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  • 1
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    Photochemically driven collapse of Titan's atmosphere (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-31
    Description: Saturn's giant moon Titan has a thick (1.5 bar) nitrogen atmosphere, which has a temperature structure that is controlled by the absorption of solar and thermal radiation by methane, hydrogen, and organic aerosols into which methane is irreversibly converted by photolysis. Previous studies of Titan's climate evolution have been done with the assumption that the methane abundance was maintained against photolytic depletion throughout Titan's history, either by continuous supply from the interior or by buffering by a surface or near surface reservoir. Radiative-convective and radiative-saturated equilibrium models of Titan's atmosphere show that methane depletion may have allowed Titan's atmosphere to cool so that nitrogen, its main constituent, condenses onto the surface, collapsing Titan into a Triton-like frozen state with a thin atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lorenz, R D -- McKay, C P -- Lunine, J I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 31;275(5300):642-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Planetary Sciences, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.rlorenz@pl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Evolution, Planetary ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Methane ; *Nitrogen ; Photolysis ; *Saturn ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Activated acetic acid by carbon fixation on (Fe,Ni)S under primordial conditions (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-11
    Description: In experiments modeling the reactions of the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A pathway at hydrothermal temperatures, it was found that an aqueous slurry of coprecipitated NiS and FeS converted CO and CH3SH into the activated thioester CH3-CO-SCH3, which hydrolyzed to acetic acid. In the presence of aniline, acetanilide was formed. When NiS-FeS was modified with catalytic amounts of selenium, acetic acid and CH3SH were formed from CO and H2S alone. The reaction can be considered as the primordial initiation reaction for a chemoautotrophic origin of life.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huber, C -- Wachtershauser, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 11;276(5310):245-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universitat Munchen, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9092471" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetic Acid/*chemistry ; Carbon Monoxide/*chemistry ; Catalysis ; Cobalt/chemistry ; *Evolution, Chemical ; Ferrous Compounds/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Sulfide/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrolysis ; Nickel/*chemistry ; *Origin of Life ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Sulfhydryl Compounds/chemistry ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Prebiotic chemistry. Where smokers rule (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crabtree, R H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 11;276(5310):222.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Yale University Chemistry Department, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9132945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetate-CoA Ligase/metabolism ; Acetates/*chemistry ; Acetyl Coenzyme A/chemistry ; Carbon Monoxide/chemistry ; Catalysis ; *Evolution, Chemical ; Ferrous Compounds/chemistry ; Nickel/chemistry ; *Origin of Life ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Requirement of guanosine triphosphate-bound ran for signal-mediated nuclear protein export (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-20
    Description: A leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) allows rapid export of proteins from cell nuclei. Microinjection studies revealed a role for the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Ran in NES-mediated export. Nuclear injection of a Ran mutant (Thr24 --〉 Asn) blocked protein export but not import, whereas depletion of the Ran nucleotide exchange factor RCC1 blocked protein import but not export. However, injection of Ran GTPase-activating protein (RanGAP) into RCC1-depleted cell nuclei inhibited export. Coinjection with Ran mutants insensitive to RanGAP prevented this inhibition. Therefore, NES-mediated protein export appears to require a Ran-GTP complex but does not require Ran-dependent GTP hydrolysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Richards, S A -- Carey, K L -- Macara, I G -- EST3207122/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- GM 50526/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 20;276(5320):1842-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9188526" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Cytoplasm ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; *GTPase-Activating Proteins ; Glutathione Transferase/metabolism ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; *Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; Guanosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Luminescent Proteins/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nuclear Envelope/metabolism ; Nuclear Localization Signals ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Temperature ; ran GTP-Binding Protein
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Neurospora wc-1 and wc-2: transcription, photoresponses, and the origins of circadian rhythmicity (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: Circadian rhythmicity is universally associated with the ability to perceive light, and the oscillators ("clocks") giving rise to these rhythms, which are feedback loops based on transcription and translation, are reset by light. Although such loops must contain elements of positive and negative regulation, the clock genes analyzed to date-frq in Neurospora and per and tim in Drosophila-are associated only with negative feedback and their biochemical functions are largely inferred. The white collar-1 and white collar-2 genes, both global regulators of photoresponses in Neurospora, encode DNA binding proteins that contain PAS domains and are believed to act as transcriptional activators. Data shown here suggest that wc-1 is a clock-associated gene and wc-2 is a clock component; both play essential roles in the assembly or operation of the Neurospora circadian oscillator. Thus DNA binding and transcriptional activation can now be associated with a clock gene that may provide a positive element in the feedback loop. In addition, similarities between the PAS-domain regions of molecules involved in light perception and circadian rhythmicity in several organisms suggest an evolutionary link between ancient photoreceptor proteins and more modern proteins required for circadian oscillation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crosthwaite, S K -- Dunlap, J C -- Loros, J J -- GM 34985/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- MH01186/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH44651/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):763-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755-3844, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Biological Clocks/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology ; DNA, Fungal/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Feedback ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Genes, Fungal ; Light ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neurospora crassa/genetics/*physiology ; Phytochrome/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; *Transcriptional Activation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Paleomagnetic evidence of a low-temperature origin of carbonate in the Martian meteorite ALH84001 (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-14
