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  • Gas chromatography  (54)
  • Springer  (54)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Institute of Physics
  • 1995-1999  (54)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1940-1944
  • 1996  (54)
Collection
Keywords
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  • Springer  (54)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Institute of Physics
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (10)
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  • 1995-1999  (54)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Encoding of plant odours by receptor neurons in the pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) studied by linked gas chromatography-electrophysiology (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 179 (1996), S. 331-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Hylobius abietis ; Olfaction ; Plant odours ; Receptor neuron responses ; Gas chromatography ; Electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Receptor neuron responses to plant volatiles, trapped by head-space procedures, were examined in the pine weevil Hylobius abietis, using gas chromatography linked with electrophysiological recordings from single neurons. Seventy-two receptor neurons were tested 173 times for various plant volatile mixtures, either via a polar or a non-polar column. 1) All responses appeared as increased firing rates which followed the concentration profiles of the GC-eluted compounds. 2) The neurons were classified separately for the two column types in 17 and 19 groups respectively, according to the compounds they responded to. It suggests that the plant odour information is encoded by a large, but limited number of receptor neuron types. 3) Most neurons responded to a limited number of compounds (1–5) and showed a marked best response to one of them, whereas additional responses to several other components which seems to be structurally similar, was recorded for some neurons. It suggests that the plant odour receptor neurons are rather narrowly than broadly tuned, and that each neuron is specialized for receiving information about one or a few related compounds. 4) Most neurons responded to monoterpenes, whereas the other neurons responded to compounds of other categories. 5) Both major and minor plant volatile components activated specifically receptor neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194987
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The stability of selected herbicides preconcentrated from estuarine river waters on solid-phase extraction disks (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 72-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Estuarine waters ; Solid-phase extraction ; Triazines, alachlor, metolachlor ; Nitrogen phosphorus detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The stability of atrazine, simazine, alachlor, metolachlor, and deethylatrazine on C18 Empore disks has been determined. Estuarine water (100 mL) spiked at 3 μg L−1 with the target pesticide mixture was preconcentrated on the disks; the disks were then stored at −20°C, 4°C, and at room temperature for periods up to three months and were analyzed by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. Complete recovery was observed after storage at −20°C throughout the period of the study. Losses up to maximum of 10% were observed after storage at 4°C. Higher losses (up to 24% for alachlor) occurred only at room temperature; the coefficient of variation for these determinations (8–11%) was also higher than that for the others (3–5%). The stability of the pesticides was dependent on the water matrix, on storage temperature, and on properties such as vapor pressure and water solubility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02271058
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution to the unified retention data of hydrocarbons on squalane (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 660-664 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Unified retention data ; Alkanes, alkenes, naphthenes and aromatics ; Squalane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic, unified retention data of 120 hydrocarbons including: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkylcycloalkanes, alkylcycloalkenes, aromatics and dienes on squalane stacionary phases are given. These values agree well with the corresponding experimental values used in the statistical treatment of the experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02267698
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure-retention relationships in the gas chromatography of N,N-dialkylhydrazones (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 653-659 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Dialkylhydrazones ; Kováts retention indices ; Structure-retention relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary N,N-Dialkylhydrazones [DAHs; R1R2C=1N-2N(R3)2] were prepared and their Kováts retention indices determined on 100% dimethylpolysiloxane (HP-1) and 5% diphenyl and 95% dimethylpolysiloxane (HP-5) stationary phases. The physico-chemical and retention behaviour of the DAHs depend greatly on whether R2=H or an alkyl group. A similar difference is observed in the alkane and oxo homomorphic factors of DAHs formed from aldehydes or ketones. The difference is explained on the basis of NMR and quantum-chemical results by intramolecular interactions between R2 and the lone pair of the2N atom. A single linear equation is suitable for prediction of retention indices if parameters are introduced representing resonance structure (bond angle and electron density) besidesI oxo or the van der Waals' surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02267697
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature programmed gas chromatography of alcohols on cellulose tribenzoate (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 462-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Alcohols ; Cellulose tribenzoate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Cellulose tribenzoate (CTB) has some desirable operational properties and special interactions with alcohols. When chromatographic separation is carried out at 150°C, the C1–C4 alcohols have enhanced retention and other alcohols are eluted rapidly. Some probe molecules were used to characterize the chromatographic behavior of CTB by calculating the adsorption enthalpy (−ΔHa) between the sample and stationary phase. Separation of aliphatic alcohols was successfully performed on a packed column with a support (GDX) coated with CTB and temperature programming improved the separation of these alcohols.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272139
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas chromatographic determination of rate constants in bimolecular gaseous reactions (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 441-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Reversed-flow technique ; Rate constants ; Bimolecular gaseous reactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Rate constants for bimolecular reactions in the gas phase, under diffusion controlled conditions, can easily be determined by the reversed-flow gas chromatography (RF-GC) technique. The analysis of the diffusion band by means of a simple PC programme gives directly an apparent, second-order rate constant for gaseous reactions. By varying the amounts of the reactants, one can calculate the true order of the reaction and the true non-first-order rate constant of gaseous reactions. The calibration problem of the analytical techniques in non-first-order reaction kinetics is absent as are other disadvantages connected with carrier gas flow, peak shape and their instrumental spreading. The method can be used for atmospheric reactions and was applied in the gaseous reaction systems: SO2+NO2, SO2+Br2, C6H6+NO2, C6H5CH3+NO2 and C3H6+NO2 with various concentrations of reactants in nitrogen. The effect of the NO2 concentration on the apparent second-order rate constant of C2H4+NO2 at 333.2 K was also studied. Finally, the effect of sun light pre-irradiation of C2H2+NO2 in nitrogen was investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272137
