170-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Analyzes a national random telephone survey, carried out in October 1995, on the motivations for and barriers to Internet usage. Eight percent of the random sample reported being Internet users, while surprisingly another 8 percent reported being former users. In total, 85 percent of respondents reported having heard of the Internet. The survey showed evidence of a digital divide, Internet users being generally wealthier and more highly educated, and blacks and Hispanics disproportionately unaware of the Internet. Social and work networks appear to be important for stimulating interest in the Internet and providing users with support. As to reasons for using the Internet, socio-personal development appears to be the key driver, while nonusers have a decidedly different set of beliefs about the Internet's value. As to the barriers to Internet usage, even experienced users find it difficult to get started, which confirms other studies of this topic. Barriers include cost and difficulties in understanding how to use the Internet. Concludes that the results of the survey indicate that people strongly desire an easier-to-use Internet.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710171814
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Business use of the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 195-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Examines current and planned practices and the major benefits of communication-intensive information system applications. The Internet, once a government-controlled, tax-supported endeavor, is no longer restricted to noncommercial traffic. Contends that business use of the Internet has grown rapidly over the last several years, yet information technology managers still struggle to evaluate the contribution of this new technology in their organizations. Surveys were sent to a random selection of 500 companies to analyze current use and impact of the Internet in a business setting. Reports on the variety of expected values to be derived from use of the Internet indicated by respondents.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710171832
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cyberspace pornography: problems with enforcement (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 201-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Considers that, in addition to all the positive attributes of the Internet, negatives are bound to emerge. Negative influences include the ability of children to access information that is not suitable for their age and the absence of laws or legal legislation to limit this access to the material. Laws are in existence prohibiting young people under the age of 18 years from accessing sexually explicit or sexually deviant materials. The problem with the Internet is the fact that there is no sanction limiting people from posting material of this kind. Warns that as an increasing number of children get online, solutions to these controversial issues must be discussed openly.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710171841
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Approaches for resolving dynamic IP addressing (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 208-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Knowledge of the Internet Protocol (IP) address is essential for connection establishment in certain classes of synchronous distributed applications, such as Internet telephony and video-conferencing systems. A problem of dynamic IP addressing arises when the connection to the Internet is through an Internet service provider, since the IP address is dynamically allocated only at connection time. Proposes and draws a contrast between a number of generic methods that can be classified as online and offline methods for the resolution of dynamic IP addressing. Online methods, which include the World Wide Web, exchange server and the dynamic Domain Name System, are only effective when both the caller and recipient are logged on to the Internet. On the other hand, offline methods, which include electronic mailing and directory service look-up, provide an additional means to allow the caller to leave messages when the recipient is not logged on to the Internet. Of these methods, the dynamic Domain Name System and directory service look-up appear to be the best for resolving dynamic IP addressing.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710171850
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The real world and virtual worlds (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 246-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Discusses some of the limitations of virtual reality (VR) with reference to socio-technical systems - the interaction of people with technology. Argues that VR has potential applications but that these applications may prove to be more limited than some proponents would suggest. Points to a significant opportunity for VR technology to be used in strategic partnership marketing and supply chain management.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710187240
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The use of the Internet for business: the experience of early adopters in Singapore (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 217-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Focuses on business firms in Singapore, identifying the industries in which the Internet is being used for business. These firms are early adopters in the local environment where use of the Internet for business is a new phenomenon still, and they provide information about their Internet experience in terms of their use, perceptions, and the problems encountered. Finds that companies in seven major industries lead in the business use of the Internet in Singapore: computer and information technology; hospitality; manufacturing; travel; retail; publications; and banking and finance. Most of the survey respondents use the Internet for marketing and advertising, customer service and support, information gathering, and, to a lesser degree, electronic transactions. The respondents' perception of the attributes of the Internet are largely positive. The problems encountered by the respondents include difficulty in locating information, rising costs of Internet use, and security.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710171869
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The base delta principle (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 329-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Proposes a system in which the information superhighway can be built, maintained and routinely upgraded by the efforts of multitudes of small scale servers looking after only their own individual economic interests. Each server will be classified as either a "parasitic" server or an "integrated" server. At a given band-width level, integrated servers are equal to each other in their network, but parasitic servers will be functionally dependent on their integrated parent servers to which they must pay a fee. Although it is initially cheaper to open a parasitic server, economic incentive will motivate owners of parasitic servers to make their servers integrated. The primeval seed of this network will be a structure composed of three servers arranged in a triangle called the "base delta." The first integrated servers will be connected to each of the three base delta servers. Later, servers will have to be connected to at least three other integrated servers to qualify as integrated servers. Each base delta will have a territory extending from it that, when intermeshed with other base delta territories, will become "integrated" base delta territories. All integrated servers within integrated base delta territories are equal to each other in function. The aim is to motivate the owners of independent small-scale servers in such a way as to cover the globe with integrated base delta territories.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710187150
