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  • Articles  (380)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1995-1999  (380)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
  • 1997  (380)
  • Economics  (336)
  • Physics  (44)
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  • Articles  (380)
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  • 1995-1999  (380)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer Simulations of Diffraction Effects due to Stacking Faults in β-SiC: I, Simulation Results (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 80 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns from nominally β-SiC specimens often differ from those expected for the cubic crystal structure. These differences include the presence of additional peaks, enhanced background intensities, peak broadening, changes in relative peak heights, and shifts in peak positions. It has long been recognized that they are due to the presence of stacking faults, and models relating the experimental observations to stacking fault population have continued to evolve. The presence and relative magnitude of these features vary among different β-SiC specimens. In this work, computer simulations were used to show that the variations are closely related to differences in the type and spatial distribution of stacking faults in each specimen. In these simulations, stacking sequences were generated using a selectively activated 1-D Ising model with a Boltzmann-type probability function for specifying errors, which allows a wide variety of fault configurations to be generated. Direct correlations between different features in the XRD data to the underlying fault population are demonstrated, which are discussed in this paper. It is also shown that this computer model is general, in the sense that many of the models presented in prior work can be interpreted as limiting cases of it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb03034.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Share Repurchases (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The UK government recently introduced legislation to treat the qualifying distribution on a repurchase of shares in the same way as ‘foreign income dividends’. This paper examines and criticises this reform from two perspectives. First, there is no underlying rationale for such an approach. Second, the legislation moves the tax system away from simplification. A better approach would have been to remove the advance corporation tax (ACT) charge on a repurchase. JEL classification: H25, K34.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1997.tb00261.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Housing Benefit and Financial Returns to Employment for Tenants in the Social Sector (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the impact of the UK housing benefit system on the financial returns to employment of people in local authority or Housing Association accommodation. It outlines the current structure of housing benefit and examines its effects on the returns to employment using data from the Family Expenditure Survey. It analyses the consequences of a number of reforms to the current system — lowering social rents, increasing the levels of housing benefit received in work and restricting the amount of rent covered by housing benefit payments. This analysis highlights the trade-offs involved in various strategies available for restructuring the present system. JEL classification: H3, H4, J3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1997.tb00253.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trends in Charitable Giving (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The charitable giving of UK households has changed considerably over the past 20 years. In particular, the proportion of households giving to charity fell by 5 percentage points between 1974 and 1993–94. An increase in the average size of donations meant that total voluntary income increased in real terms over the period, but, since 1988, voluntary income has stagnated. The greatest falls in the number of givers are among households in their twenties and thirties. There are clear trends in giving across households by age and income, with younger and poorer households tending to give less. But not only are today's younger households less likely to give than today's middle-aged households; they are also less likely to give than today's middle-aged households did when they were young. These generational trends in giving do not bode well for levels of voluntary income in the future. JEL classification: D12. D16.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1997.tb00272.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simplifying the Formal Structure of UK Income Tax (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The tax system in the UK has developed through numerous ad hoc changes to its structure. This has resulted in a situation where the way in which the tax system is described does not readily correspond to the marginal rate schedule actually faced by taxpayers. This paper outlines the connection between the formal description of the tax system and the marginal rate schedule faced by taxpayers. It argues that the operation of the tax system would be greatly clarified if it were described explicitly in terms of its marginal rate schedule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1997.tb00267.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Financial Markets, Ageing and Social Welfare (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper considers some of the economic impacts that demographic change may have in developed economies over the next fifty years. I focus on the role that financial markets might play in economies where the pressure on government-run unfunded pension systems is likely to rise. The role of unfunded schemes is considered in a world where financial markets are incomplete and important types of risk cannot easily be offset by trading. How demographic shifts might affect labour productivity, asset prices and aggregate output is investigated using a simulation model of an economy where population structure is changing. JEL classification: E21, E60, G10, H1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1997.tb00259.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Cost–Benefit Approach to the Evaluation of Regional Selective Assistance (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The ‘Green Book’ and the recent EGRUP report support exchequer cost per job as a key input in the ex-ante appraisal of individual applications for Regional Selective Assistance (RSA) and the ex-post evaluation of the RSA scheme as a whole. In this paper, following a recommendation in the House of Commons Trade and Industry Committee's report on regional policy, the merits of an alternative, explicitly cost-benefit, framework are outlined. This approach incorporates the administration and compliance costs of the subsidy, costs at present ignored in RSA evaluation studies. An optimal ex-ante appraisal rule is developed. This takes the form of a cost-per-job ceiling, and a representative value is calculated for this figure. JEL classification: H20.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1997.tb00254.x
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  • 8
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    DIVERGENT INEQUALITIES: THEORY AND EMPIRICAL RESULTS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Widely used summary measures of inequality or the idea of the “disappearing middle class” are potentially misleading. Divergences between evidence cited and conclusions drawn include failing to distinguish between the concepts of inequality and polarization, and using scalar “inequality” measures which are not consistent with rankings based on Lorenz curves. In addition, inappropriate claims about trends in inequality can arise from focusing on only a sub-population such as full-time male workers, and failing to account for sampling variability. These divergences are illustrated using Canadian data on labour incomes over the 1967 to 1994 period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00233.x
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  • 9
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    HOUSEHOLD SAVING AND PORTFOLIO CHANGE: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1983–89 SCF PANEL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There are few sources of high-quality data on the dynamics of wealth accumulation. This paper uses newly available data from the 1983 89 panel of the Survey of Consumer Finances to examine household saving and portfolio change over the 1980s. Our main findings are as follows. First, median household wealth rose modestly over the period. Second, while overall wealth inequality increased, households in the top 1 percent of the wealth distribution in 1983 saw their share of total wealth decline, probably reflecting turnover among the very wealthy. Third, although age, income, and initial wealth had significant effects in regressions on household saving, a large part of the variation in saving was unexplained. Finally, there were clear life-cycle patterns in the portfolios of assets and liabilities held by households, with younger households acquiring homes, businesses and all types of debts, and older households divesting themselves of these assets and debts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00232.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    PRIVATE INTERHOUSEHOLD TRANSFERS OF MONEY AND TIME: NEW EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There is a growing awareness that it is important to understand patterns of family assistance; however, there is still a great deal of information about private transfers that is not known. This study begins to fill this void by presenting results from a new survey and integrating these findings with evidence from recent studies that use other new data sets. It is found that: (i) a large share of households participate in private transfer networks, (ii) a greater amount of financial assistance is provided to lower income family members, (iii) altruism does not fully explain transfer behavior, and (iv) people in their 20s and 30s receive more assistance than people of other ages, even the very old.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00234.x
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  • 11
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    PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES IN U.S. MANUFACTURING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper we analyze the determinants of material inputs into individual production activities as a function of their outputs. We use observations on a large cross-section of U.S. manufacturing plants from the Census of Manufactures, including those that make goods primary to other industries, to study differences in production techniques. We find that in most cases material requirements do not depend on whether goods are made as primary products or as secondary products. We thus elucidate support for the commodity technology model as a useful working hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00235.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IMPLEMENTING THE REVISED SNA: RECOMMENDATIONS ON PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The 1993 SNA recommends chain volume indices over traditional fixed base indices as the principal measure of year-to-year volume movements in economic aggregates. Recognising, however, that “additive consistency” is important to many users, the SNA recommends that countries continue to compile traditional constant price data alongside the chain indices. In addition, the new international guidelines suggest a supply-use table framework for deriving indices. This paper considers how these demands can be met in practice. Particular attention is paid to deriving chain indices for industry value added within the same framework as that used for final demand components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00237.x
