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  • Articles  (33)
  • biodegradation  (33)
  • Springer  (33)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Institute of Physics
  • International Union of Crystallography
  • Oxford University Press
  • Taylor & Francis
  • 2020-2022
  • 2010-2014
  • 1995-1999  (33)
  • 1997  (14)
  • 1996  (19)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (33)
  • Economics
  • Natural Sciences in General
  • Geosciences
Collection
  • Articles  (33)
Source
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (33)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Institute of Physics
  • International Union of Crystallography
  • Oxford University Press
    • +
Years
  • 2020-2022
  • 2010-2014
  • 1995-1999  (33)
Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation conditions and swelling equilibria of biodegradable hydrogels prepared from microbial poly(γ-glutamic acid) and poly(ε-lysine) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 4 (1996), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Poly(γ-glutamic acid) ; poly(ε-lysine) ; hydrogel ; biodegradation ; enzymatic degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Biodegradable hydrogels prepared by γ-irradiation from microbial poly(amino acid)s are reviewed. pH-sensitive hydrogels were prepared by means of γ-irradiation of poly(γ-glutamic acid) (PGA) produced byBacillus subtilis IFO3335 and poly(ε-lysine) (PL) produced byStreptomyces albulus in aqueous solutions. The preparation conditions, swelling equilibria, hydrolytic degradation, and enzymatic degradation of these hydrogels were studied. A hydrogel with a wide variety of swelling behaviors has been produced by γ-irradiation from a mixture solution of PGA and PL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02074873
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties and biodegradability of chain-extended copoly(succinic anhydride/ethylene oxide) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 4 (1996), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Copolyesterether ; succinic anhydride ; chain-extension reaction ; biodegradation ; activated sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Chain-extension reactions were carried out using titanium-iso-propoxide (TIP) as a catalyst for a series of polyesters or copolyesterethers with low molecular weights (M n =1500–10,000) synthesized by the ring-opening copolymerization of succinic anhydride (SA) with ethylene oxide (EO). The copolymers having aM n from 25,000 to 50,000 of different properties were obtained. Both the melting point (T m ) and the fusion heat (δH), which indicate the crystallinity of the copolymers, rose with an increase in SA content in the copolymers. Semitransparent films were prepared by compression molding of the copolymers. The biodegradation of the copolymer films was evaluated by enzymatic hydrolysis by lipases and by an aerobic gas evolution test in standard activated sludge. The hydrolyzability of these copolymers by three kinds of lipases was affected by their copolymer composition SA/EO, form, andM n . The copolyesterether (SA/EO=43/57,M n =48,900) was more easily biodegraded by standard activated sludge compared to the polyester (SA/EO=47/53,M n =36,300).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02070691
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of biodegradability of poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 4 (1996), S. 37-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) ; poly(ε-caprolactone) ; blends ; biodegradation ; composting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The results of an investigation aimed at evaluation of the biodegradability of blends of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as the major component are reported. Specimens of the blends, as melt extruded films and/or powders, were submitted to degradation tests under different environmental conditions including full-scale composting, soil burial, bench-scale accelerated aerobic degradation, and exposure to axenic cultures and esterolytic enzymes. Indications have been gained that blending in the melt gives rise to insertion of PCL segments in the PET chain. Copolymers thus attained acted as macromolecular compatibilizers, allowing for a complete miscibility of PCL and PET. The biodegradation detected on the blend samples was, however, well below the values expected from chemical composition and behavior of individual homopolymers under the same environmental conditions. The presence of PET as the major component in PET/PCL blends apparently reduces the propensity of PCL to be degraded, at least in the investigated composition range. The degradation data collected under different environmental conditions indicate that the full-scale composting system is the most efficient among the tested degradation procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02083881
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic microbial degradation of poly (3-hydroxyalkanoates) with various terminal electron acceptors (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 4 (1996), S. 91-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Poly (3-hydroxyalkanoates) ; poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) ; poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) ; biodegradation ; nitrate reduction ; iron reduction ; sulfate reduction ; methanogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The microbial degradation of poly (3-hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) under anaerobic conditions with various terminal electron acceptors was examined. Nitrate-reducing consortia were established using activated sludge, and PHAs were shown to be biodegradable under these conditions. A positive correlation between carbon dioxide production and nitrate reduction was demonstrated. Nitrous oxide accumulated as the main N-containing product of nitrate reduction. The amount of PHAs in activated sludge cultures decreased approximately 20% within 40 days of incubation. Attempts were made to establish iron- and sulfate-reducing consortia from spring water, yet it could not be demonstrated that the mixed cultures were capable of degrading PHAs. Pure cultures of iron- and sulfate-reducing bacteria could not utilize PHAs as sole carbon sources. Methanogenic environments sampled included pond sediment and rumen fluid. PHAs were fermented to methane and carbon dioxide after 10 weeks by a sediment consortium, with 43 to 57% of the substrate carbon transformed to methane. Although it could not be demonstrated that PHAs were biodegraded by a rumen fluid consortium, a facultative anaerobic bacterium, identified as aStaphylococcus sp., that could grow on PHAs was isolated from rumen fluid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02074870
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of degree of substitution on blend miscibility and biodegradation of cellulose acetate blends (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 4 (1996), S. 179-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Cellulose acetate ; composting ; radiochemical labeling ; biodegradation ; blend miscibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this account, we report our findings on blends of cellulose acetate having a degree of substitution (DS) of 2.49 (CA2.5) with a cellulose acetate having a DS of 2.06 (CA2.0). This blend system was examined over the composition range of 0–100% CA2.0 employing both solvent casting of films (no plasticizer) and thermal processing (melt-compressed films and injection molding) using poly(ethylene glycol) as a common plasticizer. All thermally processed blends were optically clear and showed no loss in optical quality after storage for several months. Thermal analysis and measurement of physical properties indicate that blends in the middle composition range are partially miscible, while those at the ends of the composition range are miscible. We suggest that the miscibility of these cellulose acetate blends is influenced primarily by the monomer composition of the copolymers. Bench-scale simulated municipal composting confirmed the biodestructability of these blends and indicated that incorporation of a plasticizer accelerated the composting rates of the blends.In vitro aerobic biodegradation testing involving radiochemical labeling conclusively demonstrated that both the lower DS CA2.0 and the plasticizer significantly enhanced the biodegradation of the more highly substituted CA2.5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02067452