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  • 49
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    Digitale Medien
    Library OPACS on the Web: finding and describing directories (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 337-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Several articles in the journal Campus-Wide Information Systems have been devoted to describing the different directories which link to library catalogs on the Internet and the World Wide Web. Some of the directories reviewed in this ongoing series on OPACs were Hytelnet and Libgopher for telnet based catalogs as well as WebCats, Libweb, LC Z39.50 Gateway and the WWW Library Directory-Framed Edition for the web-based OPACs. Gives current descriptions of some of the major directories; namely, LibWeb and WWW Library Directory which list and link to library homepages as well as Hytelnet and WebCats which are devoted to listing and linking to the library OPACs. In addition, summarizes the techniques used in finding new directories.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710187358
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identifying user-based criteria for Web pages (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 252-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Reports on Phase I of a two-part project to identify and implement user-based design criteria in World Wide Web pages. The purpose of the identification phase (Phase I) is to identify the criteria that influence a particular user community's use of the Web and to analyze these within the context of the users' overall information-gathering behavior. Data were gathered through a questionnaire and electronic focus group session with nine faculty from four business schools. Participants identified 49 Web page features which clustered into eight broad categories of criteria having a significant positive or negative impact on their use of WWW pages. They also identified types of information normally used in work activities; methods of finding this information within the current information service environment; likely changes in behavior if the information became available via the Web, including willingness to pay.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710187141
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mozart versus Minsky: information bias on the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Notes that until the advent of the Internet, major libraries and text repositories were considered by all as bastions of information, but the Internet has opened up a treasure-trove of information for researchers and seekers of knowledge throughout the world. It has become common practice by researchers of all kinds to turn to the Internet as a convenient source of information. Asks how effectively does the Internet really present these researchers with a representative picture of the state of human knowledge? Identifies the potential misuse of the Internet as a source of biased information. Defines biased information as information not representative of the state of human knowledge. In order to provide a basis for comparison, begins by defining the concept of a representative subset, which is used as a basis for comparing the nature of different information resources. This is followed by a presentation of the use of the knowledge-comparison function in evaluating different information resources. Then discusses the significance of information equivalence in the information age as a basis for setting concrete goals for Internet research policy. Concludes by presenting a number of courses of action including a description of X-DEX, an Internet indexing standard based on the US Library of Congress cross-reference system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710187259
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Creating common knowledge: school networking in an urban setting (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 274-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Describes a project currently under way in the Pittsburgh Public Schools seeking to develop new environments for teaching and learning using the technology of wide area computer networks. The history of this project offers lessons for other school districts which might wish to develop similar resources for their own use. Extracts a set of guidelines that can be followed by these other school districts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710187277
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  • 53
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    Digitale Medien
    Visits, hits, caching and counting on the World Wide Web: old wine in new bottles? (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 5-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Explores the problems of "counting" hits and visits to Web sites on the World Wide Web. Nominally, cyberspace offers unrivalled monitoring and tracking potential when compared with other marketing media. However, further inspection reveals some complicating factors. Identifies the phenomenon of cache memory, the use of proxy servers and trawler software and explores their influence on under- and over-counting. Drawing on the hierarchy of effects model developed by Berthon et al. (1996), presents a series of correction factors. Concludes that the problem of accurate counting on the Web is a new manifestation of an old problem: old wine in new bottles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159791
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  • 54
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    Digitale Medien
    Censorship on the information highway (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 59-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Provides summaries of the arguments of two contributors to The Australian, debating the case for and against censorship on the Internet network.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710799016
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Balance or bias? Information selection for the researcher (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Argues that the growing availability of information, especially from electronic sources, offers both potential and problems for the researcher. Increasingly, information has become a commodity, commissioned for a specific purpose and shaped to fit the needs of the commissioner. It follows that user requirements will dictate not just the research remit (what information to collect) but also the selection criteria (why the information is needed). Establishing why information is needed is an integral step in deciding on the particular focus or slant that any search strategy, and subsequent information analysis, must take. A comprehensive, or indeed a balanced, collection of information may be neither necessary nor desirable. End-users may only require information that will support their information need. Choice of information sources will also be governed by these information needs, and their selection is a vital factor in the provision of useful, relevant information and its successful communication to the end-user.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159863
