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  • Articles  (49)
  • Solanum tuberosum L.  (29)
  • biological control  (20)
  • 2015-2019
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  • 1995  (49)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (49)
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  • Articles  (49)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999  (49)
  • 1990-1994
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  • 1915-1919
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 36-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil nitrogen ; Immobilisation ; Mineralisation ; Nitrification ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; Plant effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Following application of fertiliser-N to the seedbed of potato crops, concentrations of extracted mineral-N were up to 3 times greater than would be anticipated by calculation. The rates at which both NO 3 − -N and NH 4 + -N apparently appeared and disappeared in the soil solution were, at various times, also much greater than could be attributable to any transformations resulting from microbial activity. This suggests that the involvement of other factors in this phenomenon must be considered. The effect of certain physical parameters such as water movement, resulting from capillary action and evaporation from the soil surface, may be implicated. We suggest that soil microbes are not directly involved in the early fate of fertiliser-N, primarily due to C-limitation in arable soils. N dynamics in fertilised potato systems require further studies targeting the relationships between nutrient concentrations in soil solution and mass flow of soil water.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 1 (1995), S. 15-29 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: biological control ; calcium ; chemical control ; covered crops ; cultural measures ; decision support system ; epidemiology ; fertilization ; forecasting ; fungicide resistance ; grey mould ; heating ; integrated disease management ; light filtration ; nutrition ; plant hormones ; sanitation ; sporulation ; Trichoderma ; ventilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Botrytis cinerea is an ubiquitous pathogen which causes severe losses in many fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops. The pathogen infects leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. The complexity of diseases caused by B. cinerea in greenhouses makes this pathogen one of the most important diseases of vegetable crops in greenhouse in many countries. In general, epidemics occur in cool and humid conditions, which favour infection and may also predispose the host to become susceptible. High relative humidity in the greenhouse and free moisture on plant surfaces are considered the most important environmental factors which influence infection by B. cinerea. In this review we specify the factors affecting the development of diseases incited by B. cinerea and discuss different approaches for its suppression. Chemical and non-chemical controls are outlined and their integration is discussed. Finally, achievements, gaps in knowledge, and future needs are indicated. The most common means for disease management is by application of chemical fungicides. Both spraying of fungicides and application of fungicides directly to sporulating wounds is practiced. However, high activity of several fungicides is being lost, at least in part, due to the development of resistance. As fungicides still remain an important tool for control of epidemics caused by B. cinerea, it is important to monitor populations of the pathogen for their resistance towards potential fungicides. Cultural measures can be a powerful means to suppress plant diseases in greenhouses where the value of crops is high and the farmers make considerable efforts during long cropping seasons. Such measures are usually aimed at altering the microclimate in the canopy and around susceptible plant organs, prevention of inoculum entrance into the greenhouse and its build up, and, rendering the host plants less susceptible to diseases. Calcium loading of plant tissues and alteration of nitrogen fertilization reduce susceptibility to Botrytis. Cultivars resistant to B. cinerea are not available. Another alternative methods to control B. cinerea is by means of biological control agents. At least one preparation is already available in the market and in many cases it was as effective as the conventional fungicides. A decision support system was recently developed for integration of chemical and biological controls. Adaquate suppression of B. cinerea diseases in greenhouse crops is an attainable goal. In our opinion this goal can be reached by considering the ecology of the pathosystem in its broader sense and by integration of all possible control measures. This implies optimization of plant nutrition, microlimate and control (cultural, biological, physiological and, if necessary, chemical) measures. Moreover, Botrytis management must be incorporated in a more holistic system that is compatible with insect control, crop production systems and profitability of the crop.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 345-351 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: disease screening ; progeny test ; Fusarium coeruleum ; Fusarium sulphureum ; Gibberella pulicaris ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field-grown tubers of 22 progenies ofSolanum tuberosum L. generated in a crossing programme involving seven parents differing in resistance toFusarium coeruleum Lib. ex Sacc. andF. sulphureum Schlect. (=F. sambucinum Fuckel, teleomorphGibberella pulicaris (Fr.) Sacc.) were wound-inoculated with a cornmeal + sand culture of each pathogen. Parental genotypes were also included. The mean lesion size of each progeny was compared in 2 years of tests, as well as with published data on glasshouse-grown tubers. ForF. coeruleum there was a high correlation between years as well as with the glasshouse data, but no such correlations were apparent withG. pulicaris. Furthermore, parental and GCA values, as well as progeny means and mid-parent scores, also correlated highly forF. coeruleum but not forG. pulicaris. Glasshouse-grown tubers of 11 wildSolanum spp. were also inoculated with both pathogens. Some resistance to one or other, or both, was apparent, particularly inS. chacoense.
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  • 4
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 363-370 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: wart disease ; inoculation ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; Synchytrium endobioticum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sprouts of cvs Arran Chief, Pentland Kappa and Golden Wonder were inoculated with fresh wart tissue using the Glynne-Lemmerzahl (GL) method and results of tests carried out using five different incubation regimes were compared. When tubers of Arran Chief and Pentland Kappa were incubated uncovered in the light. rotting of sprouts was reduced and there was more extensive development of summer sporangia. Similar results were obtained on a range of cultivars when inoculations were done using summer or winter spores. Winter spores, which germinate freely in distilled water, can readily be extracted from dried rotted wart tissue to provide a reliable and continuous supply of inoculum. At the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, wart susceptibility testing using the GL method has been done with winter spores since 1987.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; cyst nematodes ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Accessions of tuber-bearingSolanum spp. related toS. tuberosum subsp.tuberosum were obtained from the German-Dutch collection (Braunschweig, Germany) and the Inter-regional potato collection (Sturgeon Bay, USA). They were screened for resistance toG. rostochiensis Rol andG. pallida Pa2/3. Among 1567 clones from 52 accessions, 135 clones (23 accessions) were resistant toG. rostochiensis. They mainly representedS. andigena, gourlayi, spegazzinii andvernei. Among 1689 clones (74 accessions), 105 clones (32 accessions) were resistant toG. pallida. They representedS. gourlayi, spegazzinii, sparsipilum andvernei. About 25 clones were resistant to both species.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; reducing sugars ; sucrose ; ascorbic acid ; citric acid ; nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Pot and field experiments were carried out to test fertilizer treatments on the behaviour of potato tubers stores at 4°C and ≥90% relative humidity for 6 months. Weight losses (separated into water and dry matter) were enhanced after N and K fertilization and decreased by increasing P supply. Glucose and fructose contents were reduced at harvest by high N-fertilizer rates compared to no or low fertilization, but throughout storage reducing sugar accumulation was increased, sucrose reduction was decreased and ascorbic acid was increased. K fertilization affected the chemical composition of the tubers somewhat similar to that of nitrogen fertilization. High initial nitrate content of the tubers seemed to be increased and low nitrate values were decreased during storage. The tubers from pot experiments showed similar changes but of greater magnitude.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; diploid interspecific hybrids ; Solanum spp., chipping ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The reducing sugar content and chip colour were studied in diploid potatoes bred for superior table and chipping quality. The reducing sugar content in the tubers of 119 diploid clones was estimated before and after cold storage (4–6°C) in the years 1987–1991, and reducing sugar and chip colour were determined in 1990 and 1991 for 36 clones. Thirty two clones had a significantly lower reducing sugar content after cold storage than cv. Mila. The year of evaluation, storage temperature and genotype significantly affected the reducing sugar content.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; Virusresistenzzüchtung ; Nematodenresistenzzüchtung ; Selektionsverfahren ; Sämlingsselektion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beschrieben wird ein Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen Selektion von Kartoffelsämlingen auf extreme Y-Virus- und Nematodenresistenz. Pikierte Kartoffelsämlinge werden dazu künstlich mit Y-Virus infiziert, getopfte Pflanzen massivem Befall durch den Gelben Kartoffelnematoden ausgesetzt und nur visuell befallsfreie Genotypen weitergeführt. Die Sämlingsselektion führte zu einer Verdoppelung kombiniert resistenter Kartoffelgenotypen in der Resistenzprüfung. Einsatzgebiet war die Auslese von Zuchteltern.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; solt rot ; blackleg ; early selection ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; Solanum brevidens Phil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Eleven clones obtained from a cross between cv. Katahdin and fusion products betweenSolanum tuberosum and the non tuber-bearing speciesS. brevidens, were backcrossed again withS. tuberosum (clone AR80-127-5). Small tubers harvested from 583 seedlings of these second backcross (BC2) populations were screened for tuber tissue resistance toErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica under aerobic conditions. After multiplication in the field. BC2 clones again were screened for soft rot resistance under aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions. In general, the resistance of the BC2 populations was reduced in comparison with the BC1. Variation for resistance was found within the BC2 populations, but there was no correlation between the results of the three tests performed. Four BC2 populations were also screenned for resistance to blackleg in the field. Significant differences were found between populations for mean percentage of diseased plants, but these differences could not be explained by the resistance of the parental clones.
