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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solidification behavior of the theta system 2-propanol/poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (1995)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 34 (1995), S. 172-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Thermoreversible gelation ; glass transition ; viscosity ; storage modulus ; loss modulus ; activation energies of flow ; entanglement molecular weights ; poly(n-butyl methacrylate) ; 2-propanol ; concentration and temperature influences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermoreversible gelation of the system 2-propanol/poly (n-butyl methacrylate) — as detected by D'SC or dielectric experiments — does not manifest itself in a straightforward manner in the dynamic-mechanical properties. Its occurrence can, however, be seen in many ways: i) For constant composition of the system and a reference temperature lower than T gel, the storage modulus G′ is larger than the loss modulus G″ in the glass transition zone of the master curve and both vary in an almost parallel manner with the angular frequency ω over almost two decades (whereas this feature is normally found for other gelling systems within the rubber plateau or the flow region). ii) The entanglement molecular weight obtained from G″max is markedly less max than the entanglement molecular weight in the melt divided by ϕ2, the volume fraction of the polymer. iii) The temperature influences change from WLF like to Arrhenius-like behavior as T is lowered in the case of highly concentrated polymer solutions; analogous considerations hold true as ϕ2 is increased at constant T. iv) For sufficiently low temperatures, the activation energy of flow exhibits a maximum in the concentration range where the gelation is — according to DSC experiments — most pronounced. Like with ordinary non-gelling systems it is possible to construct master curves. On the basis of Graessley's theory identical dependencies are obtained for the variation of the entanglement parts of the stationary viscosity with shear rate and for the dependence of the entanglement part of the complex viscosity on the frequency ω of oscillation. Zero shear viscosity and limiting value of the complex viscosity for vanishing ω as a function of ϕ2 match smoothly and exhibit two points of inflection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398437
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheology and processing of salad dressing emulsions (1995)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 34 (1995), S. 513-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Droplet size ; emulsion ; linear viscoelasticity ; mayonnaise ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the influence that the processing parameters exert on the rheology and stability of salad dressing emulsions, both steady-state shear and oscillatory measurements, as well as droplet size distribution tests were performed. Emulsions containing a mixture of egg yolk and sucrose stearate as emulsifier were prepared using two different emulsification machines, a rotor-stator turbine and a colloidal mill. An increase both in energy input and in the temperature of processing yields higher values of the steady-state viscosity, an increase in emulsion stability and, generally, lower droplet size and lower polydispersity. Furthermore, a plateau region in the loss modulus versus frequency plots appears as the energy input and processing temperature increase. This effect has been analyzed by calculating the relaxation spectra of these emulsions. The results have been discussed taking into account the relationship between several structural parameters, such as interparticle interactions and droplet size distribution, and the rheological response of these emulsions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00712312
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Status of the round robin on the transport properties of R134a (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 63-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: R134a ; dilute gas ; refrigerant ; saturation properties ; 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane ; thermal conductivity ; transport properties ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper contains a status report on an international project coordinated by the Subcommittee on Transport Properties of Commission 1.2 of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The project has been conducted to investigate the large discrepancies between the results reported by various authors for the transport properties of R134a. The project has involved the remeasurement of the transport properties of a single sample of R134a in nine laboratories throughout the world in order to test the hypothesis that at least part of the discrepancy could be attributed to the purity of the sample. This paper provides an intercomparison of the new experimental results obtained to data in this project for the viscosity and the thermal conductivity in both gaseous and liquid phases. The agreement between the viscosity data from the laboratories contributing to the project was improved with several techniques, now producing consistent results. This suggests that the purity of the samples of R134a used in previous work was at least partly reponsible for the discrepancies observed. For the thermal conductivity in the liquid phase the results of the measurements are also more consistent than before, although not for all experimental techniques. Not all of the previous measurements suffered from significant sample impurities, so the present measurements on a consistent high-purity sample can he used to detect data sets which are outhers, possibly because of impurities. Identification of laboratories and techniques with systematic differences may require the examination of data for several fluids. The implications for future measurements of the transport properties of other refrigerants are significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01438958