    Description: Indirect evidence for life on Mars has been reported from the study of meteorite ALH84001. The formation temperature of the carbonates is controversial; some estimates suggest 20 degrees to 80 degrees C, whereas others exceed 650 degrees C. Paleomagnetism can be used to distinguish between these possibilities because heating can remagnetize ferrimagnetic minerals. Study of two adjacent pyroxene grains from the crushed zone of ALH84001 shows that each possesses a stable natural remanent magnetization (NRM), implying that Mars had a substantial magnetic field when the grains cooled. However, NRM directions from these particles differ, implying that the meteorite has not been heated significantly since the formation of the internal crushed zone about 4 billion years ago. The carbonate globules postdate this brecciation, and thus formed at low temperatures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kirschvink, J L -- Maine, A T -- Vali, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 14;275(5306):1629-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 170-25, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9054354" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbonates/*chemistry ; Magnetics ; *Mars ; *Meteoroids ; Minerals/*chemistry ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Selective colorimetric detection of polynucleotides based on the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-22
    Description: A highly selective, colorimetric polynucleotide detection method based on mercaptoalkyloligonucleotide-modified gold nanoparticle probes is reported. Introduction of a single-stranded target oligonucleotide (30 bases) into a solution containing the appropriate probes resulted in the formation of a polymeric network of nanoparticles with a concomitant red-to-pinkish/purple color change. Hybridization was facilitated by freezing and thawing of the solutions, and the denaturation of these hybrid materials showed transition temperatures over a narrow range that allowed differentiation of a variety of imperfect targets. Transfer of the hybridization mixture to a reverse-phase silica plate resulted in a blue color upon drying that could be detected visually. The unoptimized system can detect about 10 femtomoles of an oligonucleotide.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elghanian, R -- Storhoff, J J -- Mucic, R C -- Letsinger, R L -- Mirkin, C A -- GM 10265/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 22;277(5329):1078-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9262471" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biosensing Techniques ; Colorimetry ; *Gold ; Microchemistry ; *Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Oligonucleotide Probes ; Polydeoxyribonucleotides/*analysis ; Spectrophotometry ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
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    Microbiology's scarred revolutionary (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):699-702.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9157549" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaea/*classification/genetics/physiology ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; History, 20th Century ; Origin of Life ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Temperature ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    The early Mars climate question heats up (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kasting, J F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1245.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geoscience, Pennsylvania State University, State College 16802, USA. kasting@essc.psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9411751" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; Exobiology ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Greenhouse Effect ; Ice ; Infrared Rays ; *Mars ; Scattering, Radiation ; Temperature ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Conversion by Peyer's patch lymphocytes of human enterocytes into M cells that transport bacteria (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-15
    Description: The epithelium that lines the gut is impermeable to macromolecules and microorganisms, except in Peyer's patches (PPs), where the lymphoid follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) contains M cells that transport antigens and microorganisms. A cultured system that reproduces the main characteristics of FAE and M cells was established by cultivation of PP lymphocytes with the differentiated human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Lymphocytes settled into the epithelial monolayer, inducing reorganization of the brush border and a temperature-dependent transport of particles and Vibrio cholerae. This model system could prove useful for intestinal physiology, vaccine research, and drug delivery studies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerneis, S -- Bogdanova, A -- Kraehenbuhl, J P -- Pringault, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):949-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, and Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9252325" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; *Bacterial Translocation ; Caco-2 Cells ; Carrier Proteins/analysis ; Cell Polarity ; Coculture Techniques ; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate ; Humans ; *Immunity, Mucosal ; Intestinal Mucosa/*cytology/*immunology/microbiology ; Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Microfilament Proteins/analysis ; Microspheres ; Microvilli/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Peyer's Patches/cytology/*immunology ; Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex/analysis ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Temperature ; Vibrio cholerae/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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