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  • 56
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    Digitale Medien
    Computer abuse: vandalizing the information society (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Examines the damaging effects that malicious computer abuse, such as hacking and viruses, can have on the development of an information-based society. Computing and telecommunications technologies are a key ingredient in the realization of this society, but are increasingly the targets of criminals and mischief makers. Highlights the apparent escalation in computer-abuse incidents, as illustrated by a number of recent surveys, and examines the effects that these may have on the public perception of technology (and, hence, the smooth transition to the information society). Also presents some broad recommendations regarding what can be done to address the problem. This considers both technical measures to help safeguard systems and revised attitudes to computer abuse, to insure that incidents can be dealt with more effectively.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159872
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  • 57
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    Digitale Medien
    Security considerations of doing business via the Internet: cautions to be considered (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Looks at the growth and potential of the Internet in relation to security issues. Presently, lack of security is perceived as a major roadblock to doing business on-line. Risks of system corruption, fraud, theft and viruses point companies to the need for enhanced security. Investigates the importance of securing a company's systems, its individual users, and its commercial transactions, and provides a checklist along with a brief discussion of available protection measures for these three primary security concerns.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159809
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  • 58
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    Digitale Medien
    The information society and the Church (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 16-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Discusses the (primarily Catholic) Church in the "information society," and explores the nature of communications in this context, and specifically the Internet. Suggests that the Church must embrace today's communications media and leverage its position as social and ethical advisor and counselor within the primarily capitalist social systems within which it operates. Sees the Internet as morally neutral technology, able to be utilized as a force for good or bad, education, propaganda and entertainment, and challenges the Church to embrace its utilization.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159818
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  • 59
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    Digitale Medien
    A view through the glass: aquariums on the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Aquariums include exhibits and enclosures of freshwater and marine plant and animal species. Notes that a rapid expansion in the number of aquariums has occurred over the last ten years and in addition the complexity of exhibits and activities is also expanding in an aquarium "explosion." Points out that increasing interest in the environment and in marine life has led to significant economic success for aquariums. This is part of a trend in "entertainment and recreation involving animals" which also includes theme parks and zoos. Similar in many ways to museums and galleries, aquariums display species within restricted conditions. Lists various Internet addresses of aquariums using the Internet to take advantage of presentation techniques and wider audiences.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159827
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  • 60
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    Digitale Medien
    Brussels and the global information society (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 43-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Considers the correct role of the European Commission in the light of its dependency on information from all European Union institutions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159845
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  • 61
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    Digitale Medien
    Netiquette (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Netiquette is derived by merging the words network and etiquette. More specifically the term netiquette has been described as the conventions of politeness recognized on Usenet and in mailing lists. In the context of the new Internet global culture, attempts are being made to identify common standards of etiquette. Literally hundreds of specific netiquette suggestions are published. Identifies the following most frequently cited specific suggestions for online users: think first; write in upper and lower case; avoid abbreviations; be concise; avoid smileys; don't flame; don't take offense easily; don't evangelize; and know the audience. Netiquette breaches do not always bring retribution. Most breaches of politeness and courtesy may do no more than reflect poorly on the individual user. One who knows the rules of this new culture may well have an advantage over one who does not.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710187268
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Who is going online? Results from the National Capital FreeNet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 305-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: The National Capital FreeNet (NCF) in Ottawa, Canada is one of the largest and most successful community online services in the world. A sample of 1,073 National Capital FreeNet (NCF) users were surveyed about their demographic characteristics, their access methods, and their levels of satisfaction. The results indicate that NCF users are not a specialized group in the community, but are comparable to the local regional population in age, education, and income. NCF users most often connect from home using modems, often using equipment and telephone lines purchased specifically for this service. NCF users connect to the system regularly, and usage of the system was not strongly related to demographic factors. NCF users are very satisfied with the system and satisfaction and donations were not strongly related to demographic factors or use of the system. These results suggest that this community network has a broad appeal and that current and future online services may have significant widespread impacts on individuals and society.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710187303
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  • 63
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    Digitale Medien
    Internet implementation in Brazilian K-12 schools (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 301-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Internet is a real phenomenon. This technology is being spread out in all fields of our society, including education. But Internet does not come alone; a new modus operandi is being deployed in the productive segments of our world. Presents a framework to implement Internet in K-12 Brazilian Schools. Shows how to make Internet a pedagogical tool to leverage the cognitive skills of the pupils and to be an enabler to reengineering the productive processes within the schools. Outlines the main obstacles to implement Internet, considering the Brazilian educational scenario. Presents conclusions about the need of a new educational paradigm for the schools and how the Internet can be useful in defining it.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710187295
