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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    AI & society 13 (1999), S. 357-376 
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Schlagwort(e): Context ; CSCW ; Culture ; Design ; Interface ; Japan ; Work
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract The past decade has seen the development of a perspective holding that technology is socially constructed. This paper examines the social construction of one group of technologies: systems for computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW). It describes the design of CSCW in Japan, with particular attention to the influence of culture on the design process. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the argument that culture is an important factor in technology design, despite commonly held assumptions about the neutrality and objectivity of science and technology. The paper further argues that, by looking at CSCW systems as texts which reflect the context of their production and the society from which they come, we may be better able to understand the transformations that operate when these texts are ‘read’ in the contexts of their implementation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 33 (1999), S. 247-264 
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Schlagwort(e): Internet ; World Wide Web ; literary research ; criticism ; electronic publication ; Rushdie ; Satanic Verses
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften, Kommunikationsdesign
    Notizen: Abstract The project of creating annotations to Salman Rushdie's novel, The Satanic Verses, involved drawing on many resources on the Internet, including Web pages, E-mail lists, and individual correspondents. Internet research naturally stimulates collaborative research, and the end product is more flexible, useful, and available to a wider audience than is conventional paper publishing.
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Minds and machines 9 (1999), S. 3-28 
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Schlagwort(e): physical symbols ; formal programs ; neural networks ; designation ; interpretation ; representation ; semantics ; intensional meaning ; extensional meaning ; causal capacities ; emergence ; levels
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract The purpose of this article is to show why consciousness and thought are not manifested in digital computers. Analyzing the rationale for claiming that the formal manipulation of physical symbols in Turing machines would emulate human thought, the article attempts to show why this proved false. This is because the reinterpretation of ‘designation’ and ‘meaning’ to accommodate physical symbol manipulation eliminated their crucial functions in human discourse. Words have denotations and intensional meanings because the brain transforms the physical stimuli received from the microworld into a qualitative, macroscopic representation for consciousness. Lacking this capacity as programmed machines, computers have no representations for their symbols to designate and mean. Unlike human beings in which consciousness and thought, with their inherent content, have emerged because of their organic natures, serial processing computers or parallel distributed processing systems, as programmed electrical machines, lack these causal capacities.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 259-270 
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Schlagwort(e): author attribution ; content analysis ; discriminant analysis ; lexical statistics ; neural networks ; The Federalist
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften, Kommunikationsdesign
    Notizen: Abstract In studies of author attribution, measurement of differential use of function words is the most common procedure, though lexical statistics are often used. Content analysis has seldom been employed. We compare the success of lexical statistics, content analysis, and function words in classifying the 12 disputedFederalist papers. Of course, Mosteller and Wallace (1964) have presented overwhelming evidence that all 12 were by James Madison rather than by Alexander Hamilton. Our purpose is not to challenge these attributions but rather to useThe Federalist as a test case. We found lexical statistics to be of no use in classifying the disputed papers. Using both classical canonical discriminant analysis and a neural-network approach, content analytic measures — the Harvard III Psychosociological Dictionary and semantic differential indices — were found to be successful at attributing most of the disputed papers to Madison. However, a function-word approach is more successful. We argue that content analysis can be useful in cases where the function-word approach does not yield compelling conclusions and, perhaps, in preliminary screening in cases where there are a large number of possible authors.
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Artificial intelligence and law 3 (1995), S. 267-275 
    ISSN: 1572-8382
    Schlagwort(e): Legal Expert Systems ; sequenced transition networks ; neural networks ; ID3 algorithm ; Toulmin Argument Structures ; case-based reasoning ; production rule expert system ; divorce ; property division ; explanation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Rechtswissenschaft
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 449-461 
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Schlagwort(e): neural networks ; stylometric analysis ; Shakespeare ; Fletcher ; discrimination ; classification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften, Kommunikationsdesign
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper we show, for the first time, how Radial Basis Function (RBF) network techniques can be used to explore questions surrounding authorship of historic documents. The paper illustrates the technical and practical aspects of RBF's, using data extracted from works written in the early 17th century by William Shakespeare and his contemporary John Fletcher. We also present benchmark comparisons with other standard techniques for contrast and comparison.
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 297-305 
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Schlagwort(e): Internet ; servers ; electronic texts ; public domain ; The English Server
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften, Kommunikationsdesign
    Notizen: Abstract An increasing number of services, particularly electronic texts, are available via the Internet to humanities scholars. This situation is novel and raises a number of questions which are brought out in this essay. Some of these questions are illustrated with reference toThe English Server at Carnegie Mellon University.
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Artificial intelligence and law 7 (1999), S. 81-96 
    ISSN: 1572-8382
    Schlagwort(e): agents ; user interface metaphors ; agent programming languages ; agent communication languages ; agent protocols ; Hohfeld ; formal theories of rights ; normative structures ; deontic logic ; groupware ; CSCW ; electronic commerce
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Rechtswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Two areas of importance for agents and multiagent systems are investigated: design of agent programming languages, and design of agent communication languages. The paper contributes in the above mentioned areas by demonstrating improved or novel applications for deontic logic and normative reasoning. Examples are taken from computer-supported cooperative work, and electronic commerce.
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Artificial intelligence and law 7 (1999), S. 115-128 
    ISSN: 1572-8382
    Schlagwort(e): analogy ; fuzzy logic ; learning ; legal formalism ; neural networks ; vagueness
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Rechtswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Computational approaches to the law have frequently been characterized as being formalistic implementations of the syllogistic model of legal cognition: using insufficient or contradictory data, making analogies, learning through examples and experiences, applying vague and imprecise standards. We argue that, on the contrary, studies on neural networks and fuzzy reasoning show how AI & law research can go beyond syllogism, and, in doing that, can provide substantial contributions to the law.