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple detection system for gas chromatography based on molecular absorption spectrometry in the gas phase (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 435-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Molecular absorption spectrometry ; Gas phase detection ; Benzene derivatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simple and inexpensive detection system for gas chromatography, based on gas-phase, molecular absorption measurements, is presented in which the chromatographic column is directly joined to the spectrophotometer flow cell, without heated transfer lines. A mixture of eight benzene compounds (including methyl, halogen and nitrogen derivatives) were separated and analyzed. Parameters affecting separation (temperature program and carrier gas flow) and measurement quality (wavelength and integration time) were studied and a measurement program designed to modify the wavelength during chromatography. The analytical characteristics of each compound were calculated, obtaining detection limits ranging from 0.5 to 9 μg mL−1. Finally, the method was applied to several synthetic mixtures, with good results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272136
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas chromatographic separation of low-boiling pyridine bases (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 465-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Packed column separations ; Pyridine and alkylpyridines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The gas chromatography of the β-picolines in a lowboiling tar base fraction, is described. The methods developed employ packed columns with binary phases containing N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine plus metal transition stearate, or with a ternary phase containing this mixture and o-hydroxyethylresorcinol
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272140
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Supercritical fluid extraction of chlorothalonil residues from apples (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 547-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Supercritical Fluid Extraction ; Pesticides Residues ; Chlorothalonil ; Appels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new method for the extraction of Chlorothalonil residues from apples using supercritical CO2 as the extracting fluid is described. The supercritical fluid extraction results were compared with those obtained by solid-liquid extraction. The results showed that SFE is faster and more selective with better recovery and higher selectivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290289
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Low-level determination of EDTA and DTPA in natural waters by gas chromatography (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 578-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; EDTA determination ; DTPA determination ; Water analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new analytical method and the method validation for the determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) in lake and sea water is presented. An aqueous sample, after evaporation to dryness, was treated with an esterification reagent. The resulting ethyl ester derivates were determined by capillary gas chromatography using a nitrogen phosphorus specific detector (GC-NPD). The response was linear up to 5 mg L−1. The recoveries from lake and sea waters were 59–105 % for EDTA and 86–112 % for DTPA. The run-to-run repeatabilities (R.S.D.) were 2–8 % for EDTA and 4–11 % for DTPA depending on concentration and the reproducibilities (R.S.D.) were 6–13 % and 3–11 %, respectively. The limits of detection for EDTA and DTPA were 3 and 12 μg L−1 in distilled water, respectively. The method is simple to use and reliable as shown by the analysis of samples of lake water that is influenced by pulp and paper industry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290295
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Comparison of GC-ECD, GC-MS and GC-AED for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in highly contaminated marine sediments (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 44-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Electron capture detection ; Mass spectrometric detection ; Atomic emission detection ; PCBs in marine sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Electron capture detection (ECD), low- and highresolution mass spectrometry (LR- and HRMS), and atomic emission detection (AED) were compared for the gas chromatographic (GC) detection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) present in highly contaminated marine sediments. With ECD, LRMS, and even HRMS, detection was seriously disturbed by the complex matrix of the sediments, whereas AED in the chlorine-selective mode provided excellent PCB profiles without interferences. In addition, GC-AED provided congener independent responses, which enabled accurate quantitation of all PCBs based on a single calibration curve. However, because GC-AED was less sensitive than the other techniques studied, preparation of relatively large amounts of sample (10–20 g dry sediment) was required for most analyses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272820
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Spatial average velocity of carrier gas is proportional to column pressure drop (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 73-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Spatial average gas velocity ; Temporal average gas velocity ; Column pressure drop
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary While the commonly known temporal average velocity of a carrier gas is approximately proportional to the pressure drop along a column, the spatial average velocity is exactly proportional to that pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272824
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  • 13
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    Automatic preconcentration of chlorophenols and gas chromatographic determination with electron capture detection (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 633-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Electron capture detection ; Solid phase extraction ; Chlorophenols ; Water analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A solid-phase extraction system coupled to a gas chromatograph fitted with an electron capture detector was developed for the determination of chlorophenols in waters. The continuous system consists of an XAD-2 adsorbent column where chlorinated phenols are preconcentrated and subsequently eluted with ethyl acetate. The sensitivity of the method is proportional to the number of chlorine substituents in the phenol; thus, the detection limit for monochlorophenols is ca. 10 μg L−1 and that for pentachlorophenol about 2 ng L−1. The method was used to determine chlorophenols in treated waters, with good precision; however, no mono or dichlorophenols were detected at the levels afforded by the proposed method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02292980
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation equations describing retention index data forn-alkylcyclopentenes,n-alkylcyclohexenes andn-alkyl esters on OV-101, OV-225 and PEG 20M (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 557-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention indices ; Correlation equations ; n-Alkylcyclopentenes andn-alkylcyclohexenes ; n-Alkyl esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Correlation equations have been derived which relate the Kováts retention indices ofn-alkylcyclopentenes,n-alkylcyclohexenes andn-alkyl esters of aliphatic acids on the stationary phases OV-101, OV-225 and PEG 20M to column temperature and carbon number in the alkyl chain. The universal equation: $$\begin{gathered} RI = A + B \cdot m + C \cdot \log (m)/m + \hfill \\ D/[(m - 2)^2 + 0.1] + Et \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ whereA, B, C, D andE are correlation coefficients,m is the number of carbon atoms in the side chain (forn-alkylcycloalkenes) or in the alcohol chain (for alkyl esters) andt is the column temperature, describes the retention indicesRI of these homologous series with high accuracy (SD〈1 index unit), beginning with the first members of the series.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02293010
