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  • 1
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 2
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 28-29 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 3
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 30-30 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 4
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 23-27 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vitamin E ; Fleisch ; Fettgewebe ; Leber ; Eigelb ; Vitamin E ; meat ; adipose tissue ; liver ; egg yolk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The α-tocopherol content of different meat cuts was examined. Chicken thigh had the highest vitamin E content, followed by chicken breast and pork shoulder (p〈0.05). The lowest concentrations were found in longissimus dorsi muscle from pork, beef, veal and in beef shoulder. Considering the average daily lean meat consumption (105 g) in Switzerland, recommendation for daily vitamin E intake was met to 3 %. Supplementation of 200 mg α-tocopherol acetate/kg feed to pigs and laying hens significantly increased the α-tocopherol content in all examined products. The α-tocopherol accumulation differed according to the following ranking: egg yolk 〉 liver 〉 adipose tissue 〉 musculus longissimus dorsi. The α-tocopherol:energy ratios were 28.8, 7.3, 0.9 and 1.2 mg/MJ for egg yolk, liver, adipose tissue and longissimus dorsi muscle of the vitamin E supplemented groups, respectively. The results showed that meat, with the exception of chicken thigh, is not an important supplier of vitamin E, not even from animals fed a vitamin E enriched diet. Egg yolk became a good source of vitamin E for human nutrition by dietary modification.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie wurde der α-Tocopherolgehalt verschiedener Fleischstücke untersucht. Hähnchenschenkel hatte den höchsten α-Tocopherolgehalt, gefolgt von Hähnchenbrust und Schweineschulter (p〈0.05). Die niedrigsten Konzentrationen wurden im Musculus longissimus dorsi vom Schwein, Rind, Kalb und in der Rindsschulter nachgewiesen. Mit dem durchschnittlichen, täglichen Verzehr an magerem Fleisch (105 g) in der Schweiz wurden die Empfehlungen für die tägliche Vitamin E-Zufuhr zu 3 % gedeckt. Die Supplementierung des Schweine- und Legehennenfutters mit 200 mg α-Tocopherolacetat/kg führte zu einem signifikanten Anstieg des α-Tocopherolgehaltes in allen untersuchten Produkten. Die α-Tocopherolakkumulierung unterschied sich gemäß folgender Rangordnung: Eigelb 〉 Leber 〉 Fettgewebe 〉Musculus longissimus dorsi. Die Nährstoffdichten betrugen 28.8, 7.3, 0.9 und 1.2 mg α-Tocopherol/MJ für Eigelb, Leber, Fettgewebe und Musculus longissimus dorsi der jeweiligen mit Vitamin E supplementierten Gruppe. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Fleisch, mit Ausnahme des Hähnchenschenkels, von Tieren mit supplementierten Diäten kein bedeutender Vitamin E-Lieferant ist. Hingegen wurde Eigelb durch fütterungsbedingte Modifikation zu einer guten Vitamin E-Quelle.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Thermogenesis ; α2-adrenergic activity ; ATP-sensitive K+ channels ; Thermogenese ; α2-adrenerge Aktivität ; ATP-sensitive K+ Kanäle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um den α2-adrenergen Einfluß auf die Wärmeproduktion (WP) zu untersuchen, wurden Jungbullen Umgebungstemperaturen von 4°C und 18° sowie Ernährungsintensitäten des 1,0 und 1,6-fachen des energetischen Erhaltungsbedarfs (MEm) ausgesetzt und präprandial der α2-adrenerge Agonist Clonidin verabreicht. Die präprandiale WP fiel nach Clonidingabe stark ab, am stärksten bei Tieren, die 4°C (1,6-fache des MEm) ausgesetzt waren. Die postprandiale WP stieg 5 h nach der Clonidininfusion bei diesen Tieren um das 1,3-fache der WP bei Verabreichung von physiologischer Salzlösung, während Tiere bei 18°C und 1,6-fachem an MEm nicht signifikant reagierten. Die WP-Stufen in den Umweltvarianten korrelierten nur schwach mit den Spiegeln an Glukose, freien Fettsäuren, Schilddrüsenhormonen und Kortisol, jedoch direkt und eng mit der Expression von Sulfonylharnstoffrezeptoren bei Monozyten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die WP maßgeblich von der α2-adrenergen Aktivität abhängt und deren regulatorische Funktion auch auf die Expression von Sulfonylharnstoff-rezeptoren gerichtet zu sein scheint.
    Notes: Summary To investigate the α2-adrenergic effect on the metabolic rate, young bulls were exposed to environmental variants (feeding levels of 1.0 and 1.6 times the MEm and ambient temperatures of 18°C and 4°C) and treated preprandially with a α2-adrenergic agonist (clonidine) in each case. The heat production (HP) was continuously measured by indirect calorimetry using climatized respiratory chambers. Post-clonidine, the preprandial HP fell in all variants but the strongest decrease occurred at 4°C, 1.6 times the MEm. The postprandial HP rose 1.3-fold the HP of animals received the carrier (saline) at 4°C, 1.6 times the MEm. Animals exposed to 18°C, 1.6-fold the MEm did not significantly increase the postprandial HP after clonidine administration, suggesting different sympathetic outflow corresponded to differing resting metabolic rate, occurring in the environmental variants. Circulating fuels (glucose, non-esterified fatty acids) responded to α2-adrenergic reduction of the sympathetic outflow but did not parallel the HP changes. Studies on monocytes revealed a linear correlation (r2〉0.9) between resting metabolic rate and expression of sulfonylurea receptors, the constitutive component of ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP) suggesting a function of KATP in coupling the systemic HP with cellular metabolism.
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  • 6
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energy retention ; protein retention ; fat retention ; growth ; body composition ; broilers ; Energieansatz ; Proteinansatz ; Fettansatz ; Wachstum ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Broiler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit steigender Aufnahme erhöht sich der Körperfettgehalt und der Körperproteingehalt nimmt ab. Es wird oft angenommen, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz mit mehr Fett und weniger Protein verbunden ist. Experimentelle Ergebnisse widerlegen jedoch diese Annahme. In zwei Experimenten mit männlichen Broilerhühnern wurden die Tiere auf einem Niveau von 60 % und 100 % der empfohlenen Energieaufnahme gefüttert. Die Körperzusammensetzung bei 1500 g zeigte, wie erwartet, daß sich bei steigenden Aufnahmen der Körperfettgchalt vergrößert und der Körperproteingehalt abnimmt. Fettund Proteinansatz waren linear mit der totalen Energieretention (ER) korreliert. Das bedeutet, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz den gleichen Protein- und Fettgehalt besitzt. Wenn der Fettansatz gleich Null ist wird nur Protein, etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes, retiniert. Wenn ER=O ist, wird Protein angesetzt und Fett mobilisiert. Energie-und N-Bilanzuntersuchungen bestätigen die konstante Zusammensetzung jeder Vergrößerung des Ansatzes. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente zeigen, daß die ER aus zwei Komponenten besteht: einem basalen konstanten täglichen Proteinansatz und einer variablen zusätzlichen ER, die hauptsächlich aus Fett besteht. Der basale Proteinansatz beträgt etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes. Mit steigenden Energieaufnahmen wird der basale Proteinansatz mit einer zusätzlichen Menge von Protein und Fett im konstanten Verhältnis ergänzt.
    Notes: Summary With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: D2 18Omethod ; indirect calorimetry ; energy metabolism ; obesity ; D2 18O-Methode ; indirekte Kalorimetrie ; Energiemetabolismus ; Übergewicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Bestimmung des Gesamtenergieumsatzes wurde eine neuartige2H/1H-und18O/16O-Äquilibriereinheit getestet, optimiert und eingesetzt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß übergewichtige Frauen und Männer, verglichen mit schlanken Probanden, sowohl erhöhte Ruhe-Nüchternumsätze, als auch erhöhte Gesamtenergieumsätze aufweisen. Der physical activity level (PAL)-Index weist tendenziell eine Verminderung auf, was eine erniedrigte physische Aktivität bei Übergewichtigen vermuten läßt.
    Notes: Summary A new2H/1H and18O/16O equilibration device was tested, standardized and employed for the determination of total energy expenditure. It was shown that overweight men and women have increased resting metabolic rate as well as increased total energy expenditure when compared to their lean counterparts. The physical activity level (PAL)index was slightly decreased which possibly suggests a decreased physical activity in obese people.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Indirect calorimetry ; substrate oxidation ; feeding level ; fat mobilization ; Indirekte Kalorimetrie ; Substratoxidation ; Fütterungsniveau ; Fettmobilisierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Nerzen (6 Kontrollitere (Gruppe I) und 12 reichlich gefütterten weiblichen Tieren (Gruppe II) wurde die Nährstoffoxidation aus Respirationsmessungen berechnet. Die Gaswechselmessungen erfolgten in 6 aufeinanderfolgenden einwöchigen Versuchsperioden. Die Energieversorgung für die Gruppe I und II betrug in der Periode 1 und 6 ca. 850 kJ ME/d, während der Restriktion und der Fütterung auf hohem Niveau betrug sie 450 bzw. 1300 kJ ME/d. Während der gesamten Versuchsperiode war die Energieaufnahme für beide Gruppen vergleichbar. Es gab aber signifikante Unterschieded zwischen den Perioden bei der Gruppe II. Die Mittelwerte der Protein-, Kohlenhydrat-und Fettoxidation betrugen 39%, 38% und 21% von der totalen Wärmeproduktion (WP) in der Gruppe I. Während der Restriktion betrug die Proteinoxidation bei der Gruppe II ca. 35% der WP. Während der ersten Periode der Fütterung auf hohem Niveau wuchs dieser Wert auf 55%. Während der Restriktion wurde eine hohe Fettoxidation gemessen, weil die Fettmobilisierung anstieg. Die Fettoxidation war niedrig, wenn die Futterzufuhr reichlich war. Es wird daraus geschlußfolgert, daß die Berechnungsmethode geeignete Aussagen liefert. Einige Nachteile der Methode werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Nutrient oxidation was calculated from gas exchange measurements for 6 control and 12 flush fed female mink, measured in six consecutive, one week periods. The energy supply to controls and flushed animals in periods 1 and 6 was ca 850 kJ ME/day, and during restriction and flush feeding, it was ca 450 kJ ME/day and ca 1300 kJ ME/day, respectively. Over the total experimental period the energy intake was similar in both groups, but it differed significantly between periods in the flushed group. Protein, fat, and carbohydrate oxidation averaged 39, 38, and 21%, of the total heat production (HP), respectively in the control group. During restriction, protein oxidation was ca 35% of HP in flushed animals, then increasing to 55% of HP during the first period of refeeding. High values for fat oxidation were recorded during restriction because of fat mobilization and values were low when feed supply was ample. It was concluded that the calculation method was a good indicative method, but some short-comings were discussed.
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  • 9
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 326-326 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 10
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 358-358 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 12
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Renal cell carcinoma ; case-control study ; fruit ; vegetable ; meat ; Nierenzellkarzinom ; Fall-Kontrollstudie ; Obst ; Gemüse ; Fleisch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Anstieg der Inzidenz von Nierenzellkarzinomen in den westlichen Ländern erfordert eine besondere Beachtung der Ätiologie dieses Tumors. Ernährung und das Erkrankungsrisiko für ein Nierenzellkarzinom könnten assoziiert sein, da Übergewicht als Risikofaktor für diese Erkrankung in vielen Studien identifiziert werden konnte. Eine Fall-Kontrollstudie mit 277 inzidenten Nierenkrebsfällen (ICD 189.0) und 286 bevölkerungsbezogenen Kontrollpersonen wurde im Rhein-Neckar-Odenwald-Raum, Deutschland, in der Zeit von 1989–1991 durchgeführt. Das Studienprotokoll umfaßte zunächst ein persönliches Interview über demographische Variablen, frühere Erkrankungen, Medikamenteneinnahme, Rauchen, Berufshistorie, berufsbedingte Expositionen, Getränkeaufnahme und Übergewicht. Zusätzlich wurden alle Studienteilnehmer gefragt, ob sie einen selbstausfüllbaren Häufigkeitsfragebogen mit 122 Nahrungsmitteln ausfüllen würden, um die Nahrungsaufnahme abzuschätzen. 65 % der Fälle und 74 % der Kontrollpersonen beteiligten sich an diesem Studienteil (N=155 Fälle und 212 Kontrollpersonen). Dies waren 47 % der studienrelevanten Fälle (N=328) und 56 % der Kontrollpersonen (N=381). Es konnte keine auffällige Auswahlverzerrung beobachtet werden in bezug auf Altersgruppe, Geschlecht, sozioökonomischen Status oder BMI bei der in diesen Studienteil einbezogenen Gruppe im Vergleich zu allen Fällen und Kontrollpersonen. Die relative Risiken (RR) für verschiedene Aspekte der Nahrungsaufnahme zeigten ein signifikant erhöhtes Risiko mit einer erhöhten Aufnahme von Streichfetten/Soßen (RR der hohen Aufnahme im Vergleich zur niedrigen Aufnahme: 1.90 (95 % Konfidenzintervall (95 % KI) 1.08–3.32)). Ein erhöhtes RR wurde für die Aufnahme von Fleisch und Fleischwaren beobachtet (RR der hohen Aufnahme im Vergleich zur niedrigen Aufnahme 1.71 (95 % KI 0.96–3.04)) und für energieadjustierte Fettaufnahme (RR einer hohen Aufnahme im Vergleich zu einer niedrigen Aufnahme: 1.64 (95 % KI 0.95–2.83)). Ein vermindertes RR fand sich bei einer erhöhten Aufnahme von Obst (RR einer hohen Aufnahme im Vergleich zu einer niedrigen Aufnahme: 0.40 (95 % KI 0.23–0.96)) und der Vitamin-C-Aufnahme (RR einer hohen Aufnahme im Vergleich zu einer niedrigen Aufnahme 0.62 (95 % KI 0.37–1.05)). Die Aufnahme von Getränken, Zubereitungsmethoden und andere Angaben zum Ernährungsverhalten waren nicht mit dem Risiko des Nierenzellkarzinoms assoziiert. Die RR für den Verzehr von Streichfetten/Soßen und Vitamin C wurden in zwei Modellen getestet, mit und ohne BMI als Kovariable. In beiden Modellen ergaben sich signifikante Beziehungen zwischen den Ernährungsvariablen und dem Risiko eines Nierenzellkarzinom. Diese Resultate geben Hinweise, daß bestimmte Ernährungsmuster in Verbindung mit Übergewicht herangezogen werden können, um das Auftreten von Nierenzellkarzinomen in industrialisierten Ländern zu erklären.