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  • 10
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 119-123 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: fry colour ; dry matter content ; tuber size ; ion and solute accumulation ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of salinity and water dificit on the quality of tubers for processing was investigated. Total tuber yield was not affected by the treatments, while the percentage of non-marketable tubers was significantly reduced by high salinity (ECi=6dS m−1) and by water reduction. Accumulation of dry matter in the tubers was increased by all the treatments, that of proline by salinity only and the content of reducing sugars was increased only by water deficit. The colour of the french fries was similar in tubers from the various treatments.
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  • 11
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 143-150 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: reproduction ; distribution ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato plants of cvs Element and Mirka were artificially infected withV. dahliae in two greenhouse experiments. Leaf blade, petiole, aerial stem, subterranean stem, stolon and root mass were separately harvested both when the canopy was still green and at maturity. After 4 weeks incubation, the plant tissue was air-dried and the numbers of microsclerotia per mg tissue and per plant were determined. The highest numbers of microsclerotia were observed in the haulm when harvest took place at maturity. Cultivar Element yielded significantly more microsclerotia in the haulm than cv. Mirka, whilst there were no cultivar differences in the microsclerotial production on subterranean parts. The petiole and the aerial stem contributed most to the total microsclerotial production, whereas roots were much more important for formation of microsclerotia than stolons.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; seed production ; variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Multiplication factors and progeny yield variation in crops from minitubers of five weight classes (ranging from 0.13–0.25 g to 2.00–3.99 g) and conventional seed tubers were studied in field experiments in three years. Multiplication factors were calculated as the number and weight of progeny tubers produced per planted tuber or per unit planted tuber weight. They were lower for the lighter minitubers when calculated per tuber and higher when calculated per weight. Yield variation was described by coefficients of variation for the number and weight of progeny tubers produced. Variation over individual plants of a crop was higher in stands from the lighter minitubers. Variation over plots within a field was sometimes higher for the lighter minitubers, but variation over years was similar for all minituber classes. Variation over plots in progeny tuber weight was higher for minitubers than for conventional tubers.
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  • 13
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 251-256 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: storage ; energy usage ; store temperature ; store management ; weight loss ; power consumption ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of various storage parameters on the power usage and tuber weight loss for a fully refrigerated potato store were investigated. A computer model validated by detailed monitoring of potato stores was used for the calculations. The store parameters considered were: storage temperature, store relative humidity, local ambient conditions, store capacity or loading factor, half cooling time and the infiltration rate or air tightness of the store. The investigation showed that the power consumption was most affected by the storage temperature and the infiltration rate of the store, and that weight loss was most affected by the half cooling time.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: wart disease ; susceptibility ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A comparison of reactions of potato cultivars toS. endobioticum indicated that the degree of susceptibility observed in laboratory tests correlated well with the reaction of cultivars in field tests. Some cultivars found to be less resistant (Resistance Grade 2) in laboratory tests produced winter spores in the field test, and 10% of those derived from cv. Ausonia germinated in distilled water. Compost from the field plot was estimated to contain 14–18 apparently viable spores/g. and this resulted in 100% infection of the highly susceptible cv. Arran Chief. The implications of these findings for descheduling sites previously scheduled due to wart infestation are discussed.
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  • 15
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 307-317 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; leaf transpiration ; stomatal resistance ; Mediterranean environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of furrow and drip irrigation giving 0, 33, 66, 100 and 133% of the maximum evapotranspiration (ETM) was studied on leaf transpiration, stomatal resistance, tuber growth, yield and yield response of cv. Spunta. The research was carried out in Sicily in 1988 and 1989 on early potato crops grown during the winter/spring cycle. Increased water supply increased leaf transpiration, plant fresh weight, tuber growth rate, yield and earliness, and decreased stomatal resistance and tuber dry weight. A higher yield response was obtained at the lower water regimes (ETM of 33 and 66%). There were no significant differences between the two methods of irrigation.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: genetic variation ; resistance screening ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Various methods of screening for resistance to root-knot nematodes were compared and evaluated. Seedling populations ofSolanum spp., grown in clay pots and plastic tubes with silver sand and inoculated with juveniles ofMeloidogyne chitwoodi andM. hapla, showed large differences in the number of egg masses on roots 7 weeks after inoculation. The differences were reproducible when re-testing was done with cuttings and plants from tubers. No resistance toMeloidogyne spp. was observed with ten potato cultivars when grown in clay pots, plastic tobes or closed containers. Plants from tubers in growth pouches developed a large two-dimensional root system, and after inoculation with juveniles the infection process could be observed over 8 weeks. A method of infecting potato tuber tissue withMeloidogyne is described, using tuber slices in Petri dishes as a potential screening test for tuber resistance.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; Virusresistenzzüchtung ; Sämlingsselektion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Studien an 7328 Kartoffelsämlingen und 179 Zuchtstämmen genetisch geeigneter Populationen konzentrierten sich auf die Erarbeitung eines Inokulations- und Selektionsverfahrens. Die Virusinokulation kann mit der Spritzpistole erfolgen, muß aber an getopften Kartoffelsämlingen vorgenommen werden. In Kombination mit der Serodiagnose in den ersten 3 Klongenerationen erzielte ein darauf aufgebautes Selektionsverfahren in der Resistenzprüfung 88.2% Zuchtstämme mit Überempfindlichkeitsresistenz gegen potato virus S gegen nur 55.6% ohne Sämlingsinfektion und Serodiagnose in nur einer Klongeneration.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; Virusresistenzzüchtung ; Selektionsverfahren ; Sämlingsselektion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Auslese auf extreme Y-Virusresistenz kann auch an Kartoffelsämlingen in Hydrostaukultur die künstliche Infektion Anwendung finden. Die Virusinokulation mittels Spritzpistole muß allerdings an Sämlingen in der Aussaatschale und vor der Anzucht in Hydrostaukultur erfolgen. Intensive Bestandeskontrolle. Pflanzguttestung der ersten Klongenerationen und konsequentes Verwerfen Y-Virusbefallener Zuchtstämme sicherten, daß sämlingsinfiziertes Zuchtmaterial im Neuzuchtgarten keine gefährliche Virusinfektionquelle darstellte und ohne räumliche. Trennung gemeinsam mit dem übrigen Zuchtgartenmaterial angebaut werden konnte.