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  • 13
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    MODELING ON THE BASIS OF MODELS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A large part of official economic data sets is produced with the help of assumed functional relations between variables. Constructing economic models on the basis of such model-generated data results in a “modeling on the basis of the results of modeling.” This common procedure can lead to consequences that seriously endanger the quality of empirical analyses. After discussing some of these dangerous consequences the authors explore the reasons behind this development. To avoid some of the most severe difficulties a “Charter for Compilation and Correct Handling of Economic Data” is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00238.x
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  • 14
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    ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF AN AGING SOCIETY (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00239.x
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  • 15
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    ACCOUNTING FOR EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES IN THE CANADIAN SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS: FLOWS, STOCKS AND PRODUCTIVITY MEASURES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper shows that the Canadian System of National Accounts includes exhaustible resources but treats them as if they were produced goods. Thus, the claim that conventional accounts ignore the contribution of exhaustible natural resources is partly true. To fully account for exhaustible resources, we present an alternative national accounting framework that incorporates natural resource flows and stocks. The framework modifies the measure of the net domestic product by a factor that differs from the Hartwick-Solow-Weitzman rule and leads to different estimates of GDP, national wealth, and productivity growth. An application to the Canadian oil and gas industry shows order-of-magnitude effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00236.x
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  • 16
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    Announcements (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00240.x
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  • 17
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    CHILD SUPPORT IN THE U.S.: CAN FATHERS AFFORD TO PAY MORE? (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper presents up-to-date estimates of the ability of non-resident fathers to pay child support. While no nationally representative data exist on the incomes of fathers, this issue has become more pertinent in recent years, as child support has become an important national issue. We find that fathers on average are able to pay nearly five times more in child support than they currently pay, and also that low income fathers can afford to pay substantially more than they actually pay. We also find that changes in nonmarital childbearing and the returns to education have had only minimal effects on trends in fathers' incomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00219.x
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  • 18
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    PERSONAL SECTOR WEALTH IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1920–56 (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the United Kingdom there is a wide range of sources which make it possible to construct a series for components of personal wealth for the period 1920–56. The data are consistent with contemporary estimates produced for specific years in the 1920s and 1930s. They indicate that a stock-market boom and the effects of deflation and low interest rates on the nominal value of the national debt took the wealth/income ratio in the mid-1930s to a level not seen again until the housing boom of the 1980s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00221.x
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  • 19
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    LIFETIME INEQUALITY AND TAX PROGRESSIVITY WITH ALTERNATIVE INCOME CONCEPTS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The increased availability of cohort data and use of dynamic microsimulation models means that more attention is now being paid to longer term income concepts. Results are usually reported for only one income concept and a limited number of summary measures, and it is not clear whether results are influenced by the income concept used. This paper uses simulation methods to compare different approaches. For this purpose a very simple lifecycle earnings model was used to generate profiles of pre-tax incomes. Many comparisons were made using a flexible tax structure and four alternative income concepts. It was found that there was a substantial amount of agreement among the alternative concepts in making pairwise comparisons, with tentative support for the use of present values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00220.x
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  • 20
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    EQUIVALENCE SCALE SENSITIVITY OF POVERTY STATISTICS FOR THE MEMBER STATES OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Using microdata from Household Budget Surveys of the Member States of the European Community, this paper examines the sensitivity of poverty statistics with respect to the choice of the equivalence scale. The results show that the ranking of the countries with respect to the overall poverty incidence is hardly affected when different equivalence scales are used. However, the composition of the poor population shows considerable changes when e.g. subjective equivalence scales are used instead of the OECD equivalence scale. The poverty incidence among specific household groups, such as single elderly and households with children, is particularly sensitive to the choice of the equivalence scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00222.x
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  • 21
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    Announcements (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00225.x
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  • 22
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    THE TREND IN URBAN INCOME INEQUALITY IN TWO CHINESE PROVINCES, 1986–90 (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper discusses to what extent the economic growth in China in the 1980's has improved the economic well-being in urban regions of the provinces Sichuan and Liaoning and whether or not the economic growth has been attained at the cost of increased inequality. The study is based on individual household data from the State Statistical Bureau's Urban Household Survey during the 1986–90 period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00223.x
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  • 23
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    NEW GNP ESTIMATES FOR THE BELGIAN ECONOMY DURING THE INTERWAR PERIOD (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: New GNP estimates in current and constant prices for the Belgian economy in the interwar period are presented. The series are conceptually and methodologically consistent with the post-World War Ii data and cover both the income and expenditure approaches. The new estimates differ considerably from the data that have been published before, casting new light on our present understanding of Belgian economic growth in the 1920s and 1930s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00224.x
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  • 24
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    TRENDS IN INEQUALITY USING CONSUMPTION-EXPENDITURES: THE U.S. FROM 1960 TO 1993 (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: While much of the evidence suggests that there was an increase in inequality in the U.S. during the 1980s, the reasons are less evident. Using the U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey data, we find that the inequality of consumption-expenditures, as well as the inequality of other measures of resources, widened considerably during the 1980s. While previous studies suggest that increasing inequality is mainly due to increases in within group inequality, we show that by decomposing inequality by the interaction of family type and education almost three-fourths of the increase in inequality is accounted for by changes in inequality between groups and by shifts in the population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00211.x
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  • 25
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    A COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF ECONOMIC WELL-BEING FOR GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper, using six waves of data (1984-89) from the United States Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), compares economic well-being using single year income, multi-year income, and wealth as measures. We find inequality to be greater in the United States than in Germany regardless of the measure used. However, the relative degree of inequality varies across measures. When we disaggregate our data by age and gender categories, in general we find greater inequality in the United States, but wealth inequality among older Germans is greater than it is among older Americans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00212.x
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  • 26
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    VALUE AND INCOME IN THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AND ECONOMIC THEORY (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: National accounting concepts of value and income differ from their economic theoretic counterparts in two respects. Firstly, they are more precise in order to give concrete guidelines for measurement, e.g. with respect to the concept of capital formation and the treatment of taxes. Secondly, they are fundamentally different. Valuation in the national accounts is not forward-looking and not based on a notion of perfect competition. Similarly, concepts of income in the national accounts are not measures of net return to wealth or welfare and they do not intend to show income as a reward for some specific factors of production. The national accounts concepts of value and income are descriptive concepts that can only be well understood in view of the specific accounting framework to which they belong.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00213.x
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  • 27
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    FAMILY SAFETY NETS AND ECONOMIC TRANSITION: A STUDY OF WORKER HOUSEHOLDS IN POLAND (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Can Eastern European families most severely impoverished during the transition to capitalism rely on private family safety nets? This question is likely critical for the transition's success, but little is known about family networks in Eastern Europe. We analyze newly available Polish household surveys, conducted both before and after Poland's economic transition, which measure private inter-household transfers. Such transfers are large and widespread in Poland, and in many ways appear to function like means-tested public transfers. They flow from high to low-income households and are targeted to young couples, families with many children and those experiencing illness. Private transfer patterns also suggest that they are responsive to liquidity constraints. Our results from 1987 data indicate that private transfers could fill a non-trivial portion of the income gap left by unemployment. However, we also find evidence from 1992 data suggesting that family networks weakened somewhat after the transition.