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of the viscosity of new refrigerants in the temperature range 270–340 K at pressures up to 20 MPa (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 133-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; refrigerants ; vibrating wire ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A recently modified vibrating-wire instrument was employed to measure the liquid viscosity of a wide selection of new refrigerants under pressure. Calibration of the viscometer with water over the range of measurements confirmed that the estimated uncertainty of the measurements is 0.5%, while the precision is 0.3%. With this instrument, the viscosity of chlorofuorocarbons (CFC's) and alternative refrigerants. R11. R12. R22, R32. R124, R125. 11134a. R 141 b, and R152a, was measured over the temperature range from 270 to 340 K, from just above the saturation pressure up to 211 M Pa. The experimental data, represented by polynomial functions of temperature and pressure, are used in a comparative examination of other recently reported experimental measurements of the viscosity of all these refrigerants. to investigate the uncertainty with which the viscosity is known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01438964
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Critical dynamics of a sheared micellar solution (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 355-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: critical dynamics ; micellar solution ; shear effects ; spinodal decomposition ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the dynamic behavior of a nonionic micellar solution of tetra-ethylene glycoln-decylether (C10 E4) in water near its critical point in the presence of shear. The non-Newtonian behavior of the viscosityν can be represented byν ν* = [ 1 +a(Sτ4)=]ω2, whereν* is the viscosity in the absence of shear,S is the shear rate. τ4 is the lifetime of the critical Iluctuations,a is a system-dependent constant, and ω = 0.02 In addition, we have found that, before attaining a steady state, the sheared mixture undergoing phase separation shows significant shear-dependent rheological effects due to the presence of concentration domains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01441901
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermophysical properties of natural gases for on-line metering (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 195-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: ethane ; gas metering ; methane ; natural gas ; prediction ; thermal conductivity ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The evaluation of the background transport properties of natural gas multicomponent mixtures over a moderate temperature and pressure range around ambient is considered in the context of the development of certifiable sensors for the measurement of mass and energy fluxes. The best available, theoretically based procedures to predict the properties are compared with experimental information to test the internal consistency, accuracy, and range of validity of the prediction. This is of primary concern to the demonstration of the viability of such sensors. It is shown that for low to moderate pressures, it is possible to achieve an internal consistency of the order of a few parts in a thousand and an accuracy of better than ± I %. At very high pressures the predictive scheme is also satisfactory, with errors of the order of a few percent. However, the procedure employed here systematically underestimates the thermal conductivity of the gas mixtures studied for intermediate pressures owing to the neglect of the critical enhancement even for temperatures quite far removed from the critical. The range of conditions for which the critical enhancement of the thermal conductivity is significant in mixtures is explored with data for binary mixtures of methane and ethane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01438970
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new apparatus for measuring high viscosity of solids (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 577-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: anelasticity ; laser interferometry ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new apparatus which is capable of measuring Newtonian viscosity as high as 108-1014 Pa · s has been developed. The upper and the lower faces of a cubic specimen 1 x 1 x I cm3 in size are respectively bonded to movable and fixed plates, and a constant shear stress is applied to the specimen. The displacement of the upper plate is measured and recorded as a function of time utilizing the HP-5528A optical laser measuring system. The sensitivity of the displacement measurement is 10 nm. Measurements at temperatures up to 200°C can be made by using a small furnace installed around the specimen. A variety of adhesive materials, polymers and ceramics, have been tested for the specimen-plate bonding. Aqueous Sauereisen cement showed a stable and rigid bonding in the experimental temperature range. Experiments for rubber (soft) and silicon crystal (hard) specimens have been performed to ascertain the reliability of the present method. The apparatus is also able to measure the anelasticity (mechanical relaxation) of solids, but is not adaptable to the measurement of the shear modulus of specimens; because the instantaneous displacement of the movable plate at the moment of the loading is mostly due to the rotational and inhomogeneous elastic deformations of the specimen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01441923
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation and prediction of dense fluid transport coefficients. VII. Refrigerants (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 761-772 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; high pressure ; refrigerants ; Tail equation ; thermal conductivity ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A recently developed scheme, based on considerations of hard-sphere theory, is used for the simultaneous correlation of the coefficients of viscosity and thermal conductivity for the refrigerants R11, R12, R22, R32. R124, R125, R134a, R141b, and R152a in excellent agreement with experiment, over extended temperature and pressure ranges. Values for the roughness factors and correlations for the characteristic volume are presented. The overall average absolute deviations of the experimental viscosity and thermal conductivity measurements from those calculated by the correlation are 2.1 and 2.3%, respectively, over a temperature range from 200 to about 10 K below the critical temperature and a pressure range from saturation to about 40 MPa. Since the proposed scheme is based on recent and accurate density values, a Tail-type equation was also employed to correlate successfully the density of the refrigerants. The overall average absolute deviation of the experimental density measurements from those calculated by the correlation is ±0.08%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01438861
