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  • Articles  (58)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1995-1999  (58)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1915-1919
  • 1998  (30)
  • 1995  (28)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (58)
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  • Articles  (58)
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  • 1995-1999  (58)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1915-1919
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The objective of this study was to determine if hedonically different sweetness levels in yogurt, determined by the ideal-relative rating methods, affected the consumption of yogurt in a sensory specific satiety test. Fifteen subjects attended a preliminary session, six taste tests and three sensory specific satiety tests. During each taste test, subjects rated yogurt with one of the three levels of sweetness (high, optimum, and low) for six attributes. During each sensory specific satiety test, subjects were offered a large serving of yogurt with one of the sweetness levels. Liking for optimum or high sweet yogurts decreased more after consumption than the liking for the low sweet yogurt, however, the consumption of optimum and high sweet yogurts was also greater, thus confounding the experiment.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of a warm-up sample on reliability of attribute intensity ratings from descriptive panel evaluations was studied by: (1) using a warm-up sample prior to test samples (WU), (2) using a warm-up sample prior to test samples and providing panel consensus attribute ratings for the warm-up sample to panelists (WUC), and (3) providing no warm-up sample (NWU). The standard deviation of ratings from 7 and 4 of 11 attributes for all samples was smallest in WUC and WU, respectively. In paired t-tests, significant differences were found between duplications in 0, 1 and 4 of 11 attributes in WUC, WU and NWU, respectively. Regression analysis of percent fat vs attribute intensity ratings showed the largest R2 from 6, 2, and 2 of 10 significant regression models in WUC, WU, and NWU, respectively. To maximize reliability of descriptive analysis ratings, WUC should be used.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The beta-binomial model is combined with a Thurstonian psychometric function to obtain estimates of the parameters of a distribution applicable to replicated difference tests. A method of estimating the variance of d’obtained from these tests is provided. A formula for determining sample size, which is composed of the number of trials (or panelists) and the number of replications, to determine d’is also given.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of flavor types (natural and artificial), aspartame (APM)/acesulfame potassium (Ace-K) blend ratios (50%/50% - 80%/20% sweetness contribution), and acid levels (50-70% dry basis) on flavor profiles of raspberry beverages was evaluated. Optimum flavor profiles of beverages sweetened with APM/Ace-K blends would have high fruit flavor scores, balanced sourness and astringency and minimal side tastes/aftertastes. Descriptive flavor profilists developed a lexicon of flavor/mouthfeel attributes for evaluating the samples in the design. The design was replicated 3 times. Acid level influenced sourness and sweetness scores; increasing acid levels increased sourness and slightly decreased sweetness. Natural flavor in beverages showed lower raspberry intensities across all acid levels and blend ratios than artificial flavor. APM/Ace-K blend ratio had no effect on flavor/mouthfeel attributes. Additionally, HIS side tastes were minimized across all APM/Ace-K blend ratios. The optimum natural flavor beverage would contain a 60/40 to 75/25 APM/Ace-K ratio with 58-70% acid (dry basis). Optimum artificial flavor beverages would contain 50/50 to 80/20 APM/Ace-K ratios with 57-68% acid (dry basis).
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two simple methods were followed to determine detection thresholds for the taste of substances in aqueous solution. The methods applied were: a modification of the ascending method of limits and a method based on the use of scales. Detection thresholds were calculated for the four basic tastes (sweet, salty, acid, and bitterness), umami and metallic. Reference substances for each taste were sucrose, sodium chloride, citric acid, caffeine, monosodium glutamate and iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate and the results of the two methods were compared. We found that the threshold values calculated by method ASTM-679 was within the range of concentrations identified with the scales method.
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  • 6
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Proteins in saliva samples taken from twelve subjects immediately before and immediately after tasting astringent solutions were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Although considerable variation in both the qualitative and quantitative protein pattern was observed among individuals, three peaks appeared to be common to the majority of the chromatograms. The tasting of the astringent solutions resulted in detectable changes in the protein profile of the saliva samples, observed in all the chromatograms examined, and attributed to the interactions of the saliva proteins with the astringent phenolic compounds. The appearance of a major peak at 8 min after the tasting of the astringent compounds common to most of the saliva chromatograms was attributed to the formation of soluble protein-phenol complexes.
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  • 7
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nonparametric models for sensory discrimination methods are developed. In these models, the relationship between the probability of a correct response, Pc, and the measures for sensory discriminability or sensory difference, p1 and p2 are given. On the basis of the models, different sensitivities for triadic tests were compared including 3-AFC and triangle methods with the strong stimulus as the odd sample and with the weak stimulus as the odd sample. Predictions were made which can be tested experimentally.