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Internet's information highway potential (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 287-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Examines the Internet's potential for becoming an information highway. Defines the information highway and the Internet. Describes the characteristics of an information highway. The concept of an information highway puts some requirements on the infrastructure. The users of an information highway, who are located in the residential and business environment, have their share of requirements as well, but they focus on the requirements put forward by the services or applications they will use on an information highway. Checks whether the Internet has implemented these properties and how, or if work is going on to develop them. The framework for this discussion is the TCP/IP reference model. Places some emphasis on the IP next generation protocol, IP version 6 (IPv6). Provides an overview showing all the properties with an indication of how well the posed requirements are met. Concludes that the Internet certainly has potential for becoming an information highway.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710187286
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  • 65
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    Digitale Medien
    RPC-News: a real-time, personalized, Chinese news system (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 320-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: With the speedy growth of information quantity, people need a mechanism to discover automatically the information that interests them. Such a mechanism is called selective dissemination of information (SDI). Describes the design and implementation of an SDI system with the ability of delivering real-time, personalized news articles. In addition to delivering English news, it delivers Chinese articles also. Focuses on the problems that other researches seldom address. First, discusses how to store and delete news articles efficiently, then describes the user model to let users specify their interests. Finally, presents an efficient method to embed the ability to deliver Chinese as well as English news articles in the system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710367736
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  • 66
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    Digitale Medien
    OCLC's role on the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 46-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Briefly describes the history of the Internet and OHIONET. Discusses OCLC's role and involvement in providing a comprehensive service nationwide. Covers OCLC's commitment to provide selected services to its members via the Internet, and details the advantages of this.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710798990
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  • 67
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    Digitale Medien
    World Thai Expert Link: a proposal in progress (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 32-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Proposes World Thai Expert Link (WorldTEL), to exploit new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), or telematics, as a main means of creating social groups and thus task-oriented workgroups in terms of motivational advantage and in a context of the psychology of interpersonal relations in a new geography of virtual space. Introduces the concept of "diaspora" communications in terms of the widespread distribution of special interest groups (e.g. experts, managers), highlighting related corporate communication issues, while concentrating on the Thai Expert diaspora. Touches on the critical philosophical issues and introduces a new relativity of space arising from the idea that, already, ICTs can enable spaces to move and people stay.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159836
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  • 68
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    Digitale Medien
    Online directories for library catalogs on the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 48-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Discusses two online directories, Hytelnet and Libgopher, which allow users to connect to a library catalog on the Internet.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159854
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  • 69
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    Digitale Medien
    Scholarly resources on the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 51-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Describes two categories of scholarly Internet resources: peer-reviewed electronic journals and academic discussion lists. Discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each in turn.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710799007
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  • 70
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    Digitale Medien
    Internet: the marketing challenge of the twentieth century (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: The Internet has evolved into a dynamic source of information as well as an extraordinary marketing tool that is able to reach nearly any user. The Internet phenomenon has become a source for gathering timely information and converting data into profitable results at a faster rate for many firms and individuals in this revolutionary era of the twentieth century. Participants of the economy from households to foreign markets have found this dynamic phenomenal system to be a way to reach the masses with a large percentage of the Earth's composite knowledge. Examines the revolutionary impact of the Internet on the discipline of marketing for the next decade and next century.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710165226
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  • 71
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    Digitale Medien
    A model for monitoring Web site effectiveness (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 109-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Presents a model which organizations can use to monitor Web site effectiveness. Argues that anecdotal evidence can be colorful but is not useful in structuring and managing an effective site. Suggests that traditional disciplines of composition and communication - explicit purpose, coherent structure, relevant conclusion - should be applied to Web site design. Concludes that customer feedback must be managed in a disciplined way, by ensuring that feedback is representative of the customer population as a whole, not just of those with a propensity to comment; and that the purpose and aims of a Web site must be thought through with the utmost care and attention to give a higher likelihood of creating an effective site.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710165244
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  • 72
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    Digitale Medien
