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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    AI & society 13 (1999), S. 357-376 
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Schlagwort(e): Context ; CSCW ; Culture ; Design ; Interface ; Japan ; Work
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract The past decade has seen the development of a perspective holding that technology is socially constructed. This paper examines the social construction of one group of technologies: systems for computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW). It describes the design of CSCW in Japan, with particular attention to the influence of culture on the design process. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the argument that culture is an important factor in technology design, despite commonly held assumptions about the neutrality and objectivity of science and technology. The paper further argues that, by looking at CSCW systems as texts which reflect the context of their production and the society from which they come, we may be better able to understand the transformations that operate when these texts are ‘read’ in the contexts of their implementation.
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Informatik, Forschung und Entwicklung 12 (1997), S. 30-37 
    ISSN: 0949-2925
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter: RBF ; Radiale Basisfunktionen ; flexible Metrik ; Funktionsapproximation ; Neuronale Netze ; höherdimensionale Funktionen ; selbstlernend ; Keywords: RBF ; Radial Basis Functions ; flexible metrics ; function approximation ; neural networks ; multi-dimensional inputs ; data driven ; CR Subject Classification: F.1.1. ; F.2.2. ; G.1.1. ; G.1.2. ; G.1.6. ; H.3.3. ; I.5.1.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract. Radial Basis Functions (RBF) are a popular method of function approximation with neural networks. However, the radial shape of the basis functions does not always reflect the function's characteristics adequately. Whenever a function's output varies differently according to different input variables, generalizing the radial shape to an ellipsoidal shape (GRBF) is appropriate. Free orientations of the ellipsoids are useful whenever variations occur not only along the input variables, but also along their linear combinations. Since existing adaptation algorithms for GRBFs usually use gradient descent or unsupervised learning to adjust the parameters of the GRBFs, they need a vast number of training iterations. In this article, we propose the new adaptation algorithm Growing Ellipsoids for GRBFs. It is based on a geometric concept, considering the elliptical shape of the GRBFs explicitly. New units are inserted sequentially at data points with high approximation error. The new unit's parameters are adapted immediately trying to eliminate the approximation error locally. The algorithm operates off-line on an available data set.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung. Radiale Basisfunktionen (RBF) sind eine Methode zur Funktionsapproximation. Sie finden im Gebiet der Neuronalen Netze breite Verbreitung. Nicht immer jedoch wird die radialsymmetrische Form der Basisfunktionen der zu approximierenden Funktion gerecht. Hängt der Funktionswert unterschiedlich stark von unterschiedlichen Eingabedimensionen ab, so ermöglicht erst eine Generalisierung von radialen zu ellipsoiden Basisfunktionen (GRBF) eine adäquate Modellierung. Freie Orientierungen der GRBF sind sinnvoll, falls starke Variationen nicht nur entlang der Komponenten des Eingaberaumes, sondern auch entlang beliebiger Linearkombinationen liegen. Existierende Adaptionsalgorithmen für GRBF-Netze ziehen meist Gradientenabstieg oder unüberwachtes Lernen heran, und erfordern somit sehr viele Trainingsiterationen und damit lange Laufzeiten. In diesem Artikel stellen wir den neuartigen neuronalen Adaptionsalgorithmus Growing Ellipsoids vor, der auf einer geometrischen Anschauung beruht, indem die ellipsoide Form der Units explizit betrachtet wird. Neue Units werden sequentiell am Ort großer Approximationsfehler eingefügt. Die Parameter der neuen Units werden mit dem Ziel adaptiert, lokal den Approximationsfehler zu minimieren. Der Algorithmus arbeitet off-line auf einem vorhandenen Datensatz.
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Minds and machines 9 (1999), S. 3-28 
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Schlagwort(e): physical symbols ; formal programs ; neural networks ; designation ; interpretation ; representation ; semantics ; intensional meaning ; extensional meaning ; causal capacities ; emergence ; levels
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract The purpose of this article is to show why consciousness and thought are not manifested in digital computers. Analyzing the rationale for claiming that the formal manipulation of physical symbols in Turing machines would emulate human thought, the article attempts to show why this proved false. This is because the reinterpretation of ‘designation’ and ‘meaning’ to accommodate physical symbol manipulation eliminated their crucial functions in human discourse. Words have denotations and intensional meanings because the brain transforms the physical stimuli received from the microworld into a qualitative, macroscopic representation for consciousness. Lacking this capacity as programmed machines, computers have no representations for their symbols to designate and mean. Unlike human beings in which consciousness and thought, with their inherent content, have emerged because of their organic natures, serial processing computers or parallel distributed processing systems, as programmed electrical machines, lack these causal capacities.
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Artificial intelligence and law 7 (1999), S. 81-96 
    ISSN: 1572-8382
    Schlagwort(e): agents ; user interface metaphors ; agent programming languages ; agent communication languages ; agent protocols ; Hohfeld ; formal theories of rights ; normative structures ; deontic logic ; groupware ; CSCW ; electronic commerce
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Rechtswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Two areas of importance for agents and multiagent systems are investigated: design of agent programming languages, and design of agent communication languages. The paper contributes in the above mentioned areas by demonstrating improved or novel applications for deontic logic and normative reasoning. Examples are taken from computer-supported cooperative work, and electronic commerce.
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Artificial intelligence and law 7 (1999), S. 115-128 
    ISSN: 1572-8382
    Schlagwort(e): analogy ; fuzzy logic ; learning ; legal formalism ; neural networks ; vagueness
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Rechtswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Computational approaches to the law have frequently been characterized as being formalistic implementations of the syllogistic model of legal cognition: using insufficient or contradictory data, making analogies, learning through examples and experiences, applying vague and imprecise standards. We argue that, on the contrary, studies on neural networks and fuzzy reasoning show how AI & law research can go beyond syllogism, and, in doing that, can provide substantial contributions to the law.