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    TYPES OF INCOME AND INEQUALITY IN CHINA AT THE END OF THE 1980s (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Using a nationwide household income survey, different types of income in the People's Republic of China at the end of the 1980s is analysed. The results show that various income types play quite different roles in rural and urban areas. Subsistence income makes up about half of the total income in rural China. Money income makes up about two-thirds of total income in urban China and is the major contributor to inequality in the entire country. In kind income, of which highly subsidized housing is the single most important category, is highly concentrated in urban areas and contributes greatly to inequality.
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    IMPACT OF GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION ON POVERTY IN MADAGASCAR (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Poverty in Madagascar has increased between 1962 and 1980 both in the rural and urban areas based on a comparison of some poverty measures, but decreased based on others. However, it remains predominantly a rural phenomenon. Distributional inequality is the major determinant of the variation in rural poverty, while the changes in urban poverty are due to the lack of economic growth. Thus, the urban bias introduced in government policies in the mid-1970s was not justifiable on strictly poverty-reduction grounds. A reduction of sectoral disparities would have led to a significant reduction of aggregate poverty.
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    JOB CREATION AND DESTRUCTION (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    SECTORAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH AND PRICE-MARGINAL COST MARGINS IN THE INTERMEDIATE GOODS MARKET (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Models of aggregate productivity growth linked to sectoral models of production typically assume that all intermediate goods markets are perfectly competitive. An econometric analysis reveals that many intermediate goods markets exhibit transactions at prices quite different than marginal cost. Measures of productivity growth that ignore these market imperfections are biased. A measure of the actual magnitude of the bias that emerges under the assumption of equating price to marginal cost is constructed.
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    INCOME AND WEALTH OVER THE LIFE CYCLE EVIDENCE FROM PANEL DATA (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper we examine household wealth and income in the Netherlands using data from the Socio Economic Panel (SEP) in the period 1987–89. We provide an evaluation of the quality of the data and some simple statistics which describe the behavior of wealth, saving, and income over the life cycle. We find there is substantial heterogeneity in the behavior of households, and wealth holdings vary substantially even among the same age group. By exploiting the panel feature of the SEP, we derive saving from first differencing wealth. We find that a sizeable fraction of households do not dissave when old and we find some evidence in favor of the bequest motive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00198.x
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    A TAXONOMY OF MULTILATERAL METHODS FOR MAKING INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF PRICES AND QUANTITIES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A taxonomy of multilateral methods is developed. All the main methods are classified within the taxonomy. It is then shown that methods in the same class share many of the same properties. Therefore the taxonomy should help practitioners to appreciate the wide range of alternative methods for making international comparisons, the relationships between methods, and the relative strengths and weaknesses of each method.
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    NONCASH INCOME, EQUIVALENCE SCALES, AND THE MEASUREMENT OF ECONOMIC WELL-BEING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Little attention has been paid to the importance of consistency between the specifications of the income and the equivalence scales used in measuring economic well-being when noncash income is included in the definition of income. This article finds that inconsistency between the income and needs sides of a comparison can be important when some types of noncash income are included. An upward bias in the measured economic status of the aged when Medicare is included in income and an ordinary equivalence scale is used is presented as an example of the important effects of this consistency problem.
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    INTERNATIONAL AND INTERTEMPORAL COMPARISONS OF REAL PRODUCT IN OECD COUNTRIES A GROWTH SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper provides two new data sets for comparisons of real income in OECD countries. The first set provides adjusted real series for GDP and its components from 1960 to 1993 based on OECD 1990 purchasing power parities. The second set uses OECD PPP of different benchmark years, and interpolates these applying national price indices. Comparisons between both alternatives, Penn World Tahle Mark 5 (PWT 5) and its new version (PWT 5.6), in terms of economic growth and convergence, reveal some remarkable differences. Moreover, there are wider differences concerning the relative countries' position in GDP per capita ranking. Estimations of convergence equations based on OECD data yield a better fit than those obtained using PWT data, although there are also some significant differences between PWT 5 and PWT 5.6. Nevertheless, a very positive result is that other parameters of interest in these equations are not affected by the use of these different data sources.
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    THE OUTPUT OF THE SWEDISH EDUCATION SECTOR (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The output of the Swedish education sector is defined as the addition to lifetime incomes generated by the schooling system. Using cross-sectional information on wages, employment rates, working hours, school-participation and leisure time, all by years of schooling, we compute new output-based measures of the education sector. Measures that include and exclude leisure, and that are counted before and after taxes are computed for the years 1967, 1973, 1980 and 1990. Our most important conclusion is that the output-based measure differs so markedly from conventional input-based ones that a replacement of the latter with the former would change the picture of the overall performance of the Swedish economy over the period.
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    POVERTY POLICY IN LATIN AMERICA DURING THE 1980s (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00204.x
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    NOTICE OF AVAILABILITY OF BACK STOCK (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1997.tb00205.x
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    COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE TAX AND TRANSFER TREATMENT OF CHILDREN USING ADULT EQUIVALENCE SCALES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 43 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper estimates adult equivalence scales in the context of a nonlinear demand system using cross-section individual household data. It then evaluates the treatment of children under the tax allowance and child benefit systems on the basis of the estimated equivalence scales. The results suggest that a child benefit system allowing for economies of scale in the family is consistent with the cost of children implied by the notion of adult equivalence scale.