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Gas chromatographic (GC) method for the determination of SCH 44643, an orally active antagonist of platelet activating factor in rat plasma (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 533-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid phase extraction ; Nitrogen phosphorus detector ; SCH 44643 in rat plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic (GC) assay for the determination of SCH 44643, an orally active antagonist of responses to both histamine and PAF, was developed and validated for rat plasma. The method involved organic solvent extraction followed by solid phase extraction on aminopropyl column. The separation was on a capillary column (DB-17) with quantitation by a nitrogen-phosphorus detection. The method was sensitive with a limit of quantitation of 5 ng mL−1. There was a good linear relationship between the peak height ratio (SCH 44643/internal standard) and SCH 44643 concentration in the range 5 to 200 ng mL−1. The method was precise with a coefficient of variation ranging from 1.8 to 3.0% and accurate with a bias ranging from 0 to 5.8%. Moreover, SCH 44643 was stable in rat plasma after being subjected to three freeze-thaw cycles. The assay was shown to be sensitive, specific, accurate and precise, and suitable for use in pharmacokinetic or toxicokinetic studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02293006
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  • 16
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    Gas chromatographic properties of two thermotropic Poly(L-glutamates) with long alkyl side chains (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 387-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Poly(L-glutamate) ; Cholesteric liquid crystal ; Properties as stationary phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Comparative gas chromatographic properties of two thermotropic Poly(L-glutamates) with long alkyl side chains (10 and 16 carbons called Poly 10 and Poly 16 respectively) are studied. Their thermal properties were established with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gas chromatography. They present a cholesteric liquid crystal in a large temperature range. The chromatographic separation abilities of the two polymers in the liquid crystal state were studied using capillary glass columns. Interesting analytical performances were obtained in different fields: isomeric separation of alkanes, aromatics, polyaromatics, volatile aroma compounds and cis and trans isomers. Some differences were noticed in their behaviours; 2 and 3-methyloctane and xylene isomers are separated only on Poly 10 while limonene and eucalyptol are separated only on Poly 16.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02271016
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  • 17
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    Simultaneous determination of aliphatic hydrocarbons, PCBs and PCTs in pork liver by gas chromatography (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 398-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Aliphatic hydrocarbons ; Chlorinated aromatics ; Pork liver extracts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A multicomponent extraction/concentration procedure has been developed for the enrichment of PCBs, PCTs and aliphatic hydrocarbons (pristane, C18, C19, C20, C22, C24, C28, C32 and C36) in pork liver. These components of the enriched extract were then simultaneously determined by gas chromatography. Mean recoveries ranged from 81.5% for pristane to 93% for PCBs;CV% (0.9–6.7) indicated the method to be both precise and reproducible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02271018
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  • 18
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    A study of the surface modification of alumina for GC (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Modified alumina ; Coal mine air ; Alkenes, alkanes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic method for the separation of alkanes and alkenes present in coal mine air has been developed using modified alumina columns. The separation was carried out using a GC equipped with a gas sampling valve, a FID and a surface modified alumina packed column with helium as carrier gas. An investigation was carried out into the effects of surface modifiers on alumina. The study examined the change in retention properties on alumina modified by alkali metal salts and the specific effects of the halide anions and metal cations. The paper describes the preparation of the alumina columns and the effects on selectivity of post heating the stationary phase. The study demonstrated that alumina modified with 2% sodium chloride and post heated to 150°C was the most appropriate stationary phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02271059
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  • 19
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    Detection of organophosphate pesticides in human body fluids by headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 135-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace sampling ; Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) ; Nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD) ; Organophosphate pesticides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Organosphosphate pesticides have been found extractable by headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and the best conditions of their extraction from human whole blood and urine samples have been investigated. The body fluid samples containing nine pesticides (IBP, methyl parathion, fenitrothion, malathion, fenthion, isoxathion, ethion, EPN and phosalone) were heated at 100°C in a septum-capped vial in the presence of various combinations of acid and salts, and SPME fiber was exposed to the headspace of the vial to allow adsorption of the pesticides before capillary gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. The heating with distilled water/HCl/(NH4)2SO4/NaCl and with distilled water/HCl gave the best results for urine and whole blood, respectively. Recoveries of the nine pesticides were 0.8–10.6% except for phosalone (0.03%) for whole blood, and 3.8–40.2% for urine. The calibration curves for the pesticides showed linearity in the range of 50–400 ng/0.5 mL for whole blood except for malathion (100–400 ng/0.5 mL whole blood) and 7.5–120 ng/0.5 mL for urine except for phosalone (15–120 ng/0.5 mL urine) with detection limits of 2.2–40 ng/0.5 mL for whole blood and 0.8–12 ng/0.5 mL for urine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02269642
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  • 20
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    Complete separation of ephedrines by graphite-layer open-tubular (GLOT) column (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 309-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Graphite coated capillary columns ; Ephedrines separation ; Drug analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The preparation of graphite-layer capillary column is described together with their application to the analysis of aliphatic and aromatic amines. Attention is mainly focused on the separation of ephedrines which, being sympathomimetic amines, are often present in pharmaceutical preparations, but are also illegally used by athletes as stimulants. Complete separation of these compounds, using direct GC-NPD analysis of human urine extract, without derivatisation, has been obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290315
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  • 21