    Internet: the ultimate reference tool? (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Analyzes the Internet as a reference tool based on its ability to provide rapid access to authoritative information or sources of information. Reveals that the Internet provides no comprehensive mechanism for identifying quality information. Bibliographic structure is also disparate, making it impossible to adopt a coherent strategy for identifying quality information. A unified service interface would help alleviate this problem. An analysis of the use of the Internet by academic librarians reveals that existing bibliographic structure is not used to best advantage. Simple strategies which would limit these deficiencies, such as the use of electronic mail, are not used. Suitable training, from an introductory to advanced level, would alleviate this problem. Suggests the use of an amended version of Benson's decision tree as a pedagogical tool. This model would help to decide when to use the Internet and suggest search paths for different question types.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710165235
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  • 73
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    Digitale Medien
    Real electronic commerce - smart cards on the superhighway (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 116-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Discusses "smart cards" as electronic cash carriers. Examines technological innovations such as the Mondex "electronic purse" in the UK, where card values can be topped up by telephone. Forecasts that in the next few years, physical cash will be replaced as a main medium for transactions by "e-cash," which is cheaper to manufacture, more portable, and more versatile.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710165253
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Financial services and the Internet - what does cyberspace mean for the financial services industry? (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 120-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Financial services is undergoing a period of unprecedented change - new products, new entrants, mergers and acquisitions, downsizing ... and now another new delivery channel: the Internet. The performance attributes of the Internet are related to both the needs of consumers and the nature of financial services products. Suggests loans, cross-border services, payments and "knowledge/advice" as areas of opportunity in the early development of this new marketplace. Explores scenarios for the future development of "bancassurer" offerings and for electronic commerce as a whole. Draws on some of Hyperion's recent experience in helping to launch electronic commerce services on the Internet, reengineering of financial institutions and electronic cash, to suggest approaches for organizations wishing to participate in this new "marketspace." While businesses can now begin to develop strategies for exploiting cyberspace, argues that existing organizational structures may be inappropriate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710165262
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Get linked or get lost: marketing strategy for the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Develops detailed marketing strategy recommendations for online commerce based on the general popularity of the Internet, the unique nature of doing business there, and how its attributes may be utilized for a successful marketing presence.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710171805
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Adult IT programs: a discourse on pedagogy strategy and the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 129-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Discusses strategies for implementing modern knowledge management curricula in academic programs for adult professionals. References the perspectives of multidisciplinary curricula covering information and society; multimedia and hypermedia; electronic information design and presentation; and infrastructure development and implementation. The analysis assumes the increasing involvement of highly trained professionals in adult education programs; the continuing growth of corporate universities in scope and breadth; the integration of corporate programs with traditional colleges and universities; and the increasing use of the Internet as a mechanism to coordinate, supplement, support, and integrate learning experiences. Advances historical and pedagogical methodologies as a means to provide perspective and structure for program development and future research. References an information technology (IT) program for mid-career information managers in Northern California and serving the high-technology area known as Silicon Valley.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710165271
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Against method-ism: Exploring the limits of method (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 10 (1997), S. 31-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik , Sociologie
    Notizen: Provides a critique of method-ism - the view that methodology is necessary and sufficient for information systems' development success; method-ism presupposes also that systems developers understand the value of methodology and will prefer to work with it rather than without it. Argues, against method-ism, that method flows from understanding, and not the reverse. Hence method cannot be a substitute for understanding. Discusses the way in which humans tend to interact with the world by means of ready-to-hand tools, using the ideas of Heidegger and Ihde. Shows that tools are used only if available (ready-to-hand) in the world of doing. If a methodology is not ready-to-hand, it will break down and be ignored in the pragmatics of getting the job done. Presents a number of arguments why methodologies by design will tend to break down (not be ready-to-hand) and hence be discarded.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849710166147
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The impact of gender on career success of information systems professionals: A human-capital perspective (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 10 (1997), S. 63-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik , Sociologie
    Notizen: Recent projections by social scientists indicate that by the year 2000 almost half the work force will be comprised of women. Information systems (IS) literature reports that women are underrepresented: only about one-third of IS employees are female. This may suggest that IS women professionals may be engaging in practices that restrict their entry, promotion and retention. Attempts to examine the career success outcomes of men and women in IS using the human-capital paradigm. Presents results, based on the survey responses of about 348 employees in the IS field, which suggest that significant gender differences exist. For instance, women were found, on average, to be somewhat younger and less experienced then were men in lower-level positions and to receive lower salaries than do men even when age, work experience and job level were controlled. Moreover, women have fewer opportunities to interact with people outside their departmental boundaries. Discusses the relevance of these results and presents viable options for fostering the careers and improving the retention of women in the IS field.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849710166165
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The truth is out there: the search for emancipatory principles in information systems design (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 10 (1997), S. 187-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik , Sociologie