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  • 19
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: LAI ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; Phytophthora infestans ; precision ; disease severity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method for assessing the leaf area of potato plants was based on the number of leaves coinciding with imaginary vertical lines descending from a horizontal grid of points above the plant or crop canopy. Leaves seen through each vertically aligned pair of holes in a perforated double table, covering the midpoint of the exposed area, were counted and moved aside one by one, until the ground was seen. For both green and diseased surfaces the leaf area, or its horizontal component, was calculated as the product of sum of records and the grid cell size. Tested against a destructive method, the technique worked equally well for healthy and diseased leaf area of potato plants infected byPhytophthora infestans. The theoretic estimate of the standard error for a single measurement was derived as the geometric mean of the leaf area and the grid cell size. The method is also suitable forLAI of crop stands.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; NPK nutrition ; tuber weight losses ; chemical composition changes ; vitamin C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Empirical mathematical models are described for calculating the effects of varying supplies of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on pot and field grown tubers. Through optimization and simulation, potato tuber fresh and dry weight losses and chemical composition changes (ascorbic acid, citric acid, glucose, fructose, sucrose, nitrate) are calculated over a 6-month period of storage at 4°C. The effects of variation in single nutrients as well as of increasing N fertilization on storage are calculated. Calculations giving the maximum vitamin C content at harvest and after storage indicate the nutrient supply required.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; blackleg ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica is a major disease of stored potatoes. Since varietal resistance can contribute to control, the work reported was designed to find new sources of resistance among related tuber-bearing Solanum spp. True seeds were imported from two international collections and families were screened for resistance to tuber soft rot. Forty-eight resistant clones were found in 21 out of 100 accessions. These clones will be used in breeding programmes at the diploid or tetraploid level.
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  • 22
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 151-157 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In four pot experiments, potato plants of cv. Element were artificially infected withV. dahliae. At an early and a late harvest haulms were killed chemically, by burning or by various other treatments, including cutting them into pieces of different lengths and keeping the debris on the soil surface or covering with soil. After 4 weeks the plant material was air-dried and the number of microsclerotia per mg was determined. At the early harvest, in two experiments, the chemical treatment yielded more microsclerotia than the cutting treatments. Covering colonised haulm tissue with non-sterilised soil was effective in inhibiting microsclerotia formation. Shorter haulm pieces led to fewer microsclerotia at the later harvest if the material was kept on the soil surface. The variation in microsclerotial yield and in treatment effects among the different experiments was large.
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  • 23
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 179-186 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Heat stress ; Leaf bud cutting ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In pot culture experiments over 2 consecutive years, 20 potato genotypes of varying heat tolerance were grown under long day conditions and heat stressed by being exposed to high (38 °C/21 °C mean day/night) temperature. The percent increase in mean internode length of heat stressed plants over those grown at normal temperatue (25°C/16°C day/night) was correlated with the percent tuber dry matter yield of the heat stressed plants (r=0.618, P=0.01). In the same 20 genotypes, grown under short day conditions at normal temperature, the fraction of leaf bud cuttings exposed to high night temperature (23°C) that produced tuber initials correlated with the percentage increase in internode elongation in stem cuttings exposed to 25°C compared with those exposed to 15°C (r=0.680. P=0.01). Thus the relative changes in internode elongation are related to thermal tolerance, and it is suggested that this can be used as a selection criterion for heat tolerance.
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  • 24
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 231-239 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: adenylate energy charge ; fermentation ; lipid peroxidation ; posthypoxia ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato tubers kept under hypoxia (1%) showed improved viability in comparison to anoxia, which was associated with the maintenance of intermediate adenylate energy charge values (A.E.C.=0.6) and stable adenylate pools at 50% of the initial levels. Re-admission of oxygen to the tuber resulted in an almost full recovery of adenylate energy charge and total adenylates after up to 3 days of hypoxic pretreatment. Tubers exhibited a mixed fermentation. The high lactate, ethanol and acetaldehyde levels proved to be non toxic. Ethanol was degraded to acetaldehyde during re-aeration. Posthypoxic lipid peroxidation was indicated by malondialdehyde and ethane formation. Both products occurred with a temporary delay and in lower amounts compared to post-anoxia. Ethylene release was also considerably smaller. Severe hypoxia and posthypoxia postponed tissue death compared to anoxia. Survival was correlated with an improved energy supply which stabilized membranes.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; propagules ; tissue culture ; plastic trays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse minituber production system involving low inputs of in vitro potato plantlets and propagation media is described, in vitro plantlets of six potato cultivars were sectioned into nodal cuttings and separately planted into moist peat based growing medium in shallow plastic trays. Cultivar differences were evident with respect to node viability, shoot regrowth and minituber yields. Nodal viability for shoot regrowth varied between 80–100%. Maximum shoot heights were recorded with whole in vitro plantlets (WIP) and the terminal Node-5 cluster. All cuttings produced minitubers. The terminal Node-5 cutting and WIP produced significantly larger minitubers 〉3.0 g as compared to single node cuttings. Greater numbers of minitubers were produced by the cvs Norchip, Red Pontiac and Conestoga as compared to cvs Eramosa. G8610-4PY and Shepody. Total numbers of minitubers were 3 to 5 times higher from each in vitro plantlet that was sectioned into nodal cuttings as compared with intact WIP: the yield ratios depended on cultivar.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: PLRV source ; test plant ; PLRV isolate ; vector efficiency ; Myzus persicae ; Macrosiphum euphorbiae ; Aulacorthum solani ; Aphis gossypii ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Rapid multiplication ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato plants of cvs Eersteling and Bintje were grown from stem cuttings and induced to form aerial tubers for use as seed. Spraying the plants with gibberellic acid in concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 mg/l to induce stolon formation in the leaf axils led to a decrease in the number of tubers formed per plant. Multiple harvesting of the largest tubers from plants treated with gibberellic acid or not, approximately doubled the number of tubers formed but halved their individual weight compared with only one harvest at plant senescence. After a storage period of about 1 year, with their vigour declining, the aerial tubers were planted in the field. Aerial seed tubers taken from multiple harvests during the previous year produced the same number of tubers as plants grown from above-ground tubers harvested at plant senescence only, but the tuber yields declined with earlier harvesting when small (5–13 mm) aerial tubers were used, compared to larger (14–19 mm) tubers.
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  • 28
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: zoospore ; Phytophthora infestans ; resistance components ; area under disease progress curve ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nature and extent of field resistance to late blight, and the effect of plant age and inoculum level on resistance components and host attributes, were studied on the Indian potato cultivars Kufri Chandramukhi, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Badshah and Kufri Sherpa. Latent period, infection efficiency, colonization rate and sporulation were found to operate in cvs Kufri Jyoti, and Kufri Badshah. Based on component analysis cv. Kufri Jyoti was similar to or sometimes more resistant than Kufri Badshah. No correlation was observed between any of the host attributes and resistance to late blight, except that the erect canopy of Kufri Badshah was associated with its slow blighting rate. At high inoculum, colonization rate and total sporulation were increased but infection efficiency was decreased.
