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  • Articles  (747)
  • Springer  (747)
  • American Chemical Society
  • 1995-1999  (747)
  • 1997  (381)
  • 1996  (366)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science  (747)
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  • Articles  (747)
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  • 1995-1999  (747)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: practical progress ; biomedical sciences ; Regularität ; Myokardprotektion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to elucidate the structure of the term ‘practical progress’ and to reconstruct it logically. The importance of discovery and confirmation of new regularities as well as of practical rules arising from them depends on their contribution to the solution of practical problems. The application of this structuralistic definition of ‘practical progress’ is demonstrated with an example from cardiac surgery concerning the solution of the practical medical problem of myocardial protection during open heart surgery.
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  • 2
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 55-69 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Constructivist Philosophy of Science ; Measurement-theoretical Apriori ; Protogeometry ; Protologic ; Protophysics ; Protoscience ; Prototheory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary A central concept of the constructivist philosophy of science is the term ‘protoscience’. From an orthodox point of view, protosciences are bound to give the so called ‘measurement-theoretical Apriori’ (‘meßtheoretisches Apriori’) for a science. Protophysics for example (operationally) defines the quantities ‘length’, ‘time’, and ‘mass’. Thereby it yields some basic physical laws, which usually are regarded as “laws of nature”, but in fact follow already from the definitions of the basic quantities. The attempt to establish other protodisciplines than protophysics is traditionally regarded as not very promising, because other sciences do not like physics build their main theories on certain basic quantities. Nevertheless such enterprises like “protochemistry”, “protobiology” and “protopsychology” recently appeared on the scene. Does this mark a breakthrough in constructivist philosophy of science or is this multiplication of protosciences no more than a promotion strategy? In the article it is shown that the orthodox definition of ‘protoscience’ is in fact far to narrow. An alternative definition is proposed which on one hand preserves the classic tasks of protophysics but on the other hand allows for other protosciences as equally useful enterprises. A central concept within the complex topic “protoscience” is the one of ‘reconstruction’. It can be shown that there is a certain ambiguity in the use of this critical concept. Therefore the article ends with a reconstruction of the term ‘reconstruction’.
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  • 3
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 167-170 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: International Congress ; Logic ; Methodology ; History and Philosophy of Science ; Foundations of Formal and Natural Sciences ; Ethics and social aspects of Science and Technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The International Union of History and Philosophy of Science organizing the 10th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science is at its cross-road: the alternative is mass-performance or creative exchange of ideas. The program is criticized because the thematic center in History and Philosophy of Science has been shifted too far into the realm of micro-fields of Logic and the time reduction for presentation and discussion of papers to 20 minutes should be reconsidered. Several outstanding papers are shortly discussed: Martin-Löw on “Formalized Tarski-Semantics of Type Theory”, Hoyningen-Huene on “Feyerabend and Kuhn”, Leroux on “Helmholtz and Hertz”, and Muller on “Bell meets Dirac”. Finally the visiting-program is gratefully appreciated.
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  • 4
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 281-306 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: common sense ; common sense psychology ; modal logics ; psycho-logic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary This paper is about the efforts the norwegian psychologist Jan Smedslund made in analyzing and checking philosophically his theory called ‘Psycho-logic’. I am going to reconstruct and discuss the debates between Smedslund and several critics, which have been going on since about 1978, mainly in the “Scandinavian Journal of Psychology”. A result will be that the kind of modal logics Smedslund uses — a type with realistic semantics and epistemology — is not the proper one for the analysis of ‘Psycho-logic’.
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  • 5
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 347-352 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: dialectic ; theory of dialectic ; Hegel ; Hegel's logic ; predication ; transcendental conditions of predicate logic ; formal explication ; artefacts of formalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The criticism formulated by L. B. Puntel concerning the theory of dialectic proposed by the author is rejected. Puntel's attempt at explicating predication by means of (second order) predicate logic fails: It misjudges predication being already presupposed for the possibility of predicate logic, thus belonging to the transcendental conditions of formal predicate logic, so that predication itself cannot be further explicated by means of such logic. What is in fact criticized by Puntel is something like an artefact of formalization. The unreflected application of formal logic here generates problems instead of solving them.
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  • 6
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 307-323 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Continuity ; natural classification ; history ; aims of science ; realism ; Pierre Dulem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wer nur einen kurzen Blick auf die Wellen, die einen Strand zu erobern versuchen, wirft, bemerkt nicht das Ansteigen der Flut. Er sieht, wie eine Woge sich erhebt, näher kommt, sich schäumend bricht, er sieht wie sie einen schmalen streifen Sand bedeckt und sich dann wieddr zurückzieht, wobei der Boden, der erobet schien, wieder trocken wird. eine neue Wogen folgt ihr, welche manchmal ein wenig weiter geht als die vorherige, manchmal dagegen nicht einmal jenen Kiesel erreicht, den diese benetzt hatte. Aber unter dieseer oberflächlichen Hin- und Herbewegung entsteht eine andere, tiefergehende, langsamere, dem kurzen Beobachter unmerkliche Bewegung, die stets im Selben Sinne fortschreitet, der zufolge das Meer unaufhörlich steigt.
    Notes: Summary Duhem is commonly held to have founded his view of history of science as continuous on the ‘metaphsical assertion’ of natural classification. With the help of a strict distinction between formal and material characterization of natural classification I try to show that this imputation is problematic, if not simply incorrect. My analysis opens alternative perspectives on Duhem's talk of continuity, the ideal form of theories, and the rôle of ‘bon sens’; moreover it emphasizes some aspects of Duhem's realism that play an important part in his philosophy of science.
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  • 7
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 413-417 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 8
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 206-210 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
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  • 9
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 83-117 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: emergence ; levels ; explanation ; determinism ; ontology ; reduction ; materialism ; vitalism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The vitalism/reductionism debate in the life sciences shows that the idea of emergence as something principally unexplainable will often be falsified by the development of science. Nevertheless, the concept of emergence keeps reappearing in various sciences, and cannot easily be dispensed with in an evolutionary world-view. We argue that what is needed is an ontological non reductionist theory of levels of reality which includes a concept of emergence, and which can support an evolutionary account of the origin of levels. Classical explication of emergence as “the creation of new properties” is discussed critically, and specific distinctions between various kinds of emergence is introduced for the purpose of developing an ontology of levels, framed in a materialistic and evolutionary perspective. A concept of the relation between levels as being inclusive is suggested, permitting the “local” existence of different ontologies. We identify, as a working hypothesis, four primary levels and explicate their nonhomomorphic interlevel relations. Explainability of emergence in relation to determinism and predictability is considered. Recent research in self-organizing non-linear dynamical systems represents a revival of the scientific study of emergence, and we argue that these recent developments can be seen as a step toward a final “devitalisation” of emergence.