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    Inequality, Mobility and Income Distribution Comparisons (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the relationship between the cross-sectional and lifetime income distributions using a simple model of relative income mobility. It asks whether cross-sectional comparisons between countries can provide a good indication of lifetime inequality differences if income mobility is similar, and whether lifetime inequality increases by less than cross-sectional inequality if the latter increases as a result of higher mobility. Analytical and simulation methods are used to show that the answer to both questions is negative. Comparisons must allow for different types of mobility, the nature of the age-income profile and the age distribution in each country. JEL classification: D31.
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    The Effect of Tax-Based Savings Incentives on Government Revenue (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There is an unresolved debate on the effect of tax-based savings incentives on government revenue. The conventional wisdom on tax-assisted saving plans (TASPs) holds that they reduce public savings, but may raise national savings by stimulating private savings. Feldstein (1995) has challenged the view that TASPs reduce government revenue. According to Feldstein, ‘some of the increase in personal saving raises the corporate capital stock, and the return on this additional capital raises corporate tax payments’. When the additional corporate income tax revenue is taken into account, ‘the revenue loss associated with IRAs [Individual Retirement Accounts] either is much smaller than has generally been estimated or is actually a revenue gain’.This paper extends Feldstein's analysis to incorporate international considerations, differences in tax structures and alternative values for key parameters. We show that the result presented by Feldstein represents a special case that does not lead to broad generalisations. We also show that, under most conditions, the tenets of conventional wisdom that TASPs reduce government revenue are likely to hold, but that the magnitude of the effect may not be large. Finally, we suggest that the focus of research on the savings effects of TASPs is justifiable in a closed economy, where domestic savings affect domestic investment, but is not useful for policy development in small open economies. JEL classification: H2, H3, H6.
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    Consumption and Saving Behaviour: Modelling Recent Trends (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper illustrates recent trends in household consumption and personal savings in the UK and the US and discusses some theoretical models that can be used to interpret them. The trends in these two countries are interesting for several reasons. The decline in personal saving rates in the US during the 1980s is an unresolved puzzle. The corresponding variable in the UK has undergone large fluctuations, as have several other variables ranging from projected demographic trends to female labour supply. This paper stresses the need to analyse individual data to shed some light on these aggregate trends. It also stresses the need to have a sound structural model to interpret observed patterns in the data.The theoretical framework discussed throughout the paper is the life-cycle model, which views consumption and saving decisions as part of a dynamic optimisation process. The development of the model and the current research agenda and ways that it can be enriched with various degrees of sophistication are discussed. Particular attention is devoted to the discussion of the most recent developments. JEL classification Dl, E21.
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    Horizontal Equity and the Taxation of Employed and Self-Employed Workers (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The schedular system of income tax in the UK frequently comes under attack, not least in relation to the distinctions it draws between the tax treatment of the employed and the self-employed. However, on examination, it appears that non-schedular systems of taxation share both these distinctions and the difficulties that arise from them, albeit to varying degrees. The division between employed and self-employed is also problematic for social security systems. These difficulties are found, to a greater or lesser extent, in all the jurisdictions studied by the authors. It may be argued that all or some of the tax and social security differences are justified by fundamental economic and legal differences between the nature of employment and self-employment relationships. This may be true where the relationships compared are unambiguously, on the one hand, employment and, on the other, self-employment. However, there have always been non-standard relationships that combine characteristics of both these broad categories. This grey area appears to be increasing with changing work patterns. Consequently, the simple dichotomous system adopted by the UK tax and social security systems has come under pressure. This article considers the problems arising from this situation and some of the ideas that have been put forward to deal with them. JEL classification: H24, K34.
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    A Note from the Editors (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1997.tb00268.x
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    The Possibility of a British Earned Income Tax Credit (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The possibility of an earned income tax credit, based on the US model, is currently high up the British political agenda. This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of the current British system of in-work benefits, before reviewing the effectiveness of the US Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) scheme. The British and US systems are then directly compared in terms of the net income delivered and the effective tax rate (net benefit deduction rate). Although the evidence in favour of a US-style EITC is weak, two possible variants are considered. The paper concludes that the only future for an EITC is probably as a partial scheme, linked to the amalgamation of in-work and out-of-work benefits, which removes wage subsidisation from the sphere of social security by means of a semi-individualised tax credit. Even so, the same goals could be achieved through the benefit system. JEL classification: H24, I38.
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    European Pension Systems: A Simulation Analysis (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Pension systems in different countries vary widely in such aspects as the dependence of benefits on earlier labour income, the minimum permitted retirement age and limits on labour supply after retirement. This paper uses a simulation model of a rational, utility-maximising household facing the detailed pension provisions of eight European countries to study microeconomic distortions induced by the different rules and regulations. We examine in particular the impact on savings, labour supply, retirement age decisions and welfare. JEL classification: H55, J26, J65.
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    The Windfall Tax (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper analyses the windfall tax on the privatised utilities, introduced in the 1997 Budget. It describes the main arguments put forward for the tax and sets out the details of its scope, scale and method of implementation. The tax is examined against the guidelines of economic efficiency, fairness and administrative feasibility. A one-off tax based on past profits should be efficient, provided that the statement that it is one-off is credible. However, as a tax levied on companies, it does not directly tax the windfall gains that were made in the past by shareholders in the companies concerned. JEL classification: H25, L51, L98.
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    Low Income Dynamics in 1990s Britain (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper analyses low income dynamics in Britain using the first four waves of the British Household Panel Survey. There is much low income turnover: although there is a small group of people who are persistently poor, more striking is the relatively large number of low income escapers and entrants from one year to the next. Simulations using estimated low income exit and re-entry rates demonstrate the importance of repeated low income spells for explaining a person's experience of low income over a given period. We also document the characteristics of low income stayers, escapers and entrants.
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    Peculiar Institutions: A British Perspective on Tax Policy in the United States (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: By both effect and example, tax policy in the United States has a huge impact on the rest of the world. This paper explores five features of the American tax system that seem, from a British and European perspective, to be both especially peculiar and potentially instructive. These are: the remarkably low overall level of taxation; the absence of a value added tax (or any other general national tax on consumption); the absence of any explicit interstate equalisation; the marginal subsidisation of low earnings under the Earned Income Tax Credit; and the fragmentation of power in policymaking, an important aspect of which is the role played by the Constitution. JEL classification: H10, H20, H50, H70.