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Artificial intelligence and law 7 (1999), S. 129-151 
    ISSN: 1572-8382
    Schlagwort(e): connectionism ; legal philosophy ; legal theory ; neural networks
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Rechtswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This paper examines the use of connectionism (neural networks) in modelling legal reasoning. I discuss how the implementations of neural networks have failed to account for legal theoretical perspectives on adjudication. I criticise the use of neural networks in law, not because connectionism is inherently unsuitable in law, but rather because it has been done so poorly to date. The paper reviews a number of legal theories which provide a grounding for the use of neural networks in law. It then examines some implementations undertaken in law and criticises their legal theoretical naïvete. It then presents a lessons from the implementations which researchers must bear in mind if they wish to build neural networks which are justified by legal theories.
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 25 (1999), S. 121-132 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Schlagwort(e): invariant object recognition ; pattern recognition ; neural networks ; flexible manufacturing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract A small flexible production cell has been built around a selectively compliant articulated robot arm. Moving on a conveyor belt, boxes marked with different labels are presented to the robot in a random order. Using a camera and a vision card, the labels on the boxes are recognized. Each one of the labels can be rotated, translated or scaled. Three different invariant feature extraction methods (signature, invariant moments of Hu and Zernike) are compared. A neural net is used to classify the labels. The task of the SCARA robot is to pick up the moving boxes and to sort them according to their labels.
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 24 (1999), S. 43-68 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Schlagwort(e): learning robots ; system organization ; optimization ; physical equation ; look-ut table ; neural networks ; fuzzy controllers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract This paper explores a stepwise learning approach based on a system's decomposition into functional subsystems. Two case studies are examined: a visually guided robot that learns to track a maneuvering object, and a robot that learns to use the information from a force sensor in order to put a peg into a hole. These two applications show the features and advantages of the proposed approach: i) the subsystems naturally arise as functional components of the hardware and software; ii) these subsystems are building blocks of the robot behavior and can be combined in several ways for performing various tasks; iii) this decomposition makes it easier to check the performances and detect the cause of a malfunction; iv) only those subsystems for which a satisfactory solution is not available need to be learned; v) the strategy proposed for coordinating the optimization of all subsystems ensures an improvement at the task-level; vi) the overall system's behavior is significantly improved by the stepwise learning approach.
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 26 (1999), S. 91-100 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Schlagwort(e): robots ; neural networks ; adaptiveness ; stability ; approximation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract An indirect adaptive control approach is developed in this paper for robots with unknown nonlinear dynamics using neural networks (NNs). A key property of the proposed approach is that the actual joint angle values in the control law are replaced by the desired joint angles, angle velocities and accelerators, and the bound on the NN reconstruction errors is assumed to be unknown. Main theoretical results for designing such a neuro-controller are given, and the control performance of the proposed controller is verified with simulation studies.
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 25 (1999), S. 43-59 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Schlagwort(e): PID control ; GAs ; neural networks ; multivariable systems
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract When genetic algorithms (GAs) are applied for PID parameter tuning, since the PID parameters are adjusted almost randomly, it is possible that the plant will be damaged due to abrupt changes in PID parameters. To solve this problem, a neural network will be used to model the plant and the genetic tuning procedure will be performed on the neural network instead of the plant. After determining the PID parameters in this off-line manner, these gains are then applied to the plant for on-line control. Moreover, considering that the neural network model may not be accurate enough, a method is also proposed for on-line fine-tuning of PID parameters. To show the validity of the proposed method, a seesaw system that has one input and two outputs will be used for experimental evaluation
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Machine learning 20 (1995), S. 273-297 
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Schlagwort(e): pattern recognition ; efficient learning algorithms ; neural networks ; radial basis function classifiers ; polynomial classifiers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract The support-vector network is a new learning machine for two-group classification problems. The machine conceptually implements the following idea: input vectors are non-linearly mapped to a very high-dimension feature space. In this feature space a linear decision surface is constructed. Special properties of the decision surface ensures high generalization ability of the learning machine. The idea behind the support-vector network was previously implemented for the restricted case where the training data can be separated without errors. We here extend this result to non-separable training data. High generalization ability of support-vector networks utilizing polynomial input transformations is demonstrated. We also compare the performance of the support-vector network to various classical learning algorithms that all took part in a benchmark study of Optical Character Recognition.
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Machine learning 20 (1995), S. 273-297 
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Schlagwort(e): pattern recognition ; efficient learning algorithms ; neural networks ; radial basis function classifiers ; polynomial classifiers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Thesupport-vector network is a new learning machine for two-group classification problems. The machine conceptually implements the following idea: input vectors are non-linearly mapped to a very high-dimension feature space. In this feature space a linear decision surface is constructed. Special properties of the decision surface ensures high generalization ability of the learning machine. The idea behind the support-vector network was previously implemented for the restricted case where the training data can be separated without errors. We here extend this result to non-separable training data. High generalization ability of support-vector networks utilizing polynomial input transformations is demonstrated. We also compare the performance of the support-vector network to various classical learning algorithms that all took part in a benchmark study of Optical Character Recognition.