    Notes: Summary Increasing incidence of renal cell carcinoma in Western countries raises particular attention to its etiology. Diet may be related to risk for renal cell carcinoma since obesity has been linked with this malignant condition. A case-control study with 277 incident renal cell cancer patients (ICD 189.0) and 286 population controls was conducted in the Rhein-Neckar-Odenwald area, Germany, in the period of 1989 to 1991. The core study protocol included a face-to-face interview about demographical parameters, previous diseases, medication, tobacco smoking, occupational history, occupational exposures, beverage consumption, and obesity. In addition, study participants were asked to fill in a self-administered food frequency questionnaire with 122 food items to estimate overall food intake. Fifty-six % of the cases and 74 % of the controls participated in this part of the study (n=155 cases and 212 controls). This was 47 % of the original cases (n=328) and 56 % of the controls (n=381). No selection bias could be identified with regard to age group, gender, educational status or recent BMI in the analyzed group compared with the eligible cases and controls. Relative risk (RR) estimates for tertiles of consumption revealed a significantly increased risk with increasing intake of fat spread (RR of high intake compared to low intake: 1.90 (95 % CI 1.08–3.32)). Increased risk was also found for intake of meat and meat products (RR of high intake compared to low intake: 1.71 (95 % CI 0.96–3.04)) and energy adjusted fat (RR of high intake compared to low intake: 1.64 (95 % CI 0.95–2.83)). A decreased risk was seen with increasing intake of fruit (RR of high intake compared to low intake: 0.40 (95 % CI 0.23–0.69)) and of vitamin C (RR of high intake compared to low intake: 0.62 (95 % CI 0.37–1.05)). Beverage consumption, preparation of food and eating pattern were not linked with risk of renal cell cancer. The relative risk estimates of spreading fat (sauce and vitamin C intake were tested in two models, with and without including BMI as covariate. In both models significant associations of these nutritional variables with risk for renal cell cancer remained. The current results indicate that specific food pattern associated with obesity explain differences in incidence of renal cell carcinoma in industrialized countries.
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  • 13
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 31-32 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 14
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungserhebung ; Protokollmethode ; Nährstoffzufuhr ; Vergleich mit Empfehlungen ; neue Bundesländer ; Dietary survey ; weighted record ; nutrient intake ; comparison with guidelines ; eastern Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A dietary survey using weighted 3-day-records was carried out in the sample of the third MONICA risk-factor survey in the Thuringian city of Erfurt (eastern Germany) in 1991/92. The aim was to collect detailed intake data in a defined population after the first phase of consolidation on the food market after the German reunification. The dietary sample consisted of 1 118 men and 1 179 women aged 20–64 years; we received 469 acceptable records from men and 333 from women. The German national nutrient datafile BLS (version 2.1) was used to code the records and for the transformation into nutrients. Mean energy intake in men was 2 624 kcal per day, 15.3 % came from protein, 40.0 % from fat, 38.5 % from carbohydrates and 6.0 % from alcohol. Corresponding figures for women were 1 916 kcal per day, 15.8 %, 40.5 %, 41.5 % and 2.1 %. Only a small percentage of participants achieved the recommendations of the German Society for Nutrition for the intake of selected nutrients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der dritten MONICA Querschnittsstudie in der Stadt Erfurt wurde 1991/92 an einer Stichprobe von 1 118 Männern und 1 179 Frauen im Alter von 20 bis 64 Jahren eine Ernährungserhebung mit offenen 3-Tage-Wiegeprotokollen durchgeführt. Ziel war es u.a., Daten zur Nährstoffzufuhr einer definierten Bevölkerung nach der ersten Phase der Konsolidierung des Lebensmittelmarktes kurz nach der deutschen Wiedervereinigung zu erheben. Von 469 Männern und 333 Frauen konnten Protokolle ausgewertet werden. Zur Kodierung und Transformation in Nährstoffe wurde die Nährwertdatenbank BLS (Version 2.1) verwendet. Die Energiezufuhr beträgt bei den Männern 2 624 kcal pro Tag, davon stammen 15,3 % aus Protein, 40,0 % aus Fett, 38,5 % aus Kohlenhydraten und 6,0 % aus Alkohol. Die entsprechenden Werte für die Frauen sind 1 916 kcal pro Tag, 15,8 %, 40,5 %, 41,5 % und 2,1 %. Nur ein geringer Anteil der Teilnehmer und Teilnehmerinnen erfüllte die Empfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährung für die Zufuhr ausgewählter Nährstoffe.
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  • 15
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 127-132 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Lebensmittel ; inhaltsstoff ; Nährwert ; Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel (BLS) ; Souci/Fachmann/Kraut ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; 7-Tage-Ernährungsprotokoll ; Food constituent ; nutritional value ; Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel (BLS) ; Souci/Fachmann/Kraut ; nutrient intake ; 7-day-food record
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Mean dietary intake calculated from 25 7-day-food records by means of the three nutrient data bases modified Souci/Fachmann/Kraut (mSFK) 1986/87, extract of Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel (BLS) version 2.1, and extract of BLS version 2.2 revealed comparable results only for four of 27 nutrients considered. The greatest deviations were found for zink, fluoride, iodine, vitamin D, vitamin C, and dietary fiber. Comparing the revised BLS version 2.2 and mSFK, the differences in fluoride, iodine and dietary fiber intake data were markedly lower than found with the comparison of BLS 2.1 and mSFK; statistically significant differences no longer existed for the vitamins C and A (equivalents). As expected, using the mSFK data base with some missing fields for analytical data underestimation of nutrient intake could be shown for the trace elements zink, fluoride and iodine. With regard to the given results of the investigated group, care has to be taken with some nutrient intake data gathered by means of BLS 2.1, too.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Berechnung der durchschnittlichen Nährstoffzufuhr aus 25 7-Tage-Ernährungsprotokollen von Mittelschwerarbeitern mit den drei Nährstoff-Datenbanken modifizierter Souci/Fachmann/Kraut 1986/87 (mSFK; unter prodi 3 plus), Extrakt aus Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel (BLS) Version 2.1 und Extrakt aus BLS Version 2.2 zeigte nur für 4 von 27 überprüften Nährstoffen übereinstimmende Ergebnisse. Die größten Abweichungen ergaben sich bei Zink, Fluor, Jod, Vitamin D, Vitamin C und Ballaststoffen. Bei Verwendung der überarbeiteten BLS-Version 2.2 und mSFK waren im Gegensatz zum Vergleich von BLS 2.1 und mSFK die Unterschiede bei den Nährstoffen Fluor, Jod und Ballaststoffe deutlich geringer, aber weiterhin statistisch signifikant; keine Signifikanz bestand mehr bei Vitamin C und Retinol-Äquivalenten. Die häufig angemahnte Unterschätzung der Spurenelementaufnahme aufgrund fehlender Analysenwerte bei Verwendung von mSFK bestätigte sich für Zink, Fluor und Jod. Anhand der Ergebnisse der hier untersuchten Personengruppe sind ebenso einige mit der Datenbank BLS 2.1 gewonnenen Nährstoffzufuhrdaten mit Vorsicht zu betrachten.
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  • 16
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 161-168 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Trans-Fettsäuren ; Fett ; Fertignahrung ; Gaschromatographie ; Trans fatty acids ; dietary fat ; convenience food ; gas/liquid chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Dietary intake oftrans fatty acids (TFA) has recently been linked to the incidence of coronary heart disease. Partially hydrogenated oils and milk and depot fat of ruminant animals are widely regarded as the major sources of dietary TFA. Data concerning TFA contents of industrially prepared food, so-called convenience food, are, however, scarce. Therefore, the fatty acid composition of 52 canned meat products, 51 dry products (soups and sauces), 51 bakery products and snacks, and 74 ready prepared meals (canned or deep-frozen) was examined by gas/liquid chromatography. Canned meat products or prepared meals are no major sources for dietary TFA. Both product groups provided less than 1 g/100 g meat or serving. Contrary to this, dried food items may contain up to 9 g TFA/100 g product.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die alimentäre Aufnahme vontrans-Fettsäuren (TFS) wurde in jüngster Vergangenheit mit dem Auftreten von Herz-Kreislauferkankungen in kausalen Zusammenhang gebracht. Als Hauptquelle für TFS werden teilgehärtete Öle und Milch- bzw. Körperfett von Wiederkäuern angesehen. Über TFS-Gehaltszahlen in industriell hergestellten Fertigprodukten liegen jedoch wenige Daten vor. Im Rahmen dieser Erhebung wurden bei Proben von 52 eingedosten Fleischwaren, 51 Trokkenprodukten (Suppen, Saucen, Würzmischung), 51 Backwaren (Kuchen, Kekse, Snackprodukte) und 74 Proben kommerziell erhältlicher Fertigmenüs (eingedost bzw. tiefgekühlt) das Fettsäuremuster gaschromatographisch bestimmt. In Fleischwaren und Fertigmenüs lag der TFS-Gehalt überwiegend unter 1 g/100 g Fleischware bzw. Menüportion. Suppenwürfel und-pulver sowie Saucen können einen nicht unerheblichen Gehalt an TFS aufweisen (bis zu 9 g/100 g Produkt).
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 198-201 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 18
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 191-197 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Cooked starch ; diet ; oral breakdown ; glucose ; HPLC analysis ; lactic acid ; oral fluid ; organic acids ; sugars ; saliva ; gekochte Stärke ; Nahrung ; oraler Abbau ; Glukose ; HPLC-Analyse ; Milchsäure ; Mundflüssigkeit ; organische Säuren ; Zucker ; Speichel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach dem Genuß von sechs zucker- und/oder stärkehaltigen Nahrungsmitteln (Schokoladenriegel, Kartoffelchips, gefüllter Keks, Würfelzucker, Rosinen und Geleebohnen) wurde der Kohlenhydratabbau und die Säureproduktion im Mund über zwei Stunden verfolgt und analysiert. Jedes Nahrungsmittel wurde an acht Probanden in Zeitintervallen von 30 min untersucht. Die Freisetzung von Glukose und die Bildung von Milchsäure im Mund wurden mittels HPLC-Analyse qualitativ und quantitativ über zwei Stunden verfolgt und statistisch ausgewertet. Innerhalb der ersten 30 Minuten wurde Milchsäure in folgender Rangordnung produziert: (höchster Wert) Rosinen 〉 Schokoladenriegel 〉 Würfelzucker 〉 Geleebohnen 〉 gefüllter Keks 〉 Kartoffelchips (niedrigster Wert); nach 120 Minuten änderte sich diese Rangordnung wie folgt: Kartoffelchips 〉 Geleebohnen 〉 Würfelzucker 〉 Schokoladenriegel 〉 gefüllter Keks 〉 Rosinen. Die Menge der produzierten Milchsäure war linear abhängig von der Menge der von den Speisen freigesetzten Glukose. Gekochte Stärke wurde im Mund über Maltotriose und Maltose zu Glukose abgebaut. Klebrige (zuckerhaltige) Nahrungsmittel (Schokoladenriegel) verlassen die Mundhöhle schneller als Nahrungsmittel, die gekochte Stärke enthalten (Kartoffelchips); letztere produzieren daher über einen längeren Zeitraum (2 h) im Munde mehr Milchsäure.
    Notes: Summary Oral carbohydrate clearance and acid production were monitored over a two hour time period following the ingestion of six foods (chocolate bar, potato chip, oreo cookie, sugar cube, raisin and jelly bean). Each food was evaluated intra-orally in eight volunteers. Oral fluid samples were obtained from each volunteer at 30 min intervals at five different tooth sites using absorbent paper points. The oral fluid samples were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for carbohydrates and organic acids using high performance liquid chromatography. Data obtained for each food were averaged and subjected to statistical analysis. The quantity of lactic acid produced 30 min after ingestion was found to be in the following order: (highest) raisin 〉 chocolate bar 〉 sugar cube 〉 jelly bean 〉 oreo cookie 〉 potato chip (least). Two hours after food intake the order had changed significantly: potato chip 〉 jelly bean 〉 sugar cube 〉 chocolate bar 〉 oreo cookie 〉 raisin. A direct linear relationship existed between lactic acid production and the presence of glucose. In foods containing cooked starch prolonged clearance occurs via the intermediate metabolites maltotriose, maltose and glucose. Results indicated that the term ‘stickiness’, when used to label certain foods such as jelly bean and chocolate bar, should be used cautiously. Foods containing only cooked starch or cooked starch and sugars can be considered as ‘sticky’, since glucose arising from their intra-oral degradation contributed to acid production over prolonged periods of time.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 202-204 
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Aerobic exercise ; sweat nitrogen losses ; whole-body washdown ; regional sweat collection ; Aerobe körperliche Belastung ; Schweiss-Stickstoffverluste ; Ganzkörper-Waschverfahren ; lokale Schweiss-Sammelmethode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die belastungsbedingte Ausscheidung von Stickstoff über den Schweiss wurde während eines mit moderater Intensität durchgeführten 45-Minuten-Laufes auf einem Laufband bestimmt. Schweissproben wurden mittels einer lokalen Sammelmethode mit Gazen und zum Vergleich mit dem Ganzkörper-Waschverfahren entnommen. In der lokalen Methode wurde der Schweiss vom oberen und unteren Rücken, Bauch und Oberschenkel gesammelt. Während eines zweiten 45-Minuten-Laufes wurde zusätzlich das Verhältnis von Harnstoff, Ammoniak und Aminosäuren im Schweiss analysiert. Es konnte eine von der Sammelmethode unabhängige, signifikant positive Korrelation zwischen Schweissrate und Ausscheidungsrate der grössten Stickstoffraktion im Schweiss (Harnstoff) beobachtet werden. Dies lässt den Schluss zu, dass die Schweissrate einer der wesentlichen Faktoren ist, der die Stickstoffverluste im Schweiss festlegt. Die Ausscheidungsrate des Harnstoffstickstoffes betrug im zweiten Lauf etwa 140 mg·h−1, die des Ammoniakstickstoffes etwa 30 mg·h−1 und die des Aminosäurenstickstoffes rund 10 mg·h−1. Der Vergleich beider Sammelmethoden während des ersten Laufes zeigte, dass die Ausscheidungsrate des Harnstoffstickstoffes im Ganzkörper-Waschverfahren signifikant höher, die des Ammoniakstickstoffes dagegen signifikant niedriger war. Dieser Unterschied zwischen den Methoden verschwand, nachdem Harnstoff- und Ammoniakstickstoff summiert wurden, ausser für den oberen Rücken. Die Bestimmung von belastungsbedingten Stickstoffverlusten über den Schweiss mittels der lokalen Sammelmethode kann für mit moderater Intensität durchgeführten Läufe empfohlen werden.
    Notes: Summary The exercise-induced sweat nitrogen excretion was investigated during a 45-minute run at moderate intensity on a treadmill. Sweat was collected with a regional collection technique using gauze pads and compared with the whole-body wash-down (WBW) method. In the regional collection, sweat was sampled from the upper back (UB), lower back (LB), abdomen (AB), and thigh (TH). Additionally, the relation of sweat urea, ammonia, and amino acids was investigated with the regional collection method during a second 45-minute run. Independent of the sweat collection method, a significant and positive correlation was found between sweat rate and the excretion rate of the largest nitrogen fraction urea, suggesting that the sweating response to exercise might be one of the most important factors determining absolute sweat nitrogen losses. The urea nitrogen excretion was nearly 140 mg·h−1 in the second run, representing the largest nitrogen fraction. Ammonia nitrogen and amino acid-derived nitrogen rate were approximately 30 mg·h−1 and 10 mg·h−1, respectively. The comparison of the sampling methods during the first run revealed that the urea nitrogen rate was significantly higher, but the ammonia nitrogen rate significantly lower in the WBW. After summing urea and ammonia nitrogen, no significant difference between the methods was observed anymore, except for UB. It is concluded that the regional collection method using gauze pads is a valuable approach to measure exercise-induced sweat nitrogen losses during moderate running exercise.