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    Gas and liquid chromatography and enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay in pesticide monitoring of surface water from the western mediterranean (Comunidad Valenciana, Spain) (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; Pesticide residues ; Surface water analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A monitoring programme based on gas chromatography (NPD, ECD) using MSD for confirmatory purposes and coupled-column liquid chromatography was applied to the analysis of pesticide residues in surface water from a predominantly agricultural area of Spain (Comunidad Valenciana). Samples analysed by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay gave similar results to those obtained by GC (MSD) for the determination of total triazines. The test employed had the advantages of a simple test procedure, short analysis time and high confirmatory value. Nevertheless, the multiresidue character, accuracy and unequivocal identification of individual pesticide residues of GC (MSD) make this technique the most appropriate for environmental monitoring programmes. In this monitoring programme about 200 samples were analysed between 1993–1994. 27 different pesticides were detected in 91 of these samples. The pesticides more frequently detected were dimethoate, methidathion, endosulfan A and B, endosulfan sulphate and pirimicarb. The highest concentrations found were 39.9 μg L−1 of dimethoate, 10.6 of pirimicarb and 10.6 of methidathion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02269645
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  • 22
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    Simultaneous extraction of norflurazon and oxadixyl residues from food crops with supercritical carbon dioxide (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Supercritical fluid extraction ; Pesticide residues ; Norflurazon residues ; Oxadixyl residues ; Food crops
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Norflurazon and Oxadixyl residues have been analysed by HRGC-ECD after extraction from field-treated sugar cane and grapes using classical solid-liquid extraction or supercritical fluid extraction. The extraction techniques were compared; the results indicate the advantages of SFE as an alternative method for analysis of pesticides in these samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02269644
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  • 23
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    Fast and effective sample preparation for determination of organochlorine compounds in fatty tissue of marine mammals using microwave extraction (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 300-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Microwave extraction ; Sample clean-up ; Organochlorine compounds ; Blubber of marine mammals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A rapid and effective method is described for the extraction of organochlorine compounds (PCB 153, PCB 138, PCB 180, p,p′-DDE, α-HCH, γ-HCH, ε-HCH and HCB) from seal blubber and pork fat withn-hexane using a microwave technique. Heating of the non-polarn-hexane was achieved using a microwave transformer. The lipid content of the samples obtained by this extraction was identical to that by Soxhlet extraction. After separation of sample matrix and organochlorines on a silica gel column the organochlorine compounds were determined by GC-ECD. The efficiency of the method was tested with 500 mg spiked fat, extracted using various numbers of extraction cycles. Recoveries of organochlorine compounds in grey seal blubber and spiked pork fat generally exceeded 90 %.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290313
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    Determination of chloroethenes in environmental biological samples using gas chromatography coupled with solid phase micro extraction (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 313-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid phase micro extraction ; Chloroethenes ; Reductive dechlorination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An analytical method has been developed to determine the chloroethene series, tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE),cisdichloroethene (cis-DCE) andtransdichloroethene (trans-DCE) in environmental biotreatment studies using gas chromatography coupled with a solid phase micro extraction (SPME) technique. The volatile chlorinated compounds in aqueous solution can be analyzed directly without solvent extraction, purge and trap, or thermal heating. The calibration curves have demonstrated good linear relationships within 50.0 to 3000.0 μg L−1 concentration range. Detection limits are 18.0, 5.0, 25.0, and 42.0 μg L−1, for PCE, TCE,cis-DCE andtrans-DCE, respectively. Factors which affect the SPME process, such as sample adsorption time, thermal desorption time, and concentration of salt in the matrix, have also been evaluated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290316
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    Extraction of local anaesthetics from human blood by direct immersion-solid phase micro extraction (SPME) (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 59-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Local anaesthetics ; Solid phase micro extraction (SPME) ; Direct immersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Local anaesthetics have been shown to be extractable from human whole blood samples by direct immersion (DI)-solid phase micro extraction (SPME). After deproteinization with perchloric acid, the pH of the clear supernatants of human whole blood samples containing the drugs were adjusted to about 7 with 10 M NaOH in the presence of NaCl; a polydimethylsiloxanecoated SPME fiber was then immersed directly into the sample solution to allow adsorption of the drugs before capillary gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection. The DI-SPME for 1-mL whole blood gave peaks for all the drugs; only a small amount of background noise appeared and this gave no problems in the detection of the drugs. Recoveries of the ten drugs from human whole blood was 0.74–19.7 %. The calibration curves for seven drugs showed linearity in the range of 0.25–12 μg mL−1 whole blood, with detection limits of 54–158 ng mL−1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272822
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    Investigation into the separation of achiral and chiral molecules on fused-silica capillary columns coated with three peralkylated cyclodextrins (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 628-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Stationary phase ; β-Cyclodextrin ; Separation mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Three peralkylated β-cyclodextrins (CD), perethylated β-CD, perbutylated β-CD and peroctylated β-CD have been coated on to untreated fused-silica capillary tubing and used to separate some achiral and chiral compounds. The separation mechanism is discussed in the paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02292979
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    GC-ECD evaluation of dicofol toxicity to tropicalAstyanax bimaculatus schubarti (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 663-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Dicofol ; Fish ; Lethal concentration ; Bioconcentration factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Evaluation of the toxicity of Dicofol was carried out onAstyanax bimaculatus schubarti, a characteristic fish species living in tropical rivers and lakes. Experiments were under laboratory controlled conditions with atmospheric air flow and dilution water at 25°C in the static mode. Fish samples were collected and submitted to appropriate analytical procedure: Soxhlet extraction, clean-up by Florisil adsorbent and finally quantification by GC-ECD. The results showed good recoveries (〉 89%) for the developed method both in water and fish samples. The lethal concentration, LC50, and the bioconcentration factor, BCF, were 18.13 mg L−1 and 241.70, respectively forAstyanax bimaculatus schubarti demonstrating the lipophilic nature of the studied compound.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02292985
