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  • Articles  (15)
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  • TEI  (15)
  • Springer  (15)
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  • 1995-1999  (15)
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  • 1995  (15)
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  • Articles  (15)
  • Other Sources
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  • Springer  (15)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Physical Society
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  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (15)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The design of the TEI encoding scheme (1995)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 17-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: TEI ; text encoding ; encoding schemes ; electronic text ; markup language ; tagging ; SGML
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the basic design of the encoding scheme described by the Text Encoding Initiative'sGuidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange (TEI document number TEI P3, hereafter simplyP3 orthe Guidelines). It first reviews the basic design goals of the TEI project and their development during the course of the project. Next, it outlines some basic notions relevant for the design of any markup language and uses those notions to describe the basic structure of the TEI encoding scheme. It also describes briefly the “core” tag set defined in chapter 6 of P3, and the “default text structure” defined in chapter 7 of that work. The final section of the paper attempts an evaluation of P3 in the light of its original design goals, and outlines areas in which further work is still needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830314
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Practical considerations in the use of TEI headers in a large corpus (1995)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 85-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: bibliographic records ; electronic texts ; electronic title page ; large corpora ; standard generalized markup language ; SGML ; text encoding initiative ; TEI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract Many aspects of the guidelines of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) are applicable to corpora and text collections, and to the texts that these contain. As the first large corpus developed using mark-up conforming to the guidelines, the British National Corpus (BNC) is a test-bed for many TEI-developed mechanisms. This is particularly true in the case of the TEI header, which has three intended applications — to describe a corpus, to describe an individual text, and as a free-standing bibliographic record — all of them used by the BNC. This paper describes the application of the TEI header to the BNC. It is intended that this information should, through a description of experience on a practical project, serve as a guide for those wishing to use TEI headers in the documentation and management of other corpora and collections of texts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830318
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Encoding verse texts (1995)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 99-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: SGML ; verse ; poetry ; tagging ; text encoding ; TEI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract This article identifies problems and proposes solutions for encoding verse texts in SGML. It is organized around a series of distinctions and oppositions which the TEI Work Group on Verse regard as significant. These include examination of the formal properties which distinguish verse from prose, followed by discussions of (1) text-searching vs analysis, (2) markup vs algorithms, (3) markup vs transcription, (4) uniformity vs choice, (5) specificity vs generality, (6) metrical convention vs linguistic realization, (7) structural vs non-structural divisions and (8) fidelity vs interpretation. Using German and English verse forms as illustrations, the advantages and disadvantages of pre-line tagging, in-line tagging and feature structure analysis are discussed. We suggest that metrical and rhyme conventions always be tagged at the highest possible level of text divisions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830704
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What is SGML and how does it help? (1995)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 41-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: TEI ; SGML ; markup ; metalanguage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract SGML is an abbreviation for “Standard Generalized Markup Language”. This language, or rather metalanguage, was first defined by an International Standard in 1986. To complement the many detailed technical descriptions of SGML now available, this paper briefly describes the purpose and scope of the standard, aiming to persuade non-technically minded readers that it has something to offer them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830315
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    E-Tif: An electronic terminology interchange format (1995)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: TEI ; SGML ; E-TIF ; terminology interchange ; translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract This article begins by emphasizing the importance of terminology in this modern age of technical innovations and machine-based translation systems, establishing the need for a terminology interchange format, and distinguishing between lexicography and terminology. It then reviews previous attempts to establish terminology interchange formats and concludes with a forceful argument for a new system based on the TEI-based notions of elements and attributes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830709
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Encoding dictionaries (1995)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 167-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: encoding ; TEI ; dictionaries ; SGML
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract This article describes the major problems in devising a TEI encoding format for dictionaries, which, because of their high degree of structuring and compression of information, are among the most complex text types treated in the TEI. The major problems for this task were (1) the tension between generality of the description, in order to be widely applicable across dictionaries, and descriptive power, that is, the ability to describe with precision the particular structure of any given dictionary; and (2) the need to accommodate different views and uses of the encoded dictionary, for example, as printed object and as a database of information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830710
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A rationale for the TEI recommendations for feature-structure markup (1995)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 191-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: TEI ; SGML ; linguistic tagging ; feature structure ; features ; lexical tagging ; interlinear text analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we concentrate on justifying the decisions we made in developing the TEI recommendations for feature structure markup. The first four sections of this paper present the justification for the recommended treatment of feature structures, of features and their values, and of combinations of features or values and of alternations and negations of features and their values. Section 5 departs briefly from the linguistic focus to argue that the markup scheme developed for feature structures is in fact a general-purpose mechanism that can be used for a wide range of applications. Section 6 describes an auxiliary document called a “feature system declaration” that is used to document and validate a system of feature-structure markup. The seventh and final section illustrates the use of the recommended markup scheme with two examples, lexical tagging and interlinear text analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830616