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  • 10
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 19-53 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Hacking ; observation ; ontology ; operationalism ; reality ; Stegmüller ; theory ladenness ; van Fraassen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Operationalism and theoretical entities. The thesis of the“theory ladenness” of observation leads to an antinomy. In order to solve this antinomy a technical operationalism is sketched, according to which theories should in principle not contain anything that cannot be reduced to technical procedures. This implies the rejection of Quine's underdeterminacy thesis and of many views about the theoretical-observational distinction, e.g. neopositivistic views, van Fraassen's view, Sneed-Stegmüller's view. Then I argue for the following theses: 1. All scientific concepts are theory laden in the sense that they allow us to anticipate possible experiences, but they have to be in principle fully observable, i.e. integrally convertible into operational-technical applications. 2. The observation/theory distinction can be maintained as a historical one: what is observable depends on the instruments that are available at any stage of the development of science. 3.In principle theoretical entities are empirically real in Hacking's sense. However, some aspects of Hacking's realism are to be criticized. Theoretical entities are to be resolved into the totality of the interrelated properties accessible to us by means of theoretical points of view embodied in scientific instruments.
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  • 11
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 235-256 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: philosophy of chemistry ; epistemology ; experiment ; classification ; reference ; prediction ; technology ; matter ; material properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper shows epistemological, methodological and ontological peculiarities of chemistry taken as a classificatory science of materials using experimental methods. Without succumbing to standard interpretations of physical science, chemical methods of experimental investigation, classification, reference, theorizing, prediction and production of new entities are developed one by one as first steps towards a philosophy of chemistry. Chemistry challenges traditional concepts of empirical object, empirical predicate, reference frame and theory, but also the distinction commonly drawn between natural science and technology. Due to its many peculiarities, I propose to treat chemistry philosophically as a special type of science, apart from other sciences.
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  • 13
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 401-402 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
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  • 14
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
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  • 15
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 29-53 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: philosophy of science ; philosophy of language ; abstraction ; ideation ; materially-synthetic abstraction ; chemistry ; biology ; constructivism ; methodical philosophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The methods of abstraction and ideation are indispensable tools to introduce new concepts in a scientific terminology. The latter is paradigmatically introduced within the ‘protophysical program’ whereas abstraction is commonly applied in logics and mathematics. The application within the reconstruction of chemistry and biology causes several problems. Ideation appears to be inadequate whereas the application of abstraction necessitates a critical and minute examination of the corresponding equivalence relations. These problems are solved by the introduction of the method ofmaterially synthetic (material-synthetische) abstraction which is exemplified by the introduction of the chemical concept of ‘substance’ (Stoff) and the biological concept of ‘hereditary factor’ (Erbanlage).
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  • 16
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 171-185 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
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  • 17
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 131-165 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Hegelian dialectic ; dialectical logic ; Hegelian logic ; formal logic ; formalization ; negation ; contradiction ; concept ; higher concept ; categories ; antinomic structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The present article purports to answer the old question of whether the concept (and the method) of Hegelian dialectic can be clarified. Three arguments are advanced in defence of the claim that Hegel's conception is not in fact intelligible. The first argument shows that dialectical negation leads to an infinite regress. The second argument analyses Hegel's claim that the dialectical method yields a positive result and demonstrates that this claim remains completely unsubstantiated and unsubstantiable. The third argument comes to the conclusion that Hegelian dialectic cannot pretend to be an acceptable explication of the “intuitive” understanding of negation. An APPENDIX examines critically a new attempt by D. Wandschneider of reconstructing the first steps of Hegelian dialectical logic by displaying “antinomic structures” and by employing (at least to a limited extent) the techniques of formal logic.
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  • 18
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 215-234 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: abstraction ; application entities ; idealization function ; idealization relation ; idealized entities ; idealized representation ; idealized theory-element ; idealized theory-net ; theory application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The concept of Galilean Idealization is based on a pragmatically grounded relation between universes of so-called real and idealized entities. The concept was developed in the course of a critical discussion of different explications of the concept of idealization (e.g. by W. F. Barr, C. G. Hempel and L. Nowak), these being attempts to specify sufficient syntactic and semantic criterions for idealization. But this line of argument shall not be followed here. Instead, first the concept of Pragmatic Idealization, and as its special case the Galilean one, is presented (1.) and certain aspects of the application of an idealized theory are discussed (2.). Then, working within the Strucuralist View of theories, definitions of the idealized variants of the diachronic theory-element and theory-net are presented (3.).
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  • 19
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 353-366 
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  • 20
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 407-411 
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  • 21
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 421-422 
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  • 22
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 183-204 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: ars memorativa ; history of science ; memory ; sociological theory ; theoretical structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The essay developes the principles of the antique resp. medieval ars memorativa, which was a skill of memorizing large amounts of varying informations. Then the parsonian theory of society is analysed and it is shown, that it is constructed according to the same principles. Hence it follows the thesis, that at least special kinds of sociological (and psychological) theories can be considered as modernized forms of the old ars memorativa. The author defends this thesis against a set of nearby objections. It is not tried to prove the historical truth of thesis, i.e. to show, that the tradition of theoretical literature indeed roots in the tradition of antique resp. medieval ars memorativa. In any case an examination of this question might yield new insight in the prehistory of theoretical thought.
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  • 23
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 211-232 
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  • 24
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 121-158 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: concept of truth ; satisfaction ; satisfaction-schemata ; definition ; principle of compositionality ; sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The Idea behind Tarski's Definition of Truth. In Tarski's presentations of his truth-definition, the steps of the construction are not sufficiently explained. It is not clear, on what general strategy the construction is based, what the fundamental ideas are, how some crucial steps work, and especially how the transition from the definition of satisfaction to the definition of truth should be understood. The paper shows that the account given in the model-theoretic literature, which is supported by Tarski's lemmata A and B, is unsatisfactory, because Tarski's notion of truth can't be interpreted as ‘truth independent of the assignment of values to the variables’. Moreover, a satisfactory account of all the crucial steps is given.
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  • 25
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 385-388 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: physicalism ; mind-body problem ; intentional logic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Does Physicalism lead to absurd results? Franz von Kutschera argued in his book „Grundfragender Erkenntnistheorie” that the weakest version of physicalism, i. e. the thesis that physical facts determine all the facts there are, leads to the absurd result that events in a remote future determine the present brain states of a person. It is shown that the argument is flawed in several respects and that the absurd result is not a consequence of physicalism but of an auxiliary premiss of Kutschera's.