    Notizen: Examines how information systems design may enable progress towards the "ideal speech situation" where free and undistorted communication between equally empowered agents may take place and result in a consensus that has been rationally negotiated. Considers the assumptions of several current information systems design proposals which claim to encourage social reflexivity among the design participants. Develops an analysis of whether or not a systems based solution may be developed which is truly emancipatory for the individual living and working within an organization.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849710178207
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A soft system approach in introducing information technology: A case study of an international broadcasting programme in Japan (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 10 (1997), S. 275-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik , Sociologie
    Notizen: Examines the use of the soft systems approach in introducing information technology for an international broadcasting programme. International broadcasting is an important system for transferring knowledge to people in diverse regions. Presents the soft systems methodology in a case example on how the news programme production of an international broadcasting organization in Japan deploys IT. Suggests that any IT deployment should consider the perspectives of IT beneficiaries, IT users, as well as the IT owners. Therefore, all relevant people must be included in the audience of the broadcasts in diverse regions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849710194669
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Adoption versus abandonment of CASE tools: lessons from two organizations (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 10 (1997), S. 316-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik , Sociologie
    Notizen: In recent years, computer-aided software engineering tools (CASE) have emerged to provide automation support to the software development process. Such automation is a revolutionary progress which promises dramatic improvement in software quality and productivity. However, despite such promises, CASE tools have not proved to be effective in some organizations owing to the fact that far fewer efforts are expended by organizations on evaluation for selection and introduction of appropriate CASE tools. Proposes a conceptual model on CASE environment that is assembled from two distinct but related processes : "CASE selection" and "CASE adoption". Further argues that CASE adoption process will be affected if an organization fails to select appropriate CASE tools. Therefore, the success of CASE adoption is very much dependent on the process of CASE selection. Moreover, there is also a possibility that even a suitable CASE tool may not contribute positively, if it is not adopted systematically. Thus, if the CASE adoption fails then a CASE environment would not function. Against this background, cites two case studies describing the experiences of two organizations that adopted a particular brand of front-end CASE tool. One organization was successful in introducing the tool, and experienced considerable improvement in quality and productivity. Conversely, the same CASE tool failed to achieve its purpose in another organization. In the light of the model, further describes why and how CASE failed in one organization, and was considered successful in another. Finally, also highlights the lessons learned from their experiences.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849710194696
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The telecommuting paradox (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 10 (1997), S. 164-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik , Sociologie
    Notizen: Despite advances in information technology, telecommuting, or work away from the workplace (at home, on the road, etc.) via low-bandwidth telephone lines, remains an inhibited phenomenon. High bandwidth communication available at the workplace, on the other hand, enables members of virtual teams to collaborate with peers and share information and knowledge despite being dispersed at several work locations. Members of virtual teams thus substitute real proximity to information resources and to knowledgeable peers with virtual proximity and are better positioned for effective group collaboration than telecommuters. The "telecommuting paradox" is that, despite enormous improvements in IT, the prevalence of telecommuting is lower than expected. In an attempt to shed light on the paradox, focuses on the infrastructural factors that have affected telecommuting throughout its history.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849710175002
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Augmenting group sense making in ill-defined, emerging situations: Experiences, lessons learned and issues for future development (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 10 (1997), S. 241-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik , Sociologie
    Notizen: Describes how, in ill-defined, emerging situations, team members struggle to make sense of the situation, react to stimuli from the external environment, and interact with each other and human artefacts to develop an interpretation of the environment. Presents a general model of this process, lessons derived from experiences in trying to support it, and issues for future development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849710178216
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The relationship between information technology and corporate financial reporting (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 10 (1997), S. 11-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik , Sociologie
    Notizen: Argues that previous evaluative studies of the impact of information technology (IT) on accounting have focused too much on accountants, and thus have largely neglected broader social and organizational issues. Adopting a contingency perspective, investigates the relationship between IT and corporate financial reporting through the analysis of responses to a postal questionnaire survey of 1,515 UK public companies. Finds that IT use is associated more with internal reporting change (IRC) than with external reporting change (ERC), implying that IT use may have enlarged the information asymmetry between internal and external users. The association between IT use and IRC is found to be stronger in smaller companies than in large ones; and the correlation between IT use and ERC is found to vary depending on the existence of a management compensation plan, and to be conditional on the level of gearing. Discusses the implications of these findings.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849710166138
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    National cultural differences in theory and practice: Evaluating Hofstede's national cultural framework (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 10 (1997), S. 132-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik , Sociologie