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    Electronic pressure control of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the confirmation of pesticide residues in cereals and related products (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Electronic pressure control ; Mass selective detector ; Pesticide residues ; Cereals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An analytical method for the confirmation of 30 pesticide residues in cereals and related products has been developed. Splitless injection with electronic pressure control using constant carrier gas flow gives higher sensitivity and better resolution than electronic pressure control and isobaric analysis. The use of electronic pressure control assures consistent retention times enabling selected ions to be collected in short time windows. Mass spectrometric detection in the selected ion monitoring mode using three ions for each pesticide ensured good sensitivity and accurate pesticide confirmation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02292947
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    Gas chromatographic separation of expoxystyrenes on carbowax 20 M capillary column (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 208-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Epoxystyrenes ; Retention index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The separation of some epoxystyrenes on fused silica capillary columns coated with poly(ethylene glycol) was investigated, Retention indices were determined at two temperatures to interpret chromatographic behaviour, The standard deviation was 0.3 index units.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02292953
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    Microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) for the efficient determination of triazines in soil samples with aged residues (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 527-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Microwave-assistend solvent extraction (MASE) ; Pesticide residue analysis ; Triazine herbicides ; Soil samples
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The use of microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) as an alternative for conventional solvent extraction procedures for the determination of some triazine herbicides in soil samples has been investigated. In this study MASE method development was focused on the selection of a suitable extraction solvent prior to the instrumental analysis of uncleaned extracts with gas chromatography and nitrogen-specific detection. A mixture of dichloromethane-methanol (90∶10, v/v) yielded recoveries ranging from 89 to 103 (spiked level 200 μg/kg) with RSDs ranging from 2.1 to 5.3%. This solvent mixture is also very convenient for further procedure. The selected MASE procedure was tested by analyzing freshly spiked soil samples and samples with aged residues of atrazine, desethylatrazine, desisopropylatrazine and simazine. The results were compared with those obtained by a conventional liquid extraction method. The comparative study indicated that MASE yields recoveries at least as good as those obtained by the conventional method. Moreover, the MASE procedure provides low solvent consumption in combination with a high sample throughput.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02293005
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    Determination of fosfomycin in human urine by capillary gas chromatography: Application to clinical pharmacokinetic studies (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 293-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fosfomycin in urine ; Pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A capillary gas chromatographic method for the determination of fosfomycin in human urine is described. After dilution of the sample and derivatization, analysis was on a HP-1 capillary column and a flame ionization detector was used to determine the bistrimethylsilyl derivative of fosfomycin. Response was linear in the range 50–5000 μg mL−1. The detection limit was about 10 μg mL−1. The within and between day coefficients of variation did not exceed 6%. The method was applied to the determination of fosfomycin in urine samples collected during clinical pharmacokinetic studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02270997
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    Gas chromatography with flame ionization and flameless sulfur chemiluminescence detectors in series for dual channel detection of sulfur compounds (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 522-526 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Sulfur chemiluminescence detector ; Flame ionisation ; Dual-channel detection ; Optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The dual-channel detection of samples with detectors coupled in series is possible only when the first detector is a non-destructive one. However, the configuration where a destructive detector, such as the flame ionization detector (FID), is followed by the flameless, sulfur chemiluminescence detector (flameless SCD) can be used to detect simultaneously carbon and sulfur. In this work, the FID and flameless SCD are coupled in series for dual-channel detection of sulfur compounds in three gasoline samples. Optimum conditions for flameless SCD were evaluated by altering the flow rates of hydrogen and air and the oxygen pressure to the ozone generator. Samples are identified by retention indices where the homologous n-alkylthiols are used as standards. The increment in retention index per carbon number of the n-alkylthiols is 105.54 in the Quadrex 007 series, 0.32 mm i.d., 4 μm film, column.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02293004
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    Consequence of diluting modified β-cyclodextrins in a side-chain crown ether polysiloxane and in a side-chain liquid-crystalline polysiloxane-containing crown ether as stationary phases in capillary gas chromatography (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 546-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Stationary phase ; Polysiloxane matrices ; β-Cyclodextrin ; Crown ether ; Liquid crystal ; Coordination effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This paper investigates the possibility of using a sidechain crown ether polysiloxane (PDB-14-C4) and a side-chain liquid-crystalline polysiloxane-containing crown ether (PSC-3) as matrices for peralkylated β-CD employed as stationary phases. Three columns, coated with PSC-3 + permethylated β-CD, PDB-14-C4 + permethylated β-CD and PDB-14-C4 + perethylated β-CD were characterized by gas chromatography. The column efficiencies, phase transitions, and selectivities were measured and compared.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02293008
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    Separation of a gasoline on an open tubular column with 1.3 million effective plates (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 63-71 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; High efficiency open tubular columns ; Columns connected in series ; Gasoline analysis ; Detailed hydrocarbon analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary More than 1.3 million effective plates were produced by a column 450 meters long, 200 μm inner diameter. The column was built up by connecting nine 50 meter columns in series. The sum of the efficiencies of the individual pieces equalled the efficiency of the combined column. Up to 970 components were differentiated in a gasoline standard.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02271057