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  • 26
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 275-296 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: ideal type ; intensional logic ; Max Weber ; qualitative methods in social research
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Weber's Ideal Type as a Method of Forming the Content of Theoretical Concepts in Social Sciences}. Max Weber introduced the ideal type as the specific method of concept formation in social sciences. But the ideal type is not established in social research. Instead, authors in philosophy of science until today try to reconstruct and interpret what Weber said about ideal types as well as what might be their importance in Weber's social theory. The thesis of the following paper is that the difficulties in understanding Weber's ideal types are linked with Weber's intensional logic of concept formation. The thesis is defended in three steps. The first step deals with Weber's understanding of what is a scientific question in cultural sciences. Secondly Weber's critical arguments against positivism, hegelianism and historism are worked out. Thirdly, Weber's method of concept formation is reconstructed.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: theory of natural rationality ; Edinburgh School ; relativism ; symmetrical explanation of all beliefs andknowledge-claims ; Hesse‘s network model ; social interests ; manipulation of the input of experience ; classification ofobjects ; theory of active social use of nature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Edinburgh School's theory of natural rationality, enunciated to render symmetrical explanation plausible, thereby providing support for its relativism, is presented and evaluated. I have endeavoured to demonstrate that there are gross misinterpretations of Hesse's theory of science, network model, and her conceptions of classification of objects and of universals; that Edinburgh School's theory of natural rationality suffers from a considerable area of ignorance concerning its foundation. I have further shown that not only the theory is not descriptive of the actuality of people's reasoning, but it in fact is normatively laden. Even if these problems can be overcome, I have shown that it ultimately does not render all beliefs equivalent insofar as rationality status is concerned, and hence symmetrical explanation will still not be possible. Concerning the Edinburgh School's interest theory, I have argued that there are some incoherencies in the proposed positions; and that even if these are rectified the resulting theory leads to grotesque absurdities.
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  • 28
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 267-279 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Holism ; particularism ; Bell's theorem ; supervenience ; philosophy of quantum physics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The present essay aims at broadening the recent discussion on the issue of holism vs. particularism in quantum physics. I begin with a clarification of the relation between the holism/particularism debate and the discussion of supervenience relation. I then defend particularism in physics (including quantum physics) by considering a new classification of properties of physical systems. With such a classification, the results in the Bell theorem are shown to violate spatial separability but not physical particularism.
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  • 29
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 325-346 
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    Keywords: Imre Lakatos ; Scientific Research Programmes ; Rational Reconstruction ; Origin of Life Theories ; Oparin-S. Fox ; Haldane-Muller ; Orgel-Crick-Spiegelman ; Ribozymes ; Qßreplicase System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary During the course of its short history the discipline concerned with the origin of life has given birth to several scientific programmes in the Lakatosian sense, two of the most prominent and widespread being those initiated by Oparin (life began from protein entities) and Muller-Haldane (life began from genetic entities). The present paper sets down the abses for the rational reconstruction of both views by identifying theirhard core and some of their successivedevelopments. An assessment is made of the various stages in the evolution of these programmes with respect to the crucial Lakatosian notions ofprogressivity andregressivity and of how their arguments stand up against one another. This epistemological analysis also establishes the internal reasons why the RNA version of thegenotype programme (developed in particulr by L. Orgel and S. Spiegelman) has today taken on a progressive character and enjoys recognition by the international scientific cvommunity.
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  • 30
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 367-406 
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  • 31
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 419-419 
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  • 32
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 159-183 
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    Keywords: qualia ; physicalism ; property identity ; epiphenomenalism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Qualia and Physicalism. It is assumed that the following three relations exhaust the possibilities for a physicalist account of qualia: 1. determination, 2. identity, 3. realization. The first relation is immediately rejected because it does not exclude property dualism. The second faces the problem that it is probably impossible to discriminate empirically between the identity thesis and the epiphenomenalist position. The third cannot handle qualia adequately, for qualia are not functional properties and the realization relation is only plausible as a relation between physical realizers and functional properties. Finally, if one attempts to replace multiple realization by multiple identities it is shown that the notion of multiple property identities is unintelligible. The upshot is that if these three relations exhaust the possibilities of a physicalist construal of qualia then physicalism is wrong.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 1-18 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 359-366 
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    Keywords: (non-)idealized entities ; (non-)idealized representations ; synchronic theory-elements and -nets ; idealized diachronictheory-elements and -nets ; Boyle-Mariotte-law ; Van der Waals-law
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    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the connection between the Boyle-Mariotte-law and the Van der Waals-law from the perspective of the Structuralist Theory Conception as well as the Pragmatic Idealization Concept (PIC). It was inspired by an interesting paper by Martti Kuokkanen and Timo Tuomivaara, recently published in this journal.1 One result of the Kuokkanen-Tuomivaara-paper is that the Boyle-Mariotte-law is not an idealized law and therefore not an idealized special case of the Van der Waals-law, but that its models can be expanded to the models of an idealized special case of the Van der Waals-law. From the perspective of idealized diachronic theory-elements and -nets the second part of this result shall be questioned.
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: chemistry ; critical rationalism ; methodicalreconstruction ; normative epistemology ; operational definition
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    Notes: Abstract Popper's critical rationalism is widely accepted under scientists and philosophers of science as a proper method for the reconstruction of scientific theories. On occasion of the application of the Popperian ideas for the reconstruction of chemistry by Akeroyd the flaws of the critical rationalist approach are criticised and a methodical alternative is proposed, involving the operational definition of scientific terms.
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  • 36
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 389-399 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 71-90 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: naturalism ; naturalistic epistemology ; analytical epistemology ; theory of knowledge ; theory of epistemic justification ; causal fallacy
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    Notes: Summary Since the publication of W. V. Quine's classic paper “Epistemology Naturalized” there have been many discussion on the virtues and vices of naturalistic epistemology. Within these discussions not much attention has been paid to a basic question: What makes an epistemology naturalistic? I give an answer by providing a logical geography of competing naturalistic positions. Then I defend naturalistic epistemology against the charge of the so-called causal fallacy. Finally I give a critical appraisal of different naturalistic theories of knowledge and introduce cooperative naturalism as the most promising research strategy.
