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  • Articles  (2,465)
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  • Springer  (2,465)
  • Cell Press
  • 2020-2024
  • 1995-1999  (2,465)
  • 1997  (2,465)
  • Economics  (2,465)
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  • Articles  (2,465)
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  • 2020-2024
  • 1995-1999  (2,465)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Design of Optimal Insurance Contracts: A Topological Approach (1997)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 5-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: infinite dimensional problem ; angular norm ; coinsurance ; deductible ; increasing costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article deals with the optimal design of insurance contracts when the insurer faces administrative costs. If the literature provides many analyses of risk sharing with such costs, it is often assumed that these costs are linear. Furthermore, mathematical tools or initial conditions differ from one paper to another. We propose here a unified framework in which the problem is presented and solved as an infinite dimensional optimization program on a functional vector space equipped with an original norm. This general approach leads to the optimality of contracts lying on the frontier of the indemnity functions set. This frontier includes, in particular, contracts with a deductible, with total insurance and the null vector. Hence, we unify the existing results and point out some extensions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008654729504
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prudence, Demand Uncertainty, Background Risk, and the Law of Supply: A Nonexpected Utility Approach to the Firm (1997)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 21-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: prudence ; risk aversion ; dual theory ; nonexpected utility ; background risk ; monopoly ; piecewise linear payoff function ; profits tax
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We identify two motives, prudence and risk aversion, which give rise to precautionary behavior for a quantity- or price-setting monopolist facing demand uncertainty who has dual theoretic preferences. We also analyze a piecewise linear profit function due to a tax on profits that varies with the profit level. We show that the comparative statics of greater risk (mean-preserving spread and mean-utility preserving spread) can be totally or partially determined by the Diamond-Stiglitz and Kihlstrom-Mirman single-crossing property. For example, for a prudent risk-averse quantity-setting dual theoretic monopolist, a mean-preserving spread will have the same impact on output under uncertainty as a fall in the state of demand under certainty. Finally, we find that, in contrast to expected utility, a stochastically larger state of demand (first-order stochastic dominance) will raise output even if background risk is present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008607313575
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editor's Comments (1997)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 71-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008620031408
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First-Order Approach to Principal-Agent Problems: A Generalization (1997)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: principal-agent contracts ; first-order approach ; wage-action interactions ; action-risk interactions ; nonseparable utility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The first-order approach (FOA) to principal agent problems is very convenient and mathematically tractable. However, existing results show that the FOA is valid only for additively separable utility functions. This is somewhat limiting. In this article sufficient conditions are identified that extend the validity of the FOA to nonseparable cases. The additional conditions involve restrictions on the agent's preferences, particularly interactions between action and the wage contract. These conditions imply that leisure is normal and the agent's absolute risk aversion increases with action. Comparative static results regarding the wage contract and its gradient are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008663531322
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Option-Pricing Approach to the Costs of Export Credit Insurance (1997)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 43-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: trade financing costs ; export credit insurance ; credit risk ; insurance premia ; option pricing ; non-parametric regressions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article investigates the relationship between a debtor country's external financial indicators and the costs associated with the insurance of export credits to that country. For this purpose a stylized model of export credit insurance (ECI) is developed, the central idea being that ECI is similar to a contingent claim such as a European put option. Thus, tools from option pricing theory were used to calculate the price of ECI, implying that not only the current financial position but also the volatility of the changes in that position determine such costs. The empirical results of a statistical analysis of the premium rates for ECI, applied by a private export credit insurer to seventy-seven developing countries during 1993, provide some support for these hypotheses. In particular, the reserves-over-imports ratio of a debtor country and the volatility of the rates of change of this ratio appear to contribute significantly to the premium rates that apply to that country. Thus, the article provides evidence that option pricing parameters do play role in practical insurance pricing, even if this pricing is not explicitly based on these parameters. Premium rates are set as if an underlying option market operated. Thus, the trade of countries with volatile external financial positions is saddled with higher costs than that of countries with more stable positions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008659414483
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complete Versus Incomplete Insurance Contracts under Adverse Selection with Multiple Risks (1997)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 81-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: insurance ; adverse selection ; multidimensional screening ; multiple risks ; bundling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article extends the standard adverse-selection model for competitive insurance markets, which assumes a single source of risk, to the case where individuals are subject to multiple risks. We compare the following market situations—the case where insurers can offer comprehensive policies against all sources or risks (complete contracts) and the case where different risks are covered by separate policies (incomplete contracts). In the latter case, we consider whether the insurer of a particular risk has perfect information regarding an individual's coverage against other sources of risks. The analysis emphasizes the informational role of bundling in multidimensional screening. When the market situation allows bundling, it is shown that in equilibrium the low-risk type with respect to a particular source of risk does not necessarily obtain partial coverage against that particular risk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008659916387
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competition and Insurance Twenty Years Later (1997)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: insurance ; adverse selection ; competitive outcomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We are honored to address the European Group of Risk and Insurance Economists and will take the opportunity to make some reflections on the rather uneasy relationship between insurance and competition. Economists generally prescribe competition as a solution for markets that do not work well. Competition allocates resources efficiently and encourages innovation and attention to what customers want. Insurance markets differ from most other markets because in insurance markets competition can destroy the market rather than make it work better. One of the dimensions along which insurance companies compete is underwriting—trying to ensure that the risks covered are “good” risks or that if a high risk is insured, the premium charged is at least commensurate with the potential cost. The resulting partitioning of risk limits the amount of insurance that potential insurance customers can buy. In the extreme case, such competitive behavior will destroy the insurance market altogether. A simple model illustrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008607915478
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Explaining Insurance Policy Provisions via Adverse Selection (1997)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 121-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this article, we show that common insurance policy provisions—namely, deductibles, coinsurance, and maximum limits–can arise as a result of adverse selection in a competitive insurance market. Research on adverse selection typically builds on the assumption that different risk types suffer the same size loss and differ only in their probability of loss. In this study, we allow the severity of the insurance loss to be random and, thus, generalize the results of Rothschild and Stiglitz [1976] and Wilson [1977]. We characterize the separating equilibrium contracts in a Rothschild-Stiglitz competitive market. By further assuming a Wilson competitive market, we show that an anticipatory equilibrium might be achieved by pooling, and we characterize the optimal pooling contract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008616117296
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pooling and Separating Equilibria in Insurance Markets with Adverse Selection and Distribution Costs (1997)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 103-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: adverse selection ; insurance markets ; marketing costs ; pooling equilibria ; separating equilibria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In the Rothschild-Stiglitz [1976] model of a competitive insurance market with adverse selection, pooling equilibria cannot exist. However in practice, pooling contracts are frequent, notably in health insurance and life insurance. This is due to the fact that distribution costs are nonnegligible and increase rapidly when more contracts are offered. We modify accordingly the Rothschild-Stiglitz model by introducing such distribution costs. We find that, however small these costs may be, they entail possible existence of pooling equilibria. Moreover, in these pooling equilibria, it is the high-risk individuals who are rationed, in the sense that they would be willing to buy more insurance at the current premium/insurance ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008664000457
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Full Insurance, Bayesian Updated Premiums, and Adverse Selection (1997)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 135-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: insurance ; adverse-selection ; Bayesian learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In the classic Rothschild-Stiglitz model of adverse selection in a competitive environment, we analyse a “no-claims bonus” type contract (bonus-malus). We show that, under full insurance coverage, if the insurance company applies Bayes's rule to learn about client probability types over time and uses this information in premium calculations for contract renewals, then there exist conditions under which all client types strictly prefer the Bayesian updating contract to the classic Rothschild-Stiglitz separating equilibrium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008668101366
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Imperfect Agency and the Regulation of Hospitals (1997)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 151-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: regulation ; health care ; principal-agent ; hospital ; agency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article addresses the combined problem of imperfect agency and asymmetric information in the regulation of hospitals by modeling the physician as a utility maximizer with both the utility of patients and profit of the hospital as arguments in his or her utility function. The article concludes that optimal regulation of hospitals is based on three important factors: the doctor's marginal rate of substitution between profit of the hospital and utility of the patients, moral hazard in the relationship between the regulator and the hospital, and adverse selection in the same relation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008620218204
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Workload planning in small lot printed circuit board assembly (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 147-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words: production ; scheduling ; printed circuit board assembly ; modelling ; linear programming ; aggregational error ; decision support ; Schlüsselwörter: Produktion ; Ablaufplanung ; Leiterplattenbestückung ; Modellierung ; lineare Programmierung ; Aggregationsfehler ; Entscheidungsunterstützung ; S′jm = Sjm ; SFj(r)(12)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Bei der Kleinserienmontage von Leiterplatten besteht das Problem der Einlastungsplanung darin, ein Tagesprogramm an Produktionsaufträgen zusammenzustellen, die gemeinsam in das Produktionssystem eingeschleust werden. Jeder Produktionsauftrag entspricht einem bestimmten Leiterplattentyp. Wechselt man bei der automatischen Bestückung von Leiterplatten zu einem neuen Leiterplattentyp, so fallen erhebliche Rüstzeiten an, die davon abhängen, wie viele Bauteilezuführungen im Magazin der Bestückungsautomaten ausgewechselt werden müssen. Zur Unterstützung dieses Entscheidungsproblems werden zwei unterschiedliche Modelle der linearen Optimierung entwickelt. Die beiden Modelle unterscheiden sich vor allem durch ihren Aggregationsgrad und ihren Rechenaufwand. Zur Verringerung des Aggregationsfehlers wird ein auf der Fuzzy-Set-Theorie beruhender Ansatz zur Abschätzung der bei automatischen SMD-Bestückungsautomanten auftretenden Rüstzeiten entwickelt. Hierbei wird als industrielles Anwendungsbeispiel die Leiterplattenbestückung in einem bedeutenden Elektronikunternehmen betrachtet. Die durchgeführte numerische Untersuchung zeigt, daß das hochaggregierte Fuzzy-LP-Modell zu hinreichend genauen Lösungen führt und erheblich geringeren Rechenaufwand verursacht als ein detaillierteres LP-Modell. Außerdem wird die praktische Eignung des Fuzzy-LP-Modells für den Einsatz innerhalb eines interaktiven Entscheidungsunterstützungssystems verdeutlicht.
    Notes: Abstract. The problem of workload planning in small lot printed circuit board (PCB) assembly concerns the determination of the daily mix of production orders to be released into the production system. When switching from one production order (board type) to another, a considerable set-up time is incurred based on the number of component feeders to be replaced in the component magazine of the assembly machines. To support the order-mix decision faced by a major electronics manufacturer, two versions of a linear programming model are developed. The models differ primarily in their degree of aggregation and their computational effort. In order to reduce the aggregational error incurred, a fuzzy approach is developed to estimate the number of component set-ups at automatic SMD placement machines. Our numerical investigation reveals that sufficiently accurate solutions may be obtained from a highly aggregate fuzzy LP-model and this is achieved with considerably less computational effort than with a more detailed LP-model. We also demonstrate the potential suitability of the fuzzy LP-model for implementation within an interactive decision support system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545517
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A capacity-oriented hierarchical approach to single-item and small-batch production planning using project-scheduling methods (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 77-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Single-item and small-batch production ; make-to-order production ; hierarchical planning ; project scheduling ; Einzel- und Kleinserienfertigung ; Kundenauftragsfertigung ; Hierarchische Planung ; Projektplanung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die meisten in der Praxis eingesetzten Produktionsplanungs- und Steuerungssysteme (PPS-Systeme) besitzen den Nachteil, daß weder eine hierarchische Planung mit Rückkopplungen ermöglicht wird, noch die Ressourcenbeschränkungen auf allen Planungsstufen beachtet werden. Außerdem sind PPS-Systeme meist nicht auf die Anforderungen verschiedener Organisations- und Fertigungstypen, z.B. der Fertigung kleiner Stückzahlen, zugeschnitten. Wir behandeln einen Ansatz für die hierarchische Planung von Einzel- und Kleinserienfertigung bei Kundenauftragsfertigung unter Berücksichtigung beschränkter Ressourcen. Insbesondere werden die Stufen der kapazitierten Hauptproduktionsprogrammplanung, der mehrstufigen Losgrößenplanung, der Termin- und Kapazitätsplanung sowie der Maschinenbelegungsplanung betrachtet, wobei das Niveau der Produkt- und Ressourcenaggregation jeweils von Stufe zu Stufe abnimmt. Die meisten Optimierungsprobleme, die hierbei auf den einzelnen Planungsstufen auftreten, können als ressourcenbeschränkte Projektplanungsprobleme modelliert werden.