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Artificial intelligence and law 7 (1999), S. 129-151 
    ISSN: 1572-8382
    Schlagwort(e): connectionism ; legal philosophy ; legal theory ; neural networks
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Rechtswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This paper examines the use of connectionism (neural networks) in modelling legal reasoning. I discuss how the implementations of neural networks have failed to account for legal theoretical perspectives on adjudication. I criticise the use of neural networks in law, not because connectionism is inherently unsuitable in law, but rather because it has been done so poorly to date. The paper reviews a number of legal theories which provide a grounding for the use of neural networks in law. It then examines some implementations undertaken in law and criticises their legal theoretical naïvete. It then presents a lessons from the implementations which researchers must bear in mind if they wish to build neural networks which are justified by legal theories.
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 25 (1999), S. 121-132 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Schlagwort(e): invariant object recognition ; pattern recognition ; neural networks ; flexible manufacturing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract A small flexible production cell has been built around a selectively compliant articulated robot arm. Moving on a conveyor belt, boxes marked with different labels are presented to the robot in a random order. Using a camera and a vision card, the labels on the boxes are recognized. Each one of the labels can be rotated, translated or scaled. Three different invariant feature extraction methods (signature, invariant moments of Hu and Zernike) are compared. A neural net is used to classify the labels. The task of the SCARA robot is to pick up the moving boxes and to sort them according to their labels.
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 24 (1999), S. 43-68 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Schlagwort(e): learning robots ; system organization ; optimization ; physical equation ; look-ut table ; neural networks ; fuzzy controllers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract This paper explores a stepwise learning approach based on a system's decomposition into functional subsystems. Two case studies are examined: a visually guided robot that learns to track a maneuvering object, and a robot that learns to use the information from a force sensor in order to put a peg into a hole. These two applications show the features and advantages of the proposed approach: i) the subsystems naturally arise as functional components of the hardware and software; ii) these subsystems are building blocks of the robot behavior and can be combined in several ways for performing various tasks; iii) this decomposition makes it easier to check the performances and detect the cause of a malfunction; iv) only those subsystems for which a satisfactory solution is not available need to be learned; v) the strategy proposed for coordinating the optimization of all subsystems ensures an improvement at the task-level; vi) the overall system's behavior is significantly improved by the stepwise learning approach.
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 20 (1997), S. 295-317 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Schlagwort(e): nonholonomic systems ; mobile robots ; neural networks
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract A control structure that makes possible the integration of a kinematiccontroller and a neural network (NN) computed-torque controller fornonholonomic mobile robots is presented. A combined kinematic/torque controllaw is developed and stability is guaranteed by Lyapunov theory. Thiscontrol algorithm is applied to the practical point stabilization problemi.e., stabilization to a small neighborhood of the origin. The NN controllercan deal with unmodeled bounded disturbances and/or unstructured unmodeleddynamics in the vehicle. On-line NN weight tuning algorithms that do notrequire off-line learning yet guarantee small tracking errors and boundedcontrol signals are utilized.
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 20 (1997), S. 181-193 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Schlagwort(e): robot manipulators ; adaptive control ; neural networks ; stability analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper a controller based on neural networks is proposed toachieve output trajectory tracking of rigid robot manipulators. Neuralnetworks used here are one hidden layer ones so that their outputs dependlinearly on the parameters. Our method uses a decomposed connectioniststructure. Each neural network approximate a separate element of thedynamical model. These approximations are used to perform an adaptive stablecontrol law. The controller is based on direct adaptive techniques and theLyapunov approach is used to derive the adaptation laws of the nets’parameters. By using an intrinsic physical property of the manipulator, thesystem is proved to be stable. The performance of the controller depends onthe quality of the approximation, i.e. on the inherent reconstruction errorsof the exact functions.
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 26 (1999), S. 91-100 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Schlagwort(e): robots ; neural networks ; adaptiveness ; stability ; approximation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract An indirect adaptive control approach is developed in this paper for robots with unknown nonlinear dynamics using neural networks (NNs). A key property of the proposed approach is that the actual joint angle values in the control law are replaced by the desired joint angles, angle velocities and accelerators, and the bound on the NN reconstruction errors is assumed to be unknown. Main theoretical results for designing such a neuro-controller are given, and the control performance of the proposed controller is verified with simulation studies.
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 20 (1997), S. 251-273 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Schlagwort(e): robot control ; adaptive behavior ; robust intelligent control ; multi-robot systems ; machine learning ; neural networks ; genetic algorithms ; cognitive architecture.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract The objective of this paper is to present a cognitive architecture thatutilizes three different methodologies for adaptive, robust control ofrobots behaving intelligently in a team. The robots interact within a worldof objects, and obstacles, performing tasks robustly, while improving theirperformance through learning. The adaptive control of the robots has beenachieved by a novel control system. The Tropism-based cognitive architecturefor the individual behavior of robots in a colony is demonstrated throughexperimental investigation of the robot colony. This architecture is basedon representation of the likes and dislikes of the robots. It is shown thatthe novel architecture is not only robust, but also provides the robots withintelligent adaptive behavior. This objective is achieved by utilization ofthree different techniques of neural networks, machine learning, and geneticalgorithms. Each of these methodologies are applied to the tropismarchitecture, resulting in improvements in the task performance of the robotteam, demonstrating the adaptability and robustness of the proposed controlsystem.