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Machine learning 37 (1999), S. 183-233 
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Schlagwort(e): graphical models ; Bayesian networks ; belief networks ; probabilistic inference ; approximate inference ; variational methods ; mean field methods ; hidden Markov models ; Boltzmann machines ; neural networks
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents a tutorial introduction to the use of variational methods for inference and learning in graphical models (Bayesian networks and Markov random fields). We present a number of examples of graphical models, including the QMR-DT database, the sigmoid belief network, the Boltzmann machine, and several variants of hidden Markov models, in which it is infeasible to run exact inference algorithms. We then introduce variational methods, which exploit laws of large numbers to transform the original graphical model into a simplified graphical model in which inference is efficient. Inference in the simpified model provides bounds on probabilities of interest in the original model. We describe a general framework for generating variational transformations based on convex duality. Finally we return to the examples and demonstrate how variational algorithms can be formulated in each case.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Schlagwort(e): neural networks ; database search ; protein classification ; sequence analysis ; superfamily ; singular value decomposition (SVD)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract A neural network classification method has been developed as an alternative approach to the search/organization problem of protein sequence databases. The neural networks used are three-layered, feed-forward, back-propagation networks. The protein sequences are encoded into neural input vectors by a hashing method that counts occurrences ofn-gram words. A new SVD (singular value decomposition) method, which compresses the long and sparsen-gram input vectors and captures semantics ofn-gram words, has improved the generalization capability of the network. A full-scale protein classification system has been implemented on a Cray supercomputer to classify unknown sequences into 3311 PIR (Protein Identification Resource) superfamilies/families at a speed of less than 0.05 CPU second per sequence. The sensitivity is close to 90% overall, and approaches 100% for large superfamilies. The system could be used to reduce the database search time and is being used to help organize the PIR protein sequence database.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Machine learning 37 (1999), S. 131-141 
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Schlagwort(e): neural networks ; read-once formulas ; threshold gates ; sigmoidal gates ; PAC learning ; Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract A neural network is said to be nonoverlapping if there is at most one edge outgoing from each node. We investigate the number of examples that a learning algorithm needs when using nonoverlapping neural networks as hypotheses. We derive bounds for this sample complexity in terms of the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension. In particular, we consider networks consisting of threshold, sigmoidal and linear gates. We show that the class of nonoverlapping threshold networks and the class of nonoverlapping sigmoidal networks on n inputs both have Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension Ω(nlog n). This bound is asymptotically tight for the class of nonoverlapping threshold networks. We also present an upper bound for this class where the constants involved are considerably smaller than in a previous calculation. Finally, we argue that the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension of nonoverlapping threshold or sigmoidal networks cannot become larger by allowing the nodes to compute linear functions. This sheds some light on a recent result that exhibited neural networks with quadratic Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Schlagwort(e): neural networks ; database search ; protein classification ; sequence analysis ; superfamily ; singular value decomposition (SVD)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract A neural network classification method has been developed as an alternative approach to the search/organization problem of protein sequence databases. The neural networks used are three-layered, feed-forward, back-propagation networks. The protein sequences are encoded into neural input vectors by a hashing method that counts occurrences of n-gram words. A new SVD (singular value decomposition) method, which compresses the long and sparse n-gram input vectors and captures semantics of n-gram words, has improved the generalization capability of the network. A full-scale protein classification system has been implemented on a Cray supercomputer to classify unknown sequences into 3311 PIR (Protein Identification Resource) superfamilies/families at a speed of less than 0.05 CPU second per sequence. The sensitivity is close to 90% overall, and approaches 100% for large superfamilies. The system could be used to reduce the database search time and is being used to help organize the PIR protein sequence database.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-122X
    Schlagwort(e): CSCW ; Groupware ; Teleteaching ; Workflow-Management ; Elektronischer Handel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Informatik-Spektrum 22 (1999), S. 3-12 
    ISSN: 1432-122X
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter World Wide Web ; Internet ; HTTP ; CGI ; Java ; Informationssysteme ; Sicherheit ; verteilte Systeme ; Key words World Wide Web ; Internet ; HTTP ; CGI ; Java ; Information systems ; Security ; Distributed systems
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The commercial use of the World Wide Web causes a far-reaching change in information technology. Web-browser are becoming the universal front-end for all kinds of client-server applications. Many commercial systems such as information or reservation systems are shifted towards web-based systems. This paper surveys the techniques to realize web-based applications and provides a classification of these techniques. The related security risks are also discussed.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die Kommerzialisierung des World Wide Web bewirkt eine weitreichende Veränderung der Informationstechnologie. Web-Browser entwickeln sich zum universellen Front-End für Client-Server Anwendungen. Viele kommerzielle Anwendungen wie Informationssysteme oder Buchungssysteme werden auf Web-basierte Systeme umgestellt. In diesem Übersichtsartikel wird eine Klassifikation der bei Web-basierten Anwendungen verwendeten Techniken vorgenommen. Die einzelnen Techniken werden genau beschrieben und miteinander verglichen. Darüberhinaus werden die mit diesen Anwendungen einhergehenden Sicherheitsprobleme diskutiert.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-122X
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Nachweis-Datenbanken ; digitale Bibliotheken ; Internet ; Wissensversorgung ; Key words Reference databases ; Digital libraries ; Internet ; Knowledge acquisition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Reference databases and electronic fulltext documents are important pillars on which knowledge acquisition for IT professionals rests on. Searching the Internet can play a supplementary role only. The database CompuScience is a fulcrum for knowledge in our field and needs to be extended. Recent trials by libraries with electronic fulltext documents are quite promising. This may, in the long run, change user attitudes. Solutions should be supported and services introduced now that students and practitioners can rely on. Computer scientists are interested and obliged to develop creative concepts and to provide technical leadership in this area.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Literatur-Nachweis-Datenbanken und elektronischer Volltext sind wichtige Säulen, auf denen die Wissensversorgung der in der Informatik tätigen Fachleute ruht. Die offene Suche im Internet kann hier nur eine unterstützende Rolle spielen. In der Datenbank CompuScience hat die Informatik eine Drehscheibe der Wissensversorgung, die es auszubauen gilt. Bezüglich der elektronischen Volltext-Versorgung durch überregionale Bibliotheken gibt es erste Erfolg versprechende Versuche, die zu langfristigen Veränderungen im Nutzerverhalten führen können. Es geht jetzt darum, Lösungen zu unterstützen und Dienstleistungen einzuführen, auf die sich Studierende und die im Beruf tätigen Fachleute verlassen können. Die Informatik hat ein Interesse und eine Verpflichtung, kreative Konzepte zu entwickeln und ihre Vorreiterrolle auf diesem Gebiet weiter wahrzunehmen.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Netnomics 1 (1999), S. 107-126 
    ISSN: 1573-7071