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  • 29
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    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 519-525 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biocontrol ; Clavibacter michiganensis subsp.sepedonicus ; ELISA ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial strains with potential for biological control of bacterial ring rot of potato caused byClavibacter michiganensis subsp.sepedonicus were isolated from the surface of potato tubers. Eighty-eight potential biocontrol candidates, selected on the basis ofin vitro antibiosis toC. m. sepedonicus, produced inhibition zones with radii ranging from 0.5 to 16 mm on test plates. All antagonistic isolates were screened in the greenhouse for biocontrol activity on micropropagated potato plantlets root-inoculated withC. m. sepedonicus. Eight strains consistently prevented infection of plantlets but there was no significant correlation between the width of the inhibition zone in thein vitro assay and ring rot suppression in the plant bioassay. Three strains that showed a high level of biological control potential were identified as a saprophytic enteric bacterium (strain 7G), anArthrobacter sp. (strain 16C), and a soil coryneform bacterium (strain 18A). These were tested in a field plot by co-inoculating cut seed potato tubers withC. m. sepedonicus and antagonists. Strains 7G and 18A significantly increased plant stand whereas 16C decreased disease incidence. The relative number of ostensibly ring rot-free progeny tubers was generally greater when antagonists were present.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; Botrytis allii ; Botrytis cinerea ; leaf wetness ; onion ; plant debris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Saprophytic antagonists were evaluated for suppression of sporulation ofBotrytis allii andB. cinerea on artificially killed segments of onion leaves that were pre-inoculated with the pathogens. During incubation of the antagonisttreated leaf segments in moist chambers, periods of leaf wetness and leaf dryness were alternated to simulate conditions in the field. Interruption of humid conditions with dry periods had a differential effect on antagonists.Alternaria alternata, Chaetomium globosum, Ulocladium atrum andU. chartarum suppressed sporulation ofB. allii almost completely under continuously wet conditions, and when the leaf wetness periods were interrupted with drying periods of 9h imposed 16, 40, and 64 h after the antagonists were applied. When leaf wetness was interrupted 16 h after antagonist application, the number of conidia ofB. allii produced cm−2 leaf surface after eight days was under the detection limit of 5.2 × 103 conidia on leaves treated with these antagonists compared to 3.7 × 105 conidia on leaves that were not treated. On the other hand,Gliocladium roseum, G. catenulatum andSesquicillium candelabrum, all highly efficient under continuously wet conditions, were of low to moderate efficiency when leaf wetness periods had been interrupted 16 h after application of the antagonists. The antagonists showed the same differentiation and sensitivity to interrupted wetness periods when tested withB. cinerea.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; immunofluorescence colony-staining ; inoculum delivery ; inoculum density ; rockwool bioassay ; strain specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pseudomonas fluorescens-mediated induction of systemic resistance in radish against fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.raphani) was studied in a newly developed bioassay using a rockwool system. In this bioassay the pathogen and bacterium were confirmed to be confined to spatially separate locations on the plant root, throughout the experiment. Pathogen inoculum obtained by mixing peat with microconidia and subsequent incubation for four days at 22 °C, yielded a better percentage of diseased plants than a microconidial suspension drench, an injection of a microconidial suspension into the hypocotyl, or a talcum inoculum.Pseudomonas fluorescens strain WCS374 applied in talcum or peat, but not as a suspension drench, induced systemic resistance. A minimal initial bacterial inoculum density of ≥105 CFU WCS374 root−1 was required to significantly reduce the percentage diseased plants. At least one day was necessary between bacterization of strain WCS374 in talcum on the root tips and inoculation of the pathogen in peat on the root base, for an optimal induction of systemic resistance. Strain WCS374 induced systemic resistance in six radish cultivars differing in their susceptibility toF. oxysporum f. sp.raphani. Significant suppression of disease by bacterial treatments was generally observed when disease incidence in the control treatment, depending on pathogen inoculum density, ranged between approximately 40 to 80%. Strains WCS374 and WCS417 ofPseudomonas fluorescens induced systemic resistance against fusarium wilt, whereasP. putida WCS358 did not. This suggests that the induction of systemic resistance byPseudomonas spp. is dependent on strain-specific traits.
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  • 32
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    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 665-672 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; seeds ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Isolates of different endophytic bacteria were recovered from surface-disinfected seeds obtained from commercial companies, plants in the field and tissue culture. The bacteria were isolated from seeds after stringent surfacedisinfection.Pseudomonas fluorescens (isolate no. 14) from bean inhibited growth of all fungi tested and was fluorescent on King B medium.Bacillus cereus fromSinapis (isolate no. 65) inhibited growth ofRhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum andSclerotium rolfsii and also exhibited chitinase activity.Bacillus subtilis from onion tissue culture (isolate no. 72) inhibitedR. solani andP. ultimum growth.B. cereus from cauliflower (isolate no. 78) inhibited growth ofR. solani. B. pumilus from sunflower (isolate no. 85) inhibited growth ofR. solani andS. rolfsii. B. cereus (isolate no. 65) was introduced into cotton, and by using radioactive labelling we found that it was present for 16 days in the root-stem junction. It is most likely that these bacteria were still found 72 days after their introduction in the root and stem, at levels of 2.8·105 and 5·104 cfu g−1 fresh weight, respectively, when selective medium was used. There was no difference between control and treated plants in their height or in the fresh weight of roots, stems and leaves. When cotton seedlings were inoculated withB. cereus (isolate no. 65),B. subtilis (isolate no. 72) orB. pumilus (isolate no. 85), disease incidence caused byRhizoctonia solani was reduced in the greenhouse by 51%, 46% and 56%, respectively. In bean seedlings inoculated withB. subtilis (isolate no. 72),B. cereus (isolate no. 78) orB. pumilus (isolate no. 65), disease incidence caused bySclerotium rolfsii was reduced by 72%, 79% and 26%, respectively, as compared to control. In both cotton and bean seedlings, these endophytes reduced the disease index more than 50%. These results indicate that endophytic bacteria can survive inside cotton plants and are efficient agents for biological control against plant pathogens under greenhouse conditions.
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  • 33
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    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 251-259 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: antagonism ; biological control ; Botrytis cinerea ; Botrytis squamosa ; Gliocladium roseum ; onion leaf spot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this study, the hypothesis was tested that removal of substrate for sporulation ofBotrytis spp. may lead to a retardation of an epidemic if the majority of the inoculum is produced inside the treated crop. Suppression of sporulation ofBotrytis spp. could be an attractive option for biological control ofBotrytis leaf spot in onions. In a field experiment, necrotic leaf tissue was removed to simulate the effect of a biocontrol agent. By this means, the amount of substrate on whichBotrytis spp. sporulates was reduced. In the experiment, the spore load above the onion plots was significantly reduced and the epidemic of onion leaf spot was retarded. At the end of the growing season, the number of leaf lesions in the green leaf area was lower in plots with substrate removal than in control plots (0.6 and 1.1 cm−2, respectively). The results demonstrated that an epidemic of onion leaf spot largely depends on the rate of inoculum production inside a crop. Thus, suppression of sporulation on necrotic leaf tissue is a valid control strategy that could be applied by using sporulation suppressing antagonists.