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 25 (1999), S. 43-59 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Schlagwort(e): PID control ; GAs ; neural networks ; multivariable systems
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract When genetic algorithms (GAs) are applied for PID parameter tuning, since the PID parameters are adjusted almost randomly, it is possible that the plant will be damaged due to abrupt changes in PID parameters. To solve this problem, a neural network will be used to model the plant and the genetic tuning procedure will be performed on the neural network instead of the plant. After determining the PID parameters in this off-line manner, these gains are then applied to the plant for on-line control. Moreover, considering that the neural network model may not be accurate enough, a method is also proposed for on-line fine-tuning of PID parameters. To show the validity of the proposed method, a seesaw system that has one input and two outputs will be used for experimental evaluation
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 20 (1997), S. 157-180 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Schlagwort(e): robot ; PID control ; neural networks ; learning ; generalization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract In this article, an approach for improving the performance of industrialrobots using multilayer feedforward neural networks is presented. Thecontroller based on this approach consists of two main components: a PIDcontrol and a neural network. The function of the neural network is tocomplement the PID control for the specific purpose of improving theperformance of the system over time. Analytical and experimental resultsconcerning this synthesis of neural networks and PID control are presented.The analytical results assert that the performance of PID-controlledindustrial robots can be improved through proper utilization of the learningand generalization ability of neural networks. The experimental results,obtained through actual implementation using a commercial industrial robot,demonstrate the effectiveness of such control synthesis for practicalapplications. The results of this work suggest that neural networks could beadded to existing PID-controlled industrial robots for performanceimprovement.
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 18 (1997), S. 367-397 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Schlagwort(e): virtual reality ; human-machine system ; robotics ; neural networks ; collision avoidance ; trajectory planning ; conglomerate of spheres
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract This paper describes how virtual tools that represent real robot end-effectors are used in conjunction with a generalized conglomerate-of-spheres approach to collision avoidance in such a way that telerobotic trajectory planning can be accomplished using simple gesture phrases such as ‘put that there while avoiding that’. In this concept, an operator (or set of collaborators) need not train for cumbersome telemanipulation on several multiple-link robots, nor do robots need a priori knowledge of operator intent and exhaustive algorithms for evaluating every aspect of a detailed environment model. The human does what humans do best during task specification, while the robot does what machines do best during trajectory planning and execution. Four telerobotic stages were implemented to demonstrate this strategic supervision concept that will facilitate collaborative control between humans and machines. In the first stage, virtual reality tools are selected from a ‘toolbox’ by the operator(s) and then these virtual tools are computationally interwoven into the live video scene with depth correlation. Each virtual tool is a graphic representation of a robot end-effector (gripper, cutter, or other robot tool) that carries tool-use attributes on how to perform a task. An operator uses an instrumented glove to virtually retrieve the disembodied tool, in the shared scene, and place it near objects and obstacles while giving key-point gesture directives, such as ‘cut there while avoiding that’. Collaborators on a network may alter the plan by changing tools or tool positioning to achieve preferred results from their own perspectives. When parties agree, from wherever they reside geographically, the robot(s) create and execute appropriate trajectories suitable to their own particular links and joints. Stage two generates standard joint-interpolated trajectories, and later creates potential field trajectories if necessary. Stage three tests for collisions with obstacles identified by the operator and modeled as conglomerates of spheres. Stage four involves automatic grasping (or cutting etc.) once the robot camera acquires a close-up view of the object during approach. In this paper particular emphasis is placed on the conglomerate-of-spheres approach to collision detection as integrated with the virtual tools concept for a Puma 560 robot by the Virtual Tools and Robotics Group in the Computer Integrated Manufacturing Laboratory at The Pennsylvania State University (Penn State).
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Machine learning 37 (1999), S. 183-233 
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Schlagwort(e): graphical models ; Bayesian networks ; belief networks ; probabilistic inference ; approximate inference ; variational methods ; mean field methods ; hidden Markov models ; Boltzmann machines ; neural networks
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents a tutorial introduction to the use of variational methods for inference and learning in graphical models (Bayesian networks and Markov random fields). We present a number of examples of graphical models, including the QMR-DT database, the sigmoid belief network, the Boltzmann machine, and several variants of hidden Markov models, in which it is infeasible to run exact inference algorithms. We then introduce variational methods, which exploit laws of large numbers to transform the original graphical model into a simplified graphical model in which inference is efficient. Inference in the simpified model provides bounds on probabilities of interest in the original model. We describe a general framework for generating variational transformations based on convex duality. Finally we return to the examples and demonstrate how variational algorithms can be formulated in each case.