    Notes: Abstract Most production planning and control (PPC) systems used in practice have an essential weakness in that they do not support hierarchical planning with feedback and do not observe resource constraints at all production levels. Also, PPC systems often do not deal with particular types of production, for example, low-volume production. We propose a capacity-oriented hierarchical approach to single-item and small-batch-production planning for make-to-order production. In particular, the planning stages of capacitated master production scheduling, multi-level lot sizing, temporal and capacity planning, and shop floor scheduling are discussed, where the degree of aggregation of products and resources decreases from stage to stage. It turns out that the optimization problems arising at most stages can be modelled as resourceconstrained project scheduling problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545504
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Workload planning in small lot printed circuit board assembly (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 147-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: production ; scheduling ; printed circuit board assembly ; modelling ; linear programming ; aggregational error ; decision support ; Produktion ; Ablaufplanung ; Leiterplattenbestückung ; Modellierung ; lineare Programmierung ; Aggregationsfehler ; Entscheidungsunterstützung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Kleinserienmontage von Leiterplatten besteht das Problem der Einlastungsplanung darin, ein Tagesprogramm an Produktionsaufträgen zusammenzustellen, die gemeinsam in das Produktionssystem eingeschleust werden. Jeder Produktionsauftrag entspricht einem bestimmten Leiterplattentyp. Wechselt man bei der automatischen Bestückung von Leiterplatten zu einem neuen Leiterplattentyp, so fallen erhebliche Rüstzeiten an, die davon abhängen, wie viele Bauteilezuführungen im Magazin der Bestückungsautomaten ausgewechselt werden müssen. Zur Unterstützung dieses Entscheidungsproblems werden zwei unterschiedliche Modelle der linearen Optimierung entwickelt. Die beiden Modelle unterscheiden sich vor allem durch ihren Aggregationsgrad und ihren Rechenaufwand. Zur Verringerung des Aggregationsfehlers wird ein auf der Fuzzy-Set-Theorie beruhender Ansatz zur Abschätzung der bei automatischen SMD-Bestückungsautomanten auftretenden Rüstzeiten entwickelt. Hierbei wird als industrielles Anwendungsbeispiel die Leiterplattenbestückung in einem bedeutenden Elektronikunternehmen betrachtet. Die durchgeführte numerische Untersuchung zeigt, daß das hochaggregierte Fuzzy-LP-Modell zu hinreichend genauen Lösungen führt und erheblich geringeren Rechenaufwand verursacht als ein detaillierteres LP-Modell. Außerdem wird die praktische Eignung des Fuzzy-LP-Modells für den Einsatz innerhalb eines interaktiven Entscheidungsunterstützungssystems verdeutlicht.
    Notes: Abstract The problem of workload planning in small lot printed circuit board (PCB) assembly concerns the determination of the daily mix of production orders to be released into the production system. When switching from one production order (board type) to another, a considerable set-up time is incurred based on the number of component feeders to be replaced in the component magazine of the assembly machines. To support the order-mix decision faced by a major electronics manufacturer, two versions of a linear programming model are developed. The models differ primarily in their degree of aggregation and their computational effort. In order to reduce the aggregational error incurred, a fuzzy approach is developed to estimate the number of component set-ups at automatic SMD placement machines. Our numerical investigation reveals that sufficiently accurate solutions may be obtained from a highly aggregate fuzzy LP-model and this is achieved with considerably less computational effort than with a more detailed LP-model. We also demonstrate the potential suitability of the fuzzy LP-model for implementation within an interactive decision support system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545517
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palletmanager/cargomanager (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Resümee Mit Hilfe beider Programme kann ein breites Spektrum von industriellen Anwendungsproblemen der Paletten- und Containerbeladung sowie der Gestaltung von Packstückdimensionen effizient gelöst werden. Die Rechenzeiten liegen bei einem modernen PC im Bereich weniger Sekunden. Dabei sind die Programme sowohl an formalen Optimalitätskriterien ausgerichtet als auch an den vielfältigen praktischen Anforderungen, die in unterschiedlichen Anwendungssituationen auftreten können. Der Anwender erhält eine umfassende Lösungspräsentation sowie die Möglichkeit, zahlreiche Druckprotokolle unterschiedlicher Inhalte zu erstellen. Hinsichtlich der Druckprotokolle wäre eine weiterführende individuelle Gestaltungsmöglichkeit wünschenswert. Für künftige Versionen sollten die Entwicklung einer benutzerfreundlichen, grafikorientierten Programmoberfläche mit Mausbedienung sowie Online-Hilfen und Kontextmenüs angestrebt werden, damit der ohne Zweifel vorhandenen funktionalen Leistungsfähigkeit der Programme auch ein entsprechender Bedienkomfort zur Seite gestellt wird.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545585
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reformulations of the shortest route model for dynamic multi-item multi-level capacitated lotsizing (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 87-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words: Dynamic multi-item multi-level capacitated lotsizing ; mathematical programming models ; Schlüsselwörter: Dynamische mehrstufige Mehrprodukt-Losgrößenprobleme ; Modelle der mathematischen Programmierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Das dynamische mehrstufige Mehrprodukt-Losgrößenproblem läßt sich als gemischt-ganzzahliges Optimierungsproblem mit einem Kürzeste-Wege-Modell abbilden. Ein besonderer Vorteil dieser Modellformulierung liegt in der sehr scharfen unteren Schranke der zugehörigen LP-Relaxation. Als nachteilig erweist sich jedoch einerseits der unverhältnismäßig hohe Rechenaufwand zur Lösung der LP-Relaxation mit Standardsoftware der mathematischen Programmierung sowie andererseits die mit der Periodenanzahl quadratisch wachsende Variablenanzahl, die die Lösbarkeit von Probleminstanzen mit vielen Perioden stark einschränkt. Zur Behebung der genannten Nachteile wird in dem vorliegenden Aufsatz eine Modifikation des ursprünglichen Kürzesten-Wege-Modells vorgeschlagen. Diese neue Modellformulierung erlaubt es dem Anwender einen Kompromiß zwischen der Modellgröße und der Schärfe der zugehörigen LP-Relaxation zu finden. Hierzu ist ein Vorschauhorizont τ vom Anwender zu definieren. Zusätzlich wird ein iteratives Verfahren beschrieben, das den minimalen Vorschauhorizont τ bestimmt, bei dem die schärfste untere Schranke erreicht wird. Neben theoretischen Erkenntnissen werden auch die Ergebnisse umfangreicher Testrechnungen vorgestellt.
    Notes: Abstract. The shortest route representation of the dynamic multi-item multi-level capacitated lotsizing problem is appealing due to the tight bound provided by its Linear Programming (LP) relaxation. However, it suffers from two main drawbacks: Firstly, even solving the LP relaxation of problem instances with up to 16 time periods and 40 items with standard mathematical programming software might require a prohibitive amount of computer time. Secondly, the quadratic growth of the number of variables with the number of periods restricts the solution of problem instances with many periods. Both drawbacks will be addressed in this paper by proposing reformulations of the original shortest route model. Especially we will introduce a model formulation which allows the user to find a tradeoff between model size and tightness of the lower bound obtained by the LP relaxation by specifying the number of look ahead periods τ. Furthermore, we will provide an iterative procedure for determining those look ahead periods which result in the tightest LP relaxation. Theoretical insights as well as computational results are provided, too.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545506
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kapazitätsanpassung bei simultaner Losgrößen- und Reihenfolgeplanung (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Sortenfertigung ; Prozeßindustrie ; Losgrößenplanung ; Reihenfolgeplanung ; Batch production ; flow process industry ; lotsizing ; scheduling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The paper considers the effect of capacity adaptations for the Economic Lot Scheduling Problem. A heuristic is presented which shows how to compute simultaneously lot sizes, schedules and capacity requirements for medium term planning. The results are evaluated with respect to the optimal solution of the Continuous Setup Lotsizing Problem.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Beitrag erweitert das Planungsmodell des „Economic Lot Scheduling“ Problems um den für die Praxis in der Mittelfristplanung wichtigen Aspekt der Kapazitätsanpassung. Es wird eine Heuristik vorgestellt, die simultan Losgrößen, Reihenfolgen und die Kapazitätsanpassung bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse der Heuristik werden mit Hilfe der Optimallösung des „Continuous Setup Lotsizing“ Problems überprüft.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539782
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Buchbesprechungen (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 284-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539786
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    Buchbesprechungen (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 294-295 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539788
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    Dank den Referenten (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 296-296 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539789
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    Genetische Modellierung von Künstlichen Neuronalen Netzen (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Künstliche Neuronale Netze ; Genetischer Algorithmus ; Kreditwürdigkeitsprüfung ; Konfigurationsproblem ; Artificial neural nets ; genetic algorithm ; credit evaluation ; configuration problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Artificial neural nets (ANN) have been applied successfully to various classification problems like credit evaluation etc. While the ANN-specific learning strategies and algorithms are independent from the application domain and the problem instance, the configuration of an ANN is a design and decision problem which should take into account the specific problem domain (i.e. credit evaluation) and the specific instantiation (i.e. given set of indicators). In this article we show how to apply “Genetic modeling” to this configuration problem, i.e. we show how suitable ANN-configurations can be constructed in an evolutionary manner using a genetic algorithm. We report on empirical results for the application to the configuration of LVQ-ANN for credit evaluation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Künstliche Neuronale Netze (KNN) haben sich für eine automatisierte Klassifikation, wie sie etwa bei der Kreditwürdigkeitsprüfung durchzuführen ist, als Alternative zu klassischen statistischen Methoden etabliert. Während die KNN-Typ-spezifischen Lernverfahren, wie etwa das Back-Propagation-Verfahren bei Multi-Layer-Perceptron-Netzen dabei anwendungsdomänenunabhängig und auch instanzunabhängig definiert sind, stellt die Konfiguration des spezifischen KNN für eine konkrete Anwendung ein Entscheidungsproblem dar, das jeweils in Abhängigkeit der Anwendungsdomäne (Kreditwürdigkeitsprüfung) und der konkreten Instanz (unternehmenspezifische Kennzahlensysteme) zu lösen ist. Für dieses Konfigurationsproblem, das in der Literatur noch nicht umfassend behandelt wurde, wird in dieser Arbeit mit dem “Genetic Modeling” ein Ansatz vorgestellt, bei dem eine passende Netzkonfiguration mittels eines Genetischen Algorithmus ebenfalls aus historischem Wissen “gelernt” wird. Wir berichten über erste empirische Ergebnisse beim Einsatz zur Kreditwürdigkeitsprüfung mittels LVQ-KNN.
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    Risk as a primitive: a survey of measures of perceived risk (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 235-250 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words: Risk judgement, perceived risk, axiomatic measures of risk ; Schlüsselwörter Risikobeurteilung, wahrgenommenes Risiko, axiomatische Risikomaße
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Risiko ist ein Konzept, das bei der Behandlung vieler volks- oder betriebswirtschaftlicher Probleme eine wesentliche Rolle spielt. Üblicherweise wird Risiko im Rahmen des traditionellen Erwartungsnutzenmodells behandelt, bei dem es nur indirekt über die Form der Nutzenfunktion erfaßt wird. Der Zweck von Nutzenfunktionen besteht aber darin, Präferenzen zu modellieren. In diesem Aufsatz wird ein Überblick über solche Ansätze gegeben, die Risikowahrnehmungen direkt modellieren. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung naiver Risikomaße, die aus der früheren ökonomischen Literatur bekannt sind, werden neuere theoretische und empirische Konzepte präsentiert.
    Notes: Abstract. The concept of risk is essential to many problems in economics and business. Usually, risk is treated in the traditional expected utility framework where it is defined only indirectly through the shape of the utility function. The purpose of utility functions, however, is to model preferences. In this paper, we review those approaches which directly model risk judgements. After a short review of naive risk measures used in earlier economic literature, we present recent theoretical and empirical developments.
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    Zur Abweichungsanalyse im operativen, modellgestützten Controlling (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 273-283 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Abweichungsanalyse ; Controlling ; Key words: Deviation analysis ; controlling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. Systems of economic ratios are very important in the field of operative controlling. Functional equations of economic quantities may be analyzed by comparing actual current values of these variables with planned values or values of a previous period using methods of deviation analysis. In this paper different methods of deviation analysis are compared. They are based on conditions, which should be satisfied by methods used to determine the effects on a depending quantity caused by the change of its components. In some aspects these conditions are different from conditions for methods of deviation analysis used in cost accounting. Based on an approximation of the temporal change of economic quantities a new method of deviation analysis is developed. This concept satisfies all conditions formulated at the beginning of the paper.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Große Bedeutung im operativen Controlling haben Kennzahlensysteme. Dabei auftretende funktionale Zusammenhänge zwischen den Kennzahlen lassen sich unter Nutzung der Methoden der Abweichungsanalyse analysieren, indem Soll- und Ist-Werte oder Angaben verschiedener zeitlicher Perioden miteinander verglichen werden. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist ein Vergleich verschiedener Konzepte der Abweichungsanalyse. Dazu werden Kriterien formuliert, deren Erfüllung für die Nutzung der betreffenden Methoden im Controlling und für eine möglichst einfache und eindeutige Interpretation der Ergebnisse wünschenswert erscheint. Aus der Sicht der Kennzahlensysteme ergeben sich dabei teilweise andere Anforderungen als die in der Kostenrechnung diskutierten Bedingungen. Für die Analyse der zeitlichen Entwicklung wird ein neues Konzept der Abweichungsanalyse entwickelt, das allen geforderten Kriterien genügt.
