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  • Artikel  (13)
  • toxicity  (13)
  • 2020-2022
  • 1995-1999  (13)
  • 1997  (13)
  • Energietechnik  (13)
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  • Artikel  (13)
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  • 2020-2022
  • 1995-1999  (13)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Enhancement of biodegradation of phenol and a nongrowth substrate 4-chlorophenol by medium augmentation with conventional carbon sources (1997)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 8 (1997), S. 329-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Schlagwort(e): biodegradation ; cometabolism ; nongrowth substrate ; conventional carbon sources ; inhibition ; pH regulation ; toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The enhancement of biodegradation of phenol and4-chlorophenol (4-cp) as a cometabolised compound byPseudomonas putida ATCC 49451 was accomplishedby augmenting the medium with conventional carbonsources such as sodium glutamate and glucose. Comparedwith phenol as the sole carbon source, the addition of1 gl-1 sodium glutamate increased the toxicitytolerance of cells toward 4-cp and significantlyimproved the biodegradation rates of both phenol and4-cp even when the initial concentration of 4-cp wasas high as 200 mgl-1. On the other hand,supplementation of glucose caused a significant dropin the medium pH from 7.2 to 4.3 resulting in areduction of degradation rate, leaving a considerableamount of 4-cp undegraded when the initialconcentration of 4-cp was higher than 100 mgl-1.By regulating the pH of the medium, however,enhancement of degradation rates of phenol and 4-cp inthe presence of glucose was achieved with aconcomitant complete degradation of phenol and 4-cp.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008267607634
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Transformation of carbon tetrachloride under sulfate reducing conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 8 (1997), S. 429-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Schlagwort(e): anaerobic biotransformation ; carbon tetrachloride ; electron donor ; sulfate reduction ; transformation products ; toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The removal of carbon tetrachloride under sulfate reducing conditions was studied in an an aerobic packed-bed reactor. Carbon tetrachloride, up to a concentration of 30 μM, was completely converted. Chloroform and dichloromethane were the main transformation products, but part of the carbon tetrachloride was also completely dechlorinated to unknown products. Gram-positive sulfate-reducing bacteria were involved in the reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride to chloroform and dichloromethane since both molybdate, an inhibitor of sulfate reduction, and vancomycin, an inhibitor of gram-positive bacteria completely inhibited carbon tetrachloride transformation. Carbon tetrachloride transformation by these bacteria was a cometabolic process and depended on the input of an electron donor and electron acceptor (sulfate). The rate of carbon tetrachloride transformation by sulfate reducing bacteria depended on the type of electron donor present. A transformation rate of 5.1 nmol·ml-1·h-1 was found with ethanol as electron donor. At carbon tetrachloride concentrations higher than18 μM, sulfate reduction and reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride decreased and complete inhibition was observed at a carbon tetrachloride concentration of 56.6 μM. It is not clear what type of microorganisms were involved in the observed partial complete dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride. Sulfate reducing bacteria probably did not play a role since inhibition of these bacteria with molybdate had no effect on the complete dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008262225760
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of Particle Size Distribution and Content of Organic Matter on the Toxicity of Copper in Sediment Bioassays Using Caenorhabditis Elegans (Nematoda) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 689-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): Sediment ; particle size distribution ; organic matter ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; Cu ; toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of particle size distribution and organic matter on the toxicity of copper was investigated using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as testorganism. Sediments taken at various depths from three lakes of different trophic status and artificial sediments were spiked with sublethal concentrations of CuSO4. After an exposure of 72 h to spiked sediment or liquid medium, body length of the nematodes was determined. Both artificial and natural sediments reduced the effect of copper, with natural sediments being more effective. In natural sediments worms grew normally at concentrations of copper up to 63.5 mg/L, whereas in artificial sediments body length was reduced at concentrations of 11.3 mg Cu/L or higher. Body length was positively correlated with content of fine particles and organic matter, indicating that particle size distribution and organic matter are determinant factors for the ecotoxicology of sediments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018340902330
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in lake orta (Northern Italy) sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 245-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): PCB ; organochlorine pesticide ; sediment ; organic carbon content ; toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides (DDT, lindane and HCB) distribution were studied in Lake Orta sediments. The results indicated a contaminated area in the nor-them part of the sub-basin. The observed high levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs) may he explained by the focusing phenomenon, ie. the preferential transport of lighter and smaller particles from the emission sources to this area. The PCBs and DDT values were correlated with the organic carbon content and the heavy metal contamination. The toxicity of the sediment samples was related also to PCB content. PCBs and OCs pollution of Lake Orta was of the same order of magnitude as in Lake Como, which is the most contamined lake in Northern Italy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406864