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  • 38
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 91-130 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: mind-body-problem ; property-explanations ; conceptual explanations ; reductionism ; philosophy of (neuro)physiology ; philosophy of psychology
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    Notes: Summary In the last decades of Analytical Philosophy, contributions to the so-called mind-body-problem have been suffering by several serious methodological misunderstandings: they have failed, for instance, to distinguish between explanations of particular and strictly general (“necessary”) properties and between two important senses of existential statements; and they have overlooked the role conceptual explanations play in the development of science. Changing our methodological premisses, we should be able to put questions like that of the relation between (neuro)physiological and psychological phenomena in a new way - and we should be able to see that such newly understood questions allow answers which evade the pitfalls of both reductionist and holistic positions. The paper tries to illustrate and to defend these contentions by reference to a very elementary example: the rational re-building of our concepts to identify behaviour by which a subject controls the position of his body in space.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 187-202 
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  • 40
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 203-213 
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    Keywords: Duhem ; empiricism ; realism ; success of science ; laws of nature ; observation
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    Notes: Summary Pierre Duhem is an outstanding exponent of empiricism. According to the empiricist view scientific laws and theories merely describe formal relations between observable phenomena. Duhems' important notion of natural classification is intended to explain the predictive success of science. I shall argue that it can only be interpreted realistically. Besides the success of science, two further arguments are put forward in favor of realism: (i) the fact that laws of nature are necessary, and (ii) the extension of observation by using instruments.
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  • 41
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 243-265 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Scientometrics ; communication ; sociology of knowledge ; self-organization
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    Notes: Summary The focus on discourse and communication in the recent sociology of scientific knowledge offers new perspectives for an integration of qualitative and quantitative approaches in science studies. The common point of interest is the question of how reflexive communication systems communicate. The elaboration of the mathematical theory of communication into a theory of potentially self-organizing entropical systems enables us to distinguish the various layers of communication, and to specify the dynamic changes in these configurations over time. For example, a paradigmatic discourse can be considered as a virtual communiction system at the supra-individual level. Communication systems, however, cannot be directly observed. One observes only their instantaneous operations. The reflexive analyst is able to attribute the observed uncertainty to hypothesized systems that interact in the events. The implications of this perspective for various programmes in the sociology of scientific knowledge are discussed.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 235-241 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Rechtstheorie ; Privatrechtsinstitut ; Eigentum ; Deontik ; ökonomisches Modell
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary In continuation of my treatise „Grundlegung zu einer Strukturtheorie des Rechts” Part I of this paper develops a typology of the fundamental patterns of institutes of law belonging to the relations of persons to move (movable or fixed)) assets. In Part II some reflections deal with the deontics of Gestalten of actions (in the sense of Part I) and related models in economics.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 205-210 
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  • 44
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 257-273 
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    Keywords: Kuhn ; incommensurability ; instruments
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    Notes: Abstract To correct the misconception that incommensurability implies incomparability, Kuhn lately develops a new interpretation of incommensurability. This includes a linguistic theory of scientific revolutions (the theory of kinds), a cognitive exploration of the language learning process (the analogy of bilingualism), and an epistemological discussion on the rationality of scientific development (the evolutionary epistemology). My focus in this paper is to review Kuhn's effort in eliminating relativism, highlighting both the insights and the difficulties of his new version of incommensurability . Finally I suggest that some of Kuhn's difficulties can be overcome by adopting a concept of rationality that filly appreciates the important role of instruments in the development of science.
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  • 45
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 367-383 
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    Keywords: formal logic ; formalization ; predicate logic ; dialectic ; dialectical logic ; predicate ; predication ; property ; concept
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    Notes: Abstract Dialectics and Formalization. In an appendix to his article Can the concept of dialectic be made clear? (JGPS 27: 131–165) the author critically examined an attempt by D. Wandschneider of reconstructing Hegelian dialectical logic by displaying antinomic structures. The main steps of this reconstruction were formalized within the framework of second order predicate logic. In his reply (JGPS 27: 347–352) Wandschneider argues that formalization is the wrong way of interpreting and judging his reconstruction project on the ground that the understanding of predication is already presupposed by predicate logic and, therefore, cannot be formalized. In the present contribution it is shown that Wandschneider's criticism is based on a fundamentally mistaken conception of formalization and formal logic and that the problems posed by his project remain completely unresolved.
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  • 46
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 55-81 
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    Keywords: Popper ; induction ; refutation ; grue ; truth
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    Notes: Abstract The present paper explores three interrelated topics in Popper's theory of science: (1) his view of conjecture, (2) the aim of science, and (3) his (never fully articulated) theory of meaning. Central to Popper's theory of science is the notion of conjecture. Popper writes as if scientists faced with a problem proceed to tackle it by conjecture, that is, by guesses uninformed by inferential considerations. This paper develops a contrast between guesses and educated guesses in an attempt to show that there is more to scientific conjecture than conjecture. The suggestion is made that some inductive considerations enter into the process of educated guessing or scientific conjecture in such a way that the ‘context of discovery’ cannot be sharply separated from the ‘context of justification’. This discussion leads to a tension between Popper's negative method of conjecture and his realism. Given Popper's (implicit) theory of meaning it seems Popper's epistemology (the conjecture and refutation method) is incompatible with his metaphysical realism.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 177-185 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Large Copper ; butterfly ; restoration ; insect ; Lepidoptera.
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    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on studies of the habitat requirements of Lycaena dispar batavus in its largest remaining site, the Weerribben National Park in the Netherlands. Observations and experiments were carried out to assess requirements for male territories, egg-laying sites and larval survival. The management of the fenland was also assessed on a landscape scale. Male territories were all situated in summer cut fen meadow. Eggs were laid on Rumex hydrolapathum in a range of habitat situations, although a preference was shown for plants on fen edges. Larval survival was highest on plants on watersides and fen edges, with no survival on plants in summer cut fen meadow. The findings are discussed in relation to whether the Broadland area in eastern England is suitable as a re-establishment site. Although many elements of the habitat mosaic are present, at the landscape scale there is insufficient open fenland and areas suitable for male territories are probably too isolated; however, a fen restoration strategy is in place which may restore suitable habitat and make re-establishment feasible in the future.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 1-1 
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  • 49
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 193-204 
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    Keywords: Osmoderma eremita ; tree cavity ; Quercus robur ; wood mould ; microclimate.
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    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The habitat of Osmoderma eremita, a vulnerable species in Europe restricted to tree cavities, was examined in southeastern Sweden. The occurrence of O. eremita larvae and fragments, larval frass and imagines were investigated in 135, 72 and 21 living oak trees with wood mould cavities, respectively. Living individuals and fragments were only found in hollows with frass. The correlation between different characteristics of the oaks and the occurrence of the beetle were examined by building multi-variate models with logistic regression. The frequency of O. eremita is higher in hollows with openings directed towards the sun (S or W) and in cavities with large amounts of wood mould. In one area the frequency was higher in trees which stand in an open or half open surrounding. The tendency to prefer sun exposed sites implies that the forestation of oak meadows, caused by cessation of traditional management, might be detrimental to the species.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 205-214 
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    Keywords: Oedipoda caerulescens ; metapopulation ; incidence-model.