    Schlagwort(e): Java ; Internet ; object standardization ; network externalities ; software industry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract The computer software market is a textbook example of network externalities: if a user decides to work with a specific program, the utility of all other users of the same product increases. This increase in utility is not compensated for by the market; thus one speaks of network externalities. Such network externalities lead to a natural tendency towards quasi standardization, favoring a high market concentration on the supply side. This article demonstrates that Java programs combined with an appropriate object standardization may reduce the influence of the network externalities, giving smaller companies a better chance to compete successfully.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Computational economics 14 (1999), S. 89-107 
    ISSN: 1572-9974
    Schlagwort(e): Internet ; World Wide Web ; Hypertext Markup Language ; Portable Document Format ; Java
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract The rapid rise of the Internet has lead to new technologies. These include HTML, the basic ‘markup’ language for pages on the World Wide Web; PDF, a file format designed for precise layout control of documents like working papers and journals, and Java, a general purpose language ideally suited for use on the Internet. This paper introduces these technologies.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Applied intelligence 11 (1999), S. 5-13 
    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Schlagwort(e): neural networks ; knowledge representation ; structured knowledge reasoning ; connectionism ; symbol processing ; hybrid systems
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This collection of articles is the first of two parts of a special issue on “Neural Networks and Structured Knowledge.” The contributions to the first part shed some light on the issues of knowledge representation and reasoning with neural networks. Their scope ranges from formal models for mapping discrete structures like graphs or logical formulae onto different types of neural networks, to the construction of practical systems for various types of reasoning. In the second part to follow, the emphasis will be on the extraction of knowledge from neural networks, and on applications of neural networks and structured knowledge to practical tasks.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Applied intelligence 11 (1999), S. 15-30 
    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Schlagwort(e): neural networks ; structured objects ; machine learning ; classification ; similarity ; nearest neighbor
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Labeled graphs are an appropriate and popular representation of structured objects in many domains. If the labels describe the properties of real world objects and their relations, finding the best match between two graphs turns out to be the weakly defined, NP-complete task of establishing a mapping between them that maps similar parts onto each other preserving as much as possible of their overall structural correspondence. In this paper, former approaches of structural matching and constraint relaxation by spreading activation in neural networks and the method of solving optimization tasks using Hopfield-style nets are combined. The approximate matching task is reformulated as the minimization of a quadratic energy function. The design of the approach enables the user to change the parameters and the dynamics of the net so that knowledge about matching preferences is included easily and transparently. In the last section, some examples demonstrate the successful application of this approach in classification and learning in the domain of organic chemistry.
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
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    Computer supported cooperative work 8 (1999), S. 207-238 
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Schlagwort(e): awareness ; common artefact ; CSCW ; distortion ; notification ; state presentation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract The idea of a “common artefact” is a useful metaphor for the design of CSCW systems. Our ACCT model of a common artefact describes structural elements that provide awareness about the work of others. The ACCT model identifies actors, contents, conversations, and tools as the central components of a common artefact, arranged on a shared background. The elements of a common artefact provide both a background visualization of the activity, but also permit dynamic notification of particular events. We explore this process of notification, which is composed of a selection and a presentation stage. We identify the critical factors of the process, in particular we highlight techniques related to temporal and spatial distortion. The framework helps to prepare design decisions of multi-user systems more consciously.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
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    Information retrieval 1 (1999), S. 193-216 
    ISSN: 1573-7659
    Schlagwort(e): information retrieval ; text mining ; topic spotting ; text categorization ; knowledge management ; problem decomposition ; machine learning ; neural networks ; probabilistic models ; hierarchical models ; performance evaluation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract With the recent dramatic increase in electronic access to documents, text categorization—the task of assigning topics to a given document—has moved to the center of the information sciences and knowledge management. This article uses the structure that is present in the semantic space of topics in order to improve performance in text categorization: according to their meaning, topics can be grouped together into “meta-topics”, e.g., gold, silver, and copper are all metals. The proposed architecture matches the hierarchical structure of the topic space, as opposed to a flat model that ignores the structure. It accommodates both single and multiple topic assignments for each document. Its probabilistic interpretation allows its predictions to be combined in a principled way with information from other sources. The first level of the architecture predicts the probabilities of the meta-topic groups. This allows the individual models for each topic on the second level to focus on finer discriminations within the group. Evaluating the performance of a two-level implementation on the Reuters-22173 testbed of newswire articles shows the most significant improvement for rare classes.
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  • 30
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    Journal of network and systems management 7 (1999), S. 105-126 
    ISSN: 1573-7705
    Schlagwort(e): ENTERPRISE NETWORKS ; CSCW ; NETWORK AND SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT ; REENGINEERING ; MANAGEMENT PROCESSES
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract With the increasing implementation by networkedmission-critical applications, an enterprise network isbecoming the lifeline of an organization. Massiveinvestments are being made in the modernization of enterprise networks of diverse serviceorganizations, such as telecommunications andhealth-care providers. Organizations need to adapt tochanging business environment, such as the deregulationof telecommunication services. This necessitates a seamlessintegration of business management processes withenterprise network management processes. Hence there isa need for the formulation of new methodologies for there-engineering of management solutions (with focus onintegrated business processes), though most present daysolutions concentrate on the management of networkequipment only. This paper presents a new methodologyfor the reengineering of the management processesfor enterprise networks, based on Computer SupportedCooperative Work (CSCW) techniques.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-7462
    Schlagwort(e): CancerLit ; concept spaces ; data mining ; Hopfield net ; information retrieval ; Kohonen net ; medical knowledge ; neural networks
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper discusses several data mining algorithms and techniques thatwe have developed at the University of Arizona Artificial Intelligence Lab.We have implemented these algorithms and techniques into severalprototypes, one of which focuses on medical information developed incooperation with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign. We propose an architecture for medicalknowledge information systems that will permit data mining across severalmedical information sources and discuss a suite of data mining tools that weare developing to assist NCI in improving public access to and use of theirexisting vast cancer information collections.