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Jodversorgung von Jugendlichen ; Jodidausscheidung (Urin) ; Jodmangel ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Iodine supply of young people ; iodine excretion (urine) ; iodine deficiency ; district Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Germany)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We investigated the goiter prevalence and the urinary iodine excretion of 2 109 young people between 10 and 18 years in the district of Mecklengurg-Vorpommern, Germany in 1995/96. The thyroid volume was determined by ultrasound (7,5 MHz), the iodine excretion by a modified cer-arsenit method. The daily iodine excretion as related to the body surface area and the age related creatinine excretion per 24 h were measured. The results were compared with those of a similar study from 1993 in the same region and the same range of age. The goiter prevalence in 1997 amounted to 18.5 %. Among the studied persons 3.6 % showed one or more nodules within their thyroid gland. The iodine excretion increased from 70 µg in 1993 to 95 µg in 1997. There were no changes in the individual nutritional habits (expecially iodine-containing foods, using iodized salt etc.). We believe that the raised iodine intake is the result of a higher iodine supply in the commercially produced foodstuffs and animal products due to an increased incorporation of iodine in manufacture of food products.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wir untersuchten 1995/96 2109 Kinder und Jugendliche im Alter zwischen 10 und 18 Jahren in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern hinsichtlich der Strumaprävalenz (sonographische Volumetrie) und der Urinjodidausscheidung (Cer-Arsenit-Methode) als Maß für die tägliche alimentäre Jodaufnahme und verglichen die Ergebnisse mit denen einer altersgleichen Population aus demselben Bundesland aus dem Jahre 1993. Die aktuelle Strumaprävalenz beträgt 18,5 %, der Anteil intrathyreoidaler Knoten 3,6 %. Die Jodidurie stieg von 70 µg 1993 auf 95 µg 1995/96 an. Die Ernährungsgewohnheiten und Zufuhr besonderer Jodidträger (jodiertes Speisesalz, medikamentöse Jodidstrumaprophylaxe) änderten sich im genannten Zeitraum nicht. Als Ursache der verbesserten, aber noch nicht ausreichenden alimentären Jodversorgung vermuten wir eine höhere Akzeptanz des Einsatzes von Jodsalz bzw. Jodträgern in der professionellen Lebensmittelherstellung und in der Landwirtschaft.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Dietary thiamin supply ; lactation ; thiamin status ; milk ; rat ; Thiaminversorgung ; Laktation ; Thiaminstatus ; Milch ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, die Wirkung variierender Thiaminzulagen (Mangel bis Überschuß) in der Diät auf den Thiaminstatus laktierender Ratten und deren Nachkommen sowie auf den Thiaminspiegel der Milch zu untersuchen. Dazu wurden Ratten nach dem Werfen in 8 Gruppen (à 10 Tiere) eingeteilt, die während der Laktation über einen Zeitraum von 13 Tagen eine Diät mit 0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 40, 350 und 3 500 mg Thiamin/kg erhielten. Milch für die Bestimmung der Thiaminkonzentration wurde am 6. und 13. Laktationstag gewonnen. Am 14. Laktationstag wurden von allen Muttertieren und Würfen zur Ermittlung des Thiaminstatus die Aktivität der Transketolase in Blut, Leber und Gehirn sowie die Thiaminkonzentrationen im Körper gemessen. Die variierenden Thiaminzulagen beeinflußten innerhalb von 13 Tagen sowohl den Thiaminstatus der laktierenden Ratten als auch den der Nachkommen. Thiamin-frei ernährte Ratten zeigten Thiaminmangelsymptome auf der Basis von Wachstumsminderung und erniedrigten Transketolaseaktivitäten in Blut, Leber und Gehirn. Dabei reagierte die Transketolase im Blut sensibler auf eine Thiaminunterversorgung als in Geweben und erreichte ein Plateau bei einer Zufuhr von 6 mg/kg Thiamin. Die Thiaminkonzentration in der Milch lag in einem Bereich zwischen 0,1 und 19 mg/kg. Verglichen mit anderen Geweben reagierte die Milch beider Laktationsabschnitte am stärksten auf eine Thiaminunter- bzw. -überversorgung. Darüber hinaus konnte eine fehlende oder suboptimale Thiaminversorgung nicht durch einen verstärkten Übertritt von Thiaminreserven aus dem Körper in die Milch kompensiert werden. Auch die Thiaminspiegel in den Geweben und im Restkörper erhöhten sich mit steigender Thiaminzufuhr, wobei sich die Dosisabhängigkeit, die jedoch kein eindeutiges Sättigungsverhalten zeigte, in Blut und Leber stärker widerspiegelte als im Restkörper.
    Notes: Summary This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary thiamin, ranging from deficient to excessive supplies, on thiamin status of lactating rats and their offspring, and the thiamin level in milk. Therefore, after parturition, rat dams were divided into eight groups of 10 each, and were fed diets with 0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 40, 350 and 3 500 mg/kg thiamin over a total of 13 days during lactation. Milk for determining the thiamin concentration was obtained from day 6 and 13 of lactation. At day 14 of lactation rat dams and their offspring were used to ascertain the thiamin status including transketolase activity of blood, liver and brain, and thiamin concentration in body. Thiamin supplies ranging from deficient to excessive dietary concentrations influenced both the thiamin levels of the lactating dams and their offspring within 13 days. Lactating rat dams fed a thiamin-free diet and their offspring were classified as thiamin-deficient on the basis of growth retardation and a lower activity of transketolase in blood, liver and brain. Within these variables transketolase in blood has been shown to be most sensitive, and reached a plateau feeding 6 mg/kg thiamin. The concentration of thiamin in milk ranged between 0.1 and 19 mg/kg. The findings also show that dietary thiamin had the strongest effect on thiamin in milk obtained from day 6 and 13 of lactation, and a deficient or suboptimal supply with thiamin was therefore not compensated for an intensified transfer of reserved body thiamin into milk. Also thiamin levels in tissues and carcass, which did not show any clear-cut saturation characteristic, increased with increasing dietary thiamin, and this dose-dependence was more marked in blood and liver than in carcass.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 182-190 
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    Keywords: Pigs ; mucin ; endogenous amino acids ; endogenous carbohydrates ; Schweine ; Mucin ; endogene Aminosäuren ; endogene Kohlenhydrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei kastrierten männlichen Schweinen, die eine proteinfreie Nahrung und intravenös entweder mit Kochsalzlösung (SAI) oder ein Aminosäurengemisch erhielten, wurde die tägliche Aminosäurenausschüttung (AAI) im Ileuminhalt bestimmt. Mit der wasserlöslichen und in Ethanol ausfällbaren Fraktion des Ileuminhalts (Gesamtmucin) (CM) wurde die Zusammensetzung von Mucin im Ileuminhalt gemessen. Diese Fraktion wies eine für Mucin charakteristische Kohlegydratzusammensetzung und einen hohen Gehalt an Treonin, Serin und Prolin (40 mol/100 mol). Die Anteile an Mucinen aus dem Magen und Darm betrugen 27 bezw. 73 % und wurden nach dem Verhältnis zwischen N-Acetylgalactosamin (GiNAc):N-Acetylgalactosamin (GalNAc) im CM ermittelt. Die täglichen Ausschüttungen an löslichem Mucin betrugen bei den SAI- bzw. AAI-Schweinen (p=0,13) und wurden aus den Gal-NAc-Exkretionen im CM bestimmt, wobei die obengenannten Anteile der Magen- und Darmmucine angenommen wurden. Die bestimmten löslichen Mucinausschüttungen im CM bestanden zu mehr als 90 % aus Fucose, Galactose, GaINAc und GlcNAc. Die Gesamtausschüttungen an Mucin im Ileuminhalt beliefen sich bei den SAI- bzw. AAI-Schweinen (p=0,24) auf 5,32 und 5,56 g/Tag und wurden aus der Gesamtausschüttung aus dem Ileuminhalt ermittelt, wobei davon ausgegangen wurde, daß lösliches und unlösliches Mucin die gleichen Zusammensetzungen aufwies. Basierend auf diesen Ausschüttungen, entsprach Mucin im Ileuminhalt ca. 30,7 bis 22, 15 und 11 % Threonin, Prolin, Serin und Protein. Annähernd 74, 76, 100 bezw. 53 % Fucose, Galactose, GAINAc und GlcNAc des Ileuminhalts entfielen in dieser Studie an Schweinen auf Mucin. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse der Studie unterstreichen die Bedeutung von Mucin als Lieferant von endogenen Aminosäuren und endogenen Kohlehydraten.
    Notes: Abstract Daily outputs of mucin in ileal digesta were estimated in three barrows fed a protein-free diet while administered either saline (SAI) or a complete amino acid mixture (AAI) intravenously. The water soluble-ethanol precipitable fraction of ileal digesta (crude mucin; CM) was used to estimate the composition of mucin in ileal digesta. This fraction exhibited a carbohydrate composition characteristic of mucin and had a high threonine, serine and proline content (40 mol/100 mol). The proportions of soluble gastric and intestinal mucins, approximately 27 and 73 %, respectively, were estimated from the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)/N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ratio in CM. The daily outputs of soluble mucin, 2.75 and 3.41 g/day from SAI and AAI pigs (p=0.13), respectively, were determined from the GalNAc outputs in CM, assuming the above contributions of gastric and intestinal mucins. The estimated soluble mucin outputs accounted for more than 99 % of the fucose, galactose, GalNAc and GlcNAc in CM. Total mucin outputs in ileal digesta, 5.32 and 5.65 g/day from SAI and AAI Pigs (p=0.24), respectively, were determined from the total GalNAc output in digesta, assuming soluble and insoluble mucin had similar compositions. Based on these outputs, mucin represented approximately 30, 7 to 22, 15 and 11 % of the endogenous threonine, proline, serine and protein, respectively, in ileal digesta. Approximately 74, 76, 100 and 53 % of the fucose, galactose GalNAc and GlcNAc, respectively, in ileal digesta from pigs in this study was attributed to mucin. The results from this study demonstrate the importance of mucin as a source of some endogenous amino acids and carbohydrates.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 246-248 
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 328-329 
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Heat production ; body composition ; ambient temperature ; pig ; Wärmeproduktion ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Umgebungstemperatur ; Schwein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus theoretischen Betrachtungen heraus sollten Tiere mit einem höheren Protein-Fett-Verhältnis einen höheren Energieerhaltungsbedarf (EEB) haben. Die Literatur zu diesem Problem zeigt ein nicht einheitliches Bild mit von dieser Annahme abweichenden Ergebnissen. Aus den vorliegenden Ergebnissen einer Reihe von Versuchen ist es möglich, die Wärmeproduktion (WP) von männlichen und weiblichen Tieren der Rasse Vietnamesisches Hängebauchschwein zu vergleichen, die sich in ihrer Körperzusammensetzung stark unterscheiden. Das Protein-Fett-Verhältnis betrug für die männlichen Tiere 1,2 und für die weiblichen 0,2. In die Experimente waren 4 männliche und 4 weibliche Tiere im Lebendmassebereich von 20–33 kg bzw. 33–42 kg einbezogen. Die WP-Messungen wurden auf zwei Energieeinnahmeniveaus bei Umgebungstemperaturen von 6 °C, 12 °C, 18 °C, 24 °C, 30 °C und 35 °C in klimatisierten Respirationskammern vorgenommen. Die Abhängigkeit der WP wird durch eine kubische Regressionsfunktion dargestellt. Die thermoneutralen Temperaturen sind bei den weiblichen Tieren niedriger, bedingt durch die höhere Isolationswirkung der Fettauflage. Der durch die stark unterschiedliche Körperzusammensetzung erwartete Unterschied in der WP wurde nicht gefunden. Die absolute Proteinmasse bestimmt im wesentlichen die Korrelation zur WP. Allerdings vergrößert sich die Differenz infolge unterschiedlicher thermoregulatorischer WP bei Absenkung der Umgebungstemperatur. Es werden Einflußgrößen auf die WP diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary From theoretical considerations animals with a higher protein-fat ratio in the body should have a higher maintenance energy requirement (MEm). The literature on this problem shows a non-uniform picture with deviating results. From the results of a series of experiments it is possible to compare the heat production (HP) of male and female animals of the Vietnamese Sway-back breed pigs which vary quite widely in their body composition. The protein-fat ratio was 1.2 for the male and 0.2 for the female animals. In the experiments 4 male and 4 female animals in the live weight range of 20–33 kg and 33–42 kg, respectively, were involved. The HP measurements were carried out in climatized respiration chambers on two levels of energy intake at ambient temperatures of 6 °C, 12 °C, 18 °C, 24 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C. The dependence of PH on the ambient temperature has been described by a cubic regression function. Thermoneutral temperatures are lower in the female animals caused by the better insulation effect of the backfat. The difference in HP which was expected by the large difference in body composition, was not found. The absolute protein mass determined the correlation to HP. Certainly the difference increased after lowering the ambient temperature. The influence of different factors on HP is discussed.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 350-351 
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 356-356 
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  • 29
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 359-363 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Positron emission tomography (PET) ; glucose metabolism ; skeletal muscle ; Positronenemissionstomographie (PET) ; Glukosemetabolismus ; Skelettmuskel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nicht invasive bildgebende Verfahren wie die Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) erweitern unsere Kenntnisse über den Glukosestoffwechsel. Sie erfassen sowohl die Nettoaufnahme der Glukose in den Muskel als auch die Dynamik des Glukosestoffwechsels (i.e. Transport und Phosphorylierung der Glukose). Darüber hinaus kann die Muskeldurchblutung als mögliche Determinante des Glukosestoffwechsels mit der PET-Technik gemessen werden.
    Notes: Summary Non invasive imaging techniques, such as, positronemission tomography (PET), contribute to our present knowledge of glucose metabolism. Besides measurements of net glucose metabolism, PET provides insights into complex processes of intracellular glucose metabolism (i.e., glucose transport and phosphorylation) and is also capable to measure muscular blood flow as a possible determinant of glucose metabolism.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 413-414 
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 394-402 
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    Keywords: Dietary reference values ; energy requirement ; energy intake ; recommended energy allowances ; physical activity level ; Richtwerte zur Energiezufuhr ; Energiebedarf ; empfohlene Energiezufuhr ; Aktivitätsstufe ; Grundumsatz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Richtwerte zur Zufuhr an Energie für Bevölkerungsgruppen werden in Höhe des durchschnittlichen Energiebedarfs ohne Sicherheitszuschläge festgelegt. Dadurch soll das Risiko einer unangemessenen Energiezufuhr minimiert werden. Der durchschnittliche Energiebedarf und somit die Richtwerte zur Energiezufuhr können über Daten zur Energiezufuhr oder über die Bestimmung des Energieverbrauchs ermittelt werden. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die aktuellen Richtwerte zur Energiezufuhr von insgesamt 12 Ländern, der FAO/WHO/UNU und dem wissenschaftlichen Lebensmittelausschuß der Europäischen Union (SCF/EC) hinsichtlich ihrer Höhe und zugrunde liegenden Konzepten gegenübergestellt. Die Methoden zur Schätzung des Energiebedarfs für unterschiedliche Bevölkerungsgruppen und die Datenbasis für die Richtwerte zur Energiezufuhr werden zusammengefaßt. Darüber hinaus werden die Richtwerte zur wünschenswerten Zufuhr an Energie für Frauen und Männer aller Altersstufen graphisch dargestellt. Der Vergleich der nationalen Richtwerte zur Energiezufuhr verdeutlicht, daß die Höhe abhängig ist von Faktoren wie der methodischen Vorgehensweise, der Datengrundlage, dem verwendeten Referenzkörpergewicht, der Intensität der körperlichen Aktivität und der Alterseinteilung. Richtwerte für Jugendliche und ältere Menschen zeigen, daß Unterschiede in der Höhe der Richtwerte sich am deutlichsten bei Bevölkerungsgruppen darstellen, für welche nur unzureichendes Datenmaterial zum Energiebedarf verfügbar ist. Obwohl es nicht möglich ist, die Angemessenheit von Richtwerten zur wünschenswerten Energiezufuhr anhand eines Vergleichs der Daten unterschiedlicher Länder zu beurteilen, können Unterschiede in der Höhe der Richtwerte auf der Basis der zugrunde liegenden Konzepte erklärt werden.