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  • 8
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A table is provided for testing the significance of R-index values. The use of the table is illustrated and the theory and assumptions behind the method are explained.
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  • 9
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 10
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There are many ways in which a laboratory difference test differs from ‘real life’ discrimination of foods. One of these is the interval of time between tasting the two stimuli to be discriminated. To investigate this, judges performed same-different discrimination tests using a citrus flavored beverage as a medium. The time interval between tasting the standard and comparison stimuli was varied. In this initial study, short intervals of zero, 30, 60 s were examined. For judges unfamiltar with the stimuli, performance deteriorated as the time interval increased. For judges familiar with the stimuli, the zero time interval elicited best performance but there was no decrease in performance when the interval was increased from 30 to 60 s. The results were explained by hypothesizing different types of memory trace for the standard stimulus being utilized for comparison with the comparison stimulus.
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  • 11
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To determine quality characteristics of snack chips, six snack chip prototypes containing cowpea flour, cornmeal, wheat flour and cornstarch (26, 34, and 42%) were formulated. Desirable characteristics as determined by three focus groups were a golden yellow color in a thin, smooth corn-chip form with crunchy or crispy texture, greaseless or dry mouthfeel and salty corn flavor. Chips were undesirable if brown-colored, thick, oily or greasy, had either hard or crumbly texture, and had bland, fishy, or burnt flavors. In consumer acceptance tests, commercial products were found to be more appealing than the experimental products. A discriminant model based on instrumental measurements of color and texture from 11 snack chip samples (six prototypes and five commercial samples) correctly grouped 100% of the acceptable and 90% of unacceptable products.
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  • 12
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To find selective and predictive tests in texture profiling, a series of 20 tests and 2 texture profiles were submitted to 25 subjects. Selection was carried out according to ranking, scoring and a texture property knowledge questionnaire. Two profiles were then done on 5 Bolognese sauce and 8 rice samples. Assessors were assessed by Spearman correlation coefficients for ranking tests, F values for scoring, average square canonical correlation coefficients for measuring the dimensionality of individual sample space, product discrimination and response repeatability for both Bolognese sauce and rice samples.Characterization test results showed that subject ability varied widely according to the test and the profile. Only one significant relationship between the texture property knowledge test and rice profile performances was found. More tests were successfully related to one or several texture attributes of both profiles. The ability to complete a complex profile could be discerned, albeit with difficulty, through simple selection tests.
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  • 13
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Instrumental measurement of color places hue in a 360° continuum, but sensory description of color usually refers to distinct hues — red, green, yellow etc. Color evaluation of “Golden Delicious” apples by both an instrumental method and an experienced sensory panel was conducted to determine if sensory panelists perceive changes of golden apple color in green and yellow hues separately or on a hue continuum from green to yellow. Apple color changed from green to yellow during storage. Two different sensory scoring ballots were used to determine if sensory panelists view color in discrete green and yellow hues or on a green-to-yellow continuum. Data collected from this study demonstrated that sensory panelists can detect the color changes of decreasing greenness, increasing yellowness, and color change from green to yellow in an equal fashion. Hue angle represented the best predictor of sensory color perception.
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  • 14
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Interindividual differences in sweet and bitter taste sensitivity were investigated using time-intensity (TI) measurements and multivariate statistics. TI profiles were obtained in triplicate from 25 subjects for 23 sweet and/or bitter stimuli first matched to be approximately equi-intense to 200 mM NaCl. Sweet stimuli, except for the larger sweeteners, were less persistent, and required less time to reach maximum intensity than bitter stimuli. The results of principal component (PCA) and cluster (CA) analyses of the stimuli X subjects matrices for maximum intensity (Imax), time to maximum intensity (Tmax), total duration (Tdur), and area under the curve (Area) suggest that sweet and bitter stimuli do not share common receptors; and that there are at least two receptor mechanisms each for sweet taste (one for sugars and other small compounds, and the other for large sweeteners) and bitter taste (one for PTC/PROP and one for other bitter compounds).
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The objective of this study was to assess the sensory characteristics of potassium lactate (PL) in combination with salt (NaCl) in a model system at common usage levels for meat systems. Using a gelatin-based (3%) model system containing various concentrations of potassium lactate (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%) and sodium chloride (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3%), a sensory panel (10) selected for salt sensitivity (0.08% threshold or less) scored the intensity of saltiness and bitterness of each treatment combination using a scale of 0 = none and 15 = intense. As salt concentration increased, saltiness increased and bitterness decreased; as PL increased, saltiness and bitterness increased. At 2% salt, the bitterness of PL was masked; however, salt concentrations below and above 2% were less effective in bitterness reduction.