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    Simple optimal replenishment and disposal policies for a product recovery system with leadtimes (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 111-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words: Stochastic inventory control, remanufacturing, disposal, dynamic programming, decision rules ; Schlüsselwörter Stochastisches Lagerhaltungsproblem, Wiederverwendung, Entsorgung, Dynamische Programmierung, Entscheidungsregeln
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Es wird ein Lagerhaltungsproblem mit stochastischer Nachfrage betrachtet, bei dem Produkte nach Gebrauch wieder zurückgegeben werden können. Diese gebrauchten Güter, deren Rückfluß ebenfalls stochastischer Natur ist, können entweder nach entsprechender Aufarbeitung wiederverwendet oder müssen entsorgt werden. Außer durch Wiederaufarbeitung kann die Versorgung mit marktfähigen Produkten durch Neubeschaffung erfolgen. Es wird davon ausgegangen, daß nur proportionale Kosten für die einzelnen Aktivitäten auftreten und daß sowohl Wiederaufarbeitung als auch reguläre Beschaffung mit festen Durchlaufzeiten bzw. Lieferzeiten verbunden sind. Es wird für den Fall periodischer Kontrolle gezeigt, wie die optimale Entscheidungsregel für Beschaffung, Aufarbeitung und Entsorgung mit Hilfe der stochastischen dynamischen Programmierung untersucht werden kann. Dabei wird der entscheidende Einfluß von Durchlauf- und Lieferzeit auf die Komplexität der Entscheidungsregel herausgearbeitet. Schließlich wird gezeigt, für welche Situationen optimale Regeln einfacher Struktur abgeleitet werden können.
    Notes: Abstract. The paper addresses a problem of product recovery management where a single product is stocked in order to fulfill a stochastic demand of customers who may return products after usage, thus generating also stochastic product returns. The material flow can be controlled by procuring new products on the one hand, and by remanufacturing or disposal of returned items on the other. A situation is considered where all costs are proportional and where remanufacturing as well as procurement needs a fixed deterministic leadtime which can be different for both activities. For periodic review control it is shown how the optimal decision rules for procurement, remanufacturing and disposal can be evaluated by exploiting the functional equations of a dynamic programming formulation. The serious impact of leadtimes on the complexity of the control rule is elaborated, and it is demonstrated for which leadtime situations simple optimal policies can be derived.
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    Palletisation efficiency as a criterion for product design (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 139-145 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words: Packing ; pallet loading ; product design. ; Schlüsselwörter: Packprobleme ; Palettenbeladung ; Produktgestaltung.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Der Artikel befaβt sich mit der Frage, wie bei der Gestaltung eines Produkts oder seiner Verpackung die Auswirkungen auf den Nutzungsgrad von Paletten berücksichtigt werden können. Die dabei eingenommene Perspektive ist die umgekehrte der üblichen: an Stelle einer Bewertung vorab bestimmter Alternativen betrachtet der Artikel das Problem, die Wahlmöglichkeiten zu identifizieren, die dem Designer zur Verfügung stehen, wenn ein bestimmter Nutzungsgrad der Palette erreicht werden soll. Zusätzlich zu mehreren algorithmischen Problemstellungen werden verschiedene praktische Aspekte des Problems erörtert. Die Ergebnisse zweier Fallstudien dienen als konkrete Bezugspunkte für alle Teile des Artikels.
    Notes: Abstract. The paper is concerned with the question of how implications for palletisation efficiency may be taken into account in the product/packaging design process. The perspective from which this topic is approached is the reverse of that usually adopted: rather than dealing with an evaluation of pre-determined design alternatives, the paper considers the problem of identifying the options open to the designer if a given palletisation efficiency target is to be achieved. In addition to a number of algorithmic issues various practical aspects of the problem are also discussed. The results of two case studies provide a concrete frame of reference throughout the paper.
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    Buchbesprechungen (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 130-130 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545512
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    Simple optimal replenishment and disposal policies for a product recovery system with leadtimes (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 111-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Stochastic inventory control ; remanufacturing ; disposal ; dynamic programming ; decision rules ; Stochastisches Lagerhaltungsproblem ; Wiederverwendung ; Entsorgung ; Dynamische Programmierung ; Entscheidungsregeln
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Lagerhaltungsproblem mit stochastischer Nachfrage betrachtet, bei dem Produkte nach Gebrauch wieder zurückgegeben werden können. Diese gebrauchten Güter, deren Rückfluß ebenfalls stochastischer Natur ist, können entweder nach entsprechender Aufarbeitung wiederverwendet oder müssen entsorgt werden. Außer durch Wiederaufarbeitung kann die Versorgung mit marktfähigen Produkten durch Neubeschaffung erfolgen. Es wird davon ausgegangen, daß nur proportionale Kosten für die einzelnen Aktivitäten auftreten und daß sowohl Wiederaufarbeitung als auch reguläre Beschaffung mit festen Durchlaufzeiten bzw. Lieferzeiten verbunden sind. Es wird für den Fall periodischer Kontrolle gezeigt, wie die optimale Entscheidungsregel für Beschaffung, Aufarbeitung und Entsorgung mit Hilfe der stochastischen dynamischen Programmierung untersucht werden kann. Dabei wird der entscheidende Einfluß von Durchlauf- und Lieferzeit auf die Komplexität der Entscheidungsregel herausgearbeitet. Schließlich wird gezeigt, für welche Situationen optimale Regeln einfacher Struktur abgeleitet werden können.
    Notes: Abstract The paper addresses a problem of product recovery management where a single product is stocked in order to fulfill a stochastic demand of customers who may return products after usage, thus generating also stochastic product returns. The material flow can be controlled by procuring new products on the one hand, and by remanufacturing or disposal of returned items on the other. A situation is considered where all costs are proportional and where remanufacturing as well as procurement needs a fixed deterministic leadtime which can be different for both activities. For periodic review control it is shown how the optimal decision rules for procurement, remanufacturing and disposal can be evaluated by exploiting the functional equations of a dynamic programming formulation. The serious impact of leadtimes on the complexity of the control rule is elaborated, and it is demonstrated for which leadtime situations simple optimal policies can be derived.
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    Two new heuristic algorithms for the maximal planar layout problem (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 131-137 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Facility layout planning ; planar graphs ; heuristics ; numerical experiments ; Layout-Planung ; Innerbetriebliche Standortplanung ; Planare Graphen ; Heuristiken ; Numerische Experimente
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Nachbarschaftsproblem bildet ein zentrales Problem der innerbetrieblichen Standortplanung. Da es sich um ein NP-vollständiges Problem handelt, sind Heuristiken erforderlich, um große Problemausprägungen zu behandeln. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zwei neue Heuristiken für das Nachbarschaftsproblem vorgestellt, die zu einer speziellen Klasse von Eröffnungsverfahren, den sog. Triangulation Expansion Heuristics, gehören. Die Lösungsqualität und der Rechenzeitbedarf der Verfahren werden auf der Grundlage umfangreicher numerischer Experimente untersucht. Dabei erweist sich eine Heuristik gegenüber den bisher besten in der Literatur beschriebenen Verfahren (Eades et al. 1982, Leung 1992) als überlegen.
    Notes: Abstract The adjacency problem is an important subproblem in facility layout planning. It is known to be NP-complete, so heuristics are required to solve “large” problem instances. In this paper two new heuristics for the adjacency problem are introduced which belong to a special class of constructive methods called Triangulation Expansion Heuristics. Extensive numerical experiments have been carried out in order to evaluate the proposed methods in terms of computing times and solution quality. It has been found that at least one method is clearly superior to the best methods proposed in the literature so far (Eades et al. 1982, Leung 1992).
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    A capacity-oriented hierarchical approach to single-item and small-batch production planning using project-scheduling methods (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 77-85 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words: Single-item and small-batch production ; make-to-order production ; hierarchical planning ; project scheduling ; Schlüsselwörter: Einzel- und Kleinserienfertigung ; Kundenauftragsfertigung ; Hierarchische Planung ; Projektplanung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Die meisten in der Praxis eingesetzten Produktionsplanungs- und Steuerungssysteme (PPS-Systeme) besitzen den Nachteil, daß weder eine hierarchische Planung mit Rückkopplungen ermöglicht wird, noch die Ressourcenbeschränkungen auf allen Planungsstufen beachtet werden. Außerdem sind PPS-Systeme meist nicht auf die Anforderungen verschiedener Organisations- und Fertigungstypen, z.B. der Fertigung kleiner Stückzahlen, zugeschnitten. Wir behandeln einen Ansatz für die hierarchische Planung von Einzel- und Kleinserienfertigung bei Kundenauftragsfertigung unter Berücksichtigung beschränkter Ressourcen. Insbesondere werden die Stufen der kapazitierten Hauptproduktionsprogrammplanung, der mehrstufigen Losgrößenplanung, der Termin- und Kapazitätsplanung sowie der Maschinenbelegungsplanung betrachtet, wobei das Niveau der Produkt- und Ressourcenaggregation jeweils von Stufe zu Stufe abnimmt. Die meisten Optimierungsprobleme, die hierbei auf den einzelnen Planungsstufen auftreten, können als res-sourcenbeschränkte Projektplanungsprobleme modelliert werden.
    Notes: Abstract. Most production planning and control (PPC) systems used in practice have an essential weakness in that they do not support hierarchical planning with feedback and do not observe resource constraints at all production levels. Also, PPC systems often do not deal with par-ticular types of production, for example, low-volume production. We propose a capacity-oriented hierarchical approach to single-item and small-batch-production planning for make-to-order production. In particular, the planning stages of capacitated master production scheduling, multi-level lot sizing, temporal and capacity planning, and shop floor scheduling are discussed, where the degree of aggregation of products and resources decreases from stage to stage. It turns out that the optimization problems arising at most stages can be modelled as resource-constrained project scheduling problems.
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    Location and layout planning (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 181-194 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Discrete and continuous location planning ; warehouse location and center problems ; layout planning ; quadratic assignment and maximal planar graph problem ; Diskrete und kontinuierliche betriebliche Standortplanung ; Warehouse Location- und Zentrenprobleme ; innerbetriebliche Standortplanung ; quadratisches Zuordnungsproblem ; Bestimmung maximaler planarer Graphen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über quantitative Ansätze zur Lösung betriebswirtschaftlicher Standortplanungsprobleme. Es wird zwischen betrieblicher und innerbetrieblicher Standortplanung unterschieden. Abhängig von der zu verfolgenden Zielsetzung und von den zu beachtenden Nebenbedingungen ergibt sich v.a. bei der betrieblichen Standortplanung eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Probleme. Zu den wichtigsten Problemstellungen der diskreten und kontinuierlichen betrieblichen Standortplanung (z.B. Warehouse Location-, Zentren-, Location Routing- und Competitive Location-Probleme) werden Grundmodelle beschrieben und Hinweise auf neue Lösungsverfahren gegeben. Auch verallgemeinerte Modelle und neueste Entwicklungen werden skizziert. Im Rahmen der innerbetrieblichen Standortplanung (Layoutplanung) stellen wir das quadratische Zuordnungsproblem und verschiedene graphentheoretische Ansätze sowie geeignete Lösungsverfahren vor.
    Notes: Abstract This paper gives a review on quantitative methods for microeconomic location planning which can be subdivided into facility location and layout planning. Depending on different objectives and restrictions, there is a large variety of problems, especially in the field of facility location planning. Basic models arising in discrete and continuous facility location planning (e.g., warehouse location, center, location routing, competitive location problems), as well as corresponding solution methods, are presented. Generalized models and recent developments in these fields are outlined. Within layout planning, the quadratic assignment problem and graph-theoretic concepts are considered.
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    An exact algorithm for project scheduling with multiple modes (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 195-203 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Project management/scheduling ; discrete resource-resource and time-resource tradeoffs ; mode and delay alternatives ; branch-and-bound ; dominance rules ; computational results ; Projektmanagement/-planung ; diskrete Ressourcen-Ressourcen- und Zeit-Ressourcen-Tradeoffs ; Modus- und Delay-Alternativen ; Branch-and-Bound ; Dominanzregeln ; Rechenergebnisse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir betrachten eine Erweiterung des klassischen Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problems (RCPSP), die die Abbildung von Ressourcen-Ressourcen- und Zeit-Ressourcen-Tradeoffs ermöglicht. Damit ist der Projektplaner in der Lage, für jeden Vorgang des Projekts mehrere Ausführungsalternativen (Modi) anzugeben. Der von uns vorgestellte Algorithmus ist eine Verallgemeinerung des derzeit schnellsten Branch-and-Bound-Verfahrens für das RCPSP von Demeulemeester und Herroelen. Wir erweitern deren Konzept der Delay-Alternativen um sogenannte Modus-Alternativen. Die Enumeration wird mit Hilfe von Dominanzregeln beschleunigt. Schließlich fassen wir unsere Rechenergebnise zusammen, in denen wir unser Verfahren mit dem derzeit schnellsten aus der Literatur bekannten Algorithmus vergleichen.
    Notes: Abstract We consider an extension of the classical resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP), which covers discrete resource-resource and time-resource tradeoffs. As a result a project scheduler is permitted to identify several alternatives or modes of accomplishment for each activity of the project. The solution procedure to be presented is a considerable generalization of the branch-and-bound algorithm proposed by Demeulemeester and Herroelen, which is currently the most powerful method for optimally solving the RCPSP. More precisely, we extend their concept of delay alternatives by introducing mode alternatives. The basic enumeration scheme is enhanced by dominance rules which increase the performance of the algorithm. We then report on our computational results obtained from the comparison with the most rapid procedure reported in the literature.