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Machine learning 37 (1999), S. 131-141 
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Schlagwort(e): neural networks ; read-once formulas ; threshold gates ; sigmoidal gates ; PAC learning ; Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract A neural network is said to be nonoverlapping if there is at most one edge outgoing from each node. We investigate the number of examples that a learning algorithm needs when using nonoverlapping neural networks as hypotheses. We derive bounds for this sample complexity in terms of the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension. In particular, we consider networks consisting of threshold, sigmoidal and linear gates. We show that the class of nonoverlapping threshold networks and the class of nonoverlapping sigmoidal networks on n inputs both have Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension Ω(nlog n). This bound is asymptotically tight for the class of nonoverlapping threshold networks. We also present an upper bound for this class where the constants involved are considerably smaller than in a previous calculation. Finally, we argue that the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension of nonoverlapping threshold or sigmoidal networks cannot become larger by allowing the nodes to compute linear functions. This sheds some light on a recent result that exhibited neural networks with quadratic Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-122X
    Schlagwort(e): CSCW ; Groupware ; Teleteaching ; Workflow-Management ; Elektronischer Handel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Soft computing 1 (1997), S. 6-18 
    ISSN: 1433-7479
    Schlagwort(e): Keywords Soft computing ; hybrid systems ; fuzzy systems ; neural networks ; evolutionary systems
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract  The term Soft Computing (SC) represents the combination of emerging problem-solving technologies such as Fuzzy Logic (FL), Probabilistic Reasoning (PR), Neural Networks (NNs), and Genetic Algorithms (GAs). Each of these technologies provide us with complementary reasoning and searching methods to solve complex, real-world problems. After a brief description of each of these technologies, we will analyze some of their most useful combinations, such as the use of FL to control GAs and NNs parameters; the application of GAs to evolve NNs (topologies or weights) or to tune FL controllers; and the implementation of FL controllers as NNs tuned by backpropagation-type algorithms.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Computational economics 10 (1997), S. 279-294 
    ISSN: 1572-9974
    Schlagwort(e): parallel distributed processing ; neural networks ; genetic algorithms.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract A description of a parallel implementation of the Genetic Algorithm for non-linear optimization is presented. The system is implemented with four Intel i860 RISC processors using INMOS transputers for communications. The performance is compared to the Cray Y-MP, Cray J916, an SGI Power Challenge L R8000 75 MHZ workstation, an SGI Challenge L R4400 100 MHZ work-station, an SGI Indy SC R4400 200 MHZ workstation, and both parastation and Paramid parallel I860 machines, each with one to four participating I860s. Comparisons were made for neural network optimization of a limited dependent variable problem and a chaotic time series. A complex rational expectations model was also estimated. The I860 based machines were able to achieve performances comparable to the supercomputers.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Applied intelligence 11 (1999), S. 5-13 
    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Schlagwort(e): neural networks ; knowledge representation ; structured knowledge reasoning ; connectionism ; symbol processing ; hybrid systems
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This collection of articles is the first of two parts of a special issue on “Neural Networks and Structured Knowledge.” The contributions to the first part shed some light on the issues of knowledge representation and reasoning with neural networks. Their scope ranges from formal models for mapping discrete structures like graphs or logical formulae onto different types of neural networks, to the construction of practical systems for various types of reasoning. In the second part to follow, the emphasis will be on the extraction of knowledge from neural networks, and on applications of neural networks and structured knowledge to practical tasks.
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Applied intelligence 11 (1999), S. 15-30 
    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Schlagwort(e): neural networks ; structured objects ; machine learning ; classification ; similarity ; nearest neighbor
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Labeled graphs are an appropriate and popular representation of structured objects in many domains. If the labels describe the properties of real world objects and their relations, finding the best match between two graphs turns out to be the weakly defined, NP-complete task of establishing a mapping between them that maps similar parts onto each other preserving as much as possible of their overall structural correspondence. In this paper, former approaches of structural matching and constraint relaxation by spreading activation in neural networks and the method of solving optimization tasks using Hopfield-style nets are combined. The approximate matching task is reformulated as the minimization of a quadratic energy function. The design of the approach enables the user to change the parameters and the dynamics of the net so that knowledge about matching preferences is included easily and transparently. In the last section, some examples demonstrate the successful application of this approach in classification and learning in the domain of organic chemistry.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Computer supported cooperative work 8 (1999), S. 207-238 
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Schlagwort(e): awareness ; common artefact ; CSCW ; distortion ; notification ; state presentation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract The idea of a “common artefact” is a useful metaphor for the design of CSCW systems. Our ACCT model of a common artefact describes structural elements that provide awareness about the work of others. The ACCT model identifies actors, contents, conversations, and tools as the central components of a common artefact, arranged on a shared background. The elements of a common artefact provide both a background visualization of the activity, but also permit dynamic notification of particular events. We explore this process of notification, which is composed of a selection and a presentation stage. We identify the critical factors of the process, in particular we highlight techniques related to temporal and spatial distortion. The framework helps to prepare design decisions of multi-user systems more consciously.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Information retrieval 1 (1999), S. 193-216 
    ISSN: 1573-7659
    Schlagwort(e): information retrieval ; text mining ; topic spotting ; text categorization ; knowledge management ; problem decomposition ; machine learning ; neural networks ; probabilistic models ; hierarchical models ; performance evaluation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract With the recent dramatic increase in electronic access to documents, text categorization—the task of assigning topics to a given document—has moved to the center of the information sciences and knowledge management. This article uses the structure that is present in the semantic space of topics in order to improve performance in text categorization: according to their meaning, topics can be grouped together into “meta-topics”, e.g., gold, silver, and copper are all metals. The proposed architecture matches the hierarchical structure of the topic space, as opposed to a flat model that ignores the structure. It accommodates both single and multiple topic assignments for each document. Its probabilistic interpretation allows its predictions to be combined in a principled way with information from other sources. The first level of the architecture predicts the probabilities of the meta-topic groups. This allows the individual models for each topic on the second level to focus on finer discriminations within the group. Evaluating the performance of a two-level implementation on the Reuters-22173 testbed of newswire articles shows the most significant improvement for rare classes.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of network and systems management 7 (1999), S. 105-126 