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    A computerized analysis of the sulfur content in diesel fuel by capillary gas chromatography with flame photometric detector (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 631-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; flame photometric detector ; Sulfur in diesel fuel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new method is proposed for the computerized determination of sulfur in diesel fuel by capillary gas chromatography with a flame photometric detector (FPD). The diesel fuel is injected in the gas chromatograph after dilution with n-hexane. After recording the chromatogram, the sulfur content in the diesel fuel (mg L−1 or w/w) is given directly by an integrator provided with a Basic card or by a personal computer in which the algorithm of the calibration curve has been entered. Use of a calibration curve does not require the identification of the numerous sulfur compounds present in diesel fuel. The calibration curve was corrected for the quenching effect that the hydrocarbon components of the diesel fuel produce on the detector response. The method was tested using diesel fuel with a known sulfur concentration and was found to be very accurate; it is reproducible, fast and may be automated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02267694
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    Classification of the botanical origin of cinnamon by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 639-646 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Semivolatile flavor compounds ; Cinnamon ; Solid-phase microextraction ; Chemometric classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The conditions which affect the reproducibility of characteristic chromatographic profiles of semivolatile compounds from true cinnamon and cassia by headspace solid-phase microextraction are determined. Optimum conditions for sample amount, vial size, temperature, sampling time, and fiber type for steady state sampling conditions are identified. Vial size was an unexpected critical parameter possibly related to the build up of internal ternal pressure during sample heating followed by expulsion of a portion of the vapor phase through the septum as it was punctured by the syringe. Gas chromatography with ion trap mass spectrometry was used to identify the major volatile compounds in cassia and true cinnamon. Reasonable semi-quantitative agreement (r 2〉0.87 and generally greater than 0.93) was observed for the major semivolatile compounds isolated by headspace solid-phase microextraction and solvent-assisted supercritical fluid extraction. The extracts isolated by solid-phase microextraction contained relatively high concentrations of terpene-type compounds in low abundance in the solvent-assisted supercritical fluid extracts, but these compounds were of little value in distinguishing the botanical origin of authentic cinnamon and cassia samples. The latter were easily distinguished by the presence of eugenol and benzyl benzoate in true cinnamon, that was absent in cassia, and the presence of coumarin and δ-cadinene, in cassia, that was either absent or in low concentration in true cinnamon. Headspace solid-phase microextraction provides a rapid and simple method for establishing the botanical origin of the principal cinnamons of commerce.
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    CGC/AED and CGC/ECD/NPD comparison for the determination of acaricides in honey after hexane/acetone extraction (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 130-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Atomic emission, electron capture ; and nitrogen phosphorus detection ; Honey ; Acaricides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The performance of a gas chromatographic system coupled to an atomic emission detector (GC/AED) is tested by comparison with a two-dimensional gas chromatographic system equipped with capillary columns of different polarity and simultaneous electron capture and nitrogen-phosphorus detection (ECD/NPD), for the determination of the acaricides chlordimeform, bromopropylate, amitraz and coumaphos on spiked honey samples. The acaricides were extracted with ann-hexane/acetone mixture (80∶20, v/v) with a further clean-up step on an octadecylsilane cartridge. The 193 nm carbon emission line is the best choice in terms of sensitivity whereas the ECD/NPD system gives better selectivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02269641
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    Synthesis of chemically bonded squalene(ane) phases for microcolumn gas chromatographic separation of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons in extraterrestrial atmospheres (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 141-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons ; Extraterrestrial atmospheres ; Chemically bonded squalene(ane) phase ; 13C and29Si CP-MAS NMR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Chemically bonded squalene(ene) phases have been synthesized via a hydride modified silanization process using dimethylchlorosilane, triethoxysilane and trichlorosilane. The surface structure of the bonded phases were characterized with DRIFT and solid state NMR studies. The results of the latter indicate successful bonding of a non-terminal olefin to the silica surface and that bonding of individual squalene molecules appeared not to occur at the same site(s) presumably due to steric hindrance. Among the phases examined, the trichlorosilane-based material exhibits better chromatographic properties probably due to greater surface coverage and hence effective non-polar interaction between the solutes and the bonded ligands. Under isothermal conditions, the present packings produced fast and efficient separation of C1–C4 saturated hydrocarbons on shorter columns than similar columns containing alkyl- or bidentate alkyl-modified silica packings at low column head pressure and are thermally stable at temperatures up to 250°C or higher.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02269643
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    Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of methanol and free glycerol in biodiesel (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 431-434 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fatty acid methyl esters ; Biodiesel ; Methanol ; Glycerol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The methanol and free glycerol content of vegetable oil methyl esters used as diesel fuel (biodiesel) is very important in describing the quality of this fuel and is therefore limited by specifications. A previously described GLC method for the determination of free glycerol in biodiesel has been further developed and also allows the simultaneous determination of methanol. Sample preparation includes dissolving in dimethylformamide, silylation with bis-trimethylsilyltrifluoracetamide (BSTFA) and separation on a methylsilicone fluid, coated-capillary column using either FID or MS-detection. Ethanol and 1,4-butanediol were used as internal standards. Both detection systems show sufficient sensitivity for concentrations relevant to biodiesel samples. The recovery was tested using a RME-sample containing known amounts of methanol and glycerol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272135
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    Gas chromatographic and differential scanning calorimetric studies of new bonded silicas in connection with transition phenomena (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 451-461 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Bonded silicas ; Phase transitions ; Differential scanning calorimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In order to give a molecular interpretation to the phase transition observed with densely bonded octadecyl-silicas in reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) as well as in gas chromatography (GC), nine new bonded silicas were prepared including grafts with polar groups at the extremities of long spacers (18 carbon atoms). The interpretation is simplified by using large-pore macroporous substrates and inverse GC in conjunction with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as the test method. A phase transition is observed in almost all cases, but the temperature range is lower and more extended in comparison to the dimethyloctadecyl reference silica. An interpretation of the phase transition is given, based on the folding of the chains and the resulting “autodensification” of the layer.