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    LINGO Rezensenten: K. Haase, R. Kolisch, Kiel (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 1-4 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539798
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    LINGO (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 1-4 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Resümee LINGO ist ein ausgereiftes und leicht bedienbares Progamm zur Modellierung und Lösung linearer und nichtlinearer Optimierungsprobleme. Die Robustheit des Programms, die schnell erlernbare Modellierungssprache und das didaktisch hervorragend aufgebaute Handbuch machen LINGO zu einem wertvollen Hilfsmittel in der quantitativ orientierten Betriebswirtschaftslehre. Während die (Kern-)Funktionalität in der DOS- und in der WINDOWS-Version identisch ist, sei dem Anwender jedoch die WINDOWS-Version empfohlen, da diese eine sichere Handhabung von Dateien erlaubt und zudem eine Entwicklungsoberfläche bietet.
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    Buchbesprechung (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 22-22 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    On the complexity of two machine job-shop scheduling with regular objective functions (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 5-10 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Job-shop ; polynomial algorithm ; Job-Shop ; polynomialer Algorithmus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für das Zweimaschinen-Job-Shop-Problem ohne Arbeitsunterbrechnungen und den Zielfunktionen Σf i bzw. maxf i , wobei dief i monotone Funktionen der Fertigstellungszeiten der Jobsi sind, werden für den Fall fester Jobanzahlen polynomiale Algorithmen angegeben. Dies beantwortet insbesondere die bislang offene Frage nach dem Komplexitätsstatus des obigen Problems für die ZielfunktionenL max, Σw i U i , und Σw i U. Schließlich zeigen wir, daß das Problem mit beliebiger regulärer Zielfunktion ebenfalls polynomial lösbar ist.
    Notes: Abstract For the nonpreemptive two machine job-shop scheduling problem with a fixed number of jobs and objective functions Σf i and maxf i , wheref i are nondecreasing functions of the finish times of jobsi, polynomial algorithms are presented. This answers previous open questions about the complexity status of the corresponding problems with objective functionsL max, Σw i U i , and Σw i U. We generalize these results by showing that the problem with any regular criterion can be solved in polynomial time.
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    Buchbesprechung (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 30-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539803
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    The general lotsizing and scheduling problem (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 11-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Lotsizing ; scheduling ; sequence-dependent setup costs ; local search ; threshold accepting ; Losgrößenplanung ; Reihenfolgeplanung ; reihenfolgeabhängige Rüstkosten ; lokale Suche ; Threshold Accepting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das GLSP (GeneralLotsizing andSchedulingProblem) stellt ein neues Modell zur integrierten Losgrößen- und Reihenfolgeplanung dar. Betrachtet wird eine Maschine mit begrenzter Kapazität, für die Lose in kontinuierlicher Größe und die zugehörige Auflagereihenfolge bestimmt werden sollen. Zielkriterium sind minimale Lagerund (reihenfolgeabhängige) Rüstkosten für gegebene dynamische Bedarfe mehrerer Produkte. Die Lösungen sind unabhängig von einer vorab festgelegten Periodeneinteilung des Planungszeitraums. Das GLSP verallgemeinert daher bekannte Modelle, die eine bestimmte Zeitstruktur voraussetzen. Es werden drei unterschiedliche Local-Search-Heuristiken zur Lösung des Problems präsentiert, die auf Basis des „Threshold Accepting”-Prinzips arbeiten. Der Vergleich mit heuristischen und optimalen Lösungen für ein verwandtes Problem zeigt, daß die Ergebnisse durchaus ermutigend für Erweiterungen des Modells sind.
    Notes: Abstract The GLSP (GeneralLotsizing andSchedulingProblem) addresses the problem of integrating lotsizing and scheduling of several products on a single, capacitated machine. Continuous lotsizes, meeting deterministic, dynamic demands, are determined and scheduled with the objective of minimizing inventory holding costs and sequence-dependent setup costs. As the schedule is independent of predefined time periods, the GLSP generalizes known models using restricted time structures. Three variants of a local search algorithm, based onthreshold accepting, are presented. Computational tests show the effectiveness of these heuristic approaches and are encouraging for further extensions of the basic model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539800
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  • 38
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    Look ahead job demanding for improving job shop performance (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Job shop scheduling ; dispatching rules ; coordination ; look ahead information ; simulation ; Werkstattsteuerung ; Steuerungsregeln ; Koordination ; Vorausschauende Informationen ; Simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag wird ein neuartiger Ansatz zur Koordination dezentraler Werkstattsteuerungsregeln vorgestellt und mit Hilfe einer Simulationsstudie analysiert. Die Koordination basiert auf vorausschauenden Informationen und enthält einen Auftragsnachfrage-/-angebotsmechanismus. Die Simulations-experimente zeigen, daß durch den Einsatz des Koordinationsmechanismus die Leistung herkömmlicher Steuerungsregeln signifikant verbessert wird.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a new coordination approach for decentralized job shop scheduling rules is presented and analyzed in a simulation study. The coordination is based on look ahead information and contains a mechanism for demanding and supplying jobs. The simulation experiments show that the performance of conventional scheduling rules is significantly improved using the coordination mechanism.
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  • 39
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    Buchbesprechung (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 40-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539806
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  • 40
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    Kardinalität und die Aufspaltung von Höhen- und Risikopräferenz beim Bernoulli-Prinzip (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 31-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Bernoulli-Prinzip ; Höhenpräferenz ; Risikopräferenz ; ordinale Meßbarkeit ; kardinale Meßbarkeit ; Expected utility theory ; strength of preference ; cardinality ; measurable value functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract As a conclusion to a long-lasting discussion in german literature about expected utility theory, a separation of the von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function into two parts is proposed: One part measures the preferences under certainty, the other part the pure risk preferences. This separation is proven to be a necessary and sufficient condition for an expanded expected utility to measure the strength of preference under uncertainty.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Zusammenhang mit der Kardinalitätsdiskussion beim Bernoulli-Prinzip wird die bereits von Krelle 1968 vorgeschlagene Trennung von Höhen- und Risikopräferenz wieder aufgegriffen, um dem Nachteil rein ordinaler Präferenzmessung durch den Bernoulli-Nutzen zu begegnen. Es wird die Aussage bewiesen, daß eine solche Trennung hinreichend und notwendig für die kardinale Messung durch ein erweitertes Bernoulli-Prinzip ist.
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  • 41
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    Finite-horizon variance penalised Markov decision processes (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Markov decision processes ; variance penalty ; mean-variance tradeoff ; convex polytopes ; Markoffsche Entscheidungsprozesse ; Varianz-Strafterm ; konvexe Polytope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Markoffscher Entscheidungsprozeß mit endlichem Horizont betrachtet; Auszahlungen erfolgen nur am Ende des Prozesses. Dazu wird ein endlicher Algorithmus zur Bestimmung einer deterministischen Markoff-Politik beschrieben, der die um einen Varianz-Strafterm verminderte Auszahlung maximiert. Darüber hinaus wird eine Ecken-Eliminationsprozedur dargestellt, die zu einer Reduktion des Rechenaufwands führen kann.
    Notes: Abstract We consider a finite horizon Markov decision process with only terminal rewards. We describe a finite algorithm for computing a Markov deterministic policy which maximises the variance penalised reward and we outline a vertex elimination algorithm which can reduce the computation involved.
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  • 42
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    Buchbesprechungen (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 54-54 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539809
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  • 43
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    Buchbesprechungen (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 66-66 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539811
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    Experiences with applying a genetic algorithm to determine an information systems architecture (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 47-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Information systems architecture ; business Systems planning ; cluster analysis ; genetic algorithms ; Architektur von Informationssystemen ; Business Systems Planning ; Cluster-Analyse ; Genetische Algorithmen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Entwicklung von Architekturen von Informationssystemen (ISA) wird vielfach das Business-Systems-Planning-(BSP)-Konzept vorgeschlagen. Ein Teilproblem dieses Planungskonzepts besteht darin, unter Berücksichtigung von Optimalitätskriterien Unternehmensprozesse und Datenbestände zu möglichst voneinander unabhängigen Teilsystemen zusammenzufassen. Da die Leistungsgrenzen von exakten Optimierungsverfahren für dieses Problem rasch erreicht werden, interessiert der Einsatz von heuristischen Verfahren. Zunächst werden das BSP-Problem und die Vorgehensweise genetischer Algorithmen kurz erläutert. Danach wird die Anwendung eines einfachen genetischen Algorithmus auf das BSP-Problem beschrieben. Ein Vergleich mit Ergebnissen exakter Verfahren bildet einen weiteren wichtigen Bestandteil der Untersuchung.
    Notes: Abstract While determining information systems architectures (ISA), business systems planning (BSP) is a well-known method to join processes and data classes to subsystems. BSP matrices have generally been rearranged without describing the underlying methods. Meanwhile, various techniques have been developed for solving the ISA problem. Since exact optimization methods often fail to provide results for large ISA problems, different heuristics have been applied. A new heuristic for solving the ISA problem is the application of genetic algorithms (GA). This paper examines the application of a simple GA to the ISA problem and compares the results of applying the GA with those obtained by exact methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539808
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  • 45
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    Léa Sombé und entropie-optimale Informationsverarbeitung mit der Expertensystem-Shell SPIRIT (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; unsicheres Schließen ; probabilistische Logik ; konditionale Logik ; Entropie ; Artificial Intelligence ; uncertain reasoning ; probabilistic logic ; conditional logic ; entropy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In this paper, the famous Léa Sombé-example of [27] is re-examined by methods combining cross-entropy minimization with probabilistic conditional logic. Thus a knowledge base is built up which allows easy computations and inferences in a logically sound way. The concept is realized by the probabilistic expert system shell SPIRIT which is presented here, too. So the aim of this paper affects as much practical aspects as it concerns logical foundations of knowledge representation. As the Sombé-example illustrates, even incomplete knowledge based on subjective probabilities or statistical data may be represented and dealt with adequately.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Repräsentation und Verarbeitung unsicheren Wissens in einer mathematisch korrekten und berechenbaren Weise ist eines der zentralen Anliegen der Künstlichen Intelligenz. Am Beispiel der schon berühmt gewordenen Studentin Léa Sombé aus [27] zeigen wir in dieser Arbeit, wie subjektives, unvollständiges Wissen in einer probabilistischen Wissensbasis dargestellt und als Grundlage für Inferenzen dienen kann. Dies wird durch entropie-optimalen Abgleich von Verteilungen erreicht. Diese in der Expertensystem-Shell SPIRIT implementierte Methodik zeichnet sich nicht nur durch gute Berechenbarkeit aus, sondern gestattet auch dank der hier aufgezeigten Kompatibilität mit der Konditionallogik eine logisch profunde Informationsverarbeitung.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539807
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  • 46
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    Separation bei betrieblichen Investitionsentscheidungen (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 55-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Fisher-Separation ; Investitionstheorie ; unvollkommener Kapitalmarkt ; Kapitalwert ; Kalkulationszins ; Fisher-separation ; capital budgeting ; present value ; discount rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract We prove conditions for a Fisher-separation in an imperfect capital market. If the investor has a decreasing exchange rate in consumption it is shown that two conditions are sufficient to imply separation. The first condition requires that in a certain range there is only one price (interest rate) to transfer money between two time periods. The second condition requires that in the base case the interest rate for marginal financial investments is the same as for marginal debts. We introduce a capital budgeting method which takes advantage of this conditions. An interesting result is that a project A with a higher present value and a higher terminal value than B is not always better than B.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden Bedingungen für eine Separation der Investitionsentscheidung von den Konsumpräferenzen (Fisher-Separation) in einem unvollkommenen Kapitalmarkt bei sicheren Erwartungen abgeleitet. Erfüllt die Konsumpräferenz eine bestimmte plausible Eigenschaft, die als abnehmende Konsumaustauschrate bezeichnet werden kann, ist Separation mit den folgenden beiden Bedingungen gegeben: 1. Der Zinssatz zur Transformation von Geld zwischen zwei benachbarten Zeitpunkten muß in einem bestimmten Bereich konstant sein. 2. In der bestmöglichen Ausgangssituation ohne Durchführung der Investition (dem sogenannten Basisfall) muß der Zinssatz für marginale Anlagen dem für marginale Verschuldungen entsprechen. Ein interessantes Nebenergebnis der Analyse ist, daß ein Projekt A mit einem höheren Kapital- und Endwert als B auch bei Einschränkung auf plausible Konsumpräferenzen nicht immer gegenüber B zu bevorzugen ist.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539810
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  • 47
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    On the complexity of two machine job-shop scheduling with regular objective functions (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 5-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words: Job-shop ; polynomial algorithm ; Schlüsselwörter: Job-Shop ; polynomialer Algorithmus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Für das Zweimaschinen-Job-Shop-Problem ohne Arbeitsunterbrechnungen und den Zielfunktionen Σf i bzw. max f i , wobei die f i monotone Funktionen der Fertigstellungszeiten der Jobs i sind, werden für den Fall fester Jobanzahlen polynomiale Algorithmen angegeben. Dies beantwortet insbesondere die bislang offene Frage nach dem Komplexitätsstatus des obigen Problems für die Zielfunktionen L max, Σw i U i , und Σw i T i . Schließlich zeigen wir, daß das Problem mit beliebiger regulärer Zielfunktion ebenfalls polynomial lösbar ist.