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    Wage Structures in the Private and Public Sectors in West Germany (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper, we investigate pay structures in the private and public sectors for West Germany. We commence by describing some basic features of the public sector. We use micro-data from the German Socio-Economic Panel for the years 1984–93 to analyse developments and differences in public and private sector wage distributions for both males and females. We break wages down into different education groups and age-groups, and use regressions to construct conditional wage differentials. Our results differ in many aspects from findings for the UK. For instance, we find that although mean wages are higher in the public sector for both males and females, conditional wages are higher in the private sector for all education groups for males, but higher in the public sector for females. JEL classification: J3.
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    A Comment on the Viability of the Allowance for Corporate Equity (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article, acknowledging the potentially important general attractions of the allowance for corporate equity (ACE), looks at some of its more specific implications.On corporate taxes, the article looks at questions about the implied revenue-neutral rate of corporation tax (and redistribution of the tax burden); the effects on cash flow of both government and companies; and what would become a crucially important charge on capital gains.On income tax, the article comments on the implications for self-employed earnings (and also, potentially, employees); for investment income and the logically accompanying EXPEP (extended personal equity plan); and therefore for inheritance tax.For international investment, the article notes that unless and until other countries adopt an ACE as the basis for harmonisation, the interaction of the ACE and existing taxes would not always be helpful for outward investment; and on some inward investment, if the most optimistic assumptions are not borne out, the effects could be rather bleak. JEL classification: H25, K34.
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    Binding Rulings (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: After a period of consultation, it has been decided that the Revenue should be empowered to issue legally-binding rulings in favour of taxpayers only where the relevant transaction has already taken place. This paper considers the reasons for having binding rulings, and argues that those reasons justify implementing pre- as well as post-transaction rulings. Additionally, it is contended that many of the more detailed aspects of the proposal warrant reconsideration in light of those underlying rationales. JEL classification: H20, K34.
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    Women, Men and the Redistribution of Income (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper explores the implications of examining the effect of policy changes on individual incomes rather than household incomes. Conceptual problems arise from the treatment of collective resources and responsibilities, particularly children. These are dealt with in a manner that is transparent with the aim of establishing a practical method of analysing policy at the individual (and gender-specific) level. Two policy-related issues are examined in this framework: the impact of a minimum wage and the effect of introducing a minimum pension guarantee. In each case, the implications of choosing the individual as the income unit are examined and analysis of the issue by gender is presented. JEL classification: C81, D31, H55, J16.
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    Editorial Announcement (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1997.tb00256.x
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    What Can America Learn from the British Tax System? (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines elements of British tax policy and discusses their implications for the US, where several recent proposals would mirror aspects of the British system. These include reducing filing requirements under the individual income tax, indexing capital gains for inflation, cutting mortgage interest deductions, enacting a value added tax, and integrating the corporate and personal income taxes. The paper also discusses implications of the poll tax for tax reform. Britain and America have made different choices involving equity, efficiency, simplicity and other goals. These choices offer the chance to help identify the impact of tax policy. JEL classification: H20.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1997.tb00269.x
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    Tax Law Improvement in Australia and the UK: The Need for a Strategy for Simplification (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 18 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In both Australia and the UK, programmes are under way to simplify tax legislation by rewriting it. This paper demonstrates that tax simplification is a complicated concept and concludes that sustainable improvement is unlikely to be achieved if reform is limited only to linguistic changes. Tax law is complicated because there are powerful pressures that tend to increase the complexity of modern tax systems and these should also be considered in any simplification programme. In addition, tax simplification may be promoted by the greater use of purposive legislation — that is, legislation drafted in terms of general principles rather than much more comprehensive legislation designed to deal with every likely possibility. The paper examines the progress of the Australian Tax Law Improvement Project and argues that what is needed is a strategy for tax simplification that is incorporated into the process of generating tax policy itself. JEL classification: H20.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1997.tb00273.x
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    Specialization in a Declining Industrial District (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Although flexible specialization is regarded as one of the hallmarks of industrial districts, its consequences for firm performance have not attracted much empirical attention. Using event-history data on a complete population of textile-clothing firms in Baden-Württemberg in the Reutlingen (Germany) district from 1946 to 1993, this paper tests the proposition that specialized firms have a survival advantage over more integrated firms. Logistic regression models of failure probabilities show that, contrary to predictions derived from the district model, horizontally and vertically integrated firms have outlived more specialized firms. This study demonstrates the importance of dynamic research designs that incorporate information on strategic differences in a complete population of district firms, observed over an extended time frame.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Nuclear Power Plants and Residential Housing Prices (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Nuclear power plants can theoretically influence property values through a number of different channels. The public perception of risk associated with the potential hazard from the operation of a nuclear reactor and the storage of nuclear waste may lead to lower bids on properties in close proximity to the plant. In contrast, workers at the plant may be less concerned with any potential hazards, and may actually value being in proximity to the workplace. Hence, one cannot a priori sign the distance gradient of homes in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant. In this study, a hedonic model coupled with geographic information system (GIS) techniques is used to estimate housing price surfaces around two nuclear power plants in California. The use of GIS software allows more potential influences to housing prices to be accurately incorporated than previously included in hedonic studies. Based on the evidence from the plants chosen, these findings do not support the contention that negative imagery surrounding nuclear power plants or stored nuclear waste has a significant detrimental influence on residential home prices in the immediate vicinity of these facilities.
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    The Influence of Plant Profitability on Plant Closures in Multi-locational Firms (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper explores the effect of plant profitability on the closure decision in multi-locational manufacturing firms where the firm is selecting between different sites undertaking similar production activities. The paper draws upon a new interview survey of large multi-locational manufacturing firms. Analysis of the interview data shows that plant profitability is the key to understanding only one-third to one-half of selective closures and that decisions taken by subsidiaries are more likely to rely on plant profitability measures than decisions taken at the corporate head office. In analyzing a regional economy, a poor level of plant profitability is indicative of a plant at risk of closure but the absence of such a characteristic is not necessarily an indication of an assured future for a plant.
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    Vacancy Dynamics and Labor Market Efficiency in the Dutch Labor Market (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper focuses on cyclical and regional variations in vacancy dynamics in labor markets with persistent imbalances between demand and supply. In particular the so-called matching approach is used to investigate labor market efficiency across regions and over the business cycle. In this matching approach the relationship between the flow of filled vacancies and regional stocks of unemployed job seekers and vacant jobs is specified in a “search production” function. The matching approach is applied to the Dutch labor market, which is characterized by strong disequilibria and persistent regional differences in unemployment and vacancy rates. To explore the development of these regional imbalances from a demand side perspective, the dynamic structure of regional data on vacancies is analyzed over the business cycle. The movements of vacancy duration and the change in the vacancy stock over time appear to be similar across Dutch regions. Moreover, an investigation of the structural causes of regional variations in vacancy duration via shift-share analysis makes clear that regional differences in sectoral composition of unfilled vacancies do not contribute to regional differences in vacancy duration in the period 1989–93. Estimation results of a matching model reveal that there are no region-specific differences in labor market efficiency to produce filled vacancies. The ratio of vacancies to unemployment appears to be the critical determinant of the matching process in the Dutch regions. Another general (non region-specific) finding is that the estimated labor market efficiency increases during recessionary and recovery periods while it decreases during an economic boom.