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The anaerobic biodegradation of diethanolamine by a nitrate reducing bacterium (1996)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 7 (1996), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; diethanolamine ; ethanolamines ; nitrate reduction ; amine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The ability of bacterial cultures to degrade diethanolamine under anoxic conditions with nitrate as an electron acceptor was investigated. A mixed culture capable of anaerobic degradation of diethanolamine was obtained from river sediments by enrichment culture. From this a single bacterial strain was isolated which could use diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, triethanolamine and N-methyl diethanolamine as its sole carbon and energy sources either aerobically or anaerobically. Growth on diethanolamine was faster in the absence of oxygen. The accumulation of possible metabolites in the culture medium was determined as was the ability to grow on certain putative intermediates in the degradation of diethanolamine. A possible pathway for the degradation of ethanolamines by this organism is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00058178
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of rubber particles in soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 7 (1996), S. 329-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; modelling ; rubber ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The biodegradation of rubber particles in rubber-soil mixtures at different rubber contents was monitored by the carbon dioxide production. The cumulative carbon dioxide production was modelled according to a two parameter exponential function. The model provides an excellent fit (R2〉0.98) for the observed data. The two parameters yield a reliable estimate of the half-life for the process observed, but estimation of the true half-life of rubber in soil will need more research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115746
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic degradation of phthalic acid esters during digestion of municipal solid waste under landfilling conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 7 (1996), S. 345-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; methane formation ; phthalic acid esters ; landfills ; bioremediation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Anaerobic microorganisms in municipal solid waste samples from laboratory-scale landfill reactors and a pilot-plant biogas digestor were investigated with the aim of assessing their ability to transform four commercially used phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and phthalic acid (PA). The PAEs studied were diethyl phthalate (DEP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). No biological transformation of DEHP could be detected in any of the experiments. Together with waste samples from the simulated landfilling conditions, the PAEs (except DEHP) were hydrolytically transformed to their corresponding monoesters. These accumulated as end products, and in most cases they were not further degraded. During incubation with waste from the biogas digestor, the PAEs (except DEHP) were completely degraded to methane and carbon dioxide. The influence of the landfill development phase on the transformations was investigated utilizing PA and DEP as model substances. We found that during both the intense and stable methanogenic (but not the acidogenic) phases, the microoganisms in the samples had the potential to transform PA. A shorter lag phase was observed for the PA transformation in the samples from the stable methanogenic phase as compared with earlier phases. This indicates an increased capacity to degrade PA during the aging phases of the municipal solid waste in landfills. No enhancement of the DEP transformation could be observed as conditions in the methanogenic landfill model changed over a year's time. The results indicate that microorganisms developing in a methanogenic landfill environment have a substantially lower potential to degrade PAEs compared with those developing in a biogas reactor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115748
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation from coastal sea water and characterization of bacterial strains involved in non-ionic surfactant degradation (1996)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 7 (1996), S. 369-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bacteria ; biodegradation ; marine environment ; non-ionic surfactant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A bacterial community degrading branched alkylphenol ethoxylate (APE) was selected from coastal sea water intermittently polluted by urban sewage. This community degraded more than 99% of a standard surfactant, TRITON X 100, but I.R. analysis of the remaining compound showed the accumulation of APE2 (alkylphenol with a two units length ethoxylated chain) which seemed very recalcitrant to further biodegradation. Twenty-five strains were isolated from this community, essentially Gram negative and were related to Pseudomonas, Oceanospirillum or Deleya genera. Among these strains, only four were able to degrade APE9–10 (TRITON X 100). They were related to the Pseudomonas genus and were of marine origin. Pure cultures performed with these strains on TRITON X 100 gave APE5 and APE4 as end products. These products were further degraded to APE2 by two other strains unable to degrade the initial surfactant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00056420
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aerobic degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by Alcaligenes sp. JB1: metabolites and enzymes (1996)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 7 (1996), S. 435-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: aerobic ; biodegradation ; enzymes ; induction ; polychlorinated biphenyls ; resting-cell assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to the degradation of penta-and hexachlorobiphenyls in chemostat cultures, the metabolism of PCBs by Alcaligenes sp. JB1 was shown to be restricted to PCBs with up to four chlorine substituents in resting-cell assays. Among these, the PCB congeners containing ortho chlorine substituents on both phenyl rings were found to be least degraded. Monochloro-benzoates and dichlorobenzoates were detected as metabolites. Resting cell assays with chlorobenzoates showed that JB1 could metabolize all three monochlorobenzoates and dichlorobenzoates containing only meta and para chlorine substituents, but not dichlorobenzoates possessing an ortho chlorine substituent. In enzyme activity assays, meta cleaving 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activities were constitutive, whereas benzoate dioxygenase and ortho cleaving catechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were induced by their substrates. No activity was found for pyrocatechase II, the enzyme that is specific for chlorocatechols. The data suggest that complete mineralization of PCBs with three or more chlorine substituents by Alcaligenes sp. JB1 is unlikely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115290
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