    Notes: Abstract. For the nonpreemptive two machine job-shop scheduling problem with a fixed number of jobs and objective functions Σf i and max f i , where f i are nondecreasing functions of the finish times of jobs i, polynomial algorithms are presented. This answers previous open questions about the complexity status of the corresponding problems with objective functions L max, Σw i U i , and Σw i T i . We generalize these results by showing that the problem with any regular criterion can be solved in polynomial time.
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  • 48
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    Look ahead job demanding for improving job shop performance (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words: Job shop scheduling ; dispatching rules ; coordination ; look ahead information ; simulation ; Schlüsselwörter: Werkstattsteuerung ; Steuerungsregeln ; Koordination ; Vorausschauende Informationen ; Simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag wird ein neu-artiger Ansatz zur Koordination dezentraler Werkstattsteuerungsregeln vorgestellt und mit Hilfe einer Simulationsstudie analysiert. Die Koordination basiert auf vorausschauenden Informationen und enthält einen Auftragsnachfrage-/-angebotsmechanismus. Die Simulations- experimente zeigen, daß durch den Einsatz des Koordinationsmechanismus die Leistung herkömmlicher Steuerungsregeln signifikant verbessert wird.
    Notes: Abstract. In this paper a new coordination approach for decentralized job shop scheduling rules is presented and analyzed in a simulation study. The coordination is based on look ahead information and contains a mechanism for demanding and supplying jobs. The simulation experiments show that the performance of conventional scheduling rules is significantly improved using the coordination mechanism.
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  • 49
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    The general lotsizing and scheduling problem (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 11-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words:Lotsizing, scheduling, sequence–dependent setup costs, local search, threshold accepting ; SchlüsselwörterLosgrößenplanung, Reihenfolgeplanung, reihenfolgeabhängige Rüstkosten, lokale Suche, Threshold Accepting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Das GLSP (General Lotsizing and Scheduling Problem) stellt ein neues Modell zur integrierten Losgrößen- und Reihenfolgeplanung dar. Betrachtet wird eine Maschine mit begrenzter Kapazität, für die Lose in kontinuierlicher Größe und die zugehörige Auflagereihenfolge bestimmt werden sollen. Zielkriterium sind minimale Lager– und (reihenfolgeabhängige) Rüstkosten für gegebene dynamische Bedarfe mehrerer Produkte. Die Lösungen sind unabhängig von einer vorab festgelegten Periodeneinteilung des Planungszeitraums. Das GLSP verallgemeinert daher bekannte Modelle, die eine bestimmte Zeitstruktur voraussetzen. Es werden drei unterschiedliche Local–Search–Heuristiken zur Lösung des Problems präsentiert, die auf Basis des „Threshold Accepting”–Prinzips arbeiten. Der Vergleich mit heuristischen und optimalen Lösungen für ein verwandtes Problem zeigt, daß die Ergebnisse durchaus ermutigend für Erweiterungen des Modells sind.
    Notes: Abstract. The GLSP (General Lotsizing and Scheduling Problem) addresses the problem of integrating lotsizing and scheduling of several products on a single, capacitated machine. Continuous lotsizes, meeting deterministic, dynamic demands, are determined and scheduled with the objective of minimizing inventory holding costs and sequence-dependent setup costs. As the schedule is independent of predefined time periods, the GLSP generalizes known models using restricted time structures. Three variants of a local search algorithm, based on threshold accepting, are presented. Computational tests show the effectiveness of these heuristic approaches and are encouraging for further extensions of the basic model.
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  • 50
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    Deckung des Klassenraumbedarfs an Hamburger Schulen (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Deckung des Bedarfs an Klassenräumen ; lineare Optimierung ; gemischt ganzzahlige Optimierung ; Covering classroom requirements ; linear programming ; mixed integer programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The city of Hamburg expects for the next years enormously increasing rates of pupils. Covering the additional need of classrooms by new building is very expensive. It would be better to avoid this by making good use of the existing resources. The possible steps for covering the requirements and the restrictions are explained subsequently. There are a lot of alternatives, which must be coordinated for a “good” solution in a suitable way. The mathematical model for this problem is described furthermore. The model in question belongs to the class of mixed integer problems. Finally the standard optimization software SCICONIC, which is used for solving the mixed integer problem, is introduced and the embedding of SCICONIC into the architecture of the evolved planning system is described. Because the users of the system are officers without knowledge in electronic data processing and mathematical programming, a user friendly interface is of special importance in this case. This paper does not include new mathematical cognition, but describes the skilled use of known OR-techniques in a real software project.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Stadt Hamburg sieht in den nächsten Jahren eine beträchtliche Schülerwelle auf sich zukommen. Daraus resultiert zusätzlicher Klassenraumbedarf, der durch Neubau nur sehr kostspielig gedeckt werden kann. Durch systematische Ausnutzung von bestehenden Raumreserven lassen sich teure Neubaumaßnahmen weitgehend vermeiden. Im folgenden werden zunächst die möglichen Maßnahmen zur Raumbedarfsdeckung mit ihren einschränkenden Bedingungen aufgezeigt. Die Maßnahmen erlauben eine Vielzahl von Handlungsalternativen, die zum wirksamen Einsatz optimal aufeinander abgestimmt werden müssen. Das mathematische Modell zur Lösung dieses Problems wird in der weiteren Folge beschrieben. Es handelt sich um ein gemischt ganzzahliges Optimierungsproblem. Abschließend wird die zur Lösung eingesetzte Standard-Optimierungs-Software SCICONIC vorgestellt und die Einbindung von SCICONIC in das entwickelte Raumplanungssystem geschildert. Da die Anwender des Systems Sachbearbeiter ohne DV- und OR-Erfahrung sind, hat hier Benutzerfreundlichkeit eine besonders hohe Bedeutung. Der vorliegende Aufsatz erhebt nicht den Anspruch auf neue mathematische Erkenntnisse, sondern er beschreibt die fachgerechte Anwendung bekannter OR-Verfahren in einem Software-Projekt der Praxis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539812
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  • 51
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    Kardinalität und die Aufspaltung von Höhen- und Risikopräferenz beim Bernoulli-Prinzip (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 31-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: SchlüsselwörterBernoulli-Prinzip, Höhenpräferenz, Risikopräferenz, ordinale Meßbarkeit, kardinale Meßbarkeit ; Key words:Expected utility theory, strength of preference, cardinality, measurable value functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. As a conclusion to a long-lasting discussion in german literature about expected utility theory, a separation of the von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function into two parts is proposed: One part measures the preferences under certainty, the other part the pure risk preferences. This separation is proven to be a necessary and sufficient condition for an expanded expected utility to measure the strength of preference under uncertainty.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Im Zusammenhang mit der Kardinalitätsdiskussion beim Bernoulli-Prinzip wird die bereits von Krelle 1968 vorgeschlagene Trennung von Höhen- und Risikopräferenz wieder aufgegriffen, um dem Nachteil rein ordinaler Präferenzmessung durch den Bernoulli-Nutzen zu begegnen. Es wird die Aussage bewiesen, daß eine solche Trennung hinreichend und notwendig für die kardinale Messung durch ein erweitertes Bernoulli-Prinzip ist.
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    Electronic Resource
    Finite-horizon variance penalised Markov decision processes (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words: Markov decision processes ; variance penalty ; mean-variance tradeoff ; convex polytopes ; Schlüsselwörter: Markoffsche Entscheidungsprozesse ; Varianz-Strafterm ; konvexe Polytope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Es wird ein Markoffscher Entscheidungsprozeß mit endlichem Horizont betrachtet; Auszahlungen erfolgen nur am Ende des Prozesses. Dazu wird ein endlicher Algorithmus zur Bestimmung einer deterministischen Markoff-Politik beschrieben, der die um einen Varianz-Strafterm verminderte Auszahlung maximiert. Darüber hinaus wird eine Ecken-Eliminationsprozedur dargestellt, die zu einer Reduktion des Rechenaufwands führen kann.
    Notes: Abstract. We consider a finite horizon Markov decision process with only terminal rewards. We describe a finite algorithm for computing a Markov deterministic policy which maximises the variance penalised reward and we outline a vertex elimination algorithm which can reduce the computation involved.
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    Léa Sombé und entropie-optimale Informationsverarbeitung mit der Expertensystem-Shell SPIRIT SPIRIT and Léa Sombé: A study in probabilistic reasoning (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Künstliche Intelligenz ; unsicheres Schließen ; probabilistische Logik ; konditionale Logik ; Entropie ; Key words: Artificial Intelligence ; uncertain reasoning ; probabilistic logic ; conditional logic ; entropy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. In this paper, the famous Léa Sombé-example of [27] is re-examined by methods combining cross-entropy minimization with probabilistic conditional logic. Thus a knowledge base is built up which allows easy computations and inferences in a logically sound way. The concept is realized by the probabilistic expert system shell SPIRIT which is presented here, too. So the aim of this paper affects as much practical aspects as it concerns logical foundations of knowledge representation. As the Sombé-example illustrates, even incomplete knowledge based on subjective probabilities or statistical data may be represented and dealt with adequately.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Die Repräsentation und Verarbeitung unsicheren Wissens in einer mathematisch korrekten und berechenbaren Weise ist eines der zentralen Anliegen der Künstlichen Intelligenz. Am Beispiel der schon berühmt gewordenen Studentin Léa Sombé aus [27] zeigen wir in dieser Arbeit, wie subjektives, unvollständiges Wissen in einer probabilistischen Wissensbasis dargestellt und als Grundlage für Inferenzen dienen kann. Dies wird durch entropie-optimalen Abgleich von Verteilungen erreicht. Diese in der Expertensystem-Shell SPIRIT implementierte Methodik zeichnet sich nicht nur durch gute Berechenbarkeit aus, sondern gestattet auch dank der hier aufgezeigten Kompatibilität mit der Konditionallogik eine logisch profunde Informationsverarbeitung.
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    Experiences with applying a genetic algorithm to determine an information systems architecture (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 47-53 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words: Information systems architecture ; business systems planning ; cluster analysis ; genetic algorithms ; Schlüsselwörter: Architektur von Informationssystemen ; Business Systems Planning ; Cluster-Analyse ; Genetische Algorithmen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Zur Entwicklung von Architekturen von Informationssystemen (ISA) wird vielfach das Business-Systems-Planning-(BSP)-Konzept vorgeschlagen. Ein Teilproblem dieses Planungskonzepts besteht darin, unter Berücksichtigung von Optimalitätskriterien Unternehmensprozesse und Datenbestände zu möglichst voneinander unabhängigen Teilsystemen zusammenzufassen. Da die Leistungsgrenzen von exakten Optimierungsverfahren für dieses Problem rasch erreicht werden, interessiert der Einsatz von heuristischen Verfahren. Zunächst werden das BSP-Problem und die Vorgehensweise genetischer Algorithmen kurz erläutert. Danach wird die Anwendung eines einfachen genetischen Algorithmus auf das BSP-Problem beschrieben. Ein Vergleich mit Ergebnissen exakter Verfahren bildet einen weiteren wichtigen Bestandteil der Untersuchung.
    Notes: Abstract. While determining information systems architectures (ISA), business systems planning (BSP) is a well-known method to join processes and data classes to subsystems. BSP matrices have generally been rearranged without describing the underlying methods. Meanwhile, various techniques have been developed for solving the ISA problem. Since exact optimization methods often fail to provide results for large ISA problems, different heuristics have been applied. A new heuristic for solving the ISA problem is the application of genetic algorithms (GA). This paper examines the application of a simple GA to the ISA problem and compares the results of applying the GA with those obtained by exact methods.
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    Editorial (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 75-76 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    Separation bei betrieblichen Investitionsentscheidungen (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 55-65 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Fisher-Separation ; Investitionstheorie ; unvollkommener Kapitalmarkt ; Kapitalwert ; Kalkulationszins ; Key words: Fisher-separation ; capital budgeting ; present value ; discount rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. We prove conditions for a Fisher-separation in an imperfect capital market. If the investor has a decreasing exchange rate in consumption it is shown that two conditions are sufficient to imply separation. The first condition requires that in a certain range there is only one price (interest rate) to transfer money between two time periods. The second condition requires that in the base case the interest rate for marginal financial investments is the same as for marginal debts. We introduce a capital budgeting method which takes advantage of this conditions. An interesting result is that a project A with a higher present value and a higher terminal value than B is not always better than B.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden Bedingungen für eine Separation der Investitionsentscheidung von den Konsumpräferenzen (Fisher-Separation) in einem unvollkommenen Kapitalmarkt bei sicheren Erwartungen abgeleitet. Erfüllt die Konsumpräferenz eine bestimmte plausible Eigenschaft, die als abnehmende Konsumaustauschrate bezeichnet werden kann, ist Separation mit den folgenden beiden Bedingungen gegeben: 1. Der Zinssatz zur Transformation von Geld zwischen zwei benachbarten Zeitpunkten muß in einem bestimmten Bereich konstant sein. 2. In der bestmöglichen Ausgangssituation ohne Durchführung der Investition (dem sogenannten Basisfall) muß der Zinssatz für marginale Anlagen dem für marginale Verschuldungen entsprechen. Ein interessantes Nebenergebnis der Analyse ist, daß ein Projekt A mit einem höheren Kapital- und Endwert als B auch bei Einschränkung auf plausible Konsumpräferenzen nicht immer gegenüber B zu bevorzugen ist.