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  • 34
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    Plant and soil 177 (1995), S. 219-223 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; compost ; Cucumis sativus ; Pythium aphanidermatum ; suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Composts prepared from mixtures of bagasse + filter mud (BF) and bagasse + vinasses + filter mud (BVF) were evaluated for suppressiveness to Pythium aphanidermatum in climatic chamber experiments. Twenty five-g samples of BF and BVF composts in plastic pots (130 mL) were infested with 1,000 oospores of P. aphanidermatum produced on oat meal agar. After 1, 15, 30 and 45 days, survival of the fungus was estimated by measuring inoculum density. Disease incidence was appraised on cucumber (Cucumis sativus) “Vert Long Anglais” seedlings raised on the composts. Propagules of P. aphanidermatum surviving in the compost after 24 hr was estimated at 22 and 18 cfu g−1 dry wt. potting mix, for BF and BVF, respectively. This population decreased significantly to 6–7 cfu g−1 of compost for the 15–45-d incubation treatment. Seedling mortality was not observed in uninfested controls. In uninfested treatments, 40 and 67% of seedlings died for the 1-d incubation treatment in BVF and BF, respectively; no mortality was recorded thereafter. Heat treatment of the composts revealed that the suppressive effect was biological in nature. Quantitative reduction of micro-organisms occurred in pasteurized composts (55°C for 2 h), compared to the populations in unheated controls. However the greatest decrease was observed for fungal populations. The main fungal species observed in unheated, suppressive composts were Aspergillus sp., Geotrichum sp. and a non-sporulating Pythium. The last two species disappeared in pasteurized, conducive composts.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arachis hypogaea ; Aspergillus flavus ; biological control ; geocarposphere ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Selected bacterial strains isolated from the region of peanut pod development (geocarposphere) and two additional bacterial strains were screened as potential biological control agents against Aspergillus flavus invasion and subsequent aflatoxin contamination of peanut in laboratory, greenhouse, and field trials. All 17 geocarposphere strains tested delayed invasion of young roots and reduced colonization by the fungus in a root-radicle assay used as a rapid laboratory prescreen. In a greenhouse study, seven bacterial strains significantly reduced pod colonization by A. flavus compared to the control. In a field trial, conducted similarly to the greenhouse assay, pods sampled at mid-peg from plants seed-treated with suspensions of either 91A-539 or 91A-550 were not colonized by A. flavus, and the incidence of pods invaded from plants treated with either 91A-539 or 91A-599 was consistently lower than nonbacterized plants at each of five sampling dates. At harvest, 8 geocarposphere bacterial strains significantly lowered the percentage of pods colonized (〉 51%) compared to the control. Levels of seed colonization ranged from 1.3% to 45% and did not appear related to aflatoxin concentrations in the kernels.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; eggplant ; rhizosphere ; Talaromyces flavus ; Verticillium dahliae ; Verticillium wilt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative aspects of the interaction between the antagonist Talaromyces flavus, the pathogen Verticillium dahliae and eggplant roots, were studied. When eggplant roots were inoculated with T. flavus, prior to the infection with the pathogen, the population density of T. flavus on V. dahliae-infected roots was at least 3 times higher than on healthy uninfected roots, and the proliferation of T. flavus on diseased eggplant roots was related to the severity of wilt symptoms, in the two levels of application of T. flavus studied. However, in all classes of disease severity tested (disease index, 0–3), the population density of T. Flavus on eggplant roots treated with 106 ascospores g−1 rooting mixture was significantly (p=0.05) higher than with 105 ascospores g−1. In roots treated with 105 and 106 T. flavus ascospores g−1 rooting mixture, the population density of V. dahliae was reduced by 51% and 69%, respectively. When testing the relationships between the population density of V. dahliae in the roots and disease severity, no significant (p=0.05) difference was found between disease indexes 2 and 3. However, the density of V. dahliae on roots of plants with disease index 1 was significantly (p=0.05) lower than disease indexes 2 and 3. The positive relationship between the inoculum concentration of V. dahliae and the population density of T. flavus developed on eggplant roots was significant (p=0.001), linear, and highly correlated (r=0.945) on a logarithmic scale. In addition, the analysis of these data revealed a significant (p=0.05), high, negative and linear correlation (r=−0.985) between the log concentration of V. dahliae inoculum and the disease reduction achieved by T. flavus.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: 2-Chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride ; gibberellin A3 ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; tuberization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cuttings of potato shoots treated with the plant growth retardant 2-chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CCC) form tubers earlier and have less biologically-active gibberellin (GA)-like substances in the roots than control cuttings. The major GA-like substance in roots of potato cuttings was identified as GA3 by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The content of GA3 in roots of control cuttings, estimated by GC-MS-selected ion monitoring (SIM) using [17, 17-2H]GA3 as a quantitative internal standard, was 38.8 ng per g fresh weight (fw), and in roots of CCC-treated cuttings, in which tuberization was promoted, was 0.6 ng per g fw. Gibberellin A1, GA8 and GA20 were also indicated as minor components of roots from both control and CCC-treated cuttings. The comparatively high GA3 content in roots of control cuttings might be the ‘root factor’ responsible for delaying tuberization in potato.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: barley grain inoculum ; biological control ; Colletotrichum orbiculare ; potting medium ; Phoma sp. ; zoysiagrass rhizosphere fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Initial experiment on the reactions of five Japanese cultivars of cucumber toColletotrichum orbiculare infection in the greenhouse revealed that cv Suyo and Gibai were susceptible and moderately susceptible, respectively, while cv Shogoin fushinari and Sagami hanjiro were resistant to infection byC. orbiculare; cv Ochiai fushinari was moderately resistant. The ability of 16 plant growth promoting fungi (some isolates belonged to species ofPhoma and some non-sporulating isolates) isolated from zoysiagrass rhizospheres to induce systemic resistance in the above five cucumber cultivars was tested by growing plants in potting medium infested with barley grain inocula of PGPF in the greenhouse. The second true leaves of 21-day-old plants were challenge inoculated withC. orbiculare and disease assessed. Nine, out of 16 isolates, caused significant reduction of disease caused byC. orbiculare in at least two cultivars.Phoma isolates (GS8-1 and GS8-2) and non-sporulating isolates (GU21-2, GU23-3, and GU24-3) significantly reduced the disease in all the five cultivars. The disease suppression in cucumber was due to the induction of systemic resistance, since the inducer(s) and the pathogen were separated spatially and that the inducer did not colonize aerial portions. The resistance induced by certain isolates in a susceptible cultivar was less than that in a resistant cultivar. Disease suppression caused by isolate GU21-2 was similar to theC. orbiculare induced control in certain cultivars. The average rate of expansion of lesion diameter on leaves due toC. orbiculare was slower due to induction with the selected plant growth promoting fungi compared to the uninduced control plants. Roots of four cultivars were colonized by only three isolates, however, roots of one cultivar (Suyo) was colonized by five isolates suggesting the cultivar-specific root colonization ability.