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  • 16
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedures produce maps of stimulus points, the dimensions of which may be sensory and/or physicochemical attributes. Our objective was to test the efficiencies of a cyclic design and a MDS method in the study of saltiness perception. Two levels of NaCl (0.1% and 0.2%, w/v) were added to two nonionic and two ionic gum solutions prepared to two concentrations. Subjects scaled dissimilarities between pairs of solutions and rated each sample for flavor attributes. Solution pairs were selected using cyclic designs. Repeated measures ANOVA determined that added NaCl was the only significant factor affecting saltiness perception. In contrast, from KYST-2A MDS maps, we concluded that saltiness perception was influenced by gum property, gum concentration, presence of calcium and potassium, and related to binding of the sodium ion (Na+) as determined by23Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The MDS cyclic design successfully reduced the number of samples and subjects when using experienced subjects.
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The feed-back procedure consists of informing assessors of the quality of their response (correct or incorrect) after each triangle test. This procedure showed a contrasted effect according to assessors’detection abilities. A decrease in performance was observed for assessors who had low detection abilities whereas a slight increase was observed for assessors who had higher detection abilities. When the feed-back procedure is followed by a comparison by tasting of the two products, the increase in performance from the beginning to the end of the session is larger than that of both feed-back and control (no information) groups. We suggest that information inference from previous tests, which allows assessors to perform better at subsequent tests, is facilitated by the presence of a double information (feed-back and product comparison). This effect might be due to an attentional process allowing assessors to focus their attention on the difference between the two products. An attempt was made to model learning effect by variation of attentional weights.
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Using a Rank-Rating method, d’values were obtained for stimuli from a model system using 15-point, 9-point, 7-point and 5-point category scales. For an apple/grape juice system, d’values were compared for 9-point and 7-point scales. There was general agreement on d’values among the scales, except where stimuli had their scores ‘bunched’into one category: this tended to occur for the strongest and weakest stimuli for Rank-Rating and for the scales with fewer points. Bunching altered distribution variances and distorted the calculated d’values. Further study gave d’values for the discrimination of confusable stimuli, using paired-comparison and rating data, thus providing numerical measures of their relative sensitivity.
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  • 19
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a recent paper Moskowitz (1996) refuted the notion that consumers are incapable of validly rating the sensory aspects of products. An analysis of this paper reveals that references are not presented to support his introduction, there is lack of experimental detail, parameters to compare panels were questionable, the degree of expertise of the expert panel is put to doubt and the model proposed to relate data between panels was not compared to existing models.
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mayonnaise is microbiologically stable, thus its shelf-life is determined by the change in its sensory properties, mainly flavor changes due to oxidative rancidity of its main component, oil. The effect of storage temperature, fat content and type of package on the shelf-life of a commercial mayonnaise was studied. Sensory descriptors with corresponding references are presented. The sensory descriptors which varied with storage time were: total aroma, and for flavor: egg, oily and oxidized. Rate of oxidized flavor change was greater in whole fat than in low fat mayonnaise. For 10 cm3 pouches, package related flavors were developed during storage. Shelf-life ± confidence interval for whole fat mayonnaise was 184 ± 18, 24 ± 9 and 20 ± 5 days at 20, 35 and 45C, respectively. Development of oxidized flavor followed a zero order reaction rate, activation energy was 15 kcal/mol.
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  • 21
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The relative importance of visual and tactile cues in consumer assessments of‘Royal Gala’apple ripeness were studied in relation to commercial maturity indices which included background color, blush, weight and skin greasiness. Apples were evaluated by consumers under 3 sensory conditions to isolate their use of visual and tactile cues. Individual fruit were harvested to provide apples which independently varied in background color, blush and weight. Visual cues of skin color were found to be greater drivers of perceived apple ripeness than tactile cues of skin greasiness and apple firmness. Amongst the visual cues tested, the hue of the background color had the greatest impact on consumer judgments of‘Royal Gala’apple ripeness. Consumer's ideal‘Royal Gala’apple ripeness was achieved with a background color between chip levels 5 and 8, blush coverage between 33-66% and weighing between 130-142 g.