    Notes: Abstract Dietary reference values for food energy for population groups are set at the level of average energy requirement without a safety margin to avoid any risk of inadequate energy intake. Average energy requirements and hence reference values for energy can be determined from either energy intake data or energy expenditure. In this article, the present reference values for energy of 12 countries, the FAO/WHO/UNU and the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF/EC) are compared regarding the level of their standards and underlying concepts. Methods for estimating energy requirements of different population groups and data sources for reference values for energy are summarized. Furthermore, reference values for energy for males and females of all ages are presented in separate graphs. The comparison of national standards illustrates that the level of reference values for energy for individual countries is dependent on variables such as methodology, data sources, allowances for physical activity, reference body weight, and age range. Standards for adolescents and elderly persons reveal that differences in reference values are most apparent in population groups for which only limited data on energy requirements are available. Although it is not possible to evaluate the adequacy of reference values for energy by comparing data of different countries, many differences in the level of reference values can be explained on the basis of underlying concepts.
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 34
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 403-412 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Flavonoide ; Flavonole ; Catechine ; Flavanone ; Anthocyanidine ; Proanthocyanidine ; Nährstoffzufuhr ; Menschen ; Datenbank ; Flavonoids ; flavonols ; catechins ; flavanones ; anthocyanidins ; proanthocyanins ; dietary intake ; humans ; data base
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Flavonoids as naturally occuring compounds of plant derived foodstuff reveal some biological effects (antioxidative, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic) which makes them interesting substances in the prevention of atherosclerosis and cancer in humans. Data on the flavonoid content of food are not considered in food composition tables, and human intake data are scarce (flavonols) or missing. Consequently, after installing a flavonoid data base by means of literature data, 7-d dietary protocols of 119 adults (63 women and 56 men, age 19–49 years) representing a bavarian subgroup of the German National Food Consumption Survey (NVS) were evaluated. In all subjects, average intake of all flavonoids (calculated as aglycons) amounts to 54,0 mg/d (median) with a great range of variability. The most important flavonoid groups are flavonols (12,0 mg/d), catechins (8,3 mg/d), and flavanons (13,2 mg/d), followed by anthocyanidins (2,7 mg/d), proanthocyanins (3,7 mg/d) and phloretin (dihydrochalcone) (0,7 mg/d). Sex differences did not reach statistical significance. Fruits, fruit products and fruit juices were the most important flavonoid sources. Vegetables and its products provided about half of the flavonol intake. Therefore, statistically significant correlations (p〈0.001) exist between total flavonoid intake and the intake of vitamin C (r=0.59) or dietary fiber (r=0.49). Compared to other countries, flavonol intake of the investigated group of persons is rather low. With the built data base it was possible for the first time to calculate the intake of further flavonoids besides flavonols. In comparison to the intake of other antioxidants (e.g. vitamins C and E) the amount of flavonoids in the diet is considerably high and therefore should be regarded in further investigations on the role of diet in certain diseases.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Flavonoide sind natürlich vorkommende Inhaltsstoffe von Lebensmitteln pflanzlichen Ursprungs; aufgrund ihrer biologischen Wirkungen (antioxidativ, antimutagen, anticancerogen) ergeben sich interessante Ansätze für die Arteriosklerose- und Krebs-Prophylaxe beim Menschen. In Nährwerttabellen sind Flavonoide nicht ausgewiesen und somit sind Angaben zur Flavonoidzufuhr beim Menschen spärlich (Flavonole) oder gar nicht vorhanden. Deshalb wurde anhand von Literaturangaben eine Datenbank zum Flavonoidgehalt von Lebensmitteln erstellt und mit deren Hilfe 7-Tage-Ernährungsprotokolle von 119 Personen (63 Frauen und 56 Männer, Alter 19–49 Jahre) aus einem bayerischen Teilkollektiv der Nationalen Verzehrsstudie (NVS) ausgewertet. Im Mittel (Median) über alle Personen werden täglich 54,0 mg Flavonoide (berechnet als Aglykon) aufgenommen, wobei die Streubreite der Einzelwerte sehr hoch ist. Den größten Anteil stellen Flavonole (12,0 mg/d), Catechine (8,3 mg/d) und Flavanone (13,2 mg/d), gefolgt von Anthocyanidinen (2,7 mg/d), Proanthocyanidinen (3,7 mg/d) und Phloretin (Dihydrochalcon) (0,7 mg/d). Ein Geschlechterunterschied ist statistisch nicht nachzuweisen. Die Lebensmittelgruppe „Obst/-produkte/-säfte“ ist die wichtigste Flavonoidquelle. Die Flavonolzufuhr wird etwa zur Hälfte durch den Verzehr von Gemüse/-produkten/-säfte gedeckt. Dementsprechend korreliert die Gesamtaufnahme von Flavonoiden statistisch signifikant (p〈0,001) mit der Zufuhr von Vitamin C (r=0,59) und Ballaststoffen (r=0,49). Im Vergleich mit anderen Ländern ist die Flavonolzufuhr im betrachteten Kollektiv eher als niedrig einzustufen. Durch die erstellte Datenbank war es erstmals möglich, neben Flavonolwerten auch Zufuhrdaten für weitere Flavonoide zu berechnen. Verglichen mit der täglichen Zufuhrmenge anderer Antioxidantien (z.B. Vitamine C und E) ist die pro Tag aufgenommene Menge an Flavonoiden beachtlich hoch und sollte somit in Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung der Ernährung bei bestimmten Krankheiten berücksichtigt werden.
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  • 35
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 347-349 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Meal frequency ; utilization ; rat ; 14C labeled amino acids ; leucine ; Fütterungshäufigkeit ; Verwertung ; Ratte ; 14C-markierte Aminosäuren ; Leucin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der Häufigkeit der Nahrungsaufnahme auf die Entwicklung des Körpergewichts und auf den Proteinstatus, gemessen auf dem Niveau der Aminosäurenoxidation (Decarboxylierung) in der postabsorptiven Phase, wurde bei einer festen täglichen Proteinaufnahme untersucht. Wachsende Ratten (250g) wurden über eine Sonde mit einer Flüssignahrung versorgt, die auf dem Nutrison Standard basiert (1,6g Protein/d, 266 kJ ME/d). Diese Menge wurde entweder in Form von 2 großen Mahlzeiten am Beginn und am Ende, 6 kleineren Mahlzeiten oder als kontinuierliche Infusion über die gesamte Dunkelperiode (10h) gegeben. Nach 3 Wochen der Fütterung war die mittlere Wachstumsrate der Ratten, die kontinuierlich gefüttert wurden, 20% höher als die Tiere, die die gleiche Menge in 2 Mahlzeiten erhielten. Die Ratten, die 6 Mahlzeiten am Tag bekamen, hatten ein Wachstum, das ziemlich den Ratten entsprach, die kontinuierlich gefüttert wurden. Die prozentuale Wiederfindung der Markierung als14CO2 in der Atemluft nach Injektion (i. p.) von [1-14C]Leucin (4 h nach der letzten Mahlzeit) war signifikant höher (p,05) für die kontinuierlich gefütterten Tiere (27% SD 2,6) verglichen mit den Ratten, die zwei Mahlzeiten erhielten (21,9% SD 4,0). Der Wert für die Gruppe mit 6 Mahlzeiten lag dazwischen (24,5 SD 1,8). Die Resultate weisen darauf hin, daß die metabolische Verwertung von einer festen täglichen Proteinmenge durch den Weg der Zuführung deutlich beeinflußt wird. Hinsichtlich der Entwicklung des Körpergewichts und des Proteinstatus haben die Tiere mehr Nutzen von der gleichen Proteinmenge, wenn die Zuführung ausgeglichener erfolgt. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß die Differenz durch die metabolische Restriktion für eine adäquate Verwertung von großen Mahlzeiten verursacht wird. Es wird deshalb angenommen, daß große Mahlzeiten zu einer Verschwendung von Aminosäuren in der postprandialen Phase führen. Eine Folge davon ist, daß weniger Aminosäuren im Körper gespeichert werden und in der postabsorptiven Phase verfügbar sind.
    Notes: Summary The influence of meal frequency on change of body weight and protein status, measured by level of amino acid oxidation (decarboxylation) in the postabsorptive state, was studied at a fixed daily protein intake. Growing rats (250g) were fed through gastric canula a feeding solution based on Nutrison Standard supplying 1.6g protein and 266kJ ME daily. This amount was given in either 2 large meals at the beginning and the end, or in 6 smaller meals, or by continuous infusion during entire dark period (10 hrs). After 3 weeks of feeding the mean growth rate of the rats fed continuously was nearly 20% higher than rats fed the same amount in 2 meals. The rats fed 6 meals a day had a growth rate rather similar to the rats fed continuously. The percentile recovery of label as14CO2 in the breath after an intraperitoneal injection of [1-14C]leucine (4 hrs after last meal) was significantly higher (p.05) for the animals fed continuously (27% sd 2.6) compared to the rats fed 2 meals (21.9% sd 4.0). The value for 6 meal group was intermediate (24.5 sd 1.8). The results indicate that the metabolic utilization of a fixed daily amount of protein is clearly influenced by the way of supply. With respect to the change of body weight and protein status, animals have more benefit of the same amount of protein if the supply is more equable. It is suggested that the difference is caused by metabolic restriction for an adequate utilisation of large meals. Therefore large meals are supposed to cause a waste of amino acids in the postprandial phase. As a consequence amino acid amount that will be stored in the body to be available in the postabsorptive phase will be less.
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  • 36
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 332-335 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nutrient intake ; protein metabolism ; protein synthesis ; growth ; energy expenditures ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Proteinstoffwechsel ; Proteinsynthese ; Wachstum ; Energieaufwand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Zunahme von fettfreiem Gewebe tritt auf, wenn die Proteinsynthese größer ist als der Proteinabbau. Obwohl während des Wachstums von der Geburt bis zur Reife die absoluten Proteinsynthese- und -abbauraten ansteigen, nehmen dagegen die fraktionellen Raten ab. Bcide Prozesse reagieren auf die Nährstoffaufnahme. Es gibt aber deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Geweben. Protein, Kohlenhydrate und Fett können den Proteinansatz bei unreifen Tieren und Kindern stimulieren. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und die Energieaufwendungen scheinen jedoch unterschiedlich zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Lean tissue growth occurs when the rate of protein synthesis exceeds the rate of protein breakdown. Althoughabsolute rates of protein synthesis and breakdown rise during growth from birth to maturityfractional rates fall. Both these processes are sensitive to nutrient intake but responses to feeding vary greatly amongst different tissues. Protein, carbohydrate and fat can all stimulate body protein accretion in immature animals and in children but the mechanisms by which they do so, and the energy expenditures involved, seem to be different.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 352-352 
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 355-355 
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  • 39
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 357-357 
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1436-6215
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 41
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 368-371 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: [13C]acetate ; Mass Isotopomer Distribution Analysis ; cholesterol synthesis ; bile ; human subjects ; [13C]Acetat ; Mass Isotopomer Distribution Analysis ; Cholesterinsynthese ; Galle ; Mensch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Hypersekretion von biliärem Cholesterin scheint der Schlüsseldefekt in der Pathogenese der Cholesteringallensteine zu sein und ist möglicherweise bedingt durch eine erhöhte Cholesterinsynthese. Um die fraktionelle Synthese von biliärem Cholesterin und Plasmacholesterin zu messen, wurden 5 männliche und 3 weibliche gesunde Probanden mit einer intakten enterohepatischen Zirkulation intravenös mit [1-13C]Acetat für 15 h infundiert. Proben duodenaler Galle und Blutproben wurden stündlich gewonnen und eine Formuladiät enteral verabreicht. Die Massenverteilung des freien Cholesterins wurde mittels Gaschromatographie mit Massenspektrometrie analysiert. Die Anwendung der Mass Isotopomer Distribution Analysis — (MIDA) — Technik erlaubte die Berechnung der fraktionellen Synthese. Nach 6stündiger Infusion erreichte die [13C]Markierung des cytosolischen Acetatpools etwa 12%. Die individuellen fraktionellen Cholesterinsynthesen im Plasma und in der Galle korrelierten signifikant miteinander (6–15 h) und betrugen 4,2 und 5,3% nach 15 h. Aus dieser Studie wurde die Schlußfolgerung gezogen, daß neu synthetisiertes Cholesterin gegenüber dem Plasma zu einem höheren Anteil in die Galle sezerniert wird.
    Notes: Summary Hypersecretion of biliary cholesterol appears to be the key defect in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones, and this may be due to an enhanced synthesis of cholesterol. To measure fractional syntheses of biliary and plasma cholesterol, five male and 3 femalc healthy humans with an intact enterohepatic circulation were infused intravenously with [1-13C]acetate for 15 h. Samples of duodenal bile and blood were taken hourly and an enteral formula diet was given. Free cholesterol mass distribution was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The Mass Isotopomer Distribution Analysis (MIDA) technique allowed to calculate fractional synthesis. After 6 hours of infusion, the [13C]label of the cytosolic acetate pool reached a plateau of approximately 12%. Individual fractional cholesterol synthesis in plasma and bile correlated significantly (6–15 h) and amounted to 4.2% and 5.3% after 15 h, respectively. It may be concluded from this study, that newly synthesized cholesterol is secreted into bile to a higher extent than into plasma.