    ISSN: 1573-7705
    Schlagwort(e): ENTERPRISE NETWORKS ; CSCW ; NETWORK AND SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT ; REENGINEERING ; MANAGEMENT PROCESSES
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract With the increasing implementation by networkedmission-critical applications, an enterprise network isbecoming the lifeline of an organization. Massiveinvestments are being made in the modernization of enterprise networks of diverse serviceorganizations, such as telecommunications andhealth-care providers. Organizations need to adapt tochanging business environment, such as the deregulationof telecommunication services. This necessitates a seamlessintegration of business management processes withenterprise network management processes. Hence there isa need for the formulation of new methodologies for there-engineering of management solutions (with focus onintegrated business processes), though most present daysolutions concentrate on the management of networkequipment only. This paper presents a new methodologyfor the reengineering of the management processesfor enterprise networks, based on Computer SupportedCooperative Work (CSCW) techniques.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neural processing letters 5 (1997), S. 83-89 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Schlagwort(e): finite element method ; Kohonen ; neural networks ; self-organizing ; topological mapping
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract The usual “Kohonen” algorithm uses samples of points in a domain to develop a topological correspondence between a grid of “neurons” and a continuous domain. “Topological” means that near points are mapped to near points. However, for many applications there are additional constraints, which are given by sets of measure zero, which are not preserved by this method, because of insufficient sampling. In particular, boundary points do not typically map to boundary points because in general the likelihood of a sample point from a two-dimensional domain falling on the boundary is typically zero for continuous data, and extremely small for numerical data. A specific application, (assigning meshes for the finite element method), was recently solved by interweaving a two-dimensional Kohonen mapping on the entire grid with a one-dimensional Kohonen mapping on the boundary. While the precise method of interweaving was heuristic, the underlying rationale seems widely applicable. This general method is problem independent and suggests a direct generalization to higher dimensions as well.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-7462
    Schlagwort(e): CancerLit ; concept spaces ; data mining ; Hopfield net ; information retrieval ; Kohonen net ; medical knowledge ; neural networks
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper discusses several data mining algorithms and techniques thatwe have developed at the University of Arizona Artificial Intelligence Lab.We have implemented these algorithms and techniques into severalprototypes, one of which focuses on medical information developed incooperation with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign. We propose an architecture for medicalknowledge information systems that will permit data mining across severalmedical information sources and discuss a suite of data mining tools that weare developing to assist NCI in improving public access to and use of theirexisting vast cancer information collections.
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Applied intelligence 11 (1999), S. 109-127 
    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Schlagwort(e): hybrid models ; sequential decision making ; neural networks ; reinforcement learning ; cognitive modeling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract In developing autonomous agents, one usually emphasizes only (situated) procedural knowledge, ignoring more explicit declarative knowledge. On the other hand, in developing symbolic reasoning models, one usually emphasizes only declarative knowledge, ignoring procedural knowledge. In contrast, we have developed a learning model CLARION, which is a hybrid connectionist model consisting of both localist and distributed representations, based on the two-level approach proposed in [40]. CLARION learns and utilizes both procedural and declarative knowledge, tapping into the synergy of the two types of processes, and enables an agent to learn in situated contexts and generalize resulting knowledge to different scenarios. It unifies connectionist, reinforcement, and symbolic learning in a synergistic way, to perform on-line, bottom-up learning. This summary paper presents one version of the architecture and some results of the experiments.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Applied intelligence 11 (1999), S. 169-186 
    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Schlagwort(e): neural networks ; multiple fault diagnosis ; analog circuits
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents a neural network system for the diagnosis of analog circuits and shows how the performance of such a system can be affected by the choice of different techniques used by its submodules. In particular we discuss the influence of feature extraction techniques such as Fourier Transforms, Wavelets and Principal Component Analysis. The system uses several different power supplies and as many neural networks “in parallel”. Two different algorithms that can be used to combine the candidate sets produced by each network are also presented. The system is capable of diagnosing multiple faults even if trained on single ones.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Applied intelligence 10 (1999), S. 71-84 
    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Schlagwort(e): encryption ; chaotic attractors ; neural networks ; symmetric-key
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract A new probabilistic symmetric-key encryption scheme based on chaotic-classified properties of Hopfield neural networks is described. In an overstoraged Hopfield Neural Network (OHNN) the phenomenon of chaotic-attractors is well documented and messages in the attraction domain of an attractor are unpredictably related to each other. By performing permutation operations on the neural synaptic matrix, several interesting chaotic-classified properties of OHNN were found and these were exploited in developing a new cryptography technique. By keeping the permutation operation of the neural synaptic matrix as the secret key, we introduce a new probabilistic encryption scheme for a symmetric-key cryptosystem. Security and encryption efficiency of the new scheme are discussed.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Information retrieval 1 (1999), S. 151-173 
    ISSN: 1573-7659
    Schlagwort(e): linear combination ; fusion ; neural networks ; routing ; performance evaluation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract We present a thorough analysis of the capabilities of the linear combination (LC) model for fusion of information retrieval systems. The LC model combines the results lists of multiple IR systems by scoring each document using a weighted sum of the scores from each of the component systems. We first present both empirical and analytical justification for the hypotheses that such a model should only be used when the systems involved have high performance, a large overlap of relevant documents, and a small overlap of nonrelevant documents. The empirical approach allows us to very accurately predict the performance of a combined system. We also derive a formula for a theoretically optimal weighting scheme for combining 2 systems. We introduce d—the difference between the average score on relevant documents and the average score on nonrelevant documents—as a performance measure which not only allows mathematical reasoning about system performance, but also allows the selection of weights which generalize well to new documents. We describe a number of experiments involving large numbers of different IR systems which support these findings.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neural processing letters 6 (1997), S. 99-108 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Schlagwort(e): identification ; Lipschitz constant ; neural networks