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    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract For two consecutive years we registered the presence (or absence) of blue winged grasshoppers (Oedipoda caerulescens; Linnaeus, 1758) on 312 habitat patches of differing size in a region of more than 3000 ha. The data show that presence of grasshoppers on a habitat patch is dependent on patch size as well as on patch isolation. We used an ecological incidence model to describe the metapopulation dynamics of the regional population and derived the parameters for this model from presence-absence data and observations of Oedipoda dispersion. The analysis shows that local extinction of grasshopper populations is influenced by strong fluctuations of environmental conditions and that for a number of small patches in our region recolonization is important for the presence of O. caerulescens. Colonization probability, as derived using the incidence model, is in good agreement with estimates from a population genetical analysis.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 247-250 
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 251-251 
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  • 53
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 235-246 
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    Keywords: butterfly larvae ; larval food plants ; conservation.
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    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The larval food plants of the butterflies of the Andaman and Nicobar islands have not been studied, although the butterfly fauna per se is fairly well known. For the first time we report the food plants of the larvae of 120 species of butterflies from these islands on the basis of laboratory rearing and field studies. This information is essential for the formulation of management programmes for butterfly conservation on these islands which are known to harbour critical swallowtail and (possibly) danaine faunas.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: spray drift ; Scarabaeidae ; development ; reproduction ; juvenile hormone analogue.
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    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Aerial drift of the juvenile hormone analogue (JHA), pyriproxyfen (Nemesis 100 ec®), used to control red scale on citrus on farms close to the Addo Elephant National Park in South Africa, was suspected of causing a decline in a population of the rare dung beetle species Circellium bacchus (F.) in the Park. The effect of pyriproxyfen on fertility and egg viability, as well as larval, pupal and callow adult development of C. bacchus was studied in a laboratory assay. Adult beetles, soil surface and the initial dung supply were exposed to pyriproxyfen applied as a spray at 10 times less than the concentration used commercially to simulate spray drift. Exposure of adult beetles to pyriproxyfen did not affect egg production or the viability of eggs, nor did the compound have adverse effects on immature development, indicating that pyriproxyfen is unlikely to be the cause of the observed population depression of C. bacchus.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 253-254 
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 5-12 
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    Keywords: butterfly ; moth ; flagship species ; diversity ; habitat change ; light-traps
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    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Lepidoptera have attracted more attention than other insects in the development of insect conservation, commonly as charismatic ‘flagship‘ species. Wider benefits of conservation studies on single species include developing and clarifying their role as putative ‘umbrella‘ taxa whereby their protection also confers protection on coexisting organisms which are not as well documented. Examples are given of such umbrella Lepidoptera from the Australian region, and the values of documenting and defining changes in lepidopteran assemblages (for example, through analysis of light-trap catches of moths) as correlates of environmental change are outlined. Selection of optimal groups depends on documenting responses of both species and higher taxa to changes in vegetation or microclimate in particular. Potent umbrella taxa manifest many of the features of indicator and flagship taxa.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 63-64 
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  • 58
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    Keywords: Coenonympha glycerion ; Lasiommata megera ; Ukraine ; habitat analysis ; grazing ; nature conservation
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    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The effects of large-scale cattle grazing by herdsmen (Allmende) on the populations of two butterfly species, Coenonympha glycerion and Lasiommata megera, were analysed on a study plot in the foothills of the Eastern Carpathians, Republic of Ukraine, in the summer and autumn of 1995. In all, 280 individuals of C. glycerion (115 females) and 230 individuals of L. megera (61 females) were individually marked. At recapture rates of 35 to 39%, maximum population size was calculated at 410 and 434 individuals. C. glycerion reacted to high densities by shifting to smaller neighbouring habitats. An increased emigration rate was recorded for L. megera when the population maximum was reached.Both species essentially require habitats formed by the activity of cattle. C. glycerion significantly preferred south facing woodland margins, close to moderately and infrequently grazed grassland. Heavily grazed areas were avoided. L. megera mainly occupied well-trod cattle paths or landslips with rather sparse vegetation, induced by cattle. Preferred habitats are characterized by linear structures for patrolling, steep slope areas and a wide range of nectar resources. Smaller, sporadically used cattle paths did not show these features and were occupied mainly by males at times of high population densities. Both species depend on patchy habitat mosaics which will be lost by intensification as well as by a complete cessation of grazing. The low-intensity, large-scale system utilized in the Eastern Carpathians is therefore favourable to both species.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 25-42 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: conservation monitoring ; insect indicators ; Neotropical forests ; disturbance and biodiversity ; sustainability
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    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Sustainable use of tropical forest systems requires continuous monitoring of biological diversity and ecosystem functions. This can be efficiently done with ‘early warning‘ (short-cycle) indicator groups of non-economical insects, whose population levels and resources are readily measured. Twenty-one groups of insects are evaluated as focal indicator taxa for rapid assessment of changes in Neotropical forest systems. Composite environmental indices for heterogeneity, richness, and natural disturbance are correlated positively with butterfly diversity in 56 Neotropical sites studied over many years. Various components of alpha, beta and gamma-diversity show typical responses to increased disturbance and different land-use regimes. Diversity often increases with disturbance near or below natural levels, but some sensitive species and genes are eliminated at very low levels of interference. Agricultural and silvicultural mosaics with over 30% conversion, including selective logging of three or more large trees per hectare, show shifts in species composition with irreversible loss of many components of the butterfly community, indicating non-sustainable land and resource use and reduction of future options. Monitoring of several insect indicator groups by local residents in a species-rich Brazilian Amazon extractive reserve has helped suggest guidelines for cologically, economically, and socially sustainable zoning and use regimes.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 43-62 
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    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; biogeography ; endemism ; conservation ; butterflies
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    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The addition of species to the European butterfly list since 1983 has resulted in a number of highly significant changes. Most important are the increases in the number and proportion of endemics and of rare species, and a regional excess of species and endemics for southern Europe compared to northern Europe. There is also a surplus of Lycaenidae and Satyridae compared to other families, and an increase in species per genus associated with the reduction in genera. These additions raise two issues. First, the potential conservation load for European butterflies is inflated at species level. This is especially the case for southern Europe, which has disproportionate increases in rare and endemic species, more particularly if rarity and endemism are found to equate with threat of extinction. Second, the inflation in rarity and endemism suggests that there is a trend to promote ever more local populations (races, subspecies) to species. The taxonomic status of species being added to the list, a quarter of which are regarded as doubtful, is increasingly difficult to determine. Consequently, there is a danger that this may call into question the validity and objectivity of taxonomic practices, and of databases dependent on them, used by conservation. Revision of higher and lower butterfly taxa is urgently required.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 1-4 
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 1-4 
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 65-72 
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    Keywords: ants ; mutualism ; myrmecophily ; monitoring ; invertebrate survey ; status evaluation.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 81-87 
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    Keywords: butterflies ; monitoring ; Flanders ; the Netherlands ; Red list
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    Notes: Abstract Butterfly monitoring started in the Netherlands in 1990 and in Flanders in 1991. During the last few years butterflies have been counted at nearly 300 sites. This high number of transects makes it possible to calculate not only national, but also regional and habitat-indices for many species. Special attention is paid to Red list species in the Netherlands. In the near future the number of sites per species on this list is to be increased to at least 20. This can be achieved by a ‘Red list monitoring scheme‘, in which monitoring is restricted to the flight period of the species.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 73-80 
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    Keywords: climatic change ; faunal dynamism ; Netherlands ; Red Lists.