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  • 42
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 415-417 
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  • 43
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 255-262 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Indirect calorimetry ; respiratory gas exchange ; energy expenditure ; substrate utilization ; isotope techniques ; indirekte Kalorimetrie ; respiratorischer Gaswechsel ; Energieumsatz ; Substratverwertung ; Isotopentechnik
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die indirekte Kalorimetrie, die auf Gaswechselmessungen beruht, ist seit Beginn des Jahrhunderts erfolgreich für die Bestimmung der Wärmeproduktion (Energieumsatz) bei Menschen und Tieren eingesetzt worden. Fehler, die mit dieser klassischen Technik verbunden sind, können von verschiedenen Quellen herrühren: 1) Modell der Berechnung und der Annahmen, 2) verwendete kalorimetrische Faktoren, 3) technische Faktoren, 4) menschliche Faktoren. Die physiologischen und biochemischen Faktoren, die die Interpretation der kalorimetrischen Daten beeinflussen, betreffen eine Änderung der Größe des Bicarbonat- und Harnstoffpools, die Akkumulation oder den Verlust (über den Atem, Urin oder Schweiß) von intermediären Metaboliten (Glukoneogenese, Ketogenese). Seit neuerer Zeit sind respiratorische Gaswechseldaten verwendet worden, um Subtratverwertungsraten in verschiedenen physiologischen und metabolischen Situationen (Fastenzustand, postprandialer Zustand etc.) zu bestimmen. Es sollte angemerkt werden, daß die indirekte Kalorimetrie einen Index für die ‘overall substrate disappearance rates’ liefert. In unkorrekter Weise wird dieser Index gleichgesetzt mit den Substrat' oxidations'-Raten. Bedauerlicherweise existitiert kein geeigneter ‘goldener’ Standard, um die Ganzkörper-Substrat' oxidations'-Raten zu validieren. Im Gegensatz dazu kann die mittels indirekter Kalorimetrie gemessene Wärmeproduktion durch die direkte Kalorimetrie unter exakten thermischen Gleichgewichtsbedingungen validiert werden. Tracertechniken, die stabile (oder radioaktive) Isotope verwenden, stellen einen unabhängigen Weg zur Bestimmung von Substratverwertungs-Raten dar. Wenn der Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel mit beiden Methoden gemessen wird, liefert die indirekte Kalorimetrie im allgemeinen Glukose“oxidations”-Raten, die mit den Tracerergebnissen übereinstimmen. Voraussetzung ist jedoch, daß bestimmte Stoffwechselprozesse (z. B. Gluconeogenese und Lipogenese) minimal sind oder/und die respiratorischen Quotienten nicht am äußersten Ende des physiologischen Bereichs liegen. Es wird jedoch angenommen, daß die Tracertechniken die wahren Glukoseoxidationsraten unterschätzen, weil die Glykogenolyse des Gewebeglukosespeichers nicht berücksichtigt wird. Ein wesentlicher Vorteil der Isotopentracer-Techniken ist, daß sie (mit bestimmten Annahmen) verschiedene Stoffwechselprozesse (z.B. die Gluconeogenese) auf nichtinvasive Weise quantifizieren können. Schlußfolgernd kann gesagt werden, daß die Isotopentracer-Techniken und die indirekte Kalorimetrie als komplementäre Techniken betrachtet werden sollten. Es sollte beachtet werden, daß die Bestimmung der Substratoxidation mit Hilfe der indirekten Kalorimetrie große Fehler beinhalten kann, insbesondere, wenn ein kurzer Zeitraum betrachtet wird. Der Energieumsatz (Wärmeproduktion) wird mittels der indirekten Kalorimetrie mit einem wesentlich kleineren Fehler bestimmt als die Substratoxidations-Raten.
    Notes: Summary Indirect calorimetry based on respiratory exchange measurement has been successfully used from the beginning of the century to obtain an estimate of heat production (energy expenditure) in human subjects and animals. The errors inherent to this classical technique can stem from various sources: 1) model of calculation and assumptions, 2) calorimetric factors used, 3) technical factors and 4) human factors. The physiological and biochemical factors influencing the interpretation of calorimetric data include a change in the size of the bicarbonate and urea pools and the accumulation or loss (via breath, urine or sweat) of intermediary metabolites (gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis). More recently, respiratory gas exchange data have been used to estimate substrate utilization rates in various physiological and metabolic situations (fasting, postprandial state, etc.). It should be re-called that indirect calorimetry provides an index of overall substratedisappearance rates. This is incorrectly assumed to be equivalent to substrate "oxidation" rates. Unfortunately, there is no adequate golden standard to validate whole body substrate "oxidation" rates, and this contrasts to the "validation" of heat production byindirect calorimetry, through use ofdirect calorimetry under strict thermal equilibrium conditions. Tracer techniques using stable (or radioactive) isotopes, represent an independent way of assessing substrate utilization rates. When carbohydrate metabolism is measured with both techniques, indirect calorimetry generally provides consistent glucose "oxidation" rates as compared to isotopic tracers, but only when certain metabolic processes (such as gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis) are minimal or / and when the respiratory quotients are not at the extreme of the physiological range. However, it is believed that the tracer techniques underestimate true glucose "oxidation" rates due to the failure to account for glycogenolysis in the tissue storing glucose, since this escapes the systemic circulation. A major advantage of isotopic techniques is that they are able to estimate (given certain assumptions) various metabolic processes (such as gluconeogenesis) in a noninvasive way. Furthermore when, in addition to the 3 macronutrients, a fourth substrate is administered (such as ethanol), isotopic quantification of substrate "oxidation" allows one to eliminate the inherent assumptions made by indirect calorimetry. In conclusion, isotopic tracers techniques and indirect calorimetry should be considered as complementary techniques, in particular since the tracer techniques require the measurement of carbon dioxide production obtained by indirect calorimetry. However, it should be kept in mind that the assessment of substrate oxidation by indirect calorimetry may involve large errors in particular over a short period of time. By indirect calorimetry, energy expenditure (heat production) is calculated with substantially less error than substrate oxidation rates.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Biomedical diagnostics ; Breast implant leakage ; Optical spectroscopy ; Partial least squares ; Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) ; Raman spectroscopy ; Silicone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a preliminary application of Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with the chemometric method of partial least squares to predict silicone concentrations in homogenous turbid samples. The chemometric technique is applied to Raman spectra to develop an empirical, linear model relating sample spectra to polydimethylsiloxane (silicone) concentration. This is done using a training set of samples having optical properties and known concentrations representative of those unknown samples to be predicted. Partial least squares, performed via cross-validation, was able to predict silicone concentrations in good agreement with true values. The detection limit obtained for this preliminary investigation is similar to that reported in the magnetic resonance spectroscopy literature. The data acquisition time for this Raman-based method is 200 s which compares favourably with the 17 h acquisition required for magnetic resonance spectroscopy to obtain a similar sensitivity. The combination of Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics shows promise as a tool for quantification of silicone concentrations from turbid samples.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Laser-induced reshaping ; Nd:YAG laser ; Plastic surgery ; Reconstructive surgery ; Stress relaxation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cartilage undergoes characteristic mechanical stress relaxation following laser irradiation below the ablation threshold. Porcine auricular cartilage (1–2 mm thickness) was irradiated with a Nd:YAG laser (λ=1.32 μm) at two power levels (W/cm2). Surface temperature (S c (t) (°C)) (monitored using a single element HgCdTe infrared detector, 10-14 μm spectral range), and integrated back scattered light intensityI(t) were measured during laser irradiation. A HeNe laser beam (λ=632.8 nm) was incident on the back surface of the cartilage specimen and fractional integrated backscattered light intensity was measured using an integrating sphere anda silicon photodiode. Laser irradiation (5.83 W/cm2, 50 Hz pulse repetition rate (PRR)) continued until surface temperature reached approximately 70°C, during which cartilage mechanical stress relaxation was observed. Integrated back scattered light intensity reached a plateau at about 70°C). At higher laser power (39.45 W/cm2, 50 Hz PRR), a feedback-controlled cryogen spray was used to maintain surface temperature below 50°C. A similar plateau response was noted in integrated backscattered light intensity. This signal may be used to optimise the process of stress relaxation in laser cartilage reshaping. Several clinical applications involving reconstructive surgery are proposed.
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  • 46
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    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 3-13 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Biopsy ; Fluorescence ; Optical ; Raman ; Spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The early diagnosis of gastrointestinal malignancy will allow eradication of the disease prior to invasive cancer. At present, fluorescence spectroscopy offers the most realistic prospect of an early clinical system and is currently under evaluation. Optical coherence tomography can differentiate the layers of the oesophageal wall and has greater reolution than ultrasound. Although complicated, Raman spectroscopy offers the greatest information with possible development of a molecular endoscope.
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    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 160-171 
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    Keywords: Keywords: Absorption; Fluorescence; Integrating sphere; Optical tissue phantom; Scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: We present an optical phantom system especially suited to investigating the generation and transport of laser-induced fluorescence in biological tissues. The phantom system consists of micrometre-sized particles of aluminium oxide, iron and coloured resin dispersed in a solid, transparent host (polyorganosiloxane), from which mechanically stable samples can be made. Mie theory is applied to predict the radiation transport parameters from the optical properties of the isolated components. The predictions are in good agreement with the results of integrating sphere measurements. The radiation transport parameters of the samples are reproducible and temporally stable.
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    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 42-54 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Erythrocyte membranes ; Hemolysis ; Photosensitising agent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Photosensitised haemolysis of red blood cells (RBC) by sodium hypericin, haematoporphyrin, protoporphyrin, Photofrin® and benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A were investigated for broad spectrum near-ultraviolet (UVA)-visible light and monochromatic 630 nm irradiations. The delayed photohaemolysis rate (1/t 50) increased with the approximate square of the incident light dose, wheret 50 is the dark incubation time required for 50% haemolysis. The power dependence of 1/t 50 on the sensitiser concentration varied with the specific sensitiser and the irradiation conditions. Energy calculations for protoporphyrin show that the quantum efficiency of delayed photohaemolysis at 630 run is independent of the sensitiser concentration at constantt 50 and increases witht 50 The protective effects of water-soluble singlet oxygen quenchers are indicative of a Type II photosensitisation pathway for these agents. Pretreatment of RBC with hydrogen peroxide suppressed photosensitisation by protoporphyrin accompanied by lipid peroxidation and oxidation of haemoglobin. The photohaemolysis curves are analysed with a target theory model which postulates that haemolysis requires thermal activation of photochemical damage. The model calculations indicate that photosensitised haemolysis requires two photochemical hits and a highly cooperative thermal process.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Lewis lung carcinoma ; Pharmacokinetics ; Spectroscopy ; 132-hydroxy bacteriopheophorbidea-methylester (132-OH-BPME)
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The photosensitiser 132-hydroxy bacteriopheophorbide a-methylester (132-OH-BPME) is characterised by a high absorption coefficient at the far red wavelength 750 nm and a good singlet oxygen quantum yield. The pharmacokinetics of 132-OH-BPME was studied on the Lewis lung carcinoma in mice after i.v. administration of 5 mg/kg body weight at different incubation intervals. The accumulation dye was chemically extracted from selected tissues and the concentrations were measured by absorption spectroscopy. The parenchymatous organs, liver, spleen and kidney, showed maximum 132-OH-BPME concentrations after 2 h incubation (liver, spleen) and 4 h postinjection (kidney). A high uptake was detected in the lung with the maximum concentration at 2 h. The malignant tissue accumulated high 132-OH-BPME concentrations at 2–12 h postinjection with peaking at 8 h. The 132-OH-BPME concentrations in muscle tissue, representing the normal tumour surroundings, and in the skin were very low. The results of our study suggest that photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 132-OH-BPME could be effective at an incubation time of about 8 h postsensitiser injection, when the tumour 132-OH-BPME concentration has reached its maximum and the muscle and skin concentrations are at a minimum.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Collagen; Infrared thermometry; Radiometry; Temperature; Tissue fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. A preliminary single-animal study of in vivo argon laser vascular welding was conducted using a canine model. The effects of temperature feedback control and saline drip cooling on patency and collagen cross-linking were investigated. The surface temperature at the centre of the laser spot was monitored using a two-colour infrared thermometer. The surface temperature was limited by either a saline drip or feedback control of the laser. Acute patency was evaluated and collagen cross-link assays were performed. Though both protocols yielded successful tissue fusion, welds maintained at a surface temperature of 50°C using feedback control had an elevated cross-link count compared to controls, whereas tissues irradiated without feedback control experienced a cross-link decrease. Simulations using the LATIS (LAser-TISsue) computer code suggest that drip-cooled procedures achieve significantly higher temperatures beneath the tissue surface than temperature feedback-controlled procedures. Differences between the volumetric heating associated with drip-cooled and feedback-controlled protocols may account for the different effects on collagen cross-links. Covalent mechanisms may play a role in argon laser vascular fusion.
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  • 51
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    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 137-142 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Colorectum; Intraluminal probe; Non-laser light source; Oesophagus; Paterson lamp; Photodynamic therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. The Paterson lamp is a convenient, low cost, portable, alternative light source to lasers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). A multiwavelength capability enables the clinician to vary the photosensitiser used. The Paterson lamp has been applied in the field of dermatology using a liquid light guide with distal optics for surface application. We now describe distal optics suitable for use with this light guide for intraluminal applications in the oesophagus and colorectum. The geometry of the site (oesophagus and colorectum) requires distal optics such as a cylindrical diffuser or a side-fire diffuser. We have designed new probes that diffuse light radially from the guide axis (cylindrical diffusion). The tips have a frosted glass surface that scatters and effectively couples light radially into the tissue. An acrylic spacer is placed over the diffuser to position the tissue at a constant diameter from the probe. This is held in position by a silicone sheath placed over the distal one metre. For use in the oesophagus, a channel, to facilitate intubation over a guide wire, is included. The diameter of the entire probe is 8.4 mm and the power output can be adjusted from 0–500 mW. Pilot PDT of tubulovillous adenomas of the rectum and Barrett's oesophagus using this light delivery system is currently underway and has shown good early response in the treated area.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Argon laser; Blood–brain barrier; Brain; Evans blue; Guinea-pig; Vasodilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Ultraviolet laser light of sufficient power can induce focal œdema in the brain. The formation of ultraviolet-induced vasogenic \kdema was monitored by observing real-time changes in the integrity of the blood–brain barrier. The brain surface of guinea-pigs injected with Evans blue was exposed to light from a continuous wave argon laser at 351 nm, delivered via an optical fibre. The integrity of the blood–brain barrier was evaluated by measuring surface reflectance using a separate probing light. The brain was then sectioned and examined using light and electron microscopy. Extravasation of Evans blue following vasodilatation was observed when the irradiation intensity was greater than 0.64 W/cm2. The extent of glial and vascular damage could be correlated with the laser power. Irradiated vascular endothelium exhibited lipping at the tight junction, vacuolation and mitichondrial swelling. These results suggest that disruption of the blood–brain barrier induced by ultraviolet light is preceded by vasodilatation.
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  • 53
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    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 232-241 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: CO2 laser, Laser treatment; Rhytides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser resurfacing has been used as a method to treat rhytides and photodamaged skin. This laser offers several advantages over previously utilised modalities but its use has several inherent risks. This article will review important aspects of CO2 laser resurfacing including laser-skin interactions, patient selection, effective pre- and post-operative regimens and potential complications.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Bovine; Cell proliferation; He-Ne laser; Oocyte; Photobiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. Low power He-Ne laser irradiation was applied to immature bovine oocytes to investigate the incidence of unreduced oocytes (diploid oocytes) during the first meiotic division in vitro. Immature bovine oocytes from cows killed at a slaughterhouse were irradiated with He-Ne laser irradiation at 0.05 and 0.25 J/cm2 exposures. An oocyte group was left untreated serving as the control group. All oocytes were matured in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Unreduced oocyte percentages obtained in the irradiated oocytes group were significantly higher (p〈0.01 and p〈0.001, respectively) than those of the control group. Furthermore, the laser-treated oocytes showed a degeneration rate significantly higher (p〈0.01 and p〈0.001, respectively) than those observed in the control group. It is concluded that the application of He-Ne laser irradiation at 0.05 and 0.25 J/cm2 exposures increased the incidence of unreduced oocytes and the percentage of degenerated oocytes during the in vitro meiosis process of immature bovine oocytes.