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    Deckung des Klassenraumbedarfs an Hamburger Schulen (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 67-74 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Deckung des Bedarfs an Klassenräumen ; lineare Optimierung ; gemischt ganzzahlige Optimierung ; Key words: Covering classroom requirements ; linear programming ; mixed integer programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. The city of Hamburg expects for the next years enormously increasing rates of pupils. Covering the additional need of classrooms by new building is very expensive. It would be better to avoid this by making good use of the existing resources. The possible steps for covering the requirements and the restrictions are explained subsequently. There are a lot of alternatives, which must be coordinated for a ``good'' solution in a suitable way. The mathematical model for this problem is described furthermore. The model in question belongs to the class of mixed integer problems. Finally the standard optimization software SCICONIC, which is used for solving the mixed integer problem, is introduced and the embedding of SCICONIC into the architecture of the evolved planning system is described. Because the users of the system are officers without knowledge in electronic data processing and mathematical programming, a user friendly interface is of special importance in this case. This paper does not include new mathematical cognition, but describes the skilled use of known OR-techniques in a real software project.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Die Stadt Hamburg sieht in den nächsten Jahren eine beträchtliche Schülerwelle auf sich zukommen. Daraus resultiert zusätzlicher Klassenraumbedarf, der durch Neubau nur sehr kostspielig gedeckt werden kann. Durch systematische Ausnutzung von bestehenden Raumreserven lassen sich teure Neubaumaßnahmen weitgehend vermeiden. Im folgenden werden zunächst die möglichen Maßnahmen zur Raumbedarfsdeckung mit ihren einschränkenden Bedingungen aufgezeigt. Die Maßnahmen erlauben eine Vielzahl von Handlungsalternativen, die zum wirksamen Einsatz optimal aufeinander abgestimmt werden müssen. Das mathematische Modell zur Lösung dieses Problems wird in der weiteren Folge beschrieben. Es handelt sich um ein gemischt ganzzahliges Optimierungsproblem. Abschließend wird die zur Lösung eingesetzte Standard-Optimierungs-Software SCICONIC vorgestellt und die Einbindung von SCICONIC in das entwickelte Raumplanungssystem geschildert. Da die Anwender des Systems Sachbearbeiter ohne DV- und OR-Erfahrung sind, hat hier Benutzerfreundlichkeit eine besonders hohe Bedeutung. Der vorliegende Aufsatz erhebt nicht den Anspruch auf neue mathematische Erkenntnisse, sondern er beschreibt die fachgerechte Anwendung bekannter OR-Verfahren in einem Software-Projekt der Praxis.
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    Incomplete convolutions in production and inventory models (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 97-107 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words: Production systems, inventory systems, (incomplete) convolutions ; Schlüsselwörter Produktionssysteme, Lagerhaltungssysteme, (unvollständige) Faltungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden sog. unvollständige Faltungen stetiger Verteilungsfunktionen untersucht, wie sie bei der Analyse (mehrstufiger) Produktions- und Lagerhaltungssysteme auftreten können. Es werden beispielhaft drei Systeme betrachtet, in denen solche unvollständigen Faltungen typischer Weise vorkommen. Für den wichtigen Fall, daß die zugrundeliegenden Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen (Mischungen von) Erlang-Verteilungen mit identischem Skalenparameter sind, werden explizite nicht-rekursive Formeln für diese Faltungen abgeleitet. Schließlich werden für ein Anwendungsbeispiel, bestehend aus dem Fall eines mehrstufigen, seriellen Lagerhaltungssystems, numerische Ergebnisse vorgestellt, die die Effektivität der angegebenen Formeln zeigen.
    Notes: Abstract. In this paper, we study incomplete convolutions of continuous distribution functions, as they appear in the analysis of (multi-stage) production and inventory systems. Three example systems are discussed where these incomplete convolutions naturally arise. We derive explicit, non-recursive formulae for these convolutions, for the relevant case in which the underlying distributions are (mixtures of) Erlang distributions with the same scale parameter. Numerical results for one example system, the multi-stage serial inventory system, are presented to show the effectiveness of these formulae.
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    On deficiencies of common ordering policies for multi-level inventory control (1997)
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    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 109-110 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words: Inventory ; production ; multi-echelon inventory systems ; reorder point policies ; Schlüsselwörter: Bestellpunktregeln ; Lagerhaltung ; Produktion ; mehrstufige Lagerhaltungssysteme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Es werden zwei gebräuchliche Typen von Bestellpolitiken für mehrstufige Lagerhaltungsprobleme untersucht: (R,Q)-Politiken auf Basis lokaler Bestandsinformationen sowie (R,Q)-Politiken auf Basis systemweiter Bestände (Echelon-Bestände). Während die Losgrößen Q als gegeben angenommen werden, wird jede Politik bezüglich der Bestellpunkte R optimiert. Es wird für den Fall der Anwendung auf ein Distributionssystem mit einem Zentral- und mehreren Verkaufslägern gezeigt, daß unter Worst-Case-Bedingungen der relative Kostennachteil für jeden der beiden Politiktypen unbeschränkt groß werden kann.
    Notes: Abstract. We consider two common types of ordering policies for multi-level inventory control: installation stock (R,Q)-policies and echelon stock (R,Q)-policies. The batch quantities are assumed to be given, but each policy is optimized with respect to its reorder point R. We demonstrate that there is no bound for the worst case performance ratio of these policies when applied to distribution inventory systems with a central warehouse and a number of retailers.
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    Substitution elasticities between durable and nondurable goods in the United States: New evidence from the dynamic Laurent system (1997)
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    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 1-13 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C32 ; E20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper uses the dynamic Laurent demand system to jointly estimate the service flows from durable and nondurable goods. The parameter estimates are used to obtain the Morishima elasticity of substitution between goods for the United States from 1960:1 to 1991:4. One of the significant results of this study is that the Morishima elasticities of substitution vary over time instead of being constant. This result implies that the use of the CES functional form gives a poor approximation of the demand system for the data used in this paper. Another important result is that consumers adjust to their long-run equilibrium holding of consumption goods slowly rather than quickly.
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    Generalized habit formation in an Inverse Almost Ideal Demand System: An application to meat expenditures in the U.S. (1997)
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    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 293-320 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: IAIDS ; Habit Formation ; Distance Function ; Long Memory ; Meat Demand ; Misspecification Tests ; C51 ; C52 ; D12 ; Q11
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The Inverse Almost Ideal Demand System (IAIDS) model of Moschini and Vissa (1992) and Eales and Unnevehr (1994) is extended to include: (1) general, nonlinear, nonadditive habit effects; and (2) a specification for habit stock terms that allows purchases from the distant past to influence current consumption (long memory). The resulting models are compared with a linear habit effects model and a static specification. The empirical estimation is on U.S. quarterly meat expenditures (1961–1993), with each model being subjected to a battery of misspecification tests. Results of these tests, along with tests of homogeneity and symmetry restrictions, indicate clearly that the most generalized dynamic specification-the one with nonlinear, nonadditive long-memory habit stock effects-is preferred. Furthermore, persistence effects are found to be qualitatively important in that flexibility, consumption scale, and habit flexibility estimates differ, in some instances substantially, between alternative specifications.
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    The pricing of time-varying beta (1997)
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    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 345-363 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: APT ; beta ; (G)ARCH ; Systematic Risk ; C32 ; G12
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We generalize an asset pricing model based on the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) allowing beta to be time-varying. Making beta a random variable adds flexibility to the model because permits a non-linear relation between individual returns and the set of factors, and accounts for the effect of possible omitted variables. We integrate the conditional APT with a general linear stochastic process for beta. We analyze the behavior of the conditional expected return, the conditional variance and conditional covariance of individual asset returns as functions of the conditional moments of beta. On considering time-varying betas we introduce another source of uncertainty (risk) independent of the factors. We need to disentangle if this extra risk is systematic or non-systematic. To this end, we introduce a modified conditional APT model that rationalizes why the time variation of beta may represent extra systematic risk. For a sample of individual stocks, we test the hypothesis of time-varying beta and the feasibility of the modified conditional APT. We present a test for time-varying beta based on the conditional second moments of returns. We find that there is strong evidence against constancy of betas in favor of a random coefficient model, and that the time variation of beta is due to non-systematic behavior of the firms and investors should be able to diversify this risk away.
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    Estimating inequality in the distribution of welfare using demand models (1997)
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    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 365-392 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: equivalence scales ; welfare inequality ; translog ; almost ideal demand system ; C13 ; C31 ; D12 ; D63
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper two demand models with general household equivalence scales (GES) are estimated. These GES are identifiable, since they have the independence of base utility (IB) or equivalence scales exactness (ESE) property. Estimates of household characteristics adjusted income can then be calculated relative to a specific household type. This “individual equivalent income (IEI) is then used to calculate measures of inequality in the distribution of welfare. As more than one model is estimated, the sensitivity of these estimates to model specification changes can be considered. Comparisons are also made to estimates of inequality based on household income. It is found that absolute inequality is sensitive to model specification, but relative inequality is not. This is true using indices of inequality of the Atkinson (1970), Kolm (1976a,b) and Sen (1973) type, or more general measures of inequality based on estimates of Lorenz curve decile ordinates, constructed using methods introduced by Beach and Davidson (1983). Thus, if absolute measures of inequality are required, these results suggest some further research is required to determine a class of models which is less sensitive to model specification error. However, if only relative measures of inequality are needed, then estimates of inequality appear to be very robust to the choice of model specification.
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    Tax reform in a two-class growth model (1997)
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    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 273-291 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Tax reform simulation ; welfare ; inter- and intragenerational distribution effects ; borrowing constraints ; H3 ; D31 ; C68
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the welfare and distributional effects of tax reforms in a two-class model with exogenous labour supply. It extends the empirically calibrated, standard life-cycle model to include both pure life-cycle savers and households with an altruistic bequest motive. The tax reform simulations cover the move from an income to a wage and a consumption tax, respectively. The role of borrowing constraints is studied and a dynamic analysis of tax reforms using a static expectation approach is performed. The simulation results indicate that the two tax reforms have different impacts on the welfare of the two classes: while the pure life-cycle savers are better off with the consumption tax, the altruistically motivated households gain more under a wage tax. The results further show that while the introduction of a consumption tax is distributionally neutral, the move to a wage tax substantially increases income and wealth inequality.
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    Testing for seasonal integration and cointegration: The Austrian consumption income relationship (1997)
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    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 331-344 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Seasonality ; unit roots ; long-run and seasonal cointegration ; B23 ; C12 ; E21
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the nature of seasonal fluctuations in quarterly observations for Austrian consumption and income data. We begin with univariate tests of the order of integration and then move on to tests of cointegration. Seasonally adjusted as well as raw data are used in these tests. in univariate tests, the outcome for seasonally adjusted and raw data is in line. The unit roots at the zero frequency found in the seasonally adjusted series are also present in the raw data. In bivariate tests, the results for seasonally adjusted and raw data differ. While we find cointegration at the zero frequency between consumption and income for seasonally adjusted series, this hypothesis is generally rejected for the raw data.
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    On the endogeneity of output in dynamic labour-demand models (1997)
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    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 393-408 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Labour Demand ; Output Expectations ; J23
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the endogeneity of output in the context of the standard dynamic labour-demand model. Using a panel of Dutch firms, we find that the assumption of endogeneity of output cannot be rejected, so that an adjusted procedure has to be followed in which information on the output expectations of entrepreneurs is used. The estimated effect of the endogenous, current output variable on employment appears to be significantly larger than the effect of the exogenous, expected output variable. The adjustment parameter of employment is however, remarkably robust against distinct specifications for output.
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    Changing American earnings distributions: One-half century of experience (1997)
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    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 501-514 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: earnings inequality ; Lorenz curves ; dominance tests ; D31 ; J30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Recent increases in earnings inequality have been described as “enormous.” Is it that we are experiencing a unique shift toward greater inequality or are we returning to a more normal state of affairs for the American economy? The recent availability of six decades of data together with important new developments in the theory and measurement of inequality invite a renewed look at the changes in earnings inequality over the past half century. Our findings for male earnings suggest a dramatic contraction in inequality after 1939 followed by a steady rise in earnings inequality through 1989. Focusing on per capita incomes as opposed to earnings eliminates much of the trend toward rising inequality.
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    A new approach to the decomposition of the Gini income inequality ratio (1997)
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    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 515-531 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Relative economic affluence ; Extended Gini ratio between income distributions ; Intensity of transvariation ; Gini mean difference between income distributions ; D63 ; D31
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this research is to introduce a new approach to the decomposition of the Gini ratio into three components, supporting them with economic and statistical rigorous interpretations. The three components are: (i) the Gini inequalitywithin subpopulations; (ii) thenet contribution of the extended Gini inequalitybetween subpopulations; and (iii) the contribution of theintensity of transvariation between subpopulations. These components are weighted by the product of the population shares times the income shares of the corresponding subpopulations where the weights add to one. The decomposition introduced in this research is applied to the 1990 U.S. family income distribution. The population of families is disaggregated by types into the following subpopulations: (a) married-couple families; (b) male householder, no wife present; and (c) female householder, no husband present.