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    Industry and the Environment Introduction to the Special Issue (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00046
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    The Impact of NAFTA on Mexico's Environmental Policy (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A major controversy during the debate over the North American Free Trade Agreement focused on the impact of NAFTA on Mexico's environment. This paper examines the evidence of impact specifically on Mexico's environmental policy. Criteria of impact are developed, and comparisons made for three periods: before 1990 as the baseline period; 1990-93 when NAFTA was being negotiated; and beginning in 1994 when NAFTA came into effect. Much evidence indicates that Mexico's environmental policymaking and enforcement did improve in the early 1990s while NAFTA was being debated. Some evidence also suggests that the NAFTA-influenced environmental commitment was sustained during the 1995 financial crisis. Thus, it is concluded that NAFTA has contributed significantly to Mexico's environmental policy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00048
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    Solid Waste Recycling Behavior of Industrial-Commercial -Institutional Establishments (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper develops a model of the relationship between the solid waste recycling activities of industrial-commercial-institutional (ICI) firms and two sets of explanatory variables: characteristics of the firm and characteristics of the waste materials. The model is tested for six types of waste material (paper, paperboard, plastic, glass, wood, and metal) using logistic regression analysis and drawing on waste quantity and composition data collected from a sample of over 400 ICI firms in metropolitan Toronto. The percentage of firms recycling materials ranged from a high of 46 percent for paperboard to a low of 8 percent for plastics. In all of the models tested, quantity of waste material produced was found to be a significant explanatory variable in determining whether a firm will recycle that material. Other variables which were found to be significant in explaining recycling of some, but not all, material types were floor space of the firm, and type of economic activity. Despite theoretical support for its inclusion, employment was not found to be significant in any of the models.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00051
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    Integrating Econometric and Input-Output Models in a Multiregional Context (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper explores the extension of integrated econometric/input-output models from a single to a multiregional context. A number of methodological issues associated with existing treatments of extraregional relations in both traditional multiregional econometric models and the more recent single region integrated models are discussed. A series of new approaches are introduced that rely on the integration of econometric and input-output methods to specify extraregional linkages. A comparison of these alternative modeling approaches is undertaken using employment series for 5 regions in Southern California. The forecasting accuracies are evaluated in a series of out-of-sample forecasting experiments. The findings suggest that the forecasting performance of the multiregional extensions of the integrated approach is competitive with the performance of single region implementations. The performance of the alternative multiregional approaches is found to be relatively more sensitive to regionalization of the IO component and the level of industrial disaggregation than to the incorporation of distance in the specification of the multiregional linkages.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1997.tb00771.x
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    Environmental Regulation and International Sourcing Policies of Multinational Firms (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper explores the role of environmental factors in the contract-allocation decisions of European and North American multinational corporations (MNCs). Particular attention is given to the motivations and experiences of selected MNCs that have recently adopted environmental policies to guide specific aspects of their international purchasing procedures. The results of a pilot survey of 12 MNCs suggest that environmental issues are beginning to enter into the strategic decision-making fields of corporate planners, notably with regard to supplier selection and evaluation. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of possible directions for future empirical research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00047
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    Technological Change and Environmental Policy: The Diffusion of Environmental Technology (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: As concern for environmental protection is growing within all sectors of society, industrial firms are being forced to become more accountable for their actions. Government policies, in the form of environmental standards, have been designed to reduce the level of toxic pollutants being discharged by firms. In order to comply with these standards, firms must either change the nature of their production processes or employ technologies that reduce the level of effluent being discharged. This paper investigates the role of environmental policy in driving firms to adopt pollution control technologies. The policy addressed is the Province of Ontario's Municipal Industrial Strategy for Abatement (MISA) which seeks to compel firms to reduce discharges of industrial effluent through the application of the “Best Available Technology Economically Achievable.” The impact of this policy instrument on the adoption of pollution control technology in the Ontario organic chemical industry is examined. The analysis is based on interviews with firms in the chemical industry which reveal that environmental policy has played a central role in inducing firms to adopt pollution control technologies. The paper draws on literature about technology diffusion, especially the relationship between suppliers and users of technology, and examines the process through which environmental technology is transferred to regulated firms. The relationship between the suppliers and users of technology is strong, especially between the large multinational users and smaller independent domestic technology suppliers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00049
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    A Comparison of Within-Firm and External Sources of Product Innovation (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the role of internal and external research, design and development (RD&D) activity in the innovation performance of New York State manufacturing firms in the scientific instruments sector. Survey data from a sample of 204 small and medium-sized companies suggest that the incidence of successful product development is higher among firms that combine in-house RD&D with technical support from independent specialists. Significantly, firms that supplement their in-house innovation efforts with outside talent are found to exhibit better commercial performance than their counterparts that operate on the basis of either internal or external technical resources alone. The paper concludes with a brief agenda for future empirical research on the conditions that support product innovation among small and medium-sized firms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00060
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    Book Reviews (1997)
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The Geography of Finance: Spatial Dimensions of Intermediary Behaviour. By David J. Porteous. (ed)Plowing the Sea: Nurturing the Hidden Sources of Growth in the Developing World. By Michael Fairbanks and Stace Lindsay.
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    Density and the Journey to Work (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper evaluates the influence of residential density on commuting behavior across U.S. cities while controlling for available opportunities, the technology of transportation infrastructure, and individual socio-economic and demographic characteristics. The measures of metropolitan and local density are addressed separately. It is suggested that metropolitan residential density serves principally as a surrogate for city size. Markets react to high interaction costs found in large cities by raising density rather than density being a cause of those high costs. Local residential density measures relative location (accessibility) within the metropolitan region as well as indexing the level of congestion. Regressions are conducted to predict commuting time, speed, and distance, by mode of travel on a cross-section of individuals nationally and city by city. The results indicate that residential density in the area around the tripmaker's home is an important factor: the higher the density the lower the speed and the shorter the distance. However, density's effect on travel time is ambiguous; speed and distance are offsetting effects on time. The paper suggests a threshold density at which the decrease in distance is overtaken by the congestion effects, resulting in a residential density between 7,500 and 10,000 persons per square mile (neither the highest nor lowest) with the shortest duration auto commutes.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:The Urban Order: An Introduction to Cities, Culture, and Power. By John Rennie Short.Work-Place: the Social Regulation of Labor Markets. By Jamie Peck.Privatization, Conversion, and Enterprise Reform in Russia. By Michael McFaul and Tova Perlmutter.Mastering Space: Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy. By John Agnew and Stuart Corbridge.Rising in the East: the Regeneration of East London. Edited by Tim Butler and Michael Rustin.