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    Capillary gas chromatography of double-base propellants (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 593-594 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Double-base propellants ; Nitroglycerin ; Centralite I ; Dibutyl phthalate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The separation and quantitative determination of propellant constituents on short, wide-bore fused-silica capillary columns, coated with crosslinked methylsilicone phase was investigated. The analytical results were quite satisfactory.
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    Determination of partition coefficients and residual solvent for polymer drying applications (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 31-38 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Partition coefficients ; Henry's constants ; High density polyethylene ; Polymer drying
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas-solid partition coefficients (K) for n-hexane in high density polyethylene (HDPE) have been measured at conditions applicable to large-scale drying utilizing a novel headspace method. The method features considerable versability and simplicity due to the control of experimental conditions designed to favor full extraction of the analyte into the headspace. By combining this full extraction technique with a traditional static headspace experimental scheme, a method which measuresK and residual concentration is achieved. The results show that partition coefficients differ significantly between HDPE in its virgin powder and pellet forms, as well as among various HDPE grades. The differences are shown to be attributable to differences in % crystallinity of the specific polymer. Data collected over a wide range of hexane concentrations reveals saturation levels (solubilities) which correspond to crossover from evaporative to diffusion-controlled drying.
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    Determination of formaldehyde in foods, biological media and technological materials by headspace gas chromatography (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 625-627 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace sampling ; Formaldehyde ; Plastics ; Foods ; Biological samples
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A modified headspace gas chromatographic method, based on polycondensation with formaldehyde, has been developed for derivatization with formaldehyde in foods, biological media and other products. The method provides the possibility of obtaining results within three minutes, which is of significant importance for the control of food and cosmetics production and the quality of polymer products based on formaldehyde, as well as for biological monitoring.
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    The physical meaning of the corrected retention volume (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 159-162 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Gas pressures ; Gas compressibility ; Retention volumes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The true meanings of the so-called corrected retention volume and the specific retention volume are explained in the light of the recent paper by Davankov.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02292945
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    Use of incremental models to estimate the retention indexes of aromatic compounds (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 163-176 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index estimation ; Aromatic compounds ; Incremental models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Pure topologically based incremental models have been developed in order to estimate the retention indexes of aromatic compounds substituted with groups containing the hetero atoms nitrogen, oxygen and halogens. The bond-types of the compounds are counted and used as molecular descriptors. The observed estimation errors are about 1 % for compounds containing no hetero atoms and for those containing halogenated substituents; the errors are approximately 2 % for aromatic compounds with nitrogen- and oxygen-containing substituents. The method is validated by prediction of the retention indexes for an additional group of aromatic compounds (the validation data set).
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    Investigation of gas chromatographic interaction mechanism on permethylated cyclodextrins by molecular modelling (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Molecular modelling ; Molecular mechanics calculations ; Permethylated α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins ; Interaction mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The capillary gas chromatographic retention behavior of α-pinene and tricyclene has been investigated on stationary phases of different polarities. On all but one of the columns employed, tricyclene eluted before α-pinene; only permethylated β-cyclodextrins dissolved in moderately polar polisiloxanes gave a reversed elution order. The intermolecular interactions which caused the unexpected retention behavior were investigated in detail, applying methods of computer simulation. To achieve this, we have developed a calculation algorithm on the basis of molecular mechanical optimizations and programmed it in a macro. This makes it possible to systematically investigate a given configuration space in which all the possible interactions can take place. It was shown that permethylated β-cyclodextrin as host molecule for both guest molecules offers an optimum cavity size. As a result the number of energetically favorable contacts between host and guest molecules as well as the strength of the interactions in this stationary phase were larger. As a consequence the elution order, normally only influenced by the vapor pressure of the compounds at a given temperature, was changed. Nonspecific interactions played an especially important role for these kinds of substances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02292949
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    Evaluation of 3,5-stigmastadiene content of edible oils: Comparison between the traditional capillary gas chromatographic method and the on-line high performance liquid chromatography-capillary gas chromatographic analysis (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography-gas chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; 3,5-Stigmastadiene ; Cold pressed olive oil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The quantitation of 3,5-stigmastadiene and other steroidal hydrocarbons, commonly known as steradienes, is a valid tool for the recognition of refining (in particular bleaching) of edible oils; the evidence of this process is nowadays of a great interest due to growing market for “virgin”, cold-pressed, “natural” oils. Due to the long time required (about 4 hours) and the amount of solvents employed (about 650 mL) to perform the official analysis, other methods have been recently proposed, the most important of which involves high performance liquid chromatography coupled with capillary gas chromatography (HPLC-GC). In this study the results of ten oil samples, analysed by both the official method and HPLC-GC, are reported and the two methods compared and discussed, for routine use, in terms of sample preparation, time of analysis and setting up, difficulty and reproducibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02292950
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  • 48