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  • 55
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    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 1-1 
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  • 56
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    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 55-65 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Absorption coefficient ; Optical properties ; Reduced scattering coefficient ; Skin ; Spatial frequency-domain reflectometry ; Tissue optics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new non-invasive method to measure the optical properties of biological tissue is described. This method consists of illuminating the investigated sample with light which is spatially periodically modulated in intensity. The spatial modulation of the backscattered light and the diffuse reflectivity of the sample, both detected with an imaging technique, are used to deduce the absorption and reduced scattering coefficient from a table generated by Monte Carlo simulations. This principle has three major advantages: Firstly, it permits the immediate acquisition of the average values of the optical coefficients over a relatively large area (typ. 20 mm in diameter), thus avoiding the perturbations generated by small tissue heterogeneities; It also provides good flexibility for measuring the optical coefficients at various wavelengths and it does not require the use of a detector with a large dynamic range. The method was first validated on phantoms with known optical properties. Finally, we measured the optical properties of human skin at 400 nm, 500 nm, 633 nm and 700 nm in vivo.
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  • 57
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  • 58
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    Keywords: Keywords: Acne; Aminolaevulinic acid; Autofluorescence; Basal cell carcinoma; Fluorescence; Fourier transform spectroscopy; Imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. A novel spectral image-analysis system based on Fourier transformed spectroscopy combined with image processing has been used for the in vivo study of porphyrin localisation in human skin lesions. Fluorescence measurements were performed on patients with basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and acne. BCC lesions were examined after a 16-hour topical application of aminolaevulinic acid (ALA); for acne lesions, autofluorescence was studied. The results of fluorescence microscopy of BCC lesions revealed red fluorescence in the stratum corneum, epidermis, pilosebaceous units and in the tumour sites. The in vivo macroscopic examination showed higher protoporphyrin IX (PP) fluorescence in BCC lesions and in acne as compared to the surrounding normal tissue. An enhanced demarcation of the lesions' borders was obtained using the spectral similarity-mapping function.
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  • 59
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    Keywords: Keywords: Antithrombotic agents; Laser-induced thromossis; LW 10082
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible interactions of LW 10082 with several other antithrombotic agents. The antithrombotic effects of all agents were studied in a thrombosis model in which rat mesenteric venules (diameter 20–30 μm) were injured by well-defined argon laser lesions. The number of laser injuries which were needed to induce a thrombus that intermittently occluded the vessel was used to quantify the results. LW 10082 was injected s.c. 2 h before testing. The minimal effective dose which significantly inhibited thrombus formation was 5 mg/kg−1. The minimal effective dose of Daltroban (orally 2 h before testing) was 10 mg/kg−1. At 30 min after i.v. injection of 0.1 mg/kg−1 Molsidomin, a significant antithrombotic activity was present. Ticlopidine inhibited thrombus formation if administered orally for 3 days at a dose of 2×10 mg/kg−1. A 5 mg/kg−1 dose of LW 10082 given together with Molsidomin produced a strong additive effect. The combination of LW 10082 and Daltroban also had a significant additive effect. There was a slight but not significant additive effect between LW 10082 and Ticlopidine. In conclusion, LW 10082 and some other antithrombotic agents show additive effects in the prevention of laser-induced thrombus formation in the rat microcirculation. The clinical use of such combinations seems possible in patients at high risk of thrombotic vascular occlusion.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Autonomic nervous system; Hemiplegic patients; Photoplethysmography; Tissue blood volume variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: The photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal, which is a measure of the systolic oscillations in the tissue blood volume, spontaneously fluctuates in the respiration rate and in lower frequencies similar to the heart rate fluctuations. In the current study, the low frequency fluctuations, which are attributed to the sympathetic nervous system activity, were obtained from PPG examinations simultaneously performed on the right and the left hands of healthy subjects and hemiplegic patients. For normal subjects, the fluctuations in the two hands were found to be correlated, demonstrating their central origin. For some of the hemiplegic patients, the coefficient of correlation between the right and the left hands was significantly lower than the normal range. The simultaneous measurement of the PPG signal fluctuations in both hands provides information on the adequate function of the autonomic nervous system.
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  • 61
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    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 209-213 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Cancer diagnosis; Laser-induced fluorescence; Spectra; Stomach; Tissue autofluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: To evaluate the potential of laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy for the detection of premalignant lesions of human stomach, fluorescence properties of stomach tissues have been investigated in vitro and in vivo. A specially made optical fibre probe and the multichannel fluorescence collection system have been used successfully in our research.
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  • 62
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    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 242-252 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Laser-induced ignition of endotracheal tubes; Laser safety; Laser surgery; Upper aerodigestive tract; Vaporisation cooling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. Laser-induced ignition of endotracheal tubes is a serious problem in CO2 laser surgery of the upper aerodigestive tract. A new tube built of composite materials with a foam at its surface is protected by vaporisation of water from the wet foam. This tube and a flexible metallic tube of stainless steel were tested experimentally against the radiation of various lasers such as CO2, holmium/YAG, Nd/YAG, Nd/YAG frequency doubled in KD*P, argon and excimer. At laser power densities of 103 W/cm2, the shaft of the metallic tube was damaged within seconds whereas the compound tube was stable for more than 2 min; the damage threshold of the new tube was found to be at 3.2×106 W/cm2. While the compound tube was found to be sufficiently laser resistant, the metallic tube was found to exhibit functional damage, in particular the PVC inflation conduits inside of the tube were destroyed.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Erythrocyte ghosts; Haematoporphyrin; Hepatoma 22; Human serum albumin; Photodynamic dose; Photoproduct; Photosan; Phototransformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Spectroscopic studies of aqueous solutions of haematoporphyrin-type sensitisers reveal that photobleaching during eposure to light is followed by the formation of stable red-absorbing photoproducts. Experiments in model systems (sensitisers bound to human serum albumin or in a suspension of resealed erythrocyte ‘ghosts’) and in tumour tissue show that similar photomodification takes place in all investigated environments. Loss of total absorption and emission intensities is accompanied by an increase of absorption in the red spectral region (630–650 nm) which is used for the treatment of tumours because of the deeper penetration of light into tissues. This should be taken into account when the duration of illumination is chosen to reach an appropriate photodynamic dose using Hp-type sensitisers in the photodynamic treatment of tumours.
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  • 64
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    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 288-292 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Dental root canal; Infection; Laser; Treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The bactericidal activity of a pulsed fibre-optic Nd-YAP laser on various strains of oral bacteria: Prevotella nigrescens, Streptococcus sanguis, Actinomyces viscosus (i), Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Peptostreptococcus micros (i) was evaluated. A 200-μm optical fibre was placed in Eppendorf tubes containing the different bacterial suspensions. At an energy of 170 mJ/30 Hz, 351 pulses of 150 μs were sufficient to kill the most resistant bacteria (i). The exposure time was 28 s. The temperature rise caused by the shots were measured in vitro at the surface of the roots of two groups of 10 single-rooted teeth. One group received 350 pulses; for the other the preparation time was fixed at 28 s. The temperature rose by 25.66°C for the first group and 25.25°C for the second.
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  • 65
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    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1998), S. 7-26 
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: DNA Analysis ; capillary array electrophoresis ; confocal fluorescence detection ; multiplex sample injection ; glass micromachining ; capillary electrophoresis chips
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Improvements in the fabrication, sample handling and electrical addressing of capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) chips have permitted the development of high density, high-throughput devices capable of analyzing 48 samples in about 20 minutes. The fabrication of high density capillary arrays on 10 cm diameter substrates required the characterization of glasses that yield high quality etches and the development of improved sacrificial etch masks. Using these improved fabrication techniques, high-quality, deep channel etches are routinely obtained. Methods for bonding large area substrates and for drilling arrays of 100 or more access holes have also been developed. For easier sample introduction, we use an array of sample wells fabricated from an elastomeric sheet. The practicality of these technologies is demonstrated through the analysis of 12 DNA samples in parallel on a microfabricated CAE chip, the development of methods for injecting multiple samples onto a single capillary without cross contamination, and the operation of a microfabricated array of 12 capillaries with 4 sample injections per capillary that can analyze 48 samples.
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  • 66
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    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1998), S. 81-89 
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: self-assembled ; surface modification ; silicon ; PEG ; ESCA ; hemocompatibility
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    Notes: Abstract A simple hemocompatibility-enhancing technique for immobilizing a self-assembled polyethylene glycol multilayer onto silicon surfaces is introduced. It involves the functionalization of PEG by SiCl3 groups on its chain ends, and the reaction of the PEG organosilicon derivatives with hydroxylated groups on silicon surfaces. Surface properties of the treated surfaces were characterized by contact angle measurement, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, and ellipsometry. The coated PEG self-assembled molecular film showed effective suppression in both plasma protein adsorption and platelet adhesion to silicon surfaces.
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  • 67
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 53 (1997), S. 24-28 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis; multiple sclerosis; Cop-1; Copaxone; autoimmunity.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Copolymer 1 (Cop-1) is a synthetic amino acid copolymer effective in suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The suppressive effect of Cop-1 in EAE is a general phenomenon and is not restricted to a particular species, disease type or encephalitogen used for EAE induction. In phase III clinical trials Cop-1 was found to slow progression of disability and reduce the relapse rate in exacerbating-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). In vivo and in vitro studies suggest that the mechanism for Cop-1 activity in EAE and MS involves the binding of Cop-1 to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules as an initial step. This binding results both in competition with myelin antigens for T-cell activation and in induction of specific suppressor cells of the Th2 type. As an antigen-specific intervention, Cop-1 has the advantage of reduced probability of long-term damage to the immune system.
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  • 68
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 53 (1997), S. 13-23 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Proteinase inhibitors; ovomucoid; ovoinhibitor; ovostatin; cystatin; ovalbumin.
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    Notes: Abstract. Avian egg whites are a rich source of protein inhibitors of proteinases belonging to all four mechanistic classes. Ovomucoid and ovoinhibitor are multidomain Kazal-type inhibitors with each domain containing an actual or putative reactive site for a serine proteinase. Cystatin is a cysteine proteinase inhibitor, while ovostatin inhibits proteinases of all four mechanistic classes. In this review we have summarized the general features, isolation, inhibitory mechanism and evolutionary aspects of these inhibitors.
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  • 69
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 53 (1997), S. 864-870 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Oxidative stress; HIV infection; HIV replication; HIV transcription; antioxidants.
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    Notes: Abstract. Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) causes chronic ongoing inflammation in HIV-1 seropositive individuals as shown by high plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs). One source of ROIs is provided from the very early stages of HIV infection by activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Tat, the viral protein, is also specifically responsible for an endogenous cellular increase of ROI. In this review we also evaluate the effects of this oxidative stress on various biological parameters such as immune response and survival of T lymphocytes, virus transcription and replication. It was clearly demonstrated in ex vivo experiments that the oxidative stress due to infection itself participates in CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion by increasing their rate of apoptosis and particularly of Fas-induced apoptosis. This oxidative stress also facilitates NF-κB-dependent activation of HIV transcription. In vitro studies suggest that the early steps of HIV activation from its quiescent state might be subsequently facilitated by this oxidative environment, whereas already active replication is not influenced. The data presented here lead to a better understanding of the consequences of oxidative stress on the pathophysiology of HIV infection and also enable us to evaluate the potential use of antioxidant molecules as therapeutic agents against AIDS.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 53 (1997), S. 871-887 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Amyloid; amyloidosis; fibrils; protofilaments; Alzheimer's disease; spongiform encephalopathies; fibre diffraction; cross-β conformation.
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Amyloidoses are diseases, including some currently prominent such as Alzheimer's disease, bovine spongiform encephalophaty (BSE) and Type II diabetes, in which soluble proteins are deposited in a specific, highly stable, fibrillar form. The amyloid fibrils are made up of protofilaments whose molecular structure is composed of pairs of β-sheets in a helical form that allows them to be continuously hydrogen-bonded along the length of the fibril. The observation that similar fibrils are generated from different proteins indicates that fibril formation is accompanied by structural conversion. The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, such as BSE and kuru, involve an infectious agent identified with the prion protein. The properties of the agent are more consistent with prion amyloid than the protein itself, suggesting infectivity in these diseases is equivalent to the 'seeding' of amyloid fibrils at a new site.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Aggregation; H chain; immunoglobulin G; L chain; protein folding; slow dialysis.
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    Notes: Abstract. Recently we developed a slow dialysis method that effectively refolds denatured and reduced immunoglobulin G (IgG) [Maeda, Ueda and Imoto (1996) Prot. Engng 9: 95-100]. This method allows both individual and simultaneous refolding of denatured and reduced H and L chains. Analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that some oligomers were formed through disulfide bonds when H chains were refolded individually. It was also shown that the extent of IgG obtained by rejoining the mixture of refolded H and L chains which had been refolded individually was similar to that obtained by refolding denatured and reduced whole IgG. The results indicated that a favourable interaction between H and L chains prevented formation of H-chain oligomers to yield intact IgG. The present results suggest a mechanism whereby individually folded chains might associate to form IgG molecules in vivo.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 53 (1997), S. 960-966 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words.Drosophila melanogaster; ageing; longevity; antioxidant; N-acetylcysteine; differential gene expression.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Ageing can be defined as the time-dependent decline of physiological functions of an organism. The molecular causes for the ageing process are multiple, involving both genetic and environmental factors. It has been proposed that antioxidants may positively influence the ageing process, protecting the organism against free radical-induced damage. Here we show that the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has a life-extending effect on Drosophila melanogaster. Dietary uptake of NAC results in a dose-dependent increase in median and maximum life span. Flies fed on 1 mg/ml NAC food live 16.6% longer; at 10 mg/ml, life span increases by 26.6%. We have examined the effect of NAC treatment on protein and RNA levels we observe an NAC-dependent increase in absolute amounts of total RNA and ribosomal RNA, but no differences in protein levels. The NAC effect on longevity may involve differential expression of specific mRNA genes, as suggested by RNA fingerprinting experiments.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 53 (1997), S. 131-140 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Lysozyme; N-acetylglucosaminidase; chitinase; 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase; glucokinase; wound dressing; cholesterol; indomethacin.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. Three cases are presented where modified chitins have been extensively administered to volunteers, as dressings for wounded soft and bone tissues, as anticholesterolemic dietary foods, and in the controlled delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs. The interactions of the modified chitins with human enzymes is critically examined. In the context of drug carrier resorption and wound healing, chitooligomers and monomers, generated by lysozyme, N-acetylglucosaminidase and human chitinase, activate macrophages and stimulate fibroblasts, respectively; the effects are production of smooth, vascularized and physiologically normal tissues. In the dietary food area, lipase, amylase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, glucokinase and the enzymes of prostaglandin synthesis are involved in the oral administration of chitosan: lipid adsorption is depressed mainly because of the physical form of the chitosan-lipid aggregates, which are unsuitable as substrates. When chitosan is used as a drug carrier, chitosan-drug complexes are present. The uniqueness of chitosan among polysaccharides is underlined in terms of susceptibility to enzymatic depolymerization, cationicity, supply of cell-activating oligomers, and supply of N-acetylglucosamine for rebuilding of other biopolymers. Advances in molecular recognition and biocompatibility are also presented.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 53 (1997), S. 162-167 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Bivalent; chiasma substitute; darkling beetle; leaf beetle; pachytene; metaphase spermatocyte.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Sex chromosome association was studied in male meiosis of Tenebrio molitor, a darkling beetle, using chromosome spreads prepared from testes. Staining with a DNA-specific fluorescent dye showed that the sex chromosomes formed a cone-shaped element at pachytene. The two chromosomes were closely associated. Concomitantly with chromatin condensation at late prophase I, a slender unstained gap developed between the large X and the tiny y chromosome, indicating that the sex chromosome pair is achiasmatic. The gap persisted in metaphase I spermatocytes. The electron microscopic analysis of ultrathin serial sections through metaphase I spermatocytes also revealed one asymmetric bivalent per metaphase plate. This bivalent contained a block of electron-dense material located between a large and a small mass of chromatin. It is plausible to assume that the asymmetric body represented the XY pair. The electron-dense mass corresponded in location to the chromosomal portion not stained by the DNA-specific dye and is believed to consist of non-chromatin material. In order to determine whether electron-dense material is routinely found in the achiasmatric sex chromosome pairs in male meiosis of beetles, primary spermatocytes of a leaf beetle, Chrosolina graminis, were studied as well. As in T. molitor, a homogeneously textured mass was detected in one bivalent, the sex chromosome pair, but in contrast to this species transparent vacuoles were scattered throughout the material in C. graminis.
