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  • Articles  (6)
  • agriculture
  • heavy metals
  • 1995-1999  (6)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1995  (6)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (6)
Collection
  • Articles  (6)
Source
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1995-1999  (6)
  • 1990-1994
Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil sensitivity due to acid and heavy metal deposition in East Central Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 737-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; heavy metals ; cadmium ; soil contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous soil acidification and deposition of heavy metals is a major concern for forest and agricultural soils of the Black Triangle region of East Central Europe including southern former East Germany, northern Bohemia of the Czech Republic, and southern Poland. The objective of this project was to develop historical and future projections of acid and heavy metal deposition to soils (As, Cd, Pb, Zn) and to produce a preliminary map of soil sensitivity to cadmium pollution and uptake by crops. Ultimately, we wish to assess the relative hazard and recovery times of soils to metals deposition in the region. Emission and deposition data bases obtained from several models developed at IIASA were linked using the Geographical Information System ARC/INFO to produce soil maps of sensitivity to cadmium mobility based on metals deposition, soil type, soil texture, organic matter content, and acid deposition. RAINS 6.1 (Alcamo et al., 1990) was utilized to produce maps of acid deposition for EMEP grids (150 km x 150 km). The largest amount of acid load is deposited in southern East Germany. Sulfur deposition in that area was 10–12 gS/m2/yr in 1990, and S+N deposition exceeded 8000 eq/ha/yr. But the “hot spot” for metals deposition is further to the east, in the Silesia area of southern Poland. The TRACE2 trajectory model of Alcamo, Bartnicki, and Olendrzynski (1992) was used to estimate cumulative metals deposition since 1955 with scenarios to 2010. Pb has improved over Europe since 1970 when depositions in the Ruhr River Valley of West Germany exceeded 60 mg/m2/yr. But cadmium deposition in southern Poland (Katowice and Krakow) has now accumulated to 60–70 mg/m2 by atmospheric deposition alone. During base case simulations from 1955–87, approximately 1.8 mg/kg Pb and 0.12 mg/kg Cd have been added to the mixed plow-layer of ∼30 cm. If these emissions continue indefinitely, the accumulation of metals will become problematic for agriculture and the food chain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476917
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Threats to sustainability in African agriculture: Searching for appropriate paradigms (1995)
    Springer
    Human ecology 23 (1995), S. 291-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; sustainability ; Africa ; crop pests ; crop diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper attempts to identify the main threats to and sources of sustainability in African agricultural systems by examining cases of unsustainability and resilience at various levels. Current concepts of sustainable agriculture are based mainly on the experiences and norms of western industrial nations and may not be appropriate to sub-Saharan Africa and other developing regions. The things we want to sustain comprise a hierarchy of attributes, components, and systems at increasing scales, and it is important to examine the dynamics of sustainability at each significant level as well as the impacts of events at one level on others. Cases of crop declines and of collapses of larger systems indicate that extreme perturbations, both biophysical and social, are more important as causes of unsustainability than suggested in the literature, while the significance of resource degradation or of overuse of technological inputs have been overemphasized. Survey data from Kenya and Nigeria show that the main causes of crop disappearances have been major disease or pest outbreaks, followed by changes in crop preferences. Fertility and land use stresses have been only a tertiary factor. Sources of resilience that have buffered households and larger systems from the impacts of these range from farmers' strategies of crop and income diversification and searches for resistant cultivars to interventions by national and international bodies. Numerous population and large-scale system collapses have also occurred over the past century in Africa, almost all caused by extreme social and/or biophysical perturbations. There is no evidence that land degradation or land use pressure has played a significant role in these. Increased land use pressure has led to the disappearance or alteration of many prior practices, though farmers have generally adapted to these. Resource management systems have also declined due to outmigration as regions undergo a transition from remote and relatively closed systems to more open systems. These may call for a greater rather than lower use of modern technology to enhance the income earning potential of agricultural production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190135
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copper in Scots pine forests around a heavy-metal smelter in south-western Finland (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1727-1732 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: copper ; element flux ; heavy metals ; Pinus ; soil pollution ; understorey vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Distribution and fluxes of copper within Pinus sylvestris stands were studied during 1992–1994 along a heavy-metal pollution gradient in south-western Finland. The stands are situated at distances of 0.5, 4 and 8 km from a copper-nickel smelter that started operating in 1945 at Harjavalta. According to the results, copper concentrations in the soil, in the understorey vegetation and in the trees increased steeply towards the smelter. Almost 50 years' accumulation of heavy metals in the soil has caused direct toxic effects to soil microbes, thus decreasing decomposition and nutrient mineralisation. During the past few years, sulphur and heavy metal emissions from the copper and nickel smelter have been radically decreased. However, the heavy metals which have been accumulating in the soil for decades continue to affect the vegetation for a long time through soil processes. Consequently, long-term accumulation in the soil has to be taken into account when determining the critical loads of forest ecosystems for heavy metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477229
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reducing the contribution of ammonia to nitrogen deposition across Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1891-1896 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: emissions ; nitrogen ; ammonia ; agriculture ; integrated assessment modelling ; abatement strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract European emissions of reduced nitrogen, arising principally from agriculture, are comparable with those of oxidised nitrogen from mobile and stationary combustion sources. It is therefore important to include ammonia emissions in working towards a new protocol on nitrogen under the programme of the UN Economic Commission for Europe on the control of transboundary air pollution. However the nature of the sources and the subsequent atmospheric transport and chemistry are very different from other acidifying pollutants. This paper describes work in hand under the MARACCAS project to compare agricultural activities in different European countries and to assess the applicability and efficacy of potential abatement measures. The aim is to derive abatement costs for each country relating successive emission reductions to the costs of achieving them, to be used by the UN ECE Task Force on Integrated Assessment Modelling (TFIAM) — in particular with our Abatement Strategies Assessment Model, ASAM. The paper will also address the large uncertainties involved in integrated assessment modelling with respect to ammonia, and suggest how these may be allowed for in deriving cost-effective abatement strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186110
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amounts of pesticides reaching target pests: Environmental impacts and ethics (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 8 (1995), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: pesticides ; pests ; targets ; application ; technology ; agriculture ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Less than 0.1% of pesticides applied for pest control reach their target pests. Thus, more than 99.9% of pesticides used move into the environment where they adversely affect public health and beneficial biota, and contaminate soil, water, and the atmosphere of the ecosystem. Improved pesticide application technologies can improve pesticide use efficiency and protect public health and the environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02286399
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of environmental pollution on breeding populations of birds in southern Poland (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 829-834 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Birds ; Parus major ; heavy metals ; persistent organic substances ; breeding ; nestling development ; Hb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Breeding performance of Great tit (Parus major) was studied in two forests in southern Poland, in the districts of Cracow and Katowice, and in a Swedish reference area. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, methyl Hg, ΣDDT, and ΣPCB in tissues of nestlings, were monitored. The birds′ tissue concentrations of the nonessential elements, Cd and Pb, were elevated at the Polish localities, and reflected the degree of environmental contamination. ΣDDT levels were higher in the Polish birds than in the Swedish. Breeding results of the birds were severely affected in southern Poland, and high frequencies of the fledged young showed low Hb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476932
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