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    Notes: Abstract We summarize the results of our studies of the changing patterns in phenology and distribution of microlepidoptera in the Netherlands. There is a strong dynamic effect, related to changing climate. In a sample of 104 common microlepidoptera species the date of the flight peak has receded by 11.6 days in the period 1975-1994. We also found changes in the species composition of the local fauna, although not necessarily in the number of species. Our findings imply that the number of rare (Red List) species may be an inappropriate parameter for the conservation value of a site.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 221-234 
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    Keywords: arthropods ; diversity ; sampling ; ecological landscaping.
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    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Arthropods were sampled using pitfall traps, sticky traps, sweep netting, Malaise traps and visual sampling at a national botanic garden, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, where the taxonomic impediment is great. The aims were to compare two sites, one of native vegetation and the other of mainly exotic plants, to determine the possible localized extent of biodiversity change across the land mosaic, and to test and compare methodologies and indicator taxa and to make recommendations for ecological landscaping of a botanic garden. Species richness and evenness varied considerably with sampling technique used. From results of a single replicate of data from all trapping methods including 821 arthropod species and 3831 individuals, a number of conclusions could be drawn. Trapping procedures such as sweep netting and pitfall traps, which focus on species with restricted mobility and/or host plant requirements, indicated greatest differences in diversity between two closely located sites. Taxa varied in sensitivity to microlandscape, again depending on the extent of their mobility. Cicindelid and carabid beetles were particularly good indicators of habitat disturbance and type. The management recommendations are that in a species-rich urban botanic garden such as this, as many ecotopes as possible should be preserved or created. These should vary in topography, landscape characteristics and vegetation composition, with as much connectivity as possible. This is a feasible blanket approach to give home to a large number of nameless species and morphs. Patches of different ecotopes should not be separated by more than a few metres by expanses of mown lawn which isolates much of the fauna.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 89-97 
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    Keywords: field margins ; hedgerows ; windspeed ; shelter ; butterflies.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In Britain, much emphasis has been placed on conserving butterfly species in specialized habitats, since this is where most of it‘s threatened butterflies exist, whilst the wider countryside has been largely overlooked. However, there is increasing awareness that small improvements to the dominant landscape could potentially reap huge benefits to the populations of many of Britain‘s butterfly species. Recent studies have also stressed the importance of the landscape scale in the conservation of butterflies in small fragmented habitats. In this paper, we examine data from a variety of sources and conclude that the importance of shelter in open landscapes may be underestimated since recording is often restricted to the optimum conditions suggested by the Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. In less favourable conditions, butterflies may place greater reliance on those components of the landscape offering shelter. In light of the current policy of agricultural de-intensification we discuss how modifications to our current landscapes could benefit a wide range of species.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 99-111 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Maculinea ; conservation ; genetic markers ; population structure.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the genetic population structure within and the genetic differentiation between local populations of the large blue butterfly Maculinea alcon throughout the Jutland peninsula. Samples were collected as eggs on foodplants (Gentiana pneumonanthe), and reared to 4th instar caterpillars in the laboratory. A significant excess of homozygotes was found for all the investigated allozyme loci in most of the populations. A North-South cline was observed for the allele frequencies at some of the loci and for several linkage groups. Because some of the allele frequency clines were parallel to clines in adult morphological variation, we interpret our results as evidence for the co-existence of at least two gene pools within the Danish Maculinea alcon populations. Multilocus electrophoretic data revealed highly positive but variable FST values, which under this scenario would reflect varying frequencies of the Maculinea gene pools across the local populations. The significantly positive FIS values indicate that these gene pools are at least partly reproductively isolated (Wahlund effect). The co-occurrence of several Maculinea alcon gene pools on many local sites in Jutland is of great importance for conservation of the fragmented Maculinea populations. Our results show that there is probably more Maculinea biodiversity to conserve than was previously thought, and suggests that extant populations are more fragmented and vulnerable than counts of flying adults or eggs on foodplants indicate.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Red List ; methodology ; butterflies ; Flanders ; the Netherlands.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The compilation of the Red Lists of butterflies in Flanders and the Netherlands was based on two criteria: a trend criterion (degree of decline) and a rarity criterion (actual distribution area). However, due to the large difference in mapping intensity in the two compared periods, a straightforward comparison of the number of grid cells in which each species was recorded, appeared inappropriate. To correct for mapping intensity we used reference species that are homogeneously distributed over the country, that have always been fairly common and that did not fluctuate in abundance too much during this century. For all resident species a relative presence in two compared periods was calculated, using the average number of grid cells in which these reference species were recorded as a correction factor. The use of a standardized method and well-defined quantitative criteria makes national Red Lists more objective and easier to re-evaluate in the future and facilitates the comparison of Red Lists among countries and among different organisms. The technique applied to correct for mapping intensity could be useful to other organisms when there is a large difference in mapping intensity between two periods.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 125-130 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: grazing ; mowing ; fens ; hay-meadows ; conservation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Traditional hay-meadows in the Alps and fens at the edge of the Alps are habitats for many rare and endangered butterfly species. Conservation efforts aim at preserving these species, but the biotopes depend on regular mowing, which in turn requires intensive financial support. The feasibility of substituting mowing of these sites by grazing is discussed and considered as a more cost effective management type which produces agriculturally valuable goods as well. In this study the butterfly fauna of mown and grazed sites were compared. Species composition, species number, and the occurrence of rare species under the two management types were in most cases rather similar for both grassland ecosystems. Nevertheless, there are hints that for single rare species this might not be true. Additionally, at one site, grazing intensity on a former hay-meadow was too high to preserve the species-rich community. Overall the results are encouraging: grazing does not have to be as detrimental as formerly thought, although details (compartments of pastures, intensity) still have to be confirmed. Experimental grazing management of aban-doned grasslands of the studied types should be started.