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hierarchical encoding of text: Technical problems and SGML solutions (1995)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 211-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: TEI ; SGML ; encoding problems ; hierarchical encoding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract One recurring theme in the TEI project has been the need to represent non-hierarchical information in a natural way — or at least in a way that is acceptable to those who must use it — using a technical tool that assumes a single hierarchical representation. This paper proposes solutions to a variety of such problems: the encoding of segments which do not reflect a document's primary hierarchy; relationships among non-adjacent segments of texts; ambiguous content; overlapping structures; parallel structures; cross-references; vague locations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830617
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Character representation (1995)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 51-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: character sets ; special characters ; national character sets ; standards ; international standards organization ; ISO ; TEI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes ISO standard character sets currently in use, the use of SGML entity sets, and the TEI writing system declaration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830316
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Encoding textual criticism (1995)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 123-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: SGML ; textual criticism ; electronic text editions ; text encoding ; TEI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract This paper chronicles the work of the TEI textual criticism working groups through several phases, documenting how and why the design goals were shaped by the requirements of several distinct user communities and by the nature of the textual evidence itself. Encoding schemes for the representation of physical details of textual witnesses were unified with encoding schemes for critical editing practices when it was observed that the two phenomena were inextricably layered and linked within real texts. Rationale is offered for the development teams' adherence to exceedingly general design principles: (a) the requirement that the encoding notations be neutral in text-theoretic terms; (b) the need to accommodate dramatically different text-transmission phenomena and research goals within diverse text-critical arenas; (c) the need for commensurability of the text-critical markup with encoding notations used in closely related text-analytic research. The paper also assesses the results of the effort in terms of the encoding scheme's adequacy for several scholarly purposes: suggestions are made concerning the need for programmatic testing, for refinement, and for extension of the encoding model to support a broader range of text-transmission phenomena and research objectives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830706
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The encoding of spoken texts (1995)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: TEI ; SGML ; text encoding ; spoken texts ; transcription ; temporal alignment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract There is a great deal of variation in the encoding of spoken texts in electronic form, both with respect to the types of features represented and the way particular features are rendered. This paper surveys problems in the electronic representation of speech and presents the solutions proposed by the Text Encoding Initiative. The special tags needed for the encoding of spoken texts are discussed, including a mechanism for temporal alignment. Further work is needed on phonological aspects, parallel representation, and on the development of software which connects the systematic underlying representation with a workable format for input and display.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830708
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The show must go on:1 Problems of tagging performance texts (1995)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 113-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: SGML ; tagging ; performance texts ; theater ; TEI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract A dramatic work may be seen either as an event or as a text; the TEI guidelines make it possible to encode a dramatic work in either way, but do not attempt to solve the difficult problem of doing both at once. The basic element of a dramatic work, when seen as a text, is the speech; the guidelines also provide elements for encoding other familiar parts of dramatic texts (such as stage directions and cast lists), as well as for encoding analytic information on various aspects of texts and performances that is not normally included in printed dramatic texts. There are often other formal structures in dramatic works that intersect with the structure of speeches — metrical structures, for example; we discuss approaches for encoding these structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830705
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Speaking with one voice: Encoding standards and the prospects for an integrated approach to computing in history (1995)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 137-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: SGML ; TEI ; text encoding ; history ; historical documents ; Sasines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract This paper focusses on the types of questions that are raised in the encoding of historical documents. Using the example of a 17th century Scottish Sasine, the authors show how TEI-based encoding can produce a text which will be of major value to a variety of future historical researchers. Firstly, they show how to produce a machine-readable transcription which would be comprehensible to a word-processor as a text stream filled with print and formatting instructions; to a text analysis package as compilation of named text segments of some known structure; and to a statistical package as a set of observations each of which comprises a number of defined and named variables. Secondly, they make provision for a machine-readable transcription where the encoder's research agenda and assumptions are reversible or alterable by secondary analysts who will have access to a maximum amount of information contained in the original source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830707
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The TEI hypertext guidelines (1995)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 181-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: TEI ; Hypertext ; HyTime compatibility ; markup
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the TEI guidelines' approach to describing hypertext features, the rationale that went into the design of the tagset, and the range of features included in the guidelines. It also discusses the relation and integration of TEI markup and the HyTime standard (ISO 10744).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830615
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The TEI: History, goals, and future (1995)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 5-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: TEI ; electronic texts ; text encoding ; encoding standards ; SGML ; tagging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract This paper traces the history of the Text Encoding Initiative, through the Vassar Conference and the Poughkeepsie Principles to the publication, in May 1994, of theGuidelines for the Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange. The authors explain the types of questions that were raised, the attempts made to resolve them, the TEI project's aims, the general organization of the TEI committees, and they discuss the project's future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830313
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