    Notizen: Examines the influence national culture has on the design of information systems through a comparative study of geographic information systems (GIS) design in the USA and Germany. Hofstede's (1980) dimensions of national culture provide the theoretical framework for this research. Applying Hofstede's dimensions, evaluates differences in the design documents and actual practice of design of King County, Washington, USA and Kreis (County) Osnabrück, Germany. The findings support Hofstede's characterization at the conceptual level of design documents, but indicate that the practice of design in the German county deviates considerably from Hofstede's characterization: whereas Germanic national cultural characteristics suggest a very regulated top-down design process, the actual practice of design in Kreis Osnabrück involves, in fact, a great deal of negotiations. They lead to the formalization of efforts and preparation of standards. These negotiations are obscured by the cultural emphasis on regulation, as Hofstede did indeed predict through high uncertainty avoidance. In comparison, the findings in King County support Hofstede's characterization that Anglo-American national culture involves negotiations at all stages of design. These findings lead to a reconsideration of Hofstede's national cultural dimensions. Formal design documents replicate national culture characteristics, obscuring the details of practice. Hofstede's national cultural dimensions provide a valuable framework, but the practice of design in both counties is ultimately a process of negotiation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849710174986
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    In cyberspace all they see is your words: A review of the relationship between body, behavior and identity drawn from the sociology of knowledge (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 10 (1997), S. 147-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik , Sociologie
    Notizen: Examines the claims that cyberspace allows individuals to create sustainable new identities. It examines these claims in relation to the ongoing argument about embodiment and information systems. Accepts that computer mediated communication changes the nature of the interaction by removing bodily cues from the process, but argues that creating new identities is not simply a case of using new words. Argues that the choice of words is the result of socialized learning into a particular role, a process that cannot be taught explicitly. Analyses an existing case study and highlights the limitations of playing with an identity into which one has not been socialized. Ends with a discussion of the implications of the ideas presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849710174995
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hidden agendas, power and managerial assumptions in information systems development: An ethnographic study (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 10 (1997), S. 224-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik , Sociologie
    Notizen: A number of researchers have drawn attention to the way in which information systems development is an inherently political activity. Using the critical social theory of Jurgen Habermas, discusses the development of an information system in mental health. Using critical ethnography, reveals otherwise hidden agendas, power and managerial assumptions to be deeply embedded in the project. Raises broader questions about the extent to which information systems can be seen as "colonizing mechanisms".
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849710178225
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    DSS and EIS applications in Taiwan (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 10 (1997), S. 303-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik , Sociologie
    Notizen: In the past several decades, Taiwanese companies have been successful in the world market. However, knowledge about how these firms use information technology is very limited. Investigates the application of decision support systems (DSS) and executive information systems (EIS) in Taiwan. Two mail surveys were conducted to explore who used the system, where the systems were applied, what decision models were used and reasons for not using these systems. The results indicate that: more than 20 per cent of the firms already used DSS or EIS and an additional 37 per cent had plans to adopt them shortly; 87 per cent of the firms considered DSS and EIS to be important to their competitiveness; middle- and lower-level managers were major DSS and EIS users; half of them used the system every day; the most troublesome problem in developing DSS/EIS was the difficulty in determining information requirements; and information aggregation and what-if analysis were major functions for decision support. Furthermore, quantitative models were employed only in large and old companies. The most popular models included linear programming, PERT/CPM, and regression analysis, whereas the most popular domains for application were finance and production management.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849710194687
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Supporting the social processes of software development (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 10 (1997), S. 46-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik , Sociologie
    Notizen: One key to improving team-based software development is to support the developers' ability to work together. Sets out one site's response to this challenge. Developers at this site have a facility, which we will call the "team room", allowing team members to work together. This is a computer-supported meeting room that arose from the voluntary, and reflective, efforts of software developers to make it easier for them to work together. The team room's popularity shows up in its extensive use for meetings and its acceptance as an integral part of software development at this site. When people use the team room, they work on a shared screen, making it easier to work together. Because they can work together, meetings become a time of work, not a pause between work sessions. Explains how these positive work outcomes have had some unexpected effects. For example, developers at this site now rely on room use to help deal with intra-group conflict, so that the team room has become a buffer to social interaction, serving as a conduit for action.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849710166156
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Customer-vendor co-operation (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 10 (1997), S. 205-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik , Sociologie
    Notizen: Illustrates a case story detailing the customer-vendor co-operation in a project concerning the beta test of hardware and software at a radiology department. A qualitative analysis of the project has unveiled that contextual conditions like the nature of the technology, the organizational structure at both the customer and the vendor side, the development strategy, and the project organization were very important forces during the project. Technologically, the project was more complex than usually was seen at the hospital because it concerned both biomedical and administrative aspects. Conflicting interests in particular on the part of the customer side as well as between the customer and the vendor affected the course of the project. Methodologically, the project lacked a proper strategy for the co-operative process. There was no formalized project organization which otherwise could have provided different conditions for the project.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849710178234
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    From low technology to high technology: a tale of two printing companies (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 10 (1997), S. 287-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik , Sociologie