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    Corporate Response to Environmental Issues: Packaging (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Among the environmental issues that have come to dominate social concerns, the amount of packaging sent for disposal in landfills has gained increased prominence in Canada, with the issuance in 1990 of the National Protocol on Packaging (NAPP). Recognizing the increased demands for improved environmental performance on the part of corporations, this study seeks to understand why some companies respond more quickly than others to concerns about packaging-waste reduction. The paper links concepts found in the Corporate Social Responsibility and Innovation Theory literatures, in order to explore corporate response patterns to pressures for change and to develop a measure of corporate performance with regards to packaging-waste reduction efforts. Bivariate and linear logit analyses of data were undertaken, and confirm that variations in a company's response pattern can be explained in terms of factors such as company size, product orientation, and existence of an environmental affairs function, as well as external policies, such as NAPP.
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    Book Reviews (1997)
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in this Aricle:Transportation Planningon Trial: The Clean Air Actand Travel Forecasting. By Mark Garrett and Martin Wachs.Interstate Relations: The Neglected Dimensionof Federalism. By Joseph F. Zimmerman.Improving Poor People. By Michael B. Katz.Logics of Dislocation: Models, Metaphors, and Meanings of Economic Space. By Trevor J. Barnes.Estimating Economic Values for Nature. By V. Kerry Smith.
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    Environmental Legislation, Real Estate Appraisal and Investment in the UK (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper considers the behavior of actors in real estate markets in the face of environmental uncertainty. Environmental legislation has increased in scale and scope with obvious implications for property markets. Developers, investors, occupiers, and lenders may all be affected by changing environmental standards. Any factor that creates valuation uncertainty will have major impacts. Blighted sites and properties will be shunned, while existing real estate portfolios will be adversely affected. A survey of UK property practitioners on their attitudes to environmental hazard reveals that firms seem pessimistic as to their ability to quantify and model the economic and investment implications of environmental risk. There are concerns here for the wider economy and for the business community through supply-side constraints and suboptimal location. There are implications, too, for local and regional regeneration strategies as whole areas may be blighted by potential contamination. There may be mispricing and arbitrage opportunities in relation to such assets that can be exploited through first mover advantage by firms willing and able to develop effective risk-sensitive appraisal models.
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    Measuring Amenity Benefits from Farmland: Hedonic Pricing vs. Contingent Valuation (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The amenity value to Kentucky residents from horse farm land was estimated using both the contingent valuation method and the hedonic pricing method. The hedonic pricing model included both the housing and labor markets. A value function estimated from dichotomous choice contingent valuation responses showed that the value of a change in the level of the horse farm amenity was sensitive to the size of the change, with no evidence of value that is independent of the size of the change. The two methods generated estimates of the external benefits from horse farm land that were within 20 percent of each other.
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    Economic Effect of Endangered Species Preservation in the Non-Metropolitan West (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A common argument advanced in the non-metropolitan counties of the US West is that the Endangered Species Act (ESA) can have, and has had, a devastating effect on local economies. However, to date, there has not been a systematic empirical analysis of the ESA's effect on local economies. This paper reports on such an analysis. Based on a sample of all 333 non-metropolitan counties in the eleven-state West, the statistical effect of the listing of threatened and endangered species on county employment growth between 1980 and 1990 is estimated. The paper's primary finding is that the hypothesis that endangered species listing has had a negative effect on the non-metropolitan county economies of the US West is not supported by the data.
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    Independent and Linked Migrants: Determinants of African American Interstate Migration (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Through kinship and other links to destinations, many African American interstate migrants in the United States join other people in destination households. These “linked” migrants contrast to “independent migrants” who move as individuals or intact groups and set up their own households at the destination. Using U.S. Census Public Use Micro Sample data, this paper first shows that, in the 1985-90 period, about 45 percent of all Black interstate migrants were independent, compared to 38 percent who were linked to housing at the destination and 17 percent who moved into group quarters. Second, a multinomial logit model, incorporating individual and state-level variables, is specified that contrasts the determinants of independent and linked migration. Tests show that independent migration can be modeled with classic migration determinants, including individual educational and occupational resources, labor market conditions at the destination, and public goods at the destination including the level of welfare payments. Linked migration, on the other hand, is much less responsive to these factors, and not at all responsive to destination unemployment and welfare levels. Separate tests of male and female models suggest a great contrast between independent and linked migration for females. It is concluded that the understanding of Black migration must take into account a variety of factors beyond traditional labor market conditions, including links to the destination and individual housing circumstances.
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    Productivity Change in Manufacturing Regions: A Multifactor/Shift-Share Approach (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The traditional shift-share model measures the combined effects of output growth and productivity change on employment. A region with above average employment growth either has a favorable industry mix or enjoys a competitive advantage over other regions. To separate the effects of output and productivity, the shift-share model is extended to decompose the effects of changes in output and productivity on employment. This paper modifies the Rigby-Anderson extension by separating the contribution of labor and capital to productivity growth in the analysis of regional economic performance, and investigates twenty (two-digit SIC) manufacturing sectors in twelve states (six snowbelt, six sunbelt states) to assess whether observed changes in employment were due to changes in output or to productivity.
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    The Comparative Development Experience of Mexico, the Philippines and Taiwan from a Political Economy Perspective (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Given the dramatic divergence of postwar performance across the developing world despite almost half a century of accumulated technical expertise in the advice offered by the academic and donor communities, it has become increasingly clear that a study of differential development patterns over time requires an analysis of not only what happened but also why it happened. This paper seeks to bridge this gap by attempting to endogenize policy choice in different developing country settings in order to elucidate why similar policy advice is so often differently received. It is my basic premise that a country's initial conditions—its natural resource endowment, organic nationalism, and ability to attract foreign capital—explain why some LDCs pursue a relatively linear path toward “modem-growth” organizational characteristics, while others exhibit policy oscillations en route. A theoretical framework is developed to trace such causal relationships as they play themselves out in a political economy context over time. The policy responses to external shocks of Mexico, the Philippines and Taiwan, three countries differing in terms of various dimensions of their initial conditions, are then examined, along with their consequent performance over the past thirty years in order to empirically test the hypotheses laid out in the framework.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00065
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    Interdependence of Retail Businesses (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Previous studies employing the trade area analysis procedure of pull factors assume retail sectors are independent. However, interdependencies exist between and among retail sectors. Employing a multivariate Tobit procedure, the agglomerative aspects of retail trade can be captured. Results indictate that interdependencies exist between retail sectors and if these retail interdependencies are ignored, extension and outreach retail sector programs may prove to be ineffective.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00070
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    Book Reviews (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in This Article:The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967. By Michael Dumper.Decision Making and Spatial Behavior: A Geographic Perspective. By Reginald G. Golledge and Robert J. Stimson.Metropolitics: A Regional Agenda for Community and STability. By Myron Orfield.