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  • 32
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    Artificial intelligence review 9 (1995), S. 361-385 
    ISSN: 1573-7462
    Schlagwort(e): legal decision support systems ; deduction ; rule based reasoning ; induction ; analogy ; case based reasoning ; neural networks
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of a range of artificial intelligence approaches used in legal domains. Symbolic reasoning systems which rely on deductive, inductive and analogical reasoning are described and reviewed. The role of statistical reasoning in law is examined, and the use of neural networks analysed. There is discussion of architectures for, and examples of, systems which combine a number of these reasoning strategies. We conclude that to build intelligent legal decision support systems requires a range of reasoning strategies.
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  • 33
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    Annals of software engineering 1 (1995), S. 141-154 
    ISSN: 1573-7489
    Schlagwort(e): Software complexity metrics ; software quality ; regression analysis ; neural networks ; program faults ; model quality of fit ; model predictive quality ; average relative error
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Accurately predicting the number of faults in program modules is a major problem in the quality control of large software development efforts. Some software complexity metrics are closely related to the distribution of faults across program modules. Using these relationships, software engineers develop models that provide early estimates of quality metrics that do not become available until late in the development cycle. By considering these early estimates, software engineers can take actions to avoid or prepare for emerging quality problems. Most often, the predictive models are based upon multiple regression analysis. However, measures of software quality and complexity exhibit systematic departures from the assumptions of these analyses. With extreme violations of these assumptions, multiple regression models become unstable and lose most of their predictive quality. Since neural network models carry no data assumptions, these models could be more appropriate than regression models for modeling software faults. In this paper, we explore a neural network methodology for developing models that predict the number of faults in program modules. We apply this methodology to develop neural network models based upon data collected during the development of two commercial software systems. After developing neural network models, we apply multiple linear regression methods to develop regression models on the same data. For the data sets considered, the neural network methodology produced better predictive models in terms of both quality of fit and predictive quality.
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  • 34
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    Applied intelligence 11 (1999), S. 109-127 
    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Schlagwort(e): hybrid models ; sequential decision making ; neural networks ; reinforcement learning ; cognitive modeling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract In developing autonomous agents, one usually emphasizes only (situated) procedural knowledge, ignoring more explicit declarative knowledge. On the other hand, in developing symbolic reasoning models, one usually emphasizes only declarative knowledge, ignoring procedural knowledge. In contrast, we have developed a learning model CLARION, which is a hybrid connectionist model consisting of both localist and distributed representations, based on the two-level approach proposed in [40]. CLARION learns and utilizes both procedural and declarative knowledge, tapping into the synergy of the two types of processes, and enables an agent to learn in situated contexts and generalize resulting knowledge to different scenarios. It unifies connectionist, reinforcement, and symbolic learning in a synergistic way, to perform on-line, bottom-up learning. This summary paper presents one version of the architecture and some results of the experiments.
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  • 35
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    Applied intelligence 11 (1999), S. 169-186 
    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Schlagwort(e): neural networks ; multiple fault diagnosis ; analog circuits
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents a neural network system for the diagnosis of analog circuits and shows how the performance of such a system can be affected by the choice of different techniques used by its submodules. In particular we discuss the influence of feature extraction techniques such as Fourier Transforms, Wavelets and Principal Component Analysis. The system uses several different power supplies and as many neural networks “in parallel”. Two different algorithms that can be used to combine the candidate sets produced by each network are also presented. The system is capable of diagnosing multiple faults even if trained on single ones.
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  • 36
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    Applied intelligence 10 (1999), S. 71-84 
    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Schlagwort(e): encryption ; chaotic attractors ; neural networks ; symmetric-key
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract A new probabilistic symmetric-key encryption scheme based on chaotic-classified properties of Hopfield neural networks is described. In an overstoraged Hopfield Neural Network (OHNN) the phenomenon of chaotic-attractors is well documented and messages in the attraction domain of an attractor are unpredictably related to each other. By performing permutation operations on the neural synaptic matrix, several interesting chaotic-classified properties of OHNN were found and these were exploited in developing a new cryptography technique. By keeping the permutation operation of the neural synaptic matrix as the secret key, we introduce a new probabilistic encryption scheme for a symmetric-key cryptosystem. Security and encryption efficiency of the new scheme are discussed.
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  • 37
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    Computer supported cooperative work 4 (1995), S. 297-318 
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Schlagwort(e): CSCW ; active badges ; evaluation ; sociology ; ethnography ; work practice ; communities ; religion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper reports findings from an analysis of attitudes toward and use of active badges and associated applications in a large corporate research laboratory. The evidence will show that there were two distinct sets of views about active badges, leading one group within the institution to be strongly opposed to their introduction and use, and another very supportive. Analysis of these views will show that they were the manifestation of two different morally cohered communities. The demonstrable existence of these communities was in part achieved through and displayed by the avowal of these distinct sets of attitudes and views. Further, analysis of the particular communities will suggest that some of these views and attitudes had the character of being sacred or semi-sacred; in this sense they were beliefs. On the basis of these materials, the paper will conclude with discussion of how beliefs can form the bedrock of any and all communities, and how it is necessary to respect those beliefs if one wishes to introduce technologies to support group activities. Failure to do so can lead to the rejection of systems on grounds well removed from the purported purpose of those systems.