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  • 39
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    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 101-110 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; mycoparasite ; sclerotia ; soil-borne plant pathogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Coniothyrium minitans grew on all ten solid-substrates (barley, barley-rye-sunflower, bran-vermiculite, bran-sand, maizemed-perlite, millet, oats, peat-bran, rice and wheat) tested, producing high numbers of germinable pycnidiospores (1.9–9.3×108 g−1 air dry inocula). All solid substrate inocula survived better in the laboratory at 5 and 15 °C than at 30 °C for at least 64 weeks. In pot bioassays carried out in the glasshouse and field, soil incorporations of each inoculum almost completely inhibited carpogenic germination ofS. sclerotiorum. In the field bioassay, no sclerotia were recovered after 38 weeks fromC. minitans-treated pots compared to 56% from control pots. In the glasshouse bioassay, 9–30% of sclerotia were recovered after 20 weeks fromC. minitans-treated pots, but 88–100% of these were infected by the antagonist. The antagonist also spread to infect sclerotia in control pots. In larger scale glasshouse trials, single preplanting soil-incorporations of five inocula (barley-ryesunflower, maizemeal-perlite, peat-bran, rice and wheat) controlled Sclerotinia disease in a sequence of lettuce crops, with only small differences between the types of inocula tested. At harvest,C. minitans reduced sclerotial populations on the soil surface and over 74% of sclerotia recovered fromC. minitans-treated plots were infected by the antagonist.C. minitans survived in soil in all solid-substrate inocula-treated plots for at least 39 weeks at levels of 104–105 colony forming units cm−3 soil and spread to infect over 36% of sclerotia recovered from control plots.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Trichogramma ostriniae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; biological control ; host range
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Trichogramma ostriniae a été identifié comme un auxiliaire potentiel contreOstrinia nubilalis. Comme la biologie de ce parasitoïde élevé surO. nubilalis est encore peu connu, nous avons entrepris des expériences pour quantifier des paramètres biologiques importants pour l'élevage de masse et l'utilisation deT. ostriniae. Lorsqu'elle est élevée uniquement surO. nubilalis, la femelle deT. ostriniae a une durée de vie moyenne de 2,7 jours et produit une moyenne de 24 descendants. L'accès continu au miel provoque une augmentation de la longévité et de la fécondité multipliée par 4 ainsi qu'un accroissement significatif du pourcentage de femelles parasitant les œufs. Les taux de fécondité et de parasitisme diminuent avec l'âge des femelles. De même, le taux d'émergence et le pourcentage de descendance femelle décroissent avec l'âge de la femelle.T. ostriniae parasite avec succès les œufs d'O. nubilalis jusqu'au stade de noircissement de la capsule céphalique. Le parasitisme des œufs et l'éclosion des adultes ont lieu essentiellement durant la première moitié de la photophase. Les œufs de treize espèces de Lépidoptères ont été parasités parT. ostriniae. Les œufs de Noctuidae, Pyralidae et Plutellidae présentent des niveaux de parasitisme plus élevés que ceux des autres Lépidoptères testés.T. ostriniae est semblable à d'autres espèces de Trichogrammes sur plusieurs points et ne possède pas de caractères limitant ses potentialités en vue d'un élevage de masse et de son utilisation en lutte biologique contreO. nubilalis par des lâchers de renforcement.
    Notes: Abstract Trichogramma ostriniae has been identified as a candidate for biological control ofOstrinia nubilalis. As little was known about the biology of this parasitoid when reared onO. nubilalis, we undertook experiments to quantify biological parameters important to mass-rearing and ase ofT. ostriniae. When reared continuously onO. nubilalis, femaleT. ostriniae on average lived 2.7 days and produced 24 progeny. Continuous access to honey resulted in a four-fold increase in longevity and fecundity and a significant increase in the percentage of females parasitizing eggs. Rates of fecundity and parasitism decreased with age of female. Likewise, emergence rates and percentage of female progeny decreased with age of parental female.T. ostriniae successfully parasitizedO. nubilalis eggs until the blackhead stage. Most parasitism of eggs and eclosion of adults occurred during the first half of photophase. Eggs of 13 Lepidopterans were parasitized byT. ostriniae. Eggs of the Noctuidae, Pyralidae, and Plutellidae experienced higher levels of parasitism than others tested.T. ostriniae appears to be similar to other species ofTrichogramma in several respects and does not possess any characteristics that limit its potential for mass rearing and use for augmentative biological control ofO. nubilalis.
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  • 41
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    BioControl 40 (1995), S. 29-34 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Aphis spiraephaga ; parasitoid ; predator ; ant ; natural enemies ; biological control ; Central Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'aire de répartition d'Aphis spiraephaga Müller, puceron originaire d'Asie Centrale, s'est étendue vers l'ouest et a atteint l'Europe centrale probablement avant 1956. Ce puceron est présent maintenant dans tous les pays européens. Les recherches menées en République tchèque, principalement entre 1991 et 1993, ont permis de montrer que ce puceron est attaqué par un complexe d'ennemis naturels comprenant à la fois des parasitoïdes (Aphelinidae, Aphidiidae) et des prédateurs (Anthocoridae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Cantharidae, Coccinellidae, Chamaemyidae, Itonididae, Syrphidae). Tous les ennemis naturels ont été identifiés à l'espèce. La présence conjointe de fourmis (Lasius sp.) est fréquemment observée.A. spiraephaga est aussi utilisé avec succès comme hôte-relais de deux parasitoïdes récemment introduits comme auxiliaires (Aphidius colemani Viereck,Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson).
    Notes: Abstract Aphis spiraephaga Müller, an aphid of Central Asian origin, dispersed west-wards and reached Central Europe probably before 1956. It now occurs in most European countries. Research undertaken in the Czech Republic mainly in 1991–1993, revealed that the aphid is attacked by a variety of natural enemies, including both parasitoids (Aphelinidae, Aphidiidae) and predators (Anthocoridae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Cantharidae, Coccinellidae, Chamaemyidae, Itonididae, Syrphidae). All the natural enemies were identified to species. Attendance by ants (Lasius sp.) was common.A. spiraephaga was also successfully utilised as a new alternate host of two newly introduced parasitoid biocontrol agents (Aphidius colemani Viereck,Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson).
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; whiteflies ; parasites ; demography ; life tables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude a été menée en laboratoire sur le développement préimaginal, la longévité et la fécondité des adultes d'Encarsia inaron (Walker). La durée de développement préimaginal varie avec la température, entre 55 à 60 jours à 15±1°C et 14 à 17 jours à 30±1°C. Il n'y a pas de développement à 10°C, température qui correspond approximativement au seuil estimé à partir de la droite de régression de la vitesse de développement par rapport à la température dans l'intervalle 15–30°C. Le développement est ralenti et la survie réduite à 32°C. En moyenne, les femelles vivent 18,6 jours et pondent 159 œufs à 25°C. A cette même température, la survie préimaginale est en moyenne de 59,3% et la sex-ratio de 73,5% de femelles. Le taux net de reproduction R0 deE. inaron calculé à partir de ces études est de 69,3%, alors que le taux intrinsèque d'accroissement naturel est de 0,169 individus par individu et par jour. En ce qui concerne l'oviposition, une légère préférence est montrée pour le 3e stade larvaire de l'hôte.