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper describes a method to estimate the Lipschitz gain of an operator through identification with neural networks. It is shown that through simple manipulation of the network coefficients, the Lipschitz constant could be estimated. Illustrations and applications are also given to show the effectiveness and usefulness of this estimation scheme.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neural processing letters 5 (1997), S. 29-34 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Schlagwort(e): constructive algorithms ; neural networks ; sequential learning ; threshold unit learning
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Among binary unit-based constructive algorithms, the Sequential Learning is particularly interesting for many reasons, the most significant one being its ability to treat real valued inputs without preprocessing. However, due to the construction process, the classical algorithms derived from the Perceptron cannot be used for learning each unit of the hidden layer. The BCP Max, recently proposed, appears as the first efficient heuristic algorithm to perform the particular neuron training in the Sequential Learning. But the BCP Max principles can be easily extended to the classical Perceptron derivatives usually used in constructive algorithms. In this paper, we show how to extend the Thermal Perceptron, the Pocket algorithm, the Ratchet and the simple Perceptron to train a neuron in the Sequential Learning. Finally all solutions are compared.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Computer supported cooperative work 6 (1997), S. 251-274 
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Schlagwort(e): Configuration Management (CM) ; CSCW ; Articulation work ; Empirical studies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Using case-study material from threesmall software development teams, this paper analysesthe regionalisation of ’design spaces‘. Its mainpurpose is to understand problems and practices ofcooperative work in such spaces. ’Configurationmanagement‘ is used to denote both a practice andsupporting software tools and their relationship. Amajor concern is how to develop practices and toolsthat support cooperation across multipleorganisational and social boundaries whilesimultaneously being ‘respectful of regionalisations’.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Computer supported cooperative work 8 (1999), S. 285-293 
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Schlagwort(e): CSCW ; critical theory ; deconstruction ; ideal speech situation ; social action theory
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract The paper discusses Sharrock's and Button's criticism of our attempt to use Habermas' communicative action theory to analyze group work platforms. We demonstrate that they misconstrue our goals of the paper, misinterpret our analysis of Habermas' action types, and misunderstand the concept of critical science. At the end we question the usefulness of these types of debates in furthering CSCW research.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Schlagwort(e): neural networks ; counter-propagation ; singular value decomposition ; molecular sequence ; classification ; human genome project
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract A modified counter-propagation (CP) algorithm with supervised learning vector quantizer (LVQ) and dynamic node allocation has been developed for rapid classification of molecular sequences. The molecular sequences were encoded into neural input vectors using an n–gram hashing method for word extraction and a singular value decomposition (SVD) method for vector compression. The neural networks used were three-layered, forward-only CP networks that performed nearest neighbor classification. Several factors affecting the CP performance were evaluated, including weight initialization, Kohonen layer dimensioning, winner selection and weight update mechanisms. The performance of the modified CP network was compared with the back-propagation (BP) neural network and the k–nearest neighbor method. The major advantages of the CP network are its training and classification speed and its capability to extract statistical properties of the input data. The combined BP and CP networks can classify nucleic acid or protein sequences with a close to 100% accuracy at a rate of about one order of magnitude faster than other currently available methods.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Applied intelligence 7 (1997), S. 275-285 
    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Schlagwort(e): neural networks ; prior knowledge ; production rules
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract At present, nearly all neural networks are formulated by learning only from examples or patterns. For a real-word problem, some forms of prior knowledge in a non-example form always exist. Incorporation of prior knowledge will benefit the formulation of neural networks. Prior knowledge could be in several forms. Production rule is one form in which the prior knowledge is frequently represented. This paper proposes an approach to incorporate production rules into neural networks. A newly defined neuron architecture, Boolean-like neuron, is proposed. With this Boolean-like neuron, production rules can be encoded into the neural network during the network initialization period. Experiments are described in this paper. The results show that the incorporation of this prior knowledge can not only increase the training speed, but also the explainability of the neural networks.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Applied intelligence 7 (1997), S. 339-354 
    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Schlagwort(e): expert systems ; fuzzy logic ; hybrid systems ; medical diagnosis ; neural networks
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract By combining methods from artificial intelligence and signal analysis, we have developed a hybrid system for medical diagnosis. The core of the system is a fuzzy expert system with a dual source knowledge base. Two sets of rules are acquired, automatically from given examples and indirectly formulated by the physician. A fuzzy neural network serves to learn from sample data and allows to extract fuzzy rules for the knowledge base. A complex signal transformation preprocesses the digital data a priori to the symbolic representation. Results demonstrate the high accuracy of the system in the field of diagnosing electroencephalograms where it outperforms the visual diagnosis by a human expert for some phenomena.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Computer supported cooperative work 6 (1997), S. 275-304 