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation and extrapolation scheme for the composition and temperature dependence of viscosity of binary gaseous mixtures: Carbon dioxide + ethane (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 1245-1255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: binary gaseous mixture ; carbon dioxide ; ethane ; transport properties ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental viscosity data of ethane, carbon dioxide, and three mole fractions of the binary system carbon dioxide + ethane in the temperature range 293.15〈T⩽633.15 K and in the density range 0.01⩽ρ⩽0.05 mol·L−1 reported earlier were evaluated simultaneously to find out a useful correlation and extrapolation scheme for the viscosity of binary systems in the range of moderate densities. A procedure based on the ideas of the modified Enskog theory has been found to give the best results. Dependent on temperature, the collision diameters related to the equilibrium radial distribution function at contact are fitted to viscosity values of the pure substances and of at least one mixture. The results are compared with experimental data from the literature. A recommendation is given concerning the density range in which the first density contribution to the viscosity coefficient of the system carbon dioxide + ethane is sufficient to be included.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02081292
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the viscosity of various hydrocarbons and mixtures of hydrocarbons versus temperature and pressure (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 1309-1334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; high pressure ; hydrocarbons ; mixtures ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dynamic viscosityη and densityρ of 10 pure substances and three binary systems were measured as a function of temperatureT (298.15, 313.15, 333.15, 353.15, and 363.15 K.) and pressureP (⩽100 MPa). The pure substances were toluene,p-xylene,m-xylene,o-xylene, methylcyclohexane, methylnaphthalene, decahydronaphthalene, phenyldodecane, heptamethylnonane, and tetramethylpentadecane (pristane). The three binaries were toluene + tetramethylpentadecane, toluene + methylnaphthalene, and toluene + heptamethylnonane, for molar fractionsx of toluene ranging between 0 and 1. The three binaries are highly “contrasted” systems, i.e., systems in which the viscosities of the pure components are very different for eachP, T pair. In all, 547 experimental determinations were carried out (279 experimental data for viscosity of the pure substances and 268 data concerning the mixtures: x⊋0 and 1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02083543
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The viscosity of gaseous propane and its initial density dependence (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 1335-1351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: n-alkanes ; propane ; second viscosity virial coefficient ; transport properties ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results of five series of high-precision viscosity measurements on gaseous propane, each differing in density, are reported. The measurements were performed in a quartz oscillating-disk viscometer with small gaps from room temperature up to about 625 K and for densities between 0.01 and 0.05 mol · L−1. The experimental data were evaluated with a first-order expansion, in terms of density, for the viscosity. Reduced values of the second viscosity virial coefficients deduced from the zero-density and initial-density viscosity coefficients for propane and for furthern-alkanes are in close agreement with the theoretical representation of the Rainwater-Friend theory for the potential parameter ratios by Bich and Vogel. A new representation of the viscosity of propane in the limit of zero density is provided using the new experimental data and some data sets from literature. The universal correlation based on the extended principle of corresponding states extends over the temperature range 293 to 625 K with an uncertainty of ±0.5 % and deviates from earlier representations by about 1 % at the upper temperature limit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02083544
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of dense fluid self-diffusion, shear viscosity, and thermal conductivity coefficients (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 155-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: correlation methods ; dense liquids ; diffusion coefficient ; thermal conductivity ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A general procedure has been developed for simultaneously fitting any two of the self-diffusion coefficient, the viscosity (as the fluidity), and the thermal conductivity (as its reciprocal) as Dymond reduced coefficients, (D*,η*,λ*), to a simple function of the volume and the temperature for dense fluids. For example,D*=ζ1+ζ2 V r/(1+ζ3,/V r), whereV r=V[1-ζ1(T−T r)-ζ2(T−T r)2].T r is any convenient temperature, here 273.15 K. AsV r is common to the two properties, only eight coefficients, ζj and ζk are required. Such reduced transport-coefficient curves are geometrically similar for members of groups of closely related compounds. The procedure has been extended to give “family” curves for such groups by fitting a pair of transport properties for three substances from the group in a single regression. Overall, fewer coefficients are required than for other schemes in the literature, and the fitting functions used are simpler. The curves so constructed can be used for the correlation of data obtained from different sources, as well as interpolation and, to a limited extent, extrapolation. A comparison is made for a number of compotmd groups between simultaneous fits of the pairs (D−η ), (D−λ), and (η−λ)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01438966