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  • 38
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    Information retrieval 1 (1999), S. 151-173 
    ISSN: 1573-7659
    Schlagwort(e): linear combination ; fusion ; neural networks ; routing ; performance evaluation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract We present a thorough analysis of the capabilities of the linear combination (LC) model for fusion of information retrieval systems. The LC model combines the results lists of multiple IR systems by scoring each document using a weighted sum of the scores from each of the component systems. We first present both empirical and analytical justification for the hypotheses that such a model should only be used when the systems involved have high performance, a large overlap of relevant documents, and a small overlap of nonrelevant documents. The empirical approach allows us to very accurately predict the performance of a combined system. We also derive a formula for a theoretically optimal weighting scheme for combining 2 systems. We introduce d—the difference between the average score on relevant documents and the average score on nonrelevant documents—as a performance measure which not only allows mathematical reasoning about system performance, but also allows the selection of weights which generalize well to new documents. We describe a number of experiments involving large numbers of different IR systems which support these findings.
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  • 39
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    Computer supported cooperative work 8 (1999), S. 285-293 
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Schlagwort(e): CSCW ; critical theory ; deconstruction ; ideal speech situation ; social action theory
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract The paper discusses Sharrock's and Button's criticism of our attempt to use Habermas' communicative action theory to analyze group work platforms. We demonstrate that they misconstrue our goals of the paper, misinterpret our analysis of Habermas' action types, and misunderstand the concept of critical science. At the end we question the usefulness of these types of debates in furthering CSCW research.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Computer supported cooperative work 8 (1999), S. 147-167 
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Schlagwort(e): CSCW ; electronic commerce ; intermediary ; digital library ; electronic community ; costomer support ; librarians ; notes ; trust
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Many observers consider traditional intermediaries such as brokers, lenders and salespersons anachronisms in a world where consumers can communicate directly with providers of products and services over computer networks. Under the same rubric, information mediators such as journalists, editors, librarians and customer support representatives are being targeted for elimination. Drawing on our ethnographically-informed studies of customer support analysts and librarians, we demonstrate that the expertise and experience of intermediaries is often invisible – to the consumer, to the organization in which these intermediaries work, and even to the intermediaries' managers. The valuable services provided by intermediaries are not made unnecessary by end-user access. We argue for a richer understanding of intermediation, and a reallocation of functions and roles in which “new intermediaries” – people, software or a combination of the two – aggregate, personalize and assure the quality of information.
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  • 41
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    Distributed and parallel databases 7 (1999), S. 149-177 
    ISSN: 1573-7578
    Schlagwort(e): electronic commerce ; electronic market place ; trading ; relational database management system ; JDBC ; Java ; Internet ; WWW
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Electronic commerce systems for business-to-business commerce on the Internet are still in their infancy. The realization of Internet electronic markets for business-to-business following a n-suppliers: m-customers scenario is still unattainable with todays solutions. Comprehensive Internet electronic commerce systems should provide for easy access to and handling of the system, help to overcome differences in time of business, location, language between suppliers and customers, and at the same time should support the entire process of trading for business-to-business commerce. In this paper, we present a DBMS-based electronic commerce architecture and its prototypical implementation for business-to-business commerce according to a n-suppliers: m-customers scenario. Business transactions within the electronic market are realized by a set of modular market services. Multiple physically distributed markets can be interconnected transparently to the users and form one virtually central market place. The modeling and management of all market data in a DBMS gives the system a solid basis for reliable, consistent, and secure trading on the market. The generic and modular system architecture can be applied to arbitrary application domains. The system is scalable and can cope with an increasing number of single markets, participants, and market data due to the possibility to replicate and distribute services and data and herewith to distribute data, system, and network load.
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  • 42
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    Neural processing letters 10 (1999), S. 201-210 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Schlagwort(e): neural networks ; learning ; minimal distance methods ; similarity-based methods ; machine learning ; interpretation of neural functions ; classification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Multilayer Perceptrons (MLPs) use scalar products to compute weighted activation of neurons providing decision borders using combinations of soft hyperplanes. The weighted fun-in activation function may be replaced by a distance function between the inputs and the weights, offering a natural generalization of the standard MLP model. Non-Euclidean distance functions may also be introduced by normalization of the input vectors into an extended feature space. Both approaches influence the shapes of decision borders dramatically. An illustrative example showing these changes is provided.
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  • 43
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    Neural processing letters 10 (1999), S. 211-222 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Schlagwort(e): constraint satisfaction ; Hopfield network ; neural networks ; optimization ; relaxation procedure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract When solving an optimization problem with a Hopfield network, a solution is obtained after the network is relaxed to an equilibrium state. The relaxation process is an important step in achieving a solution. In this paper, a new procedure for the relaxation process is proposed. In the new procedure, the amplified signal received by a neuron from other neurons is treated as the target value for its activation (output) value. The activation of a neuron is updated directly based on the difference between its current activation and the received target value, without using the updating of the input value as an intermediate step. A relaxation rate is applied to control the updating scale for a smooth relaxation process. The new procedure is evaluated and compared with the original procedure in the Hopfield network through simulations based on 200 randomly generated instances of the 10-city traveling salesman problem. The new procedure reduces the error rate by 34.6% and increases the percentage of valid tours by 194.6% as compared with the original procedure.