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Schlagwort(e): Cooperative analysis ; cooperative design ; cooperative prototyping ; CSCW ; sharedmaterials ; cooperative hypermedia ; product development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Cooperative analysis and design is often considered only to beapplicable in settings where a system is being developed solely for the‘user’ participants in the process. This paper, however, argues that thereare quite good prospects in applying cooperative analysis and designtechniques in specific use settings to inform development of general CSCWproducts. We describe and discuss the application of cooperative –i.e., participatory – analysis and design techniques in a projectdeveloping a general cooperative hypermedia framework as well as specifichypermedia applications to support sharing of materials in the engineeringdomain. In our project, a single engineering company (Great Belt Link Ltd.)was chosen as the user organization. The paper summarizes the process fromobservational studies, over a future workshop and cooperative prototypingactivities, to a pilot installation. We describe how these activitiesinformed the general hypermedia framework and application design. Usescenarios and prototypes with example data from the users' daily work wereused as sources both to trigger design ideas and new insights regarding workpractice. Common participants in specific activities and general developmentactivities supported transfer of work domain knowledge into general featuresof the product being developed. Mutual challenging characterized theinteraction between specific cooperative analysis and design activities andgeneral development activities. Prototypes, scenarios, materials from thework practice, and concise bullet list summaries were used as mediatingartifacts in this interaction rather than comprehensive requirement anddesign specifications.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Computer supported cooperative work 8 (1999), S. 147-167 
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Schlagwort(e): CSCW ; electronic commerce ; intermediary ; digital library ; electronic community ; costomer support ; librarians ; notes ; trust
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Many observers consider traditional intermediaries such as brokers, lenders and salespersons anachronisms in a world where consumers can communicate directly with providers of products and services over computer networks. Under the same rubric, information mediators such as journalists, editors, librarians and customer support representatives are being targeted for elimination. Drawing on our ethnographically-informed studies of customer support analysts and librarians, we demonstrate that the expertise and experience of intermediaries is often invisible – to the consumer, to the organization in which these intermediaries work, and even to the intermediaries' managers. The valuable services provided by intermediaries are not made unnecessary by end-user access. We argue for a richer understanding of intermediation, and a reallocation of functions and roles in which “new intermediaries” – people, software or a combination of the two – aggregate, personalize and assure the quality of information.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neural processing letters 10 (1999), S. 201-210 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Schlagwort(e): neural networks ; learning ; minimal distance methods ; similarity-based methods ; machine learning ; interpretation of neural functions ; classification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Multilayer Perceptrons (MLPs) use scalar products to compute weighted activation of neurons providing decision borders using combinations of soft hyperplanes. The weighted fun-in activation function may be replaced by a distance function between the inputs and the weights, offering a natural generalization of the standard MLP model. Non-Euclidean distance functions may also be introduced by normalization of the input vectors into an extended feature space. Both approaches influence the shapes of decision borders dramatically. An illustrative example showing these changes is provided.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neural processing letters 10 (1999), S. 211-222 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Schlagwort(e): constraint satisfaction ; Hopfield network ; neural networks ; optimization ; relaxation procedure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract When solving an optimization problem with a Hopfield network, a solution is obtained after the network is relaxed to an equilibrium state. The relaxation process is an important step in achieving a solution. In this paper, a new procedure for the relaxation process is proposed. In the new procedure, the amplified signal received by a neuron from other neurons is treated as the target value for its activation (output) value. The activation of a neuron is updated directly based on the difference between its current activation and the received target value, without using the updating of the input value as an intermediate step. A relaxation rate is applied to control the updating scale for a smooth relaxation process. The new procedure is evaluated and compared with the original procedure in the Hopfield network through simulations based on 200 randomly generated instances of the 10-city traveling salesman problem. The new procedure reduces the error rate by 34.6% and increases the percentage of valid tours by 194.6% as compared with the original procedure.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neural processing letters 9 (1999), S. 257-269 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Schlagwort(e): detectors ; detection and false alarm probabilities ; importance sampling techniques ; Monte Carlo simulations ; neural networks
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Often, Neural Networks are involved in binary detectors of communication, radar or sonar systems. The design phase of a neural network detector usually requires the application of Monte Carlo trials in order to estimate some performance parameters. The classical Monte Carlo method is suitable to estimate high event probabilities (higher than 0.01), but not suitable to estimate very low event probabilities (say, 10−5 or less). For estimations of very low false alarm probabilities (or error probabilities), a modified Monte Carlo technique, the so-called Importance Sampling (IS) technique, is considered in this paper; some topics are developed, such as optimal and suboptimal IS probability density functions (biasing density functions), control parameters and new algorithms for the minimization of the estimator error. The main novelty of this paper is the application of an efficient IS technique on neural networks, drastically reducing the number of patterns required for testing events of low probability. As a practical application, the IS technique is applied to a neural detector on a radar (or sonar) system.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neural processing letters 9 (1999), S. 279-292 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Schlagwort(e): cluster analysis ; neural networks ; shell detection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents a novel class of neural networks which can be trained in an unsupervised manner to detect a mixture of hyperellipsoidal shells and/or segments of hyperellipsoidal shells. This approach is computationally and implementationally simpler than other clustering algorithms that have been suggested for this purpose. Experimental results on several data sets are presented.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neural processing letters 9 (1999), S. 221-227 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Schlagwort(e): dynamical equilibrium ; walking robots ; neural networks ; Levenberg-Marquardt's rules
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract A neural network model is proposed as a means of controlling the dynamical equilibrium of a walking bipedal robot. As a criterion to determine the stability of such a robot in relation with the organization of the sensorimotor system, we have been making use of the ZMP (Zero Momentum Point). Simulations are used to check the convergence of the algorithm. In the generalization phase, it is shown that the neural network has the ability to stabilise the robot for motions which have not previously been learned. An extended model is proposed, which seeks to closely inspect the physiology of the cerebellar cortex.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of systems integration 9 (1999), S. 167-185 
    ISSN: 1573-8787
    Schlagwort(e): flexibility ; complexity ; systems approach ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper we present a taxonomy of manufacturing problems, labeled in a general sense as Design, Production, or Distribution problems. One or more basic systems concepts, such as complexity and adaptation, attach themselves to each such problems. By combining the hierarchical Design—Production—Distribution idea with system concepts, we establish the fact that there is, indeed, a significant systems component to most problems of modern manufacturing.