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    Gini's “Transvariazione” and the measurement of distance between distributions (1997)
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    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 547-554 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Gini Index ; Income Distribution ; Transvariazione ; D31
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper notes that Gini's concept of “Transvariazione” corresponds to the idea of overlapping of distributions. It shows that this concept is implicit in some measures of income inequality such as the Pietra and Gini Index and is at the basis of various measures of distance between distributions. An empirical illustration is provided, based on Israeli data for the period 1978–1994.
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    The measurement of Poverty: An experimental questionnaire investigation (1997)
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    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 571-588 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Poverty ; poverty axioms ; inequality ; transfer principle ; monotonicity ; D63 ; I32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We re-examine some of the standard axioms used in the literature on poverty measurement. Using a sample of 486 students from Australia, Israel and the USA we investigate the extent to which individuals' perceptions of poverty correspond to the axioms. We find that axioms such as anonymity, growth of the poor and monotonicity are resonably well supported. However there is very little support for the focus axiom and the principle of transfers was the least well supported of the eight specific criteria for poverty measurement that we examined.
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    Generational and gender-specific aspects of the tax and transfer system in Denmark (1997)
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    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 615-635 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Fiscal Policy ; Generational Accounts ; Public Debt ; E62 ; H60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Using the device of generational accounting, this paper assesses the distribution of lifetime net tax payments across gender and generations in Denmark. We find two significant biases associated with the current structure and stance of public finances. First, not only do men contribute a much large share of their lifetime incomes to the government than women, womens' net payments are even negative. Second, the tax burden on future generations is likely to be substantially higher than the tax burden on current generations.
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    The uncertain unit root in the U.S. poverty rate (1997)
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    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 555-570 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: I32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The U.S. poverty rate, like many other aggregate economic time series, shows considerable persistence. It is logical to consider the model involving a unit root to provide a good description of the data generation process for the poverty rate. We pretest for unit roots in annual U.S. poverty rate data for the postwar period to examine its long-run features given the importance of a unit root for economic forecasting, macroeconometric cointegration modeling and Granger causality testing. Applying a number of available test procedures for pretesting on U.S. postwar poverty rate data, we find results that both support and contradict the claim that the poverty rate is a difference stationary process. The poverty rate data are found to be consistent with a unit root hypothesis when the alternative isI(0) with a linear trend. But the null hypothesis of a unit root is convincingly rejected when the alternative ofI(0) with a broken trend line for a break at an endogenous point in time is considered. The estimate of the break in the trend corresponds to an information technology shock during the early 1970s.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01205780
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    Measuring the welfare effects of tax changes using the LES: An application to a carbon tax (1997)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 589-613 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Carbon tax ; welfare changes ; inequality ; linear expenditure system ; D63
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the use of a parametric approach to the measurement of compensating and equivalent variations resulting from price changes. The approach is based on the application of the Linear Expenditure System (LES) to each of a range of household income groups, rather than being based on a ‘representative’ consumer. The method is then used to examine the distributional effects of a carbon tax, designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The price changes resulting from a carbon tax depend on the ‘carbon intensities’ of each good, which depend in turn on the nature of inter-industry transactions (the input-output matrix). The use of transfer payments to compensate for adverse distributional effects of a carbon tax is investigated, using social welfare functions based on equivalent incomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01205782
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    Stocks and the weather: An exercise in data mining or yet another capital market anomaly? (1997)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 637-641 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C12
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We try to replicate the findings in Saunders (1993) that stock prices are “systematically affected by local weather”. Using German data, we find that whether or not the null hypothesis of no relationship can be rejected depends mostly on the way the null hypothesis is phrased, and that no systematic relationship seems to exist.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01205784
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    Editorial: Promoting Interfunctional Research: Contributions from a Recent MSI Conference (1997)
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    Journal of market-focused management 2 (1997), S. 5-5 
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    ISSN: 1572-8846
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009785415264
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    Market Driven Manufacturing (1997)
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    Journal of market-focused management 2 (1997), S. 27-47 
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    ISSN: 1572-8846
    Keywords: marketing/manufacturing interfaces ; manufacturing priorities ; marketing priorities ; world class manufacturing ; manufacturing use of conjoint analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract World-Class Manufacturing has received a great dealof attention in the past few years, drawing largely on successfulJapanese manufacturing practices. There has also been a separateexplosion in the use of conjoint analysis to determine customerpreferences for marketing purposes. In this paper these two developmentsare used together to determine the most advantageous manufacturingpriorities for a given competitive situation. For illustrationpurposes we use customer preference data from automobiles; thesepreferences are segmented and we then show how the various segmentslink to differing sets of manufacturing priorities. Finally,we examine how strategic manufacturing priorities can be translatedinto specific action-oriented improvement programs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009737516172
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    Driving Shareholder Value: The Role of Marketing in Reducing Vulnerability and Volatility of Cash Flows (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of market-focused management 2 (1997), S. 49-64 
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    ISSN: 1572-8846
    Keywords: shareholder value ; managing risks ; competitive vulnerability ; cash flow analyses ; value measurement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Marketing professionals have historically found it difficultto measure and communicate to other disciplines and to top managementthe value created by marketing activities. All too often, justificationof marketing and communication initiatives is restricted to theirimpact on revenue generation. But, marketers do create valuein other ways. Marketing actions do lead to an acceleration ofthe market's acceptance of new products, to enhanced customerretention/loyalty, to an improvement in the size and qualityof customer bases, to price premiums and other desirable payoffs.Such financial outcomes suggest that marketing activities areoften strategic investments, not tactical, intangible expenses. We suggest that the effectiveness of marketinginitiatives should be evaluated on the basis of their impacton the basic drivers of shareholder value–cash flow acceleration,cash flow enhancement, reduction in volatility and vulnerabilityof cash flows, and growth in the long-term value of business).These shareholder value metrics provide a framework for communicationof the contribution of marketing strategies to value creation.In particular, this paper focuses on the role of marketing inenhancing shareholder value by reducing the vulnerability andvolatility (hence risks) associated with cash flows. This riskreduction (and shareholder value creation) role of marketingactivities is examined within cross-functional processes forcreating customer value such as design of new products and services,supply chain management and management of relationships withcustomers, channels and strategic partners.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009741700243
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    IBM's Journey Towards a Market-Driven Process-Managed Business Model (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of market-focused management 2 (1997), S. 99-103 
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    ISSN: 1572-8846
    Keywords: customer relationship management ; customer-focused ; market-oriented ; market-management ; IBM ; process management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract in 1994, the IBM Corporation undertook several massivereengineering projects with the objective of dramatically changingthe way we do business around the world. One of these initiatives,the Customer Relationship Management (CRM) reengineering project,was intended to support our evolution to a market-oriented customer-focusedorganization. It was clear that we had lost touch with our customers,and had become an inward-focused organization mired in our owninternal policies, procedures and systems—radical changewas required. The driving force behind the reengineering of ourCustomer Relationship processes was a clear set of customer prioritieswhich formed the basis for the major design principles guidingthe project. This article provides a glimpse into this reengineeringeffort, with a focus on the business drivers as well as somekey issues and obstacles to both the design and deployment ofCRM.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009797817990
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    Assessing the Economic Worth of Corporate Event Sponsorships: A Stock Market Perspective (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of market-focused management 2 (1997), S. 149-169 
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    ISSN: 1572-8846
    Keywords: Event Study ; Marketing Communication ; Promotion ; Sponsorship ; Sponsorship Efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Sponsorships of events represent a significant and growingcomponent of firms‘ overall investment in marketing and promotions.While the marketing literature suggests that sponsorships maybe a potential communications tool, relatively little empiricalresearch has been devoted to studying efficiency issues in sponsorships.To understand if sponsorships are efficient investments, we assesstheir economic worth via the event study methodology. Specifically,we hypothesize that a corporate sponsorship announcement providesinformation to market analysts who evaluate the potential profitabilityof a firm. This evaluation of a company‘s potential profitability,in turn, affects the firm‘s stock price. Announcements of 76sponsorship events were analyzed using the event-study method.Results indicate that on average, corporate sponsorship announcementsimpact the stock market positively and that sponsorships areviewed as worthwhile investments by the financial community.The findings of this study contribute to a better understandingof performance issues surrounding sponsorship investments, andextend recent literature which examines the financial impactof marketing decisions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009731419345
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    Marketing's Interfunctional Interfaces: The MSI Workshop on Management of Corporate Fault Zones (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of market-focused management 2 (1997), S. 7-26 
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    ISSN: 1572-8846
    Keywords: marketing interfaces with other functions ; marketing paradigm shifts ; conflict/cooperation ; marketing: culture ; strategy ; and tactics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper first introduces the purposes and processesof the Marketing Science Institute's Workshop on “Interfunctional Interfaces: The Management of Corporate Fault Zones”. The motivatingissues of value migration and market orientation are considerednext followed by discussion of marketing's paradigm shift. Thelast half of the paper deals with several management problemsand research issues which were identified during the workshop.Hopefully, these questions and research needs will help to acceleratedevelopment of research into these interface issues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009709931194
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    Strategy and Structure in Information-Intensive Markets: The Relationship Between Marketing and IT (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of market-focused management 2 (1997), S. 65-81 
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    ISSN: 1572-8846
    Keywords: Information ; information technology ; learning orginization ; marketing ; market-driven ; strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the relationship between the traditionalfunctions of Marketing and Information Technology (IT) from theperspective of the emerging “information-intensive” marketsthat characterize the environment faced by most modern organizations.First, a conceptual framework is presented for understandingthe range of information-intensive strategies (built aroundexploiting the Customer Information File as the key corporateasset) that are increasingly the determinants of competitivesuccess. Next, the appropriate organizational structure to supportthese strategies is proposed—one in which the historicalseparation between marketing and IT is abandoned in favor ofa new structure organized around a core set of information-processingactivities. Finally, the characteristics of this new organizationare described—in particular its role as a “market-drivenlearning organization” and, increasingly, as a living, biologicalorganism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009793717081
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    An Enhanced Framework for Improving Cooperation Between Marketing and Other Functions: The Differential Role of Integrating Mechanisms (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of market-focused management 2 (1997), S. 83-98 
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    ISSN: 1572-8846
    Keywords: Inter-functional cooperation ; integrated organization ; market orientation ; functional silos ; thought worlds ; inter-functional communication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In order to compete effectively in the marketplace,it is critical for marketing and other functional departmentsto work in harmony with each other. Building on the work of Griffinand Hauser (1996), an enhanced framework is proposed to furtherour understanding of when integrating mechanisms designed toincrease cooperation between marketing and other functions arelikely to be most effective. The framework suggests that theefficacy of an integrating mechanism varies across marketing‘sinterfaces with different functions—manufacturing, finance,and R and D. Further, the effects of internal and externalvolatility of an organization‘s environment on cooperation areincorporated into the framework. Implications for theory andpractice are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009745801151
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    Guest Editorial: Event Studies in Finance and Marketing: A Road Map for Finance and Marketing Managers (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of market-focused management 2 (1997), S. 123-126 
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    ISSN: 1572-8846
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009740618436
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    Do Trademark Infringement Lawsuits Affect Brand Value: A Stock Market Perspective (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of market-focused management 2 (1997), S. 127-148 
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    ISSN: 1572-8846
    Keywords: Trademark Infringement ; Brand Value ; Lawsuits ; Brand Equity ; Event Study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Many firms find that they can benefit from copying orotherwise misusing the trademarks of their competitors. Firmsthat have maintained a positive brand image are likely to fightany dilution or eventual loss of their trademark by using lawsuitsagainst offending firms. These lawsuits help to staunch any lossesto the brand and leave the potential for the benefits from thetrademark to flow back to the firm. These benefits will be temperedby legal costs, potential infringement by other firms in futureand the need to file lawsuits in response. In contrast, firmsthat have infringed on a trademark are likely to lose if theowner of the trademark challenges them in court. This study relatesthe stock returns of firms to the filing of lawsuits to defendtrademarks. We study the impact of both the filing of the lawsuitand the eventual verdict of the court on the stock market valueof defendant and plaintiff firms. The protection of a trademarkby a plaintiff using a lawsuit resulted in a negative returnto the shareholders of the defendant firm that infringed on thetrademark. The returns to the plaintiff firms were mixed andof marginal magnitude due to offsetting factors although largefirms experienced positive returns.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009779302506
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    The Value of Olympic Sponsorships: Who is Capturing the Gold? (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of market-focused management 2 (1997), S. 171-182 
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    ISSN: 1572-8846
    Keywords: Event Study ; Sponsorship ; Olympics ; Communications Mix ; Agency Theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In recent years, corporate sponsorship has become anincreasingly important element of the marketing communicationsmix. This paper uses data from the 1996 Atlanta Summer OlympicGames to measure the value of Olympic sponsorship. Using stockreturn data, we find that the shareholders of sponsoring firmsearn negative average abnormal returns around announcement ofOlympic sponsorship agreements. This finding, consistent withan agency cost explanation of corporate investment practices,is robust to variation in a number of firm- and sponsorship-specificvariables. In addition, cross-sectional analysis supports themonitoring hypothesis, as significant equity ownership by institutionalinvestors is positively related to abnormal returns around announcement.Our results suggest that utilizing Olympic sponsorships in themarketing communications mix may not be value-enhancing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009783403415
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    The Effect of New Product Announcements and Preannouncements on Stock Price (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of market-focused management 2 (1997), S. 183-199 
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    ISSN: 1572-8846
    Keywords: Announcements ; Content Analysis ; Event Studies ; Information Heterogeneity ; Information Releasing Event (IRE) ; Preannouncements ; Signaling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Previous event studies which deal with new products do notdistinguish between preannouncements (made in advance of a new productintroduction into the marketplace) and new product announcements (made closeto the time when the new product is introduced). Methodologically, eventstudies implicitly assume that information is homogeneous; that is, they donot consider the amount of information contained in the news release or thetype (e.g., whether detailed or not). This paper argues that new productevent studies should distinguish between announcements and preannouncementsbecause both types of information release events (IRE) are strategicallydistinct and convey different information signals to the marketplace.Methodologically, event studies should allow for informationalheterogeneity. We analyze a large sample of IREs from the 1980–1989period for firms whose stock is publicly traded, distinguishing betweenpreannouncements and announcements. We use content analysis to classify IREsaccording to the type and amount of information provided. The results showthat it is incorrect to jointly analyze announcements and preannouncements.On average, only preannouncements have a significant positive effect onstock prices. However, the signaling effect of preannouncements on stockprice is industry-specific. In particular, the results support Klein andLeffler‘s theory (1981) that preannouncements in the manufacturing industryare effective strategic tools. We also investigate the impact of IREs onthe market risk (i.e., the risk that stockholders cannot diversify away) ofthe announcing and preannouncing firms. The results show that firm-specificand informational variables do not have any effect on market risk,regardless of the type of IRE (i.e., announcement or preannouncement).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009735620253
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    A new single model and derived algorithms for the satellite shot planning problem using graph theory concepts (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 69 (1997), S. 115-134 
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    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The satellite shot sequencing problem consists in choosing the pictures to be completed by defining sequences of shots which must respect technical constraints and limits. We propose a graph-theoretic model for both the medium- and the short-term sequencing and present algorithmic solutions by using properties of the model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018920709696
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    A variation of the generalized assignment problem arising in the New Zealand dairy industry (1997)
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    Annals of operations research 69 (1997), S. 105-114 
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    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Within the New Zealand dairy industry, milk is collected from farms by road tanker vehicles and delivered to the factories of a dairy company for processing. Before the tankers can be scheduled to pick up the milk, each company must decide to which factory the output of each of its client farms is to be sent. We present a mathematical model of this allocation problem and solution procedures for it. The model is a variation on the generalized assignment problem. The problem is NP-hard, which reinforces the search for efficient heuristics for it. We present heuristics which yield solutions close to optimality in a reasonable amount of computing time for problems of the size commonly encountered in the dairy industry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018968625626
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    A dynamic programming algorithm for single machine scheduling with ready times (1997)
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    Annals of operations research 69 (1997), S. 135-156 
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    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract We propose a dynamic programming algorithm for the single machine scheduling problem with ready times and deadlines to minimize total weighted completion time. Weights may be positive or negative and the cost function may be non-regular. This problem appears as a subproblem in the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition of the job-shop scheduling problem. We show that the algorithm is polynomial if time window length is bounded by a constant and times are integer-valued. We present computational results for problems with up to 200 jobs.