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparative assessment of toxicity of phenol, formaldehyde, and industrial wastewater to aquatic organisms (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 315-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): aquatic organisms ; formaldehyde ; industrial wastewater ; phenol ; toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract The toxicity of pure phenol, formaldehyde, and industrial wastewater, containing phenol and formaldehyde, from a resin production plant was evaluated using aquatic organisms from different taxonomic groups. Test organisms included mixed bacterial culture, unicellular green algaeScenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb., crustaceaDaphnia pulex de Geer (daphnids), and fishOncorhynchus mykiss Call, 1990 (rainbow trout). Formaldehyde was found to be more toxic to the mixed bacterial culture (120h EC50 = 34.1 mg L−1), algae (24h EC50 = 14.7 mg L−1), and crustacea (48h EC50 = 5.8 mg L−1) than phenol. Phenol proved to be more toxic to fish (48h LC50 = 13.1 mg L−1) than to the mixed bacterial culture (120h EC50 = 510 mg L−1), algae (24h EC50 = 403 mg L−1), and crustacea (48h EC50 = 25 mg L−1). The toxicity of the industrial wastewater to the mixed bacterial culture, algae, and crustacea was caused mainly by formaldehyde, but for fish the presence of phenol in the wastewater proved to be the significant reason for toxicity. Differences in sensitivity of the selected test organisms were also observed, with fish and crustacea being the most sensitive species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407469
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of particle size distribution and content of organic matter on the toxicity of copper in sediment bioassays usingCaenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 689-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): Sediment ; particle size distribution ; organic matter ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; Cu ; toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of particle size distribution and organic matter on the toxicity of copper was investigated using the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans as testorganism. Sediments taken at various depths from three lakes of different trophic status and artificial sediments were spiked with sublethal concentrations of CuSO4. After an exposure of 72 h to spiked sediment or liquid medium, body length of the nematodes was determined. Both artificial and natural sediments reduced the effect of copper, with natural sediments being more effective. In natural sediments worms grew normally at concentrations of copper up to 63.5 mg/L, whereas in artificial sediments body length was reduced at concentrations of 11.3 mg Cu/L or higher. Body length was positively correlated with content of fine particles and organic matter, indicating that particle size distribution and organic matter are determinant factors for the ecotoxicology of sediments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406908
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    CADMIUM ACCUMULATION AND TOXICITY IN SUBMERGED PLANT HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA (l.f.) ROYLE (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 47 (1997), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Schlagwort(e): accumulation ; bioassay ; cadmium ; Hydrilla verticillata ; toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Cadmium accumulation and its toxicity in relation tochlorophyll, protein, cysteine contents and in vivo nitrate reductaseactivity were studied under controlled conditions in Hydrillaverticillata, a submerged commonly occurring macrophyte. Plants weresubjected to six different concentrations of Cd ranging from 1.0 to 25.0 µM for 24, 48, 72 and 168 h. Tissue Cd concentration was maximum (13.71 µmoles/g dw) at 25 µM background concentration. At this concentration, a decrease of approximately 79 and 72% was found in chlorophyll and protein content. In vivo nitrate reductase activity was stimulated at 1.0 µM; however, the activity gradually declined beyond this concentration. Exposure to various cadmium concentrations resulted in an increase in cysteine content of the plant.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005771301076
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bootstrap estimation of community NOEC values (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 293-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Schlagwort(e): toxicity ; NOEC ; prediction ; extrapolation ; bootstrapping
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Recent estimations of NOEC (no observed effect concentration) values for communities use single species effect data to predict the concentration at which not more than some particular acceptable percentage of the species in a community will be affected. This method has a number of difficulties, not the least of which is obtaining effects data for enough of the right species to accurately represent the whole community. Typically one has to make do with existing data sets in which the choice of species tested has been made for convenience rather than representativeness. Usually the raw data alone are not sufficient to make reasonable estimates. Statistical methods have been proposed which deal with this problem by assigning a specific distribution to the data. But assumption of a specific distribution may not be valid. We present an alternative method and an associated computer program which use resampling (bootstrap) methods to estimate the NOEC without assuming a specific distribution. This method has the advantage that no underlying distribution is assumed. Simulated and published data sets were used to compare this approach with published methods. The use of this technique to assess representativeness was also demonstrated
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018639113818
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF TOXICITY OF PHENOL, FORMALDEHYDE, AND INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 315-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): aquatic organisms ; formaldehyde ; industrialwastewater ; phenol ; toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract The toxicity of pure phenol, formaldehyde, and industrial wastewater, containing phenol and formaldehyde, from a resin production plant was evaluated using aquatic organisms from different taxonomic groups. Test organisms included mixed bacterial culture, unicellular green algae Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb., crustacea Daphnia pulex de Geer (daphnids), and fish Oncorhynchus mykiss Call, 1990 (rainbow trout). Formaldehyde was found to be more toxic to the mixed bacterial culture (120h EC50 = 34.1 mg L-1), algae (24h EC50 = 14.7 mg L-1), and crustacea (48h EC50 = 5.8 mg L-1) than phenol. Phenol proved to be more toxic to fish (48h LC50 = 13.1 mg L-1) than to the mixed bacterial culture (120h EC50 = 510 mg L-1), algae (24h EC50 = 403 mg L-1), and crustacea (48h EC50 = 25 mg L-1). The toxicity of the industrial wastewater to the mixed bacterial culture, algae, and crustacea was caused mainly by formaldehyde, but for fish the presence of phenol in the wastewater proved to be the significant reason for toxicity. Differences in sensitivity of the selected test organisms were also observed, with fish and crustacea being the most sensitive species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026472313561