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  • 75
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 53 (1997), S. 198-211 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Heat shock proteins (HSP); embryo culture; developmental defects; thermotolerance; cell cycle regulation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. We have investigated the early development expressional of the heat shock protein genes (hsps) and HSP synthesis and their role during neuroectoderm induction, differentiation and early CNS formation. The expression and kinetics of 90, 73/71, 47 and 27 HSPs on neuroectoderm differentiation was compared under normal and stressed conditions. The role of HSPs on neuroectoderm cell fate including thermotolerance and apoptosis using a whole in vitro embryo culture system was studied. Hsp expression appears closely linked in early mammalian development to critical differentiation and proliferation stages in early brain and heart formation. The hsps are developmentally activated around blastula stage and HSPs are constitutively expressed at high levels during neural tube closure and are heat shock responsive. Using both Northern analysis, confocal microscopy and whole mount in situ hybridisation we have identified the mRNA hsp transcripts and HSPs during organogenesis. HSPs were detected during neuroectoderm cell induction and differentiation with the hsp mRNA being tightly regulated during the cell cycle of neuroectoderm especially at early fore-, mid-, hindbrain and heart formation. The ‘chaperone’ functions of the HSPs are well known, recently during gastrulation the HSP47 and 27 have been shown to specifically bind and fold to nascent collagen and actin molecules respectively. This role is essential for the formation of the basement membrane, extra cellular matrix and neural crest migration during neural plate development. HSP function was observed by using anti-sense strategy, short ‘5 anti-sense cDNA’ hsp oligonucle otides inhibited hsp expression during gastrulation in the whole embryo cultures. The developmental activation of the heat shock element (HSE) is essential to our understanding of the HSPs role in neuronal cell fate. Using specific polyclonal antibodies to HSF1 and 2 (Dr Nakai, Kyoto University) the expression of heat shock factors (HSFs) during neuroectoderm differentiation was examined. Using Western analysis, confocal microscopy and flow cytometry HSF1 and 2 were identified and studied under both normal and heat shocked conditions. During gastrulation higher levels of HSF1 and 2 were identified in the neuroectoderm layer especially in regions of the fore-, mid- and hindbrain. The heat shock response and activation of the HSPs 90, 70, 47 and 27 families have been correlated with HSF1 and 2. The HSF1 appears to be present in all early embryonic cells but appears not to bind to the HSE untill early head fold stage at gastrulation when the presence of HSF2 is observed. During neuroectoderm differentiation the activation of HSF1 and 2 appears to correlate with high constitutive expression of many of the hsps specificially hsp90, 73, 71, 47 and 27 being tightly regulated by the cell cycle at neurulation.
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  • 76
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 53 (1997), S. 267-270 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Metallothionein; zinc; cadmium; copper; rat liver.
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    Notes: Abstract. To examine the role of metallothionein (MT) on heavy metal accumulation in hepatic cytosol of rats, this study was carried out to determine the relative Zn, Cd and Cu-binding capacities of MT in hepatic cytosol of Zn, Cd and Cu-injected rats, respectively. The heavy metal contents were detected in the liver and cytosol in the following proportions: 65.2–74.8% of the Zn content, 61.9–65.6% of the Cu content, and approx. 65% of the Cd content. Each rat was given a single intraperitoneal injection of saline, ZnSO4 (1, 5, 10 and 20 mg Zn/kg b.w.), CuSO4 (2, 4 and 6 mg Cu/kg b.w.) or CdCl2 (1, 2 and 3 mg Cd/kg b.w.). The amounts of the increased Zn and Cu were attributable to MT and high molecular weight proteins, while most of the increased Cd was attributable to MT. There was a close relationship between heavy metal content of the cytosol and MT in all heavy metal-injected rats. Our data demonstrated that approx. 60% of the increased Zn or Cu in the hepatic cytosol of Zn or Cu-injected rats was bound to MT, while 83% of the increased Cd in hepatic cytosol of Cd-injected rats was bound to MT. Therefore the order of relative binding capacity in vivo of MT determined for several metals (Cd 〉 Zn 〉 Cu) did not correlate with the published in vitro order of affinity to MT, Cu 〉 Cd 〉 Zn. These results suggested that the role of MT in Zn or Cu accumulation in the liver of Zn or Cu-injected rats was different from that of MT in Cd accumulation in the liver of Cd-injected rats.
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  • 77
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    Keywords: Key words. Historical survey; endo-mesoderm induction; initiation of gastrulation; regional neural induction; Urodeles and Xenopus laevis.
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    Notes: Abstract. After some introductory remarks about vertical versus horizontal inductive interactions and about planar versus homoiogenetic induction, the author discusses: a) the historical development of the more recently studied endo-mesoderm induction in the Urodeles and in the anuran Xenopus laevis, b) the possible causal relationship between endo-mesoderm induction and the initiation of the gastrulation process, and c) the older history of the regional neural induction as initially studied in the Urodeles and only recently analysed in the anuran Xenopus laevis. The essential vertical interaction in the neural induction process both in urodelian and in anuran amphibians is emphasized.
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  • 78
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 53 (1997), S. 435-441 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Sphingolipids; pancreatic cancer; growth modulation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) has been shown to be a potent mitogen for Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts and also to be an inhibitor of cell growth of some cancer cells, suggesting cell-selective action of the lipid. We examined the effects of SPC, and its structurally-related sphingosine (SP), sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1-P) and membrane-permeable derivatives of ceramides on cell growth of four strains of human pancreatic cancer cells, MIA PaCa-2, PANC-1, PK-1 and PK-9. Under the reported conditions for SPC-induced stimulation of 3T3 fibroblasts, where cells were grown to confluency in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in culture prior to experiments and insulin was supplemented in experimental culture, none of the agents tested stimulated DNA synthesis in MIA PaCa-2 cells and ceramide at high concentration even inhibited it. On the other hand, in reduced FBS concentration in preculture and in the absence of insulin in experimental culture, SP, S1-P and ceramides suppressed cell growth of all the cells tested including Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. However, under these conditions, SPC inhibited three out of four species of pancreatic cancer cells but stimulated Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts in terms of both DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Cell cycle analysis showed that SPC stimulated cell cycle progress from the G1 to the S phase in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts but inhibited it in PANC-1 cells in reduced FBS concentrations. We suggest that extracellular SPC can inhibit cell growth of human pancreatic cancer cells through regulation of the cell cycle process depending upon both the cell species and environmental conditions.
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  • 79
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 53 (1997), S. 419-429 
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    Keywords: Key words. Signal transduction; retina; retinopathies; mutations; rhodopsin; peripherin/RDS; genotype; degeneration.
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    Notes: Abstract. In this paper, an attempt is made to highlight some of the recent developments in genetics to understand the group of inherited eye disorders referred to as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Of the seven genes identified, six are expressed specifically in the photoreceptor cells and four encode the enzymes involved in the phototransduction pathway. A short discussion is presented of the tremendous phenotypic heterogeneity. An understanding of RP requires knowledge of other genetic and environmental factors as well as tests to measure the status of the patient's photoreceptor cells in various disease stages.
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  • 80
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    Keywords: Key words. Metallothionein; cDNA; mRNA; primary structure; sea urchin; Antarctica.
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    Notes: Abstract. Metallothionein levels were determined in the eggs of two sea urchin species, the Mediterranean Sphaerechinus granularis and the Antarctic Sterechinus neumayeri. While appreciable levels of metallothionein were found in S. granularis eggs, a negligible amount was detected in S. neumayeri. Two metallothionein isoforms were purified from S. granularis, and metallothionein cDNAs were obtained by means of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Two distinct cDNA species were cloned and sequenced. The translated amino acid sequences of these two forms consisted of 67 residues and differed in two amino acid substitutions. Despite the lack of metallothionein in S. neumayeri eggs, a metallothionein cDNA was obtained by RT-PCR amplification and a single amino acid sequence coding for a 63 residues MT was deduced. A comparative analysis of the primary structure of S. granularis and S. neumayeri metallothioneins with those of the other sea urchin metallothioneins has been performed. Sea urchin metallothioneins appear to be less similar to each other than metallothioneins of closely related vertebrates.
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  • 81
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    Keywords: Key words. Corticosterone; steroid hormones; calf adrenal cortex; plasma membrane; specific binding sites; glucocorticoid membrane receptor; autoradiographic studies.
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    Notes: Abstract. Specific corticosterone binding to calf adrenal cortex plasma membrane was measured using the biologically active radioligand [3H]corticosterone. Corticosterone binding was found to be time-dependent, saturable and reversible, and was reduced by more than 70% when membranes were pretreated with proteases. The population of corticosterone binding sites in calf adrenal cortex plasma membrane was homogeneous and displayed the following characteristics: equilibrium dissociation constant Kd=77±8 nM and maximum specific binding capacity Bmax=70,378±6,385 fmol/mg protein. The relative affinities of several structural analogues of steroids were deduced from competition assays. From these experiments we can conclude that the plasma membrane binding site characterized is selective for corticosterone and progesterone derivatives, and different from nuclear glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, estrogen and progestin receptors. Likewise, this cortico- sterone binding site is independent of mineralocorticoid and Na+, K+-ATPase digitalis receptors. From autoradiographic studies we suggest these corticosterone binding sites are located in the whole adrenal cortex.
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  • 82
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 53 (1997), S. 485-495 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Prion diseases; neurografts; BSE; scrapie; transgenic mice; knockout mice; spongiform encephalopathies.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. The physical nature of the agent that causes transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (the 'prion'), is the subject of passionate controversy. Investigation of it has benefited tremendously from the use of transgenic and knockout technologies. However, prion diseases present several other enigmas, including the mechanism of brain damage and how the affinity of the agent for the central nervous system is controlled. Here we show that such questions can be effectively addressed in transgenic and knockout systems, and that pathogenesis may be clarified even before we can be certain about the nature of the infectious agent. Availability of mice overexpressing the Prnp gene (which encodes the normal prion protein) and Prnp knockout mice allows for selective reconstitution experiments aimed at expressing PrP in specific portions of the brain or in selected populations of hemato- and lymphopoietic origin. We summarize how such studies can offer insights into how prions administered to peripheral sites can gain access to central nervous tissue, and into the molecular requirements for spongiform brain damage.
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  • 83
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 53 (1997), S. 527-532 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Annexin V; phosphatidylserine; apoptosis; inflammation; coagulation.
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    Notes: Abstract. Annexin V belongs to a family of phospholipid binding proteins, the Annexins. It binds in the presence of Ca2+-ions with high affinity to negatively charged phospholipids like phosphatidylserine (PS). On the basis of its protein structure and biological activity Annexin V is considered as a protein exhibiting its hitherto unknown function within the intracellular environment. One argument comes from the understanding that PS is predominantly located in membrane leaflets, which face the cytosol. However, recent findings show that each cell type has the molecular machinery to expose PS at its cell surface. This machinery is activated during the execution of apoptosis. Once PS is exposed at the cell surface it exhibits procoagulant and proinflammatory activities. Annexin V will bind to the PS-exposing apoptotic cell and can inhibit thereby the procoagulant and pro-inflammatory activities of the dying cell. These findings together with the presence of Annexin V in the extracellular space depict a novel (patho)physiological significance for Annexin V in vivo.
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  • 84
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    Keywords: Key words.Aspergillus nidulans; tiliroside; kaempferol glycosides; biotransformation; cytotoxicity; DNA synthesis.
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    Notes: Abstract. Incubation of kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6"-E-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside (tiliroside) (1) with Aspergillus nidulans gives the 7-methyl ether of tiliroside (2) which is a new compound. Its structure is determined by spectroscopic methods. Cytotoxic studies of 2 and of its acetylated derivative 2a were carried out in vitro against fourteen human leukemic cell lines. Results clearly show that compound 2 is ineffective against all leukemic cell lines tested. On the contrary, compound 2a exhibited cytotoxic activity against four of the cell lines (HL60, DAUDI, HUT78 and MOLT3) and additionally, a dose- and time-dependent effect on DNA synthesis.
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  • 85
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    Keywords: Key words. Chromosome evolution; sperm morphology; Calomys lepidus; Rodentia; Sigmodontinae.
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    Notes: Abstract. The karyotype of specimens identified as Calomys lepidus, trapped at 3600 m above sea level in the Puna region, northwestern Argentina, was studied. All specimens analysed showed a 2n = 44 (NFa = 68) asymmetrical karyotype with 13 pairs of metacentric/submetacentric autosomes and 7 pairs of telocentric chromosomes. The X was a medium-sized submetacentric and the Y a small submetacentric chromosome. This karyotype was quite different from that previously described for C. lepidus from Peru (2n = 36, NFa = 68). However, both karyotypes may be easily interrelated by means of four centric fusions, and the chromosome complement of Punian C. lepidus fitted into a previously proposed chromosomal phylogeny of the genus. In addition, the spermatozoa of specimens corresponded to a morphological pattern previously described for other species of Calomys.
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  • 86
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 53 (1997), S. 646-651 
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    Keywords: Key words. Propranolol; seizures; noradrenergic mechanism; mice.