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  • 44
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    Neural processing letters 9 (1999), S. 257-269 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Schlagwort(e): detectors ; detection and false alarm probabilities ; importance sampling techniques ; Monte Carlo simulations ; neural networks
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Often, Neural Networks are involved in binary detectors of communication, radar or sonar systems. The design phase of a neural network detector usually requires the application of Monte Carlo trials in order to estimate some performance parameters. The classical Monte Carlo method is suitable to estimate high event probabilities (higher than 0.01), but not suitable to estimate very low event probabilities (say, 10−5 or less). For estimations of very low false alarm probabilities (or error probabilities), a modified Monte Carlo technique, the so-called Importance Sampling (IS) technique, is considered in this paper; some topics are developed, such as optimal and suboptimal IS probability density functions (biasing density functions), control parameters and new algorithms for the minimization of the estimator error. The main novelty of this paper is the application of an efficient IS technique on neural networks, drastically reducing the number of patterns required for testing events of low probability. As a practical application, the IS technique is applied to a neural detector on a radar (or sonar) system.
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  • 45
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    Neural processing letters 9 (1999), S. 279-292 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Schlagwort(e): cluster analysis ; neural networks ; shell detection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents a novel class of neural networks which can be trained in an unsupervised manner to detect a mixture of hyperellipsoidal shells and/or segments of hyperellipsoidal shells. This approach is computationally and implementationally simpler than other clustering algorithms that have been suggested for this purpose. Experimental results on several data sets are presented.
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  • 46
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    Neural processing letters 9 (1999), S. 221-227 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Schlagwort(e): dynamical equilibrium ; walking robots ; neural networks ; Levenberg-Marquardt's rules
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract A neural network model is proposed as a means of controlling the dynamical equilibrium of a walking bipedal robot. As a criterion to determine the stability of such a robot in relation with the organization of the sensorimotor system, we have been making use of the ZMP (Zero Momentum Point). Simulations are used to check the convergence of the algorithm. In the generalization phase, it is shown that the neural network has the ability to stabilise the robot for motions which have not previously been learned. An extended model is proposed, which seeks to closely inspect the physiology of the cerebellar cortex.
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  • 47
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    Journal of systems integration 9 (1999), S. 167-185 
    ISSN: 1573-8787
    Schlagwort(e): flexibility ; complexity ; systems approach ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper we present a taxonomy of manufacturing problems, labeled in a general sense as Design, Production, or Distribution problems. One or more basic systems concepts, such as complexity and adaptation, attach themselves to each such problems. By combining the hierarchical Design—Production—Distribution idea with system concepts, we establish the fact that there is, indeed, a significant systems component to most problems of modern manufacturing.
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  • 48
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    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 15 (1999), S. 449-453 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Schlagwort(e): Internet ; anaesthetic examination ; textbook
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The Internet is increasingly being recognised as a source of informationin different fields, and medicine is no exception. We investigated the use ofthe Internet as an aid in preparing for the professional medical examinations.The Internet was compared to a standard textbook in answering a randomlyselected past examination paper. Thirty-eight web-sites on the Internet wereinvolved, giving information to all the examination questions. In contrast,the textbook provided adequate information in only 73.3% of the questions. Thetime required to search for information on the Internet was more than thatrequired for a single textbook. (approximately 2 hours per question comparedto 30 minutes per question respectively). However, with the rapid developmentof computer technology and the cyberspace, the Internet may prove to be aviable alternative or a good supplement to the standard textbook when traineeanaesthetists are preparing for their professional medical examinations.
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  • 49
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    Virtual reality 4 (1999), S. 4-14 
    ISSN: 1434-9957
    Schlagwort(e): CSCW ; Shared spaces ; Chance encounters ; BSCW ; Active Worlds
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract New ways of working, as exemplified by distance learning, telecommuting and the virtual organisation, are growing in popularity. This paper concerns itself with the role that 3D virtual environments can play in assisting such collaborative working. Specifically,chance encounters have been shown to be important in collaboration, that is, encounters that are not pre-arranged by its participants. There are a number of tools to facilitate encounters online, but these create new problems. It is argued that 3D shared spaces can assist in the management of chance encounters, allowing them to create a situation similar to that found in the traditional workplace, in which tasks and content are situated inlocales. If shared 3D spaces are to have utility for computing in general, rather than specific applications, it is suggested that this may be in such spatial management of encounters. An example, in which Active Worlds is employed as an interface to Basic Support for Cooperative Working (BSCW) content is described. This content creates the motivation for users to be within the space, and thus available for chance encounters with other users; their nature and extent of being spatially coordinated.
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  • 50
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    AI & society 13 (1999), S. 69-87 
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Schlagwort(e): Computers ; Crisis of knowledge ; Internet ; Modernity ; Postmodern ; Social relations
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract How are social relations appearing in computers? How are social relations realised in a different kind of medium, in the hardware and software of computers? How are the organising principles of computer building related to those of the life-worlds in a social system? Following a partly social constructivist and partly hermeneutic line a more general answer will be presented. The basic conclusion of this approach is simple: computers are constructed under the influence of the ideas of modernity and represent its structure, interests and values, in contrast to computer networks, which embody the ideas of postmodernity.
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  • 51
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    AI & society 13 (1999), S. 341-356 
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Schlagwort(e): Critical mass ; Culture ; Diffusion ; Hofstede ; Interactive networks ; Internet ; National culture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract The Internet and other interactive networks are diffusing across the globe at rates that vary from country to country. Typically, economic and market structure variables are used to explain these differences. The addition of culture to these variables will provide a more robust understanding of the differences in Internet and interactive network diffusion. Existing analyses that identify culture as a predictor of diffusion do not adequately specify the dimensions of culture and their impacts. This paper presents a set of propositions to be used in analyses of the impact of culture on the diffusion of interactive networks. The propositions were developed using cultural constructs presented by Hofstede (1991), Herbig (1994) and Hall and Hall (1987). Diffusion of innovations theory and critical mass theory provide the theoretical base. The development of the propositions resulted from a close examination of the theories for relationships mediated by culture. The resulting propositions use cultural variables in relationships established by the theories. It is hoped that the propositions will serve as a starting point for future research in the area of cultural influences on the diffusion of interactive networks.