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    The Suburbanization of Producer Service Employment (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Washington DC is the center of the nation's ninth largest metropolitan area (PMSA), home to 4.4 million people and 2.9 million employees in a web of 25 separate, autonomous municipalities spanning three states and the District of Columbia. As such, the region is a good place to analyze the pattern of suburbanization of producer service employment over the past 25 years. In addition to overall suburbanization, the metropolitan area has seen changes in the nature and role of its dominant economic force, the federal government. Direct federal employment has stagnated while federal contracts to private companies have soared. Producer service employment seemed to increase in importance in jurisdictions away from the region's core, simultaneous with increases in total employment, following increases in federal contracting, and independent of increases in federal employment. These trends have affected the growth of producer service employment across the metropolitan area, encouraging their suburbanization. By subjecting our initial models to sub-sector data and analysis of temporal trends in the coefficients, we uncover the uniqueness of legal services and additional evidence of suburbanization over time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00062
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    State Unemployment Differentials: Equilibrium Factors vs. Differential Employment Growth (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: :Differentials in U.S. state unemployment rates were persistent in the early 1990s. In addition, states with higher employment growth did not necessarily have the lowest unemployment rates. Thus, this paper examines the differentials in U.S. state unemployment rates from 1992 to 1994, decomposing them into the parts that were due to differences in recent employment growth, and those that were due to longer-term equilibrium factors. Also, using the shift-share model, employment growth differences are decomposed into an industry mix component and a competitiveness component. The decomposition of the 1992 to 1994 unemployment rate differentials is based on an econometric equation estimated using panel data from 1972 to 1991. Explanatory equilibrium factors included in the model are amenities, demographic characteristics, education, industry composition, labor mobility, and wage rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00063
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    Editorial: Defence economics: can overview (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00050
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    The future of Nato (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article reviews some of the significant changes that have influenced NATO in the last decade. In addition, changes on the horizon - in terms of membership and the implementation of NATO's new strategic doctrine - are investigated. NATO's future is also assessed in terms of the threat of terrorism, peacekeeping activities and defence burden sharing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00053
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    Rising costs, falling budgets and their implications for defence policy (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The real unit costs of defence equipment have been rising persistently since World War II, much faster than national defence budgets. Most nations have adapted by buying fewer units in successive generations of each class of defence equipment, and ultimately by omitting some classes from their armed forces. However current decreases in defence budgets will soon force most NATO nations (including the UK) to adopt more closely coordinated policies for force planning and equipment procurement, in order to maintain NATO's military capabilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00052
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    Defence markets (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Although defence is a classic example of a public good, there are extensive opportunities for applying market solutions to the armed forces and defence industries. There are possibilities for beneficial inter-service rivalry and for creating profit centres within the armed forces; substitution is possible between parts of the armed forces, and competition can be used for purchasing weapons and for market-testing activities traditionally undertaken‘in-house’by the armed forces. The analysis has implications for the UK strategic defence review.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00054
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    Deterring nuclear weapons proliferation (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the wake of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the problem of nuclear proliferation has become one of the primary issues of strategic concern The proliferation problem is an old one, but the problem today is very different from that of even a few years ago. calling for new approaches. By considering demand and supply factors, the old approaches that rely on limits on the technology or supply appear inadequate in the current situation Rather, the best approaches today are those that influence demand, making it less attractive for nations to develop nuclear weapons. The constraints on the United States that inhibit it from using its nuclear weapons to threaten new nuclear states make both nuclear deterrence and guarantees to countries not acquiring such weapons ineffectual in preventing further proliferation. The use of conventional forces to prevent proliferation or to protect threatened nations may also be politically difficult unless there are clear national interests at stake.A possible way out of this dilemma is to develop a system of conventional deterrence using precision guided munitions and other recent technological developments that have increased the accuracy of weapons delivery systems. Such a system of conventional deterrence could play an important role in making nuclear weapons of less perceived value to potentially proliferating nations and in protecting regions that these nations threaten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00051
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    The economics of defence industry mergers and J c divestitures (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: High profile mergers in the 1990s have reduced major defence competitors to three in the USA and may evoke corresponding European consolidation and international mergers. The mergers may reduce capacity and help achieve economies of scale, but pose cost, quality and innovation concerns and have undermined diversification, conversion and civil/military integration. Expectations of enhanced political influence and short-term financial returns as well as new, perverse government incentives help to explain why the mergers have occurred. Greater international cooperation, specialisation and trade and better analysis of the defence industrial base are recommended as antidotes for the negative impacts of the mergers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00055
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    The transformation of Czech society: retrospect and prospect (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The 6th Annual IEA Hayek Memorial Lecture, given in London, 17 June 1997, sponsored by Deloitte & Touche.
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    Competing for quality in defence (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A revamped marketing testing initiative known as Competing for Quality (CFQ) was introduced to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and the Services in 1992. It hailed a new approach to a partnership between the defence industry and the MoD in terms of the management of defence business. The CFQ programme opened up £2.2 billion of military activities to competition. This paper examines whether this government initiative has realised its potential or not.
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    The economics of defence g labour markets (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article considers recent trends in the size of the Armed Forces and reviews the economics of military manpower. The transition from military to civilian employment and the employment experience of redundant defence workers are considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00057
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    Older men: the groom price of migrating Eastern European women (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: One type of economic behaviour in the marriage market is trading off the desired age of partner against other benefits. This paper demonstrates the presence of this effect using samples of females seeking partners from the UK and women from Eastern Europe marrying to migrate to the UK. It is found that the age of man deemed acceptable is substantially greater for women moving from the poorer to the richer economy.
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    In the City (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00061
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    A better auction mechanism, and why governments should sell futures rather than debt (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The mechanism by which governments sell debt at auction imposes unnecessary risks on primary dealers, who charge for these risks by bidding less. A better auction mechanism would increase the price at which governments sell their debt. Further, selling a specially designed futures contract would reduce dealers’balance sheet usage, again increasing revenue, and would also permit the authorities to match cash inflows with cash outflows.
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    Social Affairs (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00062
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    Education (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00063
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    The Environment (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00064
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    Books (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Fallacies (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00065
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    Editorial: The economics of sport: an overview (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00034
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