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory study of preimaginal development, adult longevity and fecundity ofEncarsia inaron (Walker) was conducted. Preimaginal developmental times varied with temperature, from 55–60 d at 15±1°C to 14–17 d at 30±1°C. No development took place at 10°C, which was approximately the developmental minimum estimated from regression analysis of developmental rates vs. temperature in the range 15–30°C. Development was slowed and survival was reduced at 32°C. Females lived an average of 18.6 days and laid a average of 159 eggs/female at 25°C. At 25°C, average preimaginal survival was 59.3%, and the sex ratio was 73.5% female. The net reproductive rate (R0) forE. inaron calculated from these studies was 69.3, while the intrinsic rate of natural increase was 0.1686 individuals per individual per day. Oviposition was concentrated slightly in third instar nymphs of the host.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Pseudaphycus ; Encyrtidae ; Hyperaspis ; Coccinellidae ; Leucopis ; Chamaemyiidae ; orchard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet des ennemis naturels indigènes sur les populations dePseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) dans les vergers de pommiers et de poiriers a été évalué en utilisant un ensemble de techniques, comprenant des cages d'exclusion, des bandes de toile placées sur les grosses branches et une inspection visuelle des pousses et des fruits. Le complexe d'ennemis naturels indigènes (qui comprend deux parasitoïdes encyrtides (Pseudaphycus websteri Timberlake et les espèces du genreMayridia), une coccinelle (Hyperaspis lateralis Mulsant), et une mouche chamaemyide (Leucopis verticalis Malloch) donne un assez bon résultat dans les vergers qui n'ont pas été traités avec des insecticides pendant l'année ou les deux années précédentes. Cependant la plupart de ces espèces étaient absentes des vergers régulièrement traitées avec des pesticides.
    Notes: Abstract The impact of native natural enemies on populations of the grape mealybug,Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) in apple and pear orchards was assessed using a combination of techniques, including exclusion cages, limb-banding, and visual inspection of shoots and fruits. The complex of native natural enemies (which included two encyrtid parasitoids, (Pseudaphycus websteri Timberlake andMayridia species), a coccinellid beetle (Hyperaspis lateralis Mulsant), and a chamaemyiid fly (Leucopis verticalis Malloch), provided reasonably good control in orchards that had not been treated with insecticides for one to two years. However, surveys indicated that most of these species were absent from orchards regularly sprayed with pesticides.
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 40 (1995), S. 427-440 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; pests ; Easter Island
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Depuis un demi-siècle, l'agriculture de l'Île de Pâques a été affectée par un nombre croissant de ravageurs introduits accidentellement. En raison de l'absence d'ennemis naturels et d'autres facteurs, ils ont atteint une densité élevée, ce qui a motivé l'utilisation intensive de pesticides. À partir de 1984, un projet supporté par le Fonds National de Développement Régional a été été établi en vue d'utiliser la lutte biologique contre ces ravageurs. Jusqu'à ce jour, 51 espèces auxiliaires ont été introduites dans l'Île pour le contrôle de ravageurs agricoles et 9 ennemis naturels de mouches qui sont une gêne pour le bétail et les habitants de l'Île. Les auxiliaires qui se sont établis, ont contribué à une importante réduction de ces ravageurs et à une diminution des traitements insecticides. La densité des mouches a également diminué; ceci peut être attribué à l'activité des bousiers qui entrent en concurrence alimentaire avec les larves de mouches.
    Notes: Abstract For half a century, agriculture on Easter Island has been affected by an increasing number of accidentally introduced insect pests. Due to the absence of natural enemies and other factors, these have reached high density levels which claimed for intensive use of pesticides. A project supported by the National Funds for Regional Development (FNDR) was established in 1984 to develop a biological control program against these pest species. Presently, 60 beneficial species have been introduced to control agricultural pests and flies that affect cattle and humans. Some of the natural enemies have established and are reducing pest populations thereby decreasing the requirement for insecticidal treatments. Fly density has also decreased noticeably. This can be attributed to the activity of natural enemies and dung beetles which compete with larval fly for food.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Encarsia ; Eretmocerus ; Aphelinidae ; insecticide resistance ; parasitoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La toxicité par contact de huit insecticides contre des adultes de quatre parasitoïdes deBemisia tabaci a été évaluée au laboratoire. Deux espèces locales,Ertmocerus sp. etEncarsia pergandiella Howard, et deux espèces exotiques,Eretmocerus mundus Mercet originaire d'Espagne etEncarsia formosa Gahan originaire de Grèce ont été testées. Des insecticides ont été pulvérisés aux concentrations recommandées sur cotonnier cultivé en serre. Les insecticides utilisés étaient l'amitraze (Ovasyn), l'azinophosmethyl (Guthion), la bifenthrine (Capture), la buprofézine (Applaud), la cyperméthrine (Ammo), le méthyl parathion et le thiodicarbe (Larvin) avec une pulvérisation d'eau pour les témoins. Les adultes de parasitoïdes ont été placés sur des disques découpés dans les feuilles, (1) pulvérisés le même jour et (2) pulvérisés deux jours auparavant. Deux et quatre jours après le traitement des disques, la survie des parasitoïdes adultes a été mesurée. Des différences significatives de toxicité ont été détectées parmi les insecticides. La buprofézine n'a eu aucun effet toxique sur les quatre parasitoïdes. L'amitraze a permis une survie significative après deux jours.E. mundus a montré la plus grande tolérance envers les insecticides, avec 40% ou plus de survie, 48 h après avoir été confiné sur les feuilles pulvérisées avec l'amitraze, le thiodicarb, et la cyperméthrine. La survie a été, en général, très réduite après 96 h. Dans un essai à part, les résidus frais d'endosulfan (Thiodan) ont été très toxiques avec les concentrations utilisées, mais les résidus de deux jours d'âge avec une concentration plus faible ont permis une survie de 76,7% deE. mundus et de 35% pourE. pergandiella.