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  • 71
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 145-145 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 147-147 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 131-144 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: fire ; ecosystem conservation ; ecosystem management ; indicator species ; grassland.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Abundance indices from transect surveys for species restricted to prairies and barrens were correlated to test the degree to which these species of conservation concern co-occur. In 56 pair-wise tests among 15 species by subregion, 29 (52%) correlated significantly, all but one positively, and only 17 (37%) of 46 tests involving samples of 〉60 individuals for each species were non-significant. The species producing the most significant interspecific correlations in prairie were Speyeria idalia (five of ten tests) and Atrytone arogos (four of six tests); in barrens, Euchloe olympia (seven of eight tests) and Hesperia l. leonardus (six of eight tests). Lycaeides melissa samuelis, the butterfly receiving the most conservation attention in these habitats, produced few significant correlations. To explicate these patterns of co-occurrence, case histories were compiled for these species at sites of comparable vegetation by subregion. No management type was clearly favourable for all specialists of a given habitat, although some managements were favourable for more species than others (e.g. haying vs. burning in prairie). Analysis of variance of management at these sites produced more results with significant effects than did correlations of the species' abundance indices with habitat patch size. These results were inconsistent with prevailing ecological theory about the natural maintenance of these habitats; conversely, a single unified (alternative) theory of ecosystem management could not be inferred from these results. These patterns of butterfly co-occurrence suggest an alternative approach to ecosystem conservation that focuses on subsets of species native to a particular ecosystem. These smaller species assemblages significantly co-occur in range, habitat, and management tolerance, and may be amenable to monitoring with indicator species.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: moths ; phenology ; monitoring ; light traps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract With the recent publication of the second report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change the evidence has become more convincing that not only is world climate changing but that these changes are likely to be caused by human activities. Climate change will have important implications for insect conservation and pest status. Under these circumstances it may be time to put more effort into investigating actual climate induced changes. The types of evidence required and available for such studies are discussed, with particular reference to the Lepidoptera. Preliminary results are presented on moth phenology from the Rothamsted Insect Survey which suggest that changes, consistent with climate change, can already be detected.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 187-190 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 76
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 159-166 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: butterfly ; Eurodryas aurinia ; conservation ; Wales ; metapopulation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We surveyed populations of Eurodryas aurinia (a butterfly listed as ‘Threatened in Europe’) in Glamorgan (South Wales, UK). The survey may provide a model for similar work, which is urgently needed throughout the species' European range. For each colony, we established population size, vegetation types, and current management regimes. Populations were assessed using larval surveys, a method which has several advantages over conventional adult surveys. With approximately 35 local populations, Glamorgan is among the most important areas for E. aurinia in the UK, and is of importance in a European context. However, 15 local populations were under immediate threat from unfavourable management or industrial developments, and only seven populations were on Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Colonies showed a clustered pattern, and varied greatly in size: 50% supported 20 or fewer larval webs. Many of the small populations may be temporary offshoots of larger, more permanent populations nearby. The largest local populations occupied Molinia caerulea - Cirsium dissectum fen meadow habitats (National Vegetation Community M24), which were unmanaged, grazed by cattle, horses or ponies, or subject to periodic burning. Detailed local surveys such as this one, which assess the relative sizes of populations and the impact of current management practices, may be the best way to plan future conservation measures for E. aurinia.
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: metapopulations ; butterflies ; biogeography ; conservation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Patch occupancy by Coenonympha tullia has been surveyed in 166 sites in Northumberland, UK. It was found in 117 of them and absent in 37. Weather conditions were too poor to determine its presence at a further 12 sites. Differences in habitat quality among sites account for patch occupancy as successfully (R2 = 48%) as isolation and patch size jointly (R2 = 46%). This finding has relevance for metapopulation studies as it demonstrates that greater attention should be given to differences in habitat quality among patches beyond their size and distance from one another. Together, habitat quality, patch size and isolation account for 61% of the variation in C. tullia occupancy of sites and discriminant analysis produces a correct classification for 〉 88% of sites. Habitat quality and patch size jointly account for much the same variance, and result in the same classification of the twelve sites excluded from analysis, as they do in conjunction with patch isolation. This result suggests that there is potential for predicting changes in occupancy of sites from site specific data in the face of changes to biotopes, such as planned exploitation and deterioration of sites from other causes including climate change and management practices.