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    Notes: Abstract. The effects of some noradrenergic agents, phenobarbitone, diazepam and phenytoin on seizures produced by propranolol were investigated in mice. Isoprenaline and DL-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS) effectively antagonized the seizures elicited by propranolol. Pargyline and imipramine significantly attenuated propranolol-induced seizures and also significantly potentiated the protecting effect of DOPS against the seizures. α-Methyl-p-tyrosine, disulfiram and reserpine significantly potentiated propranolol-elicited seizures. However, DOPS significantly antagonized the seizure-potentiating effects of α-methyl-p-tyrosine, disulfiram and reserpine. Phenylephrine, clonidine, prazosin, idazoxan, phenobarbitone, diazepam and phenytoin did not significantly alter propranolol-induced seizures. These results suggest that propranolol-induced seizures in mice may involve a noradrenergic mechanism mediated via central β-adrenoceptors.
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  • 87
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    Keywords: Key words. Phagocytosis; cyclosporine A particles; morphometry; latex particles.
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    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this study was to develop an in vitro model to estimate the clearance of pulmonary administered cyclosporine A (CsA). To do this we estimated the volume of CsA particles phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages (AM) lavaged from hamsters. AM were cultured with CsA particles at two doses of particles (0.1 mg or 0.5 mg) and at three incubation times (1 h, 6 h or 24 h). The AM were also incubated with or without latex particles. After incubation, AM were processed for light and electron microscopy and the mean volume of phagocytosed particles was esti mated stereologically from micrographs of the cells. Here, however, the CsA particles were dissolved during the embedding process and only their negative images (vacuoles) could be detected. An indirect method was therefore developed. The volume of cytoplasmic vacuoles (called 'background' vacuoles) was estimated in control macrophages (without particles or with latex particles and subtracted from the total volume of vac uoles in macrophages incubated with CsA, which gave the volume of phagocytosed CsA. The volume of the 'background' vacuoles remained constant in all study conditions. At a dose of 0.1 mg CsA the volume phagocytosed per macrophage was 13.83 μm3 at 1 h, 8.43 μm3 at 6 h and 4.50 μm3 at 24 h. At a dose of 0.5 mg CsA, the volume phagocytosed varied from 26.59 μm3 at 1 h, to 4.13 μm3 at 6 h and 49.10 μm3 at 24 h. These results show no statistically significant dependence on time for either dose, and a statistically significant dose effect only at 24 h. With latex particles, the phagocytosed volume increased significantly with time and dose and was significantly higher than for CsA particles. This study showed that CsA particles are phagocytosed by AM from hamsters but to a lesser extent than latex particles. This difference could be correlated with physical properties, i.e. a difference between particle size and shape and/or chemical properties, latex particles being inert and CsA particles being peptidic. Moreover, different surface receptors on AM could be involved in the process of phagocytosis of CsA and latex particles.
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  • 88
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 53 (1997), S. 731-736 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Thrombin; structure; mutagenesis; protein C; allosteric.
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    Notes: Abstract. Thrombin is a serine proteinase that can interact with a large number of diverse macromolecular substrates, which results in either a procoagulant or anticoagulant effect. These divergent properties are physiologically regulated by the endogenous protein thrombomodulin. This review summarizes recent work on a variety of methods used to exploit the allosteric nature of the enzyme. The procoagulant and anticoagulant functions of thrombin can be modulated by sodium binding, site-directed mutagenesis, and a small synthetic molecule. Modulation of thrombin's intrinsic properties represents a novel approach to the development of unique antithrombotic agents.
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  • 89
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    Keywords: Key words. Biotransformation; glutathione conjugation; xenobiotic metabolism; reverse phase chromatography; immunochemical analysis; molecular biomarkers; Mugil cephalus.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. Fourteen isoforms of glutathione S-transferase (GST) have been separated and purified from mullet (Mugil cephalus) liver by scaling up an automatic analytical method based on anionic exchange chromatography. The activity of each isoenzyme with several substrates was determined. Dimeric combinations of six subunits make up this heterogeneous isoenzyme population. Five of these were resolved by reverse phase chromatography; four of them, named a, b, c and d, were present in more than one isoform, had the same apparent molecular mass (25.2 kDa) by SDS-PAGE, and were immunochemically related to plaice GST-A and possibly to rat GST-5 but not to plaice GST-B or any other rat GST subunit; they would belong to the theta class. Subunit e was only present in isoenzyme I which was basic, had an apparent molecular mass of 23.4 kDa and would belong to the alpha class, since it was recognized by antibodies towards plaice GST-B and rat GST-1 and GST-8 and less intensely by anti-(rat)GST-2. Another subunit, named f, with 25.2 kDa apparent molecular mass that could not be distin guished by reverse phase chromatography, was detected immunochemically by positive reaction with antibodies to rat GST-1 and GST-2 in addition to reaction with anti-(plaice)GST-A. As suggested by these results we discuss the existence of genetic polymorphism, the differential expression and the evolutionary relationships of mullet GSTs.
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  • 90
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 94-103 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Cosuppression; DNA methylation; epigenetics; gene silencing; isochores; paramutation; trans-inactivation; transposable elements.
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    Notes: Abstract. Linked and unlinked copies of transgenes and related endogenous genes in plants can be epigenetically silenced by homology-based mechanisms that operate at either the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. Transcriptional inactivation is associated with promoter homology and meiotically heritable methylation. Post-transcriptional silencing requires homology in protein-coding regions and is fully reversed during meiosis. Recently, the notion that both of these processes reflect the action of different host defence systems has been strengthened: (i) Obvious parallels have emerged between promoter homology-dependent silencing/methylation of transgenes and paramutation of endogenous genes that contain transposable elements in their promoters; (ii) remarkable similarities have been observed between post-transcriptional silencing involving transgenes and natural forms of virus resistance in nontransgenic plants. These results and others implicate two distinct cellular defence responses in transgene silencing. One is active in the nucleus and is manifested by transgene methylation, a reaction that might have originated as a means to oppose the spread of transposable elements. A second line of defence resides in the cytoplasm and operates through enhanced RNA turnover, a process that might help plants overcome viral infection.
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  • 91
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 6-20 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Transcription; chromatin; nucleosomes; histones; acetylation; acetyltransferases.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. In eukaryotes, DNA is assembled with histones to form nucleosomes, the basic subunit of chromatin structure. The wrapping of DNA around histone octamers to form nucleosomal filaments and further folding of these filaments are necessary to contain eukaryotic genomes within nuclei. However, the dense packing of chromatin in nuclei and the association of DNA with histones restrict the access of proteins involved in gene transcription to DNA. Abundant biochemical data supports a long-standing correlation between histone acetylation and gene activation, suggesting that histone acetylation acts to enhance the access of transcription-associated proteins to DNA. However, despite this correlation, nuclear enzymes responsible for transcription-associated histone acetylation have been identified only recently. Here we review evidence suggesting that histone acetylation represents a major pathway for transcriptional regulation, and discuss possible roles for transcription-associated histone acetyltransferases in this regulation.
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  • 92
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1145-1153 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein; actin cytoskeleton; signal transduction; transmembrane signalling; T-cell activation; immunodeficiency.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked immunodeficiency disorder associated with lymphocytes and platelet abnormalities. The gene that encodes the Wiskott-Aldrich protein (WASP) was recently isolated, and shown to be defective in WAS patients. WASP contains multiple domains that interact with various signalling proteins, including the guanine triphosphatase (GTPase) Cdc42Hs and SH3 domain-containing proteins. Biochemical and genetic evidence strongly suggests that WASP is an important protein in the regulation of cell morphology. Recent progress in the identification of molecular partners for WASP suggests a molecular mechanism for the cellular abnormalities of WAS.
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  • 93
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1076-1082 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Anterior pituitary; lymphopoiesis; thyroid hormones; growth hormone; insulin-like growth factor-I; prolactin; transgenic mice.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland have been implicated in the regulation of primary lymphocyte development. In order to identify endocrine factors involved in that process, several strains of mice with genetic defects resulting in a selective impairment in the production of one or more anterior pituitary-derived hormones have been analysed. This study has resulted in the classification of endocrine hormones into the following four categories (i) hormones such as prolactin with no apparent effects on primary lymphopoiesis; (ii) anabolic hormones such as growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I whose stimulatory effects on primary lymphopoiesis are non-lineage-specific and related to their actions as systemic mediators of growth and/or differentiation; (iii) hormones such as thyroid hormones that have an obligate role in primary B lymphopoiesis; and (iv) hormones such as oestrogens that act as negative regulators of lymphopoiesis.
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  • 94
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1161-1167 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Natriuretic peptides in plants; water channels; cGMP; HgCl2; 2H NMR.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. Immunological evidence suggests that plants, like vertebrates, contain natriuretic peptides (NPs) and that rat atrial NP (rANP) binds specifically to plant membranes and promotes concentration and conformation-dependent stomatal opening. Stomatal opening and specific increases in cGMP levels were also observed in response to immunoreactive plant NP (irPNP). Here we report that both 1 μM rANP and irPNP (100 ng total protein/100 μL) significantly increase radial water movements out of the xylem of shoots of Tradescantia multiflora. Enhanced radial water movements are also observed in response to the cell permeant cGMP analogue 8-Br-cGMP (100 nM). The water channel inhibitor mercuric chloride (HgCl2) significantly inhibits radial water movements at concentrations of 50 μM, while the presence of 10 μM 2-hydroxyethylmercaptoethanol (ME) prevents the inhibitory effect of the mercurial. The guanylate cyclase inhibitor LY 83583 at a concentration of 20 μM and sodium azide (NaN3) at concentrations of ≥ 1 μM both also reduce radial water movements. We therefore conclude that the regulation of radial water movement out of the xylem involves modulation of cGMP levels, water channels and respiration-dependent processes. In addition, we propose that NPs have a critical role to play in radial water movements out of the xylem and speculate that as in vertebrates, NP effects might, at least in part, be mediated via the regulation of guanylate cyclases and water channels.
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  • 95
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    Keywords: Key words. Information transfer; imprinting effects in proteins; multienzyme complexes.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Simple considerations of statistical mechanics show that the association of an enzyme with another protein or with an ‘inert’ surface results in a decrease of its information content and thus that it receives an ‘instruction’ from this protein or from the surface. As a consequence, the free energy stored in the enzyme increases, and this energy may be used to alter the intrinsic catalytic properties of the enzyme. This may imply, for instance, that an enzyme which is devoid of activity may have its activity enhanced when bound to another protein or to a membrane. A possible consequence of this communication between proteins is that, upon dissociation of the complex, one of these enzymes may transitorily retain an imprinting of the other protein and this imprinting may in turn alter the properties of the enzyme. Different enzyme systems may illustrate this view. A particular emphasis has been put on the study of a phosphoribulokinase-glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase complex from Chlamydomonas chloroplasts. Whereas the isolated oxidized phosphoribulokinase is almost completely inactive, it becomes active when bound to glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. Moreover, upon dissociation of the complex, the phosphoribulokinase retains for a while an imprinting exerted by glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. It then displays properties that are markedly different from those of the free stable enzyme. Thermodynamics allows us to calculate the amount of energy stored in this enzyme and used to facilitate substrate binding and catalysis. There is thus little doubt that information and instructions are transferred from protein to protein within enzyme complexes that result in a complete change of their biological function.
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  • 96
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1277-1282 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Liver perfusion; oxygen consumption; gluconeogenesis; ureogenesis; ketone bodies.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Changes in mitochondrial function were studied in perfused liver from rats aged 24 – 365 days. Oxygen consumption together with the rates of gluconeogenesis, urea synthesis and ketogenesis were determined. Basal mitochondrial respiration as well as the ability of the liver to synthesize glucose, urea and ketone bodies declined from 24- to 365-day-old rats. On the other hand, on transition from 24 to 60 days the liver oxidation rate of hexanoate, sorbitol and glycerol is enhanced, but not of ketone bodies or palmitate. Our results show that the transition from weaning to middle age is accompanied by defined changes in hepatic substrate oxidation. From the observed time course of the decrease in basal and substrate-stimulated oxygen consumption, it is concluded that in rat liver cells a decline in respiratory chain function, long-chain fatty acid and ketone body metabolism, gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis occurs at a relatively early life stage.
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  • 97
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1316-1329 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Growth hormone; GHRP; GHRH; SRIF; pituitary; hypothalamus; U-factor.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Growth hormone-releasing peptides and non-peptides (GHRPs, GHRP-GHS) are a new chemical class of GH secretagogues with a chemistry that ranges from small synthetic peptides to peptidomimetics. They release GH in animals and humans by a unique dual and complementary action on the hypothalamus and pituitary. Although the present GHRPs are of unnatural origin, evidence by a number of investigators is gradually accumulating to support that GHRP reflects the GH-releasing action of a new natural hypothalamic hormone yet to be isolated and identified. Despite the de novo origin of GHRP, a major reason for the persistent investigation is because of the possible practical diagnostic and therapeutic value in humans as well as the potential theoretical value of new insight into the physiological regulation of GH secretion.
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  • 98
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1403-1411 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Boomerang DNA amplification (BDA); capture PCR (CPCR); inverse PCR (IPCR); novel Alu-PCR; panhandle PCR; polymerase chain reaction (PCR); restriction-site PCR (RS-PCR); splinkerette-PCR; targeted gene-walking PCR; vectorette-PCR.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Many virus and transposon DNAs can integrate into the host genome. In this review, techniques, including inverse polymerase chain reaction (IPCR), novel Alu-PCR and vectorette- or splinkerette-PCR are introduced as possible strategies for cloning flanking DNA regions of the integrants. Targeted gene-walking PCR, restriction-site PCR, capture PCR, and panhandle PCR and boomerang DNA amplification are also described. The principles, advantages and limitations of each approach are discussed.
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  • 99
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1291-1298 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Tumor necrosis factor; cytokines; endotoxin; cancer therapy; gene therapy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The discovery and cloning of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) gave rise to new hopes for a significant victory in the war against cancer. Preclinical in vitro studies in cell cultures and in vivo studies in animal models demonstrated the antitumor capacities of TNF. Although clinical studies were largely made possible by the availability of recombinant TNF, phase I and II clinical trials showed very quickly that the systemic administration of TNF induced severe side effects mainly due to its pleiotropic action on immunocompetent cells. The clinical manifestations of the side effects were similar to those observed during a severe infection and inflammation. Very recently, lessons from these clinical studies yielded refined approaches whereby the toxicity of TNF is limited through local administration, a combination with other therapeutic regimens and targeted gene therapy. These new approaches are slated for larger clinical trials and in the near future might demonstrate the limited but powerful usefulness of TNF as an antineoplastic agent for different types of cancer.
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  • 100
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 148-151 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Sodium current availability and activation; patch clamp; rat ventricular cardiomyocytes.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The coupling between steady-state activation and availability from inactivation was characterized for the cardiac Na+ channel. To evaluate this coupling, we plotted the relationship between the conductance and availability curve midpoint potentials measured in 92 rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and applied a correlation analysis. We found a high correlation between the midpoints (correlation coefficient = 0.86, slope = 0.95) within the availability midpoint potential range positive to -100 mV. In contrast, the midpoints were not correlated in the myocytes (37 of 92 cells) having mid point potential negative to -100 mV, indicating an uncoupling between activation and availability.
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