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    A study on the preparation and characteristics of zeolite membrane PLOT column by in-situ synthesis (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 211-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Zeolite membrane PLOT columns ; In-situ synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The preparation of a zeolite membrane PLOT column by in-situ synthesis is described. The advantages of this new column are discussed. Some analytical applications to alkanes, arenes, esters, alkyl halides and ethers on the zeolite membrane PLOT column compared with those on a coated zeolite PLOT column are reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02292954
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  • 49
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    Determination of acidic chlorinated pesticides in water: Comparison of official EPA method 515.1 and liquid-solid extraction HPLC/UV and HPLC/PBMS analyses (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 279-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; ECD, UV and MS detection ; EPA Method 515.1 ; Chlorinated acidic pesticides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A comparison of the official EPA method 515.1 for determination of chlorinated acidic pesticides and a modification of it is illustrated. Extraction of the analytes from water and their determination and quantitation is by gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD), liquid chromatography-UV detection and liquid chromatography-particle beam mass spectrometry. Although HPLC-PBMS was found to be less sensitive than the GC-ECD method, it was, nevertheless, more sensitive than HPLC-UV. The modified method is simpler, quicker and allows more accurate determination of pesticides in aqueous samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02270995
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  • 50
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    Fast determination of nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine in indoor environments (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 296-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Thermal desorption ; Ion-pair column liquid chromatography ; Nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine ; Environmental tobacco smoke
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Different sampling and analysis techniques for the determination of gas-phase nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine in environmental tobacco smoke are reported. Graphitized carbon traps, annular diffusion denuders, and nebulizer collectors have been used as sampling devices in combination with either thermal desorption or with water extraction. Capillary gas chromatography and ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography were applied to desorbed and liquid samples obtained in an intercomparison indoor study. The methods developed here show some advantages over existing methods in terms of analysis time, sensitivity and loading capacity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02270998
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  • 51
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    Operating the pulsed discharged detector in both the electron-capture and photoionization modes within the same GC analysis (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 353-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Electron-capture detector ; Photoionization detector ; Pulsed discharge detector
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Since the electron-capture detector (ECD) is highly selective, it is imperative to use a more universal ionization detector in conjunction with the ECD in order to detect non-capturing or weakly capturing compounds. Also in an EC study of weakly or moderately strong electron-capturing compounds, it is necessary to identify the EC peak of the compound by identifying the major component with an ionization detector. In this paper we have shown that the pulsed discharge detector can be interchanged between the EC and the helium ionization modes within 4–6 s. The application of this procedure has been illustrated with a mixture of alkane/alkene chlorocompounds. The interchange between EC and argon photoionization modes has also been investigated. The change from EC to argon photoionization also occurs in 4–6 s but the reverse process requires ∼9 s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02271010
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  • 52
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    Detection of ethanol in human body fluids by headspace solid-phase micro extraction (SPME)/capillary gas chromatography (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 393-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) ; Headspace sampling ; Ethanol ; Alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Ethanol has been found extractable from human whole blood and urine samples by headspace solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) with a Carbowax/divinylbenzene-coated fiber. After heating a vial containing the body fluid sample with ethanol, and isobutanol as internal standard (IS) at 70°C in the presence of (NH4)2SO4, a Carbowax/divinylbenzene-coated SPME fiber was exposed in the headspace of the vial to allow adsorption of the compounds. The fiber needle was then injected into a middle-bore capillary gas chromatography (GC) port. The headspace SPME-GC gave intense peaks for both compounds; a small amount of background noises appeared, but did not interfere with the detection of the compounds. Recoveries of ethanol and IS were 0.049 and 0.026% for whole blood, respectively, and 0.054 and 0.085% for urine, respectively. The calibration curves for ethanol showed excellent linearity in the range of 80–5000 mg L−1 for whole blood and 40–5000 mg L−1 for urine; the detection limits for both samples were 20 and 10 mg L−1, respectively. The data on actual determination of ethanol after the drinking of beer are also presented for two subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02271017
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    Exhibition of the first gas chromatographic work of Erika Cremer and Fritz Prior (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 444-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; History of chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In November 1995, theDeutsches Museum, the world's largest technical museum, opened a new branch in Bonn, devoted to achievements after 1945. There, the first gas chromatographic system used by Erika Cremer and Fritz Prior, in 1945–47, in Innsbruck, is exhibited. The new display is described and the early activities of Erika Cremer and her students are summarized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02271028
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  • 54
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    Simple extraction of phencyclidine from human body fluids by headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 331-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid-phase microextraction ; Headspace sampling ; Phencyclidine (PCP) ; Surface ionization detection (SID)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Phencyclidine (PCP) was found to be extractable by headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) from human whole blood and urine. Sample solutions were heated at 90°C in the presence of NaOH and K2CO3, and an SPME fiber was exposed in the headspace of a vial for 30 min. Immediately after withdrawal of the fiber, it was analyzed by gas chromatography with surface ionization detection (GC-SID). Recoveries of PCP were approximately 9.3–10.8% and 39.8–47.8% for whole blood and urine samples, respectively. The calibration curve for PCP showed good linearity in the range 2.5–100 ng mL−1 whole blood and 0.5–100 ng mL−1 urine. The detection limits were approximately 1.0 ng mL−1 for whole blood and 0.25 ng mL−1 for urine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02271005
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