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 191-191 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 5-13 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: digital images ; digital image copyright ; digital visual collections ; authoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Digital documents in the networked information environment fundamentally change the ways that visual materials can be used in education and scholarly discourse. These new uses raise questions about research library strategies with regard to digitized visual materials as a part of their collections, challenge assumptions underlying intellectual property rights for images and their scope, and offer ways in which visual literacy can become a more integral part of the common educational experience.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 55-64 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 81
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: standards ; copyright ; intellectual property rights ; European Commission ; Memorandum of Understanding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Over 200 institutions have recently signed the European Commission's Multi-Media Access to Europe's Cultural Heritage: A Memorandum of Understanding and European Charter, an initiative launched by Directorate Generales (DG's), DG XIII (Telematics, Information Market and Exploitation of Research) and DG X (Information, Communication, Culture and Audio-Visual Media). This report summarises the goals of the Memorandum and offers thoughts on its implications and potential.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 65-66 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 107-115 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: anaphora〉 ; artificial intelligence ; coherence ; hypertext ; labels ; simulated museum tour ; text generation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The first phase of the Intelligent Labelling Explorer project has built the ILEX-1.1 system, which uses artificial intelligence technology to generate descriptions of objects displayed in a museum gallery. Each description appears on a World Wide Web page, and the user can move from page to page, viewing the objects in any order, mimicking the experience of someone walking through the museum. Crucially, these descriptions aren't simply retrieved from a storage space, but are generated on demand by combining canned text with fully generated text in a coherent way. This use of dynamic hypertext allows ILEX-1.1 to generate descriptions appropriate to the expertise level of the user and to refer back to objects the user has already seen or to suggest objects the user might be interested in based on what objects they've chosen to look at so far. This paper discusses the advantages of dynamic hypertext and issues related to generating a text that hangs together well.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 165-179 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: licensing ; rights ; reproduction ; policy ; use fees and prices ; museums ; image ; art ; on-line publications ; World Wide Web ; digital content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Museums' rights and reproduction departments are overwhelmed by and underprepared for requests for image use in electronic media. This article will evaluate related models for pricing and fees used by non-art industries, and provide some interim guidelines for museums while they make the transition to supplying requests for electronic media.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 191-195 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 117-146 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 197-199 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 201-204 
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 1-3 
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 39-46 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: scholary publication ; online database services ; end users ; subsidizes ; cost models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews work of the Getty Art History Information Program (AHIP, recently renamed the Getty Information Institute) over the past decade to subsidize end user on-line access to scholarly research databases. A brief history of AHIP's work in the area is followed by a summary of a study of subsidized access to Dialog databases by Getty Center resident scholars which was reported in a series of papers by Marcia Bates, professor of Library Science at the University of California, Los Angeles. This study provided a touchstone for an assessment of the relative merits and opportunities associated with the various contractual arrangements and incentive strategies employed by AHIP with vendors such as Dialog, consortia such as the Research Libraries Group, and a CD-ROM publication program. The effectiveness of each of these methods in reaching the user is compared to print publications and the experimental offer of access to some of the AHIP databases over the World Wide Web.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 15-37 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: archival electronic records ; archival appraisal ; archival theory ; David Bearman
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This essay is a preliminary assessment of David Bearman as the leading archival thinker of the late twentieth century. Bearman has revolutionized thinking in archival circles around the world by offering a defence of traditional archival notions of provenance, evidence, recordness, and contextuality that equals the noblest statements of a Hilary Jenkinson, and by positing a relevant, dynamic, engaged future for archivists to transform the Information Age into a Record-Keeping Age. The essay is both a personal reflection and critical analysis. There are three main themes: an assessment of Bearman's ideas and their overall importance to general archival theory; a more specific exposition of the nature and importance of the University of Pittsburgh Project and of where Bearman sees that its results are leading archivists and their profession and institutions in future; and a critique of some of the implications, if not the conscious intentions, of his ideas and methods that seem to exclude the cultural, historical, and heritage dimensions and uses of archives, public or private. The overall aim of the essay is to push the archival discourse to the next stage by challenging and constructively critiquing as well as extolling the work of this archival pioneer.
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  • 92
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 181-190 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 93
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 87-105 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: archaeology ; anthropology ; databases ; catalogues ; networks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In the final scene of “Raiders of the Lost Ark”, a crate containing the object of Indiana Jones' quest is wheeled into an immense warehouse for indefinite storage and questionable research access. Unfortunately, this fate is not all that far from reality. Collections of archaeological and ethnographic materials ranging from stone axes, broken potsherds, and carved monuments to baskets, ceremonial masks, and skin canoes have been held by museums collections since the Renaissance. However, their inestimable value and unique conservation and curatorial requirements often conspire to remove them from the reach of all but the most diligent scholars. The potential of the Web to enhance the quality of research on archaeological and ethnographic collections is enormous. This paper will examine ways that one can use the Web to enhance research and improve access to a variety of materials; while there are many other resources for archaeology available on the Web, this paper focusses on museum-related sites. It will also explore the potential of the Web for innovative research strategies. Digitization of catalogs, associated documents, and images to help one locate and study collections and specific artifacts are just one approach. Others include the connection of devices to the Web, such as cameras and microscopes, the creation of virtual reference collections, and the establishment of research networks that will enhance the identification and analysis of material culture. This paper will also consider the role the Web could play in issues of cultural property, contributing to and in many ways intensifying ongoing debates of ownership, curation, conservation, and repatriation of sensitive materials.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: virtual museum ; user/visitor ; technology ; WWW (World Wide Web) CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work) ; HCI (Human Computer Interaction) Internet ; ICT (Information and Communication Technology) culture ; sociology ; ethnomethodology ; situated knowledge ; local practices ; classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The Museum is a perspicuous site for analysing the complex interplay between social, organisational, cultural and political factors which have relevance to the design and use of ‘virtual’ technologies. Specifically, the introduction of virtual technologies in museums runs up against the issue of the situated character of information use. Across a number of disciplines (anthropology, sociology, psychology, cognitive science) there is growing recognition of the ‘situatedness’ of knowledge and its importance for the design and use of technology. This awareness is fostered by the fact that technological developments are often associated with disappointing gains for users. The effective use of technology relies on the degree to which it can be embedded in or congruent with the ‘local’ practices of museum users. Drawing upon field research in two museums of science and technology, both of which are in the process of introducing virtual technologies and exploring the possibilities of on-line access, findings are presented which suggest that the success of such developments will depend on the extent to which they are informed by detailed understanding of practice-practices that are essentially socially constituted in the activities of museum visitors and the daily work of museum professionals.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 73-76 
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 77-85 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: museums ; technology ; education ; communication ; social change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In most existing art museum Web pages, the values of the museum dominate the values of the Web. Therefore, museum Web pages often electronically duplicate familiar museum products – floor plans, collection catalogues, event calendars – rather than transforming the idea of the museum by adapting the values of the Web. This paper will seek to show how art museums and technologists can come to understand each other and use their differences productively by: 1. Orienting museum Web sites towards projects that can only be done on the Web and not on paper. 2. Using the Web to overcome the many limitations to understanding imposed by the physical art museum. 3. Using the interactive potentials of the Web to change the one-way flow of information from art museum to visitor to a two-way flow which also moves from visitor to museum. 4. Infusing the orientation towards constant change into the art museum so that the Web helps the art museum to reinvent itself.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 205-211 
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    Keywords: electronic records research ; research agenda ; research issues ; problem statements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper is an overview of the issues and concerns in the last decade of electronic records research. It highlights some achievement and identifies areas in which there remains a need for work, but mostly it examines the changing perception of what constituted the important questions in a field which was evolving quickly.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 223-231 
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    Keywords: warrant-based recordkeeping ; electronic records research ; personal recordkeeping ; organizational recordkeeping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The University of Pittsburgh Electronic Recordkeeping Research Project established a model for developing functional requirements and metadata specifications based on warrant, defined as the laws, regulations, best practices, and customs that regulate recordkeeping. Research has shown that warrant can also increase the acceptance by records creators and others of functional requirements for recordkeeping. This article identifies areas related to warrant that require future study. The authors conclude by suggesting that requirements for recordkeeping may vary from country to country and industry to industry because of differing warrant.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 309-321 
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 287-292 
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    Keywords: digital preservation ; migration strategies ; research issues ; software dependencies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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