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sediment-Water Interactions Affect Assessments of Metals Discharges at Electric Utilities (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): trace metals/metalloids ; gills ; ecosystem models ; bioaccumulation ; toxicity ; mechanisms ; bioavailability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract We present three examples to show the importance of sediment-water interactions to electric utilities: 1) Selenium (Se), in ash pond effluents, has caused declines in fish populations in North Carolina. A biogeochemistry model appears to explain Se dynamics for several reservoirs. However, further work on sediment water interactions is needed to predict the speed of reservoir Se declines following cessation of inputs; 2) Mercury (Hg), volatilized in stack gases from coal fired power plants, is a public and wildlife health concern. Sediments play a major role in the biogeochemistry of Hg as documented in the Mercury Cycling Model (MCM); As with Se, questions about sediment water interactions limit the confidence in predictions about dynamics and effects of Hg; and 3) One of the recommendations from a recent Pellston Conference was to evaluate the use of a new paradigm as a basis for metals regulations. Under this new paradigm, effects of surface active metals (Ag, Al, Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn) on fish can be viewed as dependent on competition between the gill, a 'biotic ligand', and other environmental ligands for metals in discharges. Under this new paradigm, then, the mechanics of toxicity can be viewed as analogous to interactions at the sediment-water interface. It is clear from these three examples that fostering discussion among chemists and toxicologists, through joint participation at meetings and publication in journals used by both fields, is critical for development of accurate assessment capabilities and support of cost effective decision making.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018309105114
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PCBs and Organochlorine Pesticides in Lake Orta (Northern Italy) Sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 245-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): PCB ; organochlorine pesticide ; sediment ; organic carbon content ; toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides (DDT, lindane and HCB) distribution were studied in Lake Orta sediments. The results indicated a contaminated area in the northern part of the sub-basin. The observed high levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs) may be explained by the focusing phenomenon, ie. the preferential transport of lighter and smaller particles from the emission sources to this area. The PCBs and DDT values were correlated with the organic carbon content and the heavy metal contamination. The toxicity of the sediment samples was related also to PCB content. PCBs and OCs pollution of Lake Orta was of the same order of magnitude as in Lake Como, which is the most contamined lake in Northern Italy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018377625587
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sediment-water interactions affect assessments of metals discharges at electric utilities (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): trace metals/mealloids ; gills ; ecosystem models ; bioaccumulation ; toxicity ; mechanisms ; bioavailability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract We present three examples to show the importance of sediment-water interactions to electric utilities: 1) Selenium (Se), in ash pond effluents, has caused declines in fish populations in North Carolina. A biogeochernistry model appears to explain Se dynamics for several reservoirs. However, further work on sediment water interactions is needed to predict the speed of reservoir Se declines following cessation of inputs; 2) Mercury (Hg), volatilized in stack gases from coal fired power plants, is a public and wildlife health concern. Sediments play a major role in the biogeochernistry of Hg as documented in the Mercury Cycling Model (MCM); As with Se, questions about sediment water interactions limit the confidence in predictions about dynamics and effects of Hg; and 3) One of the recommendations from a recent Pellston Conference was to evaluate the use of a new paradigm as a basis for metals regulations. Under this new paradigm, effects of surface active metals (Ag, Al, Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn) on fish can be viewed as dependent on competition between the gill, a ‘biotic ligand’, and other environmental ligands for metals in discharges.Under this new paradigm, then, the mechanics of toxicity can he viewed as analogous to interactions at the sediment-water interface. It is clear from these three examples that fostering discussion among chemists and toxicologists, through joint participation at meetings and publication in journals used by both fields, is critical for development of accurate assessment capabilities and support of cost effective decision making.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406858
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Impacts of ocean CO2 disposal on marine life: I. A toxicological assessment integrating constant‐concentration laboratory assay data with variable‐concentration field exposure (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental modeling and assessment 2 (1997), S. 333-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2967
    Schlagwort(e): carbon dioxide ; sequestration ; plume ; pH ; toxicity ; zooplankton
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Feasibility studies suggest that the concept of capturing CO2 from fossil fuel power plants and discharging it to the deep ocean could help reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, the local reduction in seawater pH near the point of injection is a potential environmental impact. Data from the literature reporting on toxicity of reduced pH to marine organisms potentially affected by such a plume were combined into a model expressing mortality as a function of pH and exposure time. Since organisms exposed to real plumes would experience a time‐varying pH, methods to account for a variable exposure were reviewed and a new method developed based on the concept of isomortality. In part II of this paper, the method is combined with a random‐walk model describing the transport of passive organisms through a low pH plume leading to a Monte‐Carlo‐like risk assessment which is applied to several candidate CO2 injection scenarios.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019029931755
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