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Virtual reality 4 (1999), S. 4-14 
    ISSN: 1434-9957
    Schlagwort(e): CSCW ; Shared spaces ; Chance encounters ; BSCW ; Active Worlds
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract New ways of working, as exemplified by distance learning, telecommuting and the virtual organisation, are growing in popularity. This paper concerns itself with the role that 3D virtual environments can play in assisting such collaborative working. Specifically,chance encounters have been shown to be important in collaboration, that is, encounters that are not pre-arranged by its participants. There are a number of tools to facilitate encounters online, but these create new problems. It is argued that 3D shared spaces can assist in the management of chance encounters, allowing them to create a situation similar to that found in the traditional workplace, in which tasks and content are situated inlocales. If shared 3D spaces are to have utility for computing in general, rather than specific applications, it is suggested that this may be in such spatial management of encounters. An example, in which Active Worlds is employed as an interface to Basic Support for Cooperative Working (BSCW) content is described. This content creates the motivation for users to be within the space, and thus available for chance encounters with other users; their nature and extent of being spatially coordinated.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    User modeling and user adapted interaction 7 (1997), S. 279-304 
    ISSN: 1573-1391
    Schlagwort(e): User modeling ; information filtering ; collaborative filtering ; feature extraction ; neural networks ; linear models ; regression trees ; bagging ; CART
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract The huge amount of information available in the currently evolving world wide information infrastructure at any one time can easily overwhelm end-users. One way to address the information explosion is to use an ‘information filtering agent’ which can select information according to the interest and/or need of an end-user. However, at present few information filtering agents exist for the evolving world wide multimedia information infrastructure. In this study, we evaluate the use of feature-based approaches to user modeling with the purpose of creating a filtering agent for the video-on-demand application. We evaluate several feature and clique-based models for 10 voluntary subjects who provided ratings for the movies. Our preliminary results suggest that feature-based selection can be a useful tool to recommend movies according to the taste of the user and can be as effective as a movie rating expert. We compare our feature-based approach with a clique-based approach, which has advantages where information from other users is available.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Applied intelligence 7 (1997), S. 305-314 
    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Schlagwort(e): on-line handwriting recognition ; hidden Markov models ; neural networks ; letter spotting ; island-driven search
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract For on-line handwriting recognition, a hybrid approach that combines the discrimination power of neural networks with the temporal structure of hidden Markov models is presented. Initially, all plausible letter components of an input pattern are detected by using a letter spotting technique based on hidden Markov models. A word hypothesis lattice is generated as a result of the letter spotting. All letter hypotheses in the lattice are evaluated by a neural network character recognizer in order to reinforce letter discrimination power. Then, as a new technique, an island-driven lattice search algorithm is performed to find the optimal path on the word hypothesis lattice which corresponds to the most probable word among the dictionary words. The results of this experiment suggest that the proposed framework works effectively in recognizing English cursive words. In a word recognition test, on average 88.5% word accuracy was obtained.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Autonomous robots 7 (1999), S. 57-75 
    ISSN: 1573-7527
    Schlagwort(e): sensor-based manipulators ; multi-goal reaching tasks ; reinforcement learning ; neural networks ; differential inverse kinematics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract Our work focuses on making an autonomous robot manipulator learn suitable collision-free motions from local sensory data while executing high-level descriptions of tasks. The robot arm must reach a sequence of targets where it undertakes some manipulation. The robot manipulator has a sonar sensing skin covering its links to perceive the obstacles in its surroundings. We use reinforcement learning for that purpose, and the neural controller acquires appropriate reaction strategies in acceptable time provided it has some a priori knowledge. This knowledge is specified in two main ways: an appropriate codification of the signals of the neural controller—inputs, outputs and reinforcement—and decomposition of the learning task. The codification facilitates the generalization capabilities of the network as it takes advantage of inherent symmetries and is quite goal-independent. On the other hand, the task of reaching a certain goal position is decomposed into two sequential subtasks: negotiate obstacles and move to goal. Experimental results show that the controller achieves a good performance incrementally in a reasonable time and exhibits high tolerance to failing sensors.
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  • 51
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    Computer supported cooperative work 6 (1997), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Schlagwort(e): Database design ; schema integration ; CSCW ; hypermedia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Conceptual modelling as applied to database development can be described as a two stage process: schema modelling followed by schema integration. Schema modelling is the process of transforming individual user requirements into a conceptual schema: an implementation-independent map of data requirements. Schema integration is the process of combining individual conceptual schemas into a single, unified schema. Single-user tools for schema modelling have enjoyed much success partly because the process of schema modelling has become relatively well formalised. Although a number of formal approaches to conducting schema integration have been proposed, it appears that schema integration tools have not enjoyed the same level of success. This we attribute not so much to the problem of formalisation but to the inherent collaborative nature of schema integration work. This paper first discusses the importance of collaboration to schema integration work. It then describes SISIBIS, a demonstrator system employing the IBIS (Issue Based Information System) scheme to support collaborative database design.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Computer supported cooperative work 6 (1997), S. 157-174 
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Schlagwort(e): Asynchronous cooperative authoring ; group awareness ; CSCW ; World Wide Web ; disconnected editing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Alliance is a structured cooperative authoring application that allowspeople spread out across different locations to work together on documentproduction and maintenance. It uses the World Wide Web as an infrastructureto accomplish distributed document management, asynchronous group awareness,and communication and cooperation among distributed authors. A particularfeature of Alliance is that it can handle temporary disconnections from thenetwork without disrupting the cooperative editing. In this article wereport our experience in designing and implementing Alliance, focusing onthe mechanisms that needed to be developed in order to support cooperativeauthoring using the Web.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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