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    Minimizing the number of robots to meet a given cyclic schedule (1997)
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    Annals of operations research 69 (1997), S. 209-226 
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    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract We study a problem of cyclic no-wait scheduling of identical parts on m sequential machines. A number of robots are used to transport the parts from one machine to another. We consider the problem that has two performance measures: one is the number of robots to be used, the other is the period of a cyclic schedule. We find the minimal number of robots needed to meet a given cyclic schedule, for all possible cycle lengths, the complex-ity of the suggested algorithm being O(m 5 ), independently of the range within which the cycle length value may vary.
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    Vehicle scheduling on a tree with release and handling times (1997)
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    Annals of operations research 69 (1997), S. 193-207 
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    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we consider a single-vehicle scheduling problem on a tree-shaped road net-work. Let T =(V,E) be a tree, where V is a set of n vertices and E is a set of edges. A task is located at each vertex v, which is also denoted as v. Each task v has release time r(v) and handling time h(v). The travel times c(u, v) and c(v, u) are associated with each edge (u, v) of E. The vehicle starts from an initial vertex v_0 of V, visits all tasks v in V for their processing, and returns to v_0 . The objective is to find a routing schedule of the vehicle that minimizes the completion time, denoted as C (i.e., the time to return to v_0 after processing all tasks). We call this problem TREE-VSP(C). We first prove that TREE-VSP(C) is NP-hard. However, we then show that TREE-VSP(C) with a depth-first routing constraint can be exactly solved in O(n log n) time. Moreover, we show that, if this exact algorithm is used as an approximate algorithm for the original TREE-VSP(C), its worst-case performance ratio is at most two.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018928911513
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    Preemptive scheduling with finite capacity input buffers (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 70 (1997), S. 399-413 
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    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Preemptive single machine scheduling ; finite input buffers ; polynomial time algorithm ; NP-complete
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In many scheduling problems, an arriving job is stored in an input buffer until it starts to be processed. Also, it may be necessary to hold a partially completed preempted job in an input buffer until processing of this job resumes. In the scheduling literature, most problems have been studied using the implicit assumption that the buffer has infinite capacity. We study preemptive single machine scheduling problems where the buffer capacity is finite. In this scheduling environment, jobs may be lost either because of insufficient input buffer capacity, or because due date requirements cannot be met. We examine problems where the objective is to minimize the weighted or unweighted number of lost jobs. Various assumptions about the generality of the data are examined. We present a complexity classification for various problems, either by deriving an efficient algorithm, or by proving that such an algorithm is unlikely to exist.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018990625142
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    No-wait flow shop scheduling with large lot sizes (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 70 (1997), S. 415-438 
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    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Approximation algorithms ; heuristics ; no-wait scheduling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract NO-WAIT FLOW SHOP consists of minimizing the completion time of a set of N parts that must undergo a series of m machines in the same order, with the constraint that each part, once started, cannot wait on or between the machines. The problem is known to be NP-complete for m ≥ 3, while an O(N log N) algorithm exists when m = 2. In this paper, some new results are presented concerning the case in which parts are grouped into lots of identical parts. An ε-approximate algorithm is proposed, based on the solution to a trans-portation problem. The relative error of the approximation goes to zero as the size of any lot grows. Experimental results are reported comparing our approach with the only other ε-approximate algorithm known in literature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018942709213
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    Preemptive multiprocessor task scheduling with release times and time windows (1997)
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    Annals of operations research 70 (1997), S. 43-55 
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    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Parallel processing ; multiprocessor tasks ; preemptive scheduling ; release times ; scheduling in time windows ; polynomial time algorithms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Classical scheduling theory assumed that a task may require for its processing only one processor at a time. This assumption is not obvious in the context of new parallel computer systems and parallel algorithms. In this work, we consider preemptive deterministic scheduling of multiprocessor tasks, each of which may require a set of processors at a time. In general, tasks may appear in the system in different moments of time. We will also consider the problem of scheduling such tasks in time windows on particular processors. The existence of low-order polynomial time algorithms for the above problems with C max and L max criteria will be analyzed. The general case of the problem can be solved using a linear programming approach.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018994726051
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    Strategic joint ventures in Information Technology (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 71 (1997), S. 143-175 
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    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Information industry, communications industry, software industry, conceptual study, optimization, economic theory, corporate strategy, general management, marketing, pricing, regulation, public policy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The Information Technology (IT) industry is seeing a great increase in the number of alliances between firms. It is important for the providers, customers and sometimes even the government to know the implications of such a development. We consider two competing organizations with differentiated products forming a strategic joint venture to offer a new product which will compete with their existing products. (An example would be the joint venture between Apple and IBM to develop a new operating system.) We focus on the ownership structure of the new product and the strategic re-positioning of the old products in terms of their price, with an emphasis on the latter. We show that the prices of the old products will increase after the introduction of the new product and they will not be taken off the market. We also show that our model unifies the salient aspects of the spatial competition and the monopolistic competition approaches of analyzing product differentiation. As a partner's stake in the joint venture increases, its price for the old product shifts further away from the level that will maximize the profit from the old product. However, the overall profit (from the old and new products) increases with the stake in the new product. The resulting feasible set of ownership structures (where both firms are better off by entering the joint venture) shifts towards greater control by the firm with the initial premium product, as the mean reservation price for the new product increases. Initially, the prices of the two products will be set at their respective mean reservation prices (and these will increase after the introduction of the new product). We show the nature of the new prices of the two old products under different scenarios. We show situations where the ordering of the prices of the old products will be maintained, and where it may be changed. The price of the new product will be set at its mean reservation price. When a part of the stake of one of the firms is distributed to a third party, it leads to lower prices for both the products. We discuss generalizations of the model and various areas of potential research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018911329685
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    Managing operations research models for decision support systems applications in a database environment (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 72 (1997), S. 151-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we address the problem of building decision support systems that make use of multiple operations research models as database applications. The motivation for developing applications in a database environment is that, by doing so, the development effort can be substantially reduced, while, at the same time, the application inherits valuable database features. The paper contains two main contributions. First, we present a set of modeling constructs that should aid developers in structuring such applications and in carrying out the development process. Included in this material is a fairly comprehensive model for handling versions. Second, we discuss certain design alternatives and evaluate performance tradeoffs associated with them. In addition to evaluating the differences among competing database designs, we provide evidence that properly designed database applications show little performance degradation over file based applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018944204186
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  • 97
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    Staff rostering at a large international airport (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 72 (1997), S. 125-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Airport operations, staff rostering, personnel scheduling.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The human resource planning and scheduling system described in this paper assists in the rostering of approximately 500 staff for the airport operations of a major international airline at one of the busiest international airports. The system rosters airline ground staff over a monthly planning horizon so that the work load is evenly distributed among the staff and idle time, the main productivity measure, is minimised. The rosters are subject to a large number of rules designed to ensure reasonable working conditions and service stand-ards. The system then allocates individual tasks to the staff for any particular day, and effectively manages, in real-time, disruptions that occur due to aircraft delays and unplanned staff absences on the day of operations. The system is also designed to reduce the number of staff needed to run the present rostering system. In this paper, we provide a description of the overall system and an algorithm for solving the rostering problem associated with the system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018992120116
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  • 98
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    Providing information system support for simulations using the Cassandra+ system (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 72 (1997), S. 183-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Query-driven simulations, discrete-event simulations, temporal databases, temporal query languages, system architecture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A Query-Driven Simulation (QDS) system Cassandra+ is described that allows end-users to ask temporal queries about outcomes of running simulation models written in various simulation languages. The architecture of Cassandra+, its query language SimQL, and the implementation of the system are described. It is argued that Cassandra+ provides a more effective information systems (IS) support for simulations than the more traditional approaches by letting the users ask questions of interest about simulation outcomes in a declarative, flexible, and interactive fashion. To demonstrate the usefulness and practicality of the QDS approach and Cassandra+ in particular to asking queries about simulation outcomes, we present a case study. In this case study, we show how Cassandra+ performs on an "industrial-strength" manufacturing application developed by the management consulting company of Booz, Allen & Hamilton.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018996221025
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  • 99
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    Abraham Charnes remembered (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 73 (1997), S. 373-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract As this project was unfolding, people approached us at conferences and meetings to relate anecdotes and recollections of their encounters with Abe. This gave us the idea that we should formally canvas as many of Abe's students, collaborators and associates as could be found in Caryn Cluis' (Professor Abraham Charnes' trusty assistant all these years) voluminous rolodex. The response to our request was extremely gratifying and this chapter presents selections from the material we received. Some of these were edited as space constraints did not allow us to reprint all that we received. Our hope is that this memories chapter will provide a glimpse of Abraham Charnes - the person - a view not readily conveyed by his scientific accomplishments and in his professional encounters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018945631928
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  • 100
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    A bibliography for Data Envelopment Analysis (1978-1996) (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 73 (1997), S. 393-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Since the original DEA study by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (1978), there has been a rapid growth in the field. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of much of the research, there is a need for a single source referencing the wide range of articles appearing in the literature. The author's intention in maintaining a bibliography of DEA-related articles is to provide such a single source and thus facilitate comprehensive growth in the field. This version compiles over 800 published articles and dissertations related to Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The bibliography covers the years 1978-1996. Due to the archival nature of the publication, working papers and technical reports were excluded. While the bibliography was compiled from various sources, it represents the effort of a single person and consequently no claim can be made as to its completeness. Any corrections, additions, and/or suggestions will be welcomed in order that the bibliography may be revised and redistributed in a more complete and correct form. In particular, the author, with the assistance of Joe Zhu, is in the process of creating a WWW version of the DEA bibliography. When completed, it will be accessible from the author's homepage at the URL http://www.ecs.umass.edu/mie/faculty/seiford.html The author wishes to thank all colleagues who continue to send copies of their papers and would appreciate receiving additional DEA-related articles for incorporation into future versions of the bibliography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018949800069
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