    Notes: Abstract The contact toxicity of eight insecticides to adults of four parasitoids of the sweetpotato whiteflyBemisia tabaci was evaluated in the laboratory. Two common Texas species,Eretmocerus sp. andEncarsia pergandiella Howard, and two exotic species,Eretmocerus mundus Mercet from Spain andEncarsia formosa Gahan from Greece were tested. Insecticides, applied as sprays to greenhouse-grown cotton plants at recommended rates were amitraz (Ovasyn®), azinphosmethyl (Guthion®), bifenthrin (Capture®), buprofezin (Applaud®), cypermethrin (Ammo®), methyl parathion and thiodicarb (Larvin®), with a water control. Parasitoid adults were confined on discs cut from leaves (1) sprayed the same day and (2) sprayed two days previously. Survival in both treatments was measured two and four days following exposure. Significant differences in toxicity were detected among the insecticides. Buprofezin was not toxic to any of the four parasitoids. When caged on leaves sprayed two days previously, only amitraz of the remaining compounds allowed significant general parasitoid survival after two days.E. mundus exhibited the greatest overall tolerance to insecticides, with 40% or more surviving 48 hr after confinement on leaves sprayed with amitraz, thiodicarb and cypermethrin. Survival was generally much reduced after 96 hr. In a separate test, fresh residues of endosulfan (Thiodan®) were highly toxic at the two rates tested, but two day old residues at the lower rate allowed 76.7% survival ofE. mundus and 35% survival ofE. pergandiella after 48 hrs.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: tri-trophic interactions ; biological control ; Encarsia formosa ; Trialeurodes ricini ; Aleyrodidae ; Aphelinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudié l'influence de la plant-hôte sur le niveau du parasitisme, la durée de développement et la mortalité d'Encarsia formosa Gahan, parasitoïde deTrialeurodes ricini Misra. Le taux de parasitisme a varié de façon significative entre les diverses plantes-hôtes, entre un maximum moyen de 13/50 larves deT. ricini sur aubergine et un minimum moyen de 1,6/50 larves sur pomme de terre. Le développement d'Encarsia formosa varie en fonction de la plant-hôte deT. ricini. La durée moyenne de développement est de 17,7 jours sur coton. La mortalité du parasitoïde est élevée sur toutes les plante-hôtes étudiéees mais celle-ci ne présente pas de différences significatives entre plantes-hôtes. L'aubergine se révèle la plante la mieux adaptée à l'élevage en laboratoire d'Encarsia formosa surT. ricini.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the host plant on the level of parasitism, development time and mortality ofEncarsia formosa Gahan parasitizing castor whitefly,Trialeurodes ricini Misra were studied. The level of parasitism varied significantly between host plants; ranging from an average high of 13/50T. ricini larvae parasitized per parasitoid per day on aubergine to an average low of 1.6/50 host larvae on potato. Development time ofE. formosa varied according to whitefly host plant; minimum average development time was 17.7 days on cotton. The mortality ofE. formosa was high on all host plants tested, and the type of host plant had no significant influence on mortality. Aubergine proved to be the most satisfactory laboratory plant for rearingE. formosa onT. ricini.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Trichogramma ; quality control ; flight ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode de laboratoire et de plein champ a été établie pour mesurer la prise d'envol chezTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) dans le but de développer un procédé simple, peu coûteux et rapide qui servirait aux producteurs deTrichogramma pour contrôler la performance de vol du parasitoïde. La prise d'envol de quatre souches deT. brassicae, élevées sur œufs d'Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, a été comparée. Deux souches (F2 et F39/42) n'ont jamais été soumises au stockage à basse température. Elles ont été élevées pendant deux et 39 à 42 générations uniquement sur l'hôte de substitution,E. kuehniella, c'est-à-dire sans passage sur l'hôte naturel,Ostrinia nubilalis Huebner. Une souche, élevée pendant six générations surE. kuehniella a été stockée en conditions de diapause pendant six mois. La quatrième souche était un produit commericial dont les conditions de production et de stockage ne sont pas connues en détail. Des différences nettes de l'activité de vol on été observées entre les quatre souches. La souche F2 et le produit commercial ont montré une activité de vol plus élevée en laboratoire que les deux autres souches. Le même résultat, bien qu'un peu moins accentué, a été obtenu en plein champ. Nous concluons que la méthode de laboratoire est un moyen simple, rapide et peu coûteux pour mesurer l'activité de vol de ce parasitoïde. La méthode de plein champ, étant plus laborieuse, servirait surtout aux vérifications des résultats de laboratoire.
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory and a field test for flight initiation ofTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) (synonymous toT. maidis Pintureau et Voegele) were developed with the aim to establish a simple, cheap and quick flight quality control method forTrichogramma producers. The flight quality of four strains ofT. brassicae reared onEphestia kuehniella Zeller eggs were compared. The material tested consisted of four strains: two strains reared for two (F2) and 39 to 42 (F39–42) generations onE. kuehniella eggs without storage treatment, a diapause strain reared six generations (F6) onE. kuehniella eggs and a commercial strain also reared onE. kuehniella eggs whose production and storage conditions were unknown. Clear differences in flight activity among strains were observed. Both, the F2 and commercial strain showed significantly better flight activity under laboratory conditions compared to the other strains. Flight field cage experiments were made for comparison between field and laboratory results. Similar differences among strains in field cage experiments were observed when compared to laboratory tests.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Smicronyx guineanus ; Smicronyx umbrinus ; Striga hermonthica ; life history ; biological control ; Burkina Faso
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le cycle biologique deSmicronyx guineanus et deSm. umbrinus, charançons s'attaquant àStriga hermonthica, a été étudié au Burkina Faso. Des expérimentations ont été conduites en 1992 et 1993 à Kaya, dans des champs de sorgho (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench et de petit mil (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum. (syn.P. typhoides (Burm.) Stapf and Hubb.). Des informations sont présentées sur les périodes d'émergence et d'accouplement des adultes, la durée d'incubation des œufs, l'activité des larves et la période de nymphose. Les différents stades biologiques ont été étudiés pendant la campagne agricole. Les charançons sont univoltins; les adultes ont émergé en fin août, se sont accouplés et ont pondu leurs œufs dans les ovaires duStriga. Les larves se nourrissent des tissus de l'ovaire, causent des galles, ce qui empêche la production de graines deStriga. Les principaux dommages à la capsule des graines deStriga sont causés par les larves des charançons qui forment un groupe d'au moins deux espèces exploitant la même ressource. Au dernier stade, les larves tombent ensuite dans le sol où elles s'entourent d'une sorte de cocon à 1–15 cm de profondeur et se transforment plus tard en nymphes. La majorité des nymphes on été trouvées à la partie supérieure du sol entre 5 et 10 cm de profondeur. Les nymphes restent dans le sol de fin octobre à fin juillet. Nous avons observé 75.57% de pupes contre 24.43% d'adultes en dormance.
    Notes: Abstract The life history ofSmicronyx guineanus andSm. umbrinus, weevils attackingStriga hermonthica, was studied in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Field experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 at Kaya, in fields of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum. (syn.P. typhoides (Burm.) Stapf & Hubb). The weevils are univoltine; the adults emerge in late August, mate and eggs are laid in the ovary ofStriga inflorescence. Larval feeding in the ovary causes galling and prevents seed production. The main damage toStriga seed capsule is caused by the larvae of at least twoSmicronyx species. Last-instar larvae drop to the soil and bury themselves to a depth of 1–15 cm, pupate and enter into dormancy. Most pupae are found in the upper 5–10 cm of the soil. The pupal period lasts from late October to late July. In May, we found 75.6% of pupae against 24.4% of adults in dormancy.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: weevil ; Steinernematidae ; application time ; sugar beet ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'efficacité de deux espèces de nématodes entomopathogènes,Steinernema carpocapsae etS. feltiae a été testée au laboratoire et au champ contre les populations larvaires du cléone mendiantConorhynchus mendicus. Ce curculionide est l'un des ravageurs les plus importants de la betterave sucrière au Gharb (Maroc). Les nématodes entomopathogènes ont été appliqués au moyen d'un pulvérisateur manuel dans un champ artificiellement infesté, pendant le jour et pendant la nuit. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le nombre de cadavres d'insectes récupéré était important dans les parcelles traitées comparé aux parcelles non traitées. Par ailleurs, la réduction des populations larvaires du ravageur était plus importante dans les parcelles traitées avecS. carpocapsae (89.5% et 59.5% respectivement pour l'application de nuit et de jour), que dans les parcelles traitées avecS. feltiae (68.5% et 28% respectivement). L'efficacité des nématodes entomopathogènes s'est améliorée avec l'application de nuit particulièrement dans le cas deS. carpocapsae où le contrôle des larves était maintenu pendant 45 Jours.
    Notes: Abstract Two entomopathogenic nematodes,Steirnernema carpocapsae andS. feltiae were evaluated in the laboratory and under field conditions against larvae ofConorhynchus mendicus, a pest of sugar beet in the Gharb area of Morocco. Nematodes were applied in an artificially infested field using a knapsack sprayer either during the day or in the evening after sunset. The number of insect cadavers recovered from both soil and sugar beet plants was greater in the treated plots compared with the untreated ones. The percent reduction in live larvae was significantly greater in theS. carpocapsae treated plots (89.5% and 59.5% for night an day application respectively) compared with those treated withS. feltiae (68.5% and 28% respectively). The efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes was therefore increased by application at night particularly in the case ofS. carpocapsae where control was maintained for 45 days.
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