    Notizen: Information technology (IT) is a powerful communication and computing tool in today's business environment. The role of IT in shaping business operations is a crucial one. IT can redesign and transform a low technology industry into a high technology industry. The printing and publishing industry is one such case. Two local printing companies in Singapore, namely Superskill Graphics and Xpress Print, had won the national IT awards in 1990 and 1994 respectively for their innovative use of IT. Aims to examine how both companies deploy IT to transform their printing processes from a low technology, labour-intensive environment with local clientele in the 1970s to a high technology environment with global clientele in the 1990s.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849710194678
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The interplay of information technology and the social milieu (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 10 (1997), S. 106-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik , Sociologie
    Notizen: Reviews the influence of Giddens' structuration theory on information technology and implementation studies, highlighting how the interaction between the technology and the wider social setting have often been neglected. Offers Giddens' conception of plural structural rules and resources as a possible framework for analyzing this interaction. Uses the proposed framework to analyze the introduction of computers into an agro-industrial organization in a less-developed country. Shows that different social and organizational conditions influence the process of IT implementation, but at the same time this process reinforces or transforms the structural configurations over time. Thus, highlights the role that IT plays in social setting transformation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849710174977
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Improving university processes through computer-mediated process redesign groups (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 14 (1997), S. 13-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Describes an action research study of a computer-mediated business process redesign (BPR) group in a New Zealand university. The BPR group used an integrated BPR framework, which comprises a group process methodology, called MetaProi, and an asynchronous groupware tool. BPR group members were from two different departments and successfully redesigned two course-related processes. Reveals some possible effects of computer mediation on BPR groups, namely: lower demand for leadership skills, much lower overall running cost, and much lower degree of interaction. No impact on the group effectiveness was observed. Also indicates that computer mediation lowers barriers to, and, in turn, fosters more interdepartmental communication. This favours the occurrence of new BPR groups involving different departments. On the other hand, indicates that those groups lead to more threats to management, which can lead to lack of support from managers for future BPR groups. Finally, suggests that strategic BPR groups, as opposed to those dealing with local operational issues, can better benefit from computer mediation when this is combined with face-to-face and other types of oral interaction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749710162452
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Library of Congress catalog (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 14 (1997), S. 27-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: The Library of Congress has one of the largest library collections in the world. Describes the catalog, which is available online on the World Wide Web.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749710162470
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Do techno-skeptics use on-campus e-mail? (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 14 (1997), S. 46-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Attempts to understand, via a questionnaire, students' attitudes towards electronic mail and to evaluate its effectiveness in student learning. Analyses the data and gives an interpretation of the results, discussing some of the issues raised.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749710168177
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    WWW Library Directory - Framed Edition (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 14 (1997), S. 54-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Briefly describes the WWW Library Directory - Framed Edition, a Web directory that can link up to Web pages of all types of libraries throughout the world. Illustrates how links are arranged and listed, and gives brief guidelines for libraries who want to use the facility to advertise their services.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749710168186
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Perish - on the World Wide Web (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 14 (1997), S. 24-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Describes the procedures and pitfalls of publishing on the Web: document creation; HTML formatting; CGI scripts; personal, shared and central servers; etc.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749710162461
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Technology and innovation with notebook computers (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 14 (1997), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Describes an initiative by two universities in North Dakota, USA, to implement an administrative partnership which was committed to lifelong learning and the sharing and development of resources. The collaboration involved the networking of computers using student notebook computers. Discusses the reasons for choosing notebook computers and presents the results of the initiative since the formation of the partnership.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749710168195
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Regional Web pages for OPACs: the New York State Electronic Doorway Library Network and British Library OPAC 97 (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 14 (1997), S. 75-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Briefly describes two regional Web sites which offer links to OPACs - the New York State Electronic Doorway Library Network and British Library OPAC 97.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749710187662
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Information technology in a university: a case study (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 14 (1997), S. 78-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Reports on a case study conducted at Fairfield University, USA, on the rapid increase in information technology implementation. The study replicated the work of Levy and extended it by examining aspects of the Internet, World Wide Web, and client/server computing. Survey instruments were the primary means of data collection, augmented by interviews and internal documents. The results show potentially large increases in expenditure ahead as users feel the need to use the new technology. Users, however rejected most of the listed sources of funds to pay for the increase in expenditure. Recommendations include more formal server capacity planning and configuration, and shorter information technology planning cycles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650749710187617
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
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