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscosity and density of liquid mixtures ofn-alkanes with squalane (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 773-779 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: capillary viscometer ; density ; n-butane ; n-hexane ; squalane ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viscosity and density measurements are reported for binary liquid mixtures ofn-butane andn-hexane with squalane in the temperature range from 273 to 333 K. The viscosity measurements have been carried out by using a capillary viscometer calibrated with standard liquids. that is. JS5, JSIO, JS20, and water. The uncertainty in the viscosity data was estimated to be ± 1.7%. The density needed for the calculation of the viscosity has been measured by using a glass pycnometer within an accuracy of ±0.04%. In the prediction of the viscosity, the scheme of Assael et al. fails for mixtures of this type differing greatly in size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01438862
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of density, sound velocity, surface tension, and viscosity of freely suspended supercooled liquids (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 545-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; levitation technique ; supercooling ; surface tension ; sound velocity ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Noncontact methods have been implemented in conjunction with levitation techniques to carry out the measurement of the macroscopic properties of liquids significantly cooled below their nominal melting point. Free suspension of the sample and remote methods allow the deep excursion into the metastable liquid state and the determination of its thermophysical properties. We used this approach to investigate common substances such as water,v-terphenyl. succinonitrile, as well as higher temperature melts such as molten indium, aluminum, and other metals. Although these techniques have thus far involved ultrasonic, eletromagnetic, and more recently electrostatic levitation, we restrict our attention to ultrasonic methods in this paper. The resulting magnitude of maximum thermal supercooling achieved has ranged between 10% and 15% of the absolute temperature of the melting point for the materials mentioned above. The methods for measuring the physical properties have been mostly novel approaches, and the typical accuracy achieved has not yet matched the standard equivalent techniques involving contained samples and invasive probing. They are currently being refined, however, as the levitation techniques become more widespread and as we gain a better understanding of the physics of levitated liquid samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01441920
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscosity of saturated R152a measured with a vibrating wire viscometer (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 867-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: 1,1-difluoroethane ; mechanical damping ; R152a ; refrigerants ; vibrating wire viscometer ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Earlier reported values of the viscosity coefficient of the refrigerant R152a (1,1-difluoroethane) have been recalculated with an improved value for the mechanical damping of the vibrating wire viscometer. The measurements were taken along the saturation line both in the saturated liquid and in the saturated vapor every 10 K from 243 up to 393 K by means of a vibrating wire viscometer The damping of the vibration of the wire is a measure for the viscosity provided that the mechanical damping is subtracted. The latter is usually measured in vacuum. It turns out that the damping value measured in this way depends on the vacuum pressure and on the way the wire has been handled before. It appeared that the damping applied previously, measured after 6 days of pumping, is too small, resulting in values of the viscosity coefficient which are too large. The effect on the data for the saturated-liquid viscosity is small, but the new saturated-vapor viscosity data agree much better with the unsaturated-vapor data reported by Takahashi et al.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093469
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The viscosity of liquid toluene at elevated pressures (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 877-882 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; toluene ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports new measurements on the viscosity of toluene at pressures up to 500 MPa at 299 K and pressures up to 435 MPa at 323 K. The results are in close agreement with recent viscosity measurements from a vibrating-wire viscometer at pressures up to 250 MPa but confirm earlier measurements from a falling-body viscometer which show that the recently recommended polynomial expression for the representation of the pressure dependence of the viscosity of toluene up to 250 MPa underestimates the viscosity if applied at 500 MPa by about 30%. Modification of this polynomial expression by inclusion of one additional term is found to represent the data satisfactorily over the whole pressure range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093470
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic viscosity measurements by photon correlation spectroscopy (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 433-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: particle diffusion ; photon correlation spectroscopy ; R123 ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that absolute values for the dynamic viscosity of liquids can be obtained using photon correlation spectroscopy. The technique is based on the measurement of the particle diffusion coefficient of spheres dispersed in a liquid. In the experiments both PMMA and silica particles were used as a seed. This includes the first application of newly industrially produced silica samples for the goal of viscosity measurements. Experiment results are presented for various liquids at ambient conditions, including some alcohols, alkanes, and the refrigerant R123. Most of the data agree quite well with reference values. Requirements for suitable seed particles and possible reasons for deviations from reference data are discussed. Measurements in liquid mixtures indicate the general possibility for the simultaneous determination of dynamic viscosity and molecular diffusion coefficient in a single experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01441909
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