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  • 52
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    AI & society 13 (1999), S. 389-401 
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Schlagwort(e): Cultural homogenisation ; Internet ; Michael Walzer ; soc.culture.thai ; Thai culture ; Thailand ; Thai language ; ‘thick’ ; ‘thin’ ; Usenet newsgroup
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper addresses the questions of whether and, if so, how and to what extent the Internet brings about homogenisation of local cultures in the world. It examines a particular case, that of Thai culture, through an investigation and interpretation of a Usenet newsgroup, soc.culture.thai. Two threads of discussion in the newsgroup are selected. One deals with criticisms of the Thai government and political leaders, and the other focuses on whether the Thai language should be a medium, or perhaps the only medium, of communication in the newsgroup. It is found that, instead of erasing local cultural boundaries, creating a worldwide monolithic culture, the Internet reduplicates the existing cultural boundaries. What the Internet does, on the contrary, is to create an umbrella cosmopolitan culture which is necessary for communication among people from disparate cultures. That culture, however, is devoid of ‘thick’ backgrounds, in Michael Walzer's sense.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Schlagwort(e): Computer-mediated communication ; CSCW ; work groups ; group development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper summarizes main findings of the five empirical papers in this issue, and discusses certain themes that connect them.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Applied intelligence 5 (1995), S. 83-102 
    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Schlagwort(e): neural networks ; schemas ; reasoning ; logic ; variable binding
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract To implement schemas and logics in connectionist models, some form of basic-level organization is needed. This paper proposes such an organization, which is termed a discrete neural assembly. Each discrete neural assembly is in turn made up of discrete neurons (nodes), that is, a node that processes inputs based on a discrete mapping instead of a continuous function. A group of discrete neurons (nodes) closely interconnected form an assembly and carry out a basic functionality. Some substructures and superstructures of such assemblies are developed to enable complex symbolic schemas to be represented and processed in connectionist networks. The paper shows that logical inference can be performed precisely, when necessary, in these networks and with certain genaralization, more flexible inference (fuzzy inference) can also be performed. The development of various connectionist constructs demonstrates the possibility of implementing symbolic schemas, in their full complexity, in connectionist networks.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Autonomous robots 7 (1999), S. 57-75 
    ISSN: 1573-7527
    Schlagwort(e): sensor-based manipulators ; multi-goal reaching tasks ; reinforcement learning ; neural networks ; differential inverse kinematics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract Our work focuses on making an autonomous robot manipulator learn suitable collision-free motions from local sensory data while executing high-level descriptions of tasks. The robot arm must reach a sequence of targets where it undertakes some manipulation. The robot manipulator has a sonar sensing skin covering its links to perceive the obstacles in its surroundings. We use reinforcement learning for that purpose, and the neural controller acquires appropriate reaction strategies in acceptable time provided it has some a priori knowledge. This knowledge is specified in two main ways: an appropriate codification of the signals of the neural controller—inputs, outputs and reinforcement—and decomposition of the learning task. The codification facilitates the generalization capabilities of the network as it takes advantage of inherent symmetries and is quite goal-independent. On the other hand, the task of reaching a certain goal position is decomposed into two sequential subtasks: negotiate obstacles and move to goal. Experimental results show that the controller achieves a good performance incrementally in a reasonable time and exhibits high tolerance to failing sensors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Computer supported cooperative work 4 (1995), S. 297-318 
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Schlagwort(e): CSCW ; active badges ; evaluation ; sociology ; ethnography ; work practice ; communities ; religion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper reports findings from an analysis of attitudes toward and use of active badges and associated applications in a large corporate research laboratory. The evidence will show that there were two distinct sets of views about active badges, leading one group within the institution to be strongly opposed to their introduction and use, and another very supportive. Analysis of these views will show that they were the manifestation of two different morally cohered communities. The demonstrable existence of these communities was in part achieved through and displayed by the avowal of these distinct sets of attitudes and views. Further, analysis of the particular communities will suggest that some of these views and attitudes had the character of being sacred or semi-sacred; in this sense they were beliefs. On the basis of these materials, the paper will conclude with discussion of how beliefs can form the bedrock of any and all communities, and how it is necessary to respect those beliefs if one wishes to introduce technologies to support group activities. Failure to do so can lead to the rejection of systems on grounds well removed from the purported purpose of those systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-7071
    Schlagwort(e): charging ; accounting ; pricing ; economic models ; resource reservation ; service class model ; quality-of-service (QoS) ; communication protocols ; Internet ; IPng/IPv6
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract Current pricing and charging methods for the Internet are not based on actual usage of this service, which leads to unfairness and more important, it does not deliver the right signals through financial incentives to network providers to upgrade critical links of their networks. The development of new multimedia applications and the convergence to an integrated services network will foster the tremendous growth of the Internet even more. With the Next Generation Internet not only technical services like bandwidth reservation will be introduced, but also new applications will emerge within the Internet. Charging the Internet in a fashion that provides feedback to users and providers has been proposed since the early '90s, however, only a few implementations and real-world examples are known today. This is due to subsidizing the Internet in its early stages and due to a technical development that did not care much about charging. With the recent redesign of the Internet protocol suite and discussions on multiple service classes in the Internet, architectures for charging and accounting have to be revisited, too. Economic models for the Internet cannot be tested fully and validated in non-real-world environments, because of the unknown user behavior. With this uncertainty over what models and pricing schemes to choose, it is evident that a specific charging and accounting platform will never be accepted by the community. In this paper a novel and flexible architecture for charging and accounting is proposed that provides a wide range of mechanisms and lets researchers experiment in an environment as close as possible to the targeted system. As a first step, four different pricing schemes are described, qualitatively assessed on the proposed platform, and a prototypical implementation performed. One of the economic models that have been implemented on Arrow is based on different service classes including reservation and recalculates prices dynamically depending on the traffic situation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
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