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  • 22
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comparison of hedonic scales and just-about-right (JAR) scales is needed because data in previous studies using JAR scales suggest that predicted optimum levels of ingredients often are not the same as the levels in products that currently are sold successfully. Thus, in this research, consumers tested lemonade varying in sugar concentration from 6% to 14%, using (1) a JAR scale formed by boxes or a line and (2) a hedonic box-type scale. Predicted “optimum” levels of sweetness for the lemonade and differences in liking for the formulations were determined. The JAR line and box scales gave similar predicted optimal results (9.2% and 9.4% sucrose, respectively), which were significantly lower than the hedonic scale results (10.3% sucrose). In a preference test, consumers significantly preferred the 10.3% sugar lemonade over the 9.3% concentration, indicating that, based on paired preference testing, the hedonic scale resulted in better prediction of optimal sweetness than the JAR scale.
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  • 23
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ABX test or matching-to-sample is a discrimination procedure involving presentation of both test and control items, and then presentation of one of the two items as a blind sample. The third (blind sample) must then be identified correctly to match it to the one correct alternative from the inspection phase. We hypothesized that the ABX test might have an advantage over other discrimination methods due to a warm-up effect arising from the inspection phase containing both test and control items. Furthermore, the ABX test might prove generally useful like the triangle test since it can be used when there is no specified attribute to be discriminated. The ABX test was compared to several other discrimination procedures. No advantage was observed in a variety of stimuli varying in complexity and in the difficulty of the discrimination.
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  • 24
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper reports the effect of consumer involvement on overall acceptance of frozen peas used in green salad and the effect of consumer involvement on the consumer's ability to perceive variations in a set of physical/chemical characteristics such as AIS (Alcohol Insoluble Solids) and color. The results reveal that consumers with high involvement evaluate 16 experimentally varied pea samples more in accordance with quality indicators used in the industry than consumers with low involvement. In our study 61% of the consumers were highly involved. For low involved consumers there was no relation between average acceptance and the quality indicators used by producer/retailer and retailer/consumer. High involved consumers could identify more of the physical/chemical variation in the pea samples than the low involved consumers. The results stress the importance of a preliminary segmentation of consumers. The low involved consumers do not seem to have any specific preferences for any of the samples included in the study although samples are varied considerably with respect to size, color and amount of sucrose. It may be considered as indifference. An obvious conclusion to draw from the results of this study is to concentrate on the highly involved consumers in further product development.
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  • 25
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Idiazábal cheese is an uncooked pressed cheese, with Appellation of Origin, elaborated with raw ewes’milk. The seasonal characteristic of the Idiazábal cheese, together with other factors such as physical, chemical and microbiological features of the milk, as well as climatic and geographic conditions, can have an influence upon the sensory properties of cheese. The wide acceptance of ewes’milk cheese in Spain and the fact that no sensory characterization studies have been developed for the Idiazábal cheese led to the realization of the present work, that aims at characterization of the cheese from a sensory standpoint and at describing its degree of homogeneity taking into account factors such as the month and cheese factory of elaboration. After carrying out the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis, which included 22 descriptors, and through a jury of specialists, factor analysis enabled us to classify Idiazábal cheese as a slightly pungent cheese in odor, flavor and aftertaste, with its own characteristic flavor and a firm, moderately grainy texture. Nonetheless, a significant degree of heterogeneity was observed among the samples.
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  • 26
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Aromascan A32S, an “electronic nose”, was evaluated for its performance under conditions of total humidity control. Initially, it was shown that the very high concentration of water vapor in the headspace above a variety of food products used for this study, in comparison with the concentration of their aroma compounds, completely determined the response of the instrument's sensors. Differentiation between the food aromas was impossible. Only when the concentration of a nonaqueous analyte was increased to approximately the water vapor concentration was perfect distinction achieved between air samples with and without analyte. It was obvious that the instrument in its original form would not be capable of distinguishing subtle aroma differences as are encountered within one type of product in quality assurance, storage trials, taint studies etc. However, significant modification of the original version of the instrument and of the sample presentation procedure improved its performance. Now it was possible to distinguish in certain cases, not only between water vapor and food aromas, but also between different samples of the same types of dairy products. These tests were complemented by sensory evaluation by untrained panels. In this form, the Aromascan A32S offers a new vista for successful and reliable application in the food area.
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  • 27
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    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The triangular method, the same-different rating method, and the standard same-different method were each used with 10 tasters to obtain estimates of the discriminability of two concentrations of a colorless beverage. There were no significant differences in d′, an index of discriminability, among the three tasks. In the light of this parity, a choice amongst the methods should be driven by practical considerations. When receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) were fitted to the rating data, the model underlying published tables of d′ was strongly supported, so that discriminability can be assessed from same-different data either by entering tables or by fitting ROC curves. Same-different methods appear more acceptable to tasters than the triangular method.
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  • 28
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    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: paungency is a physical sensation usually perceived as a component of flavor. Foods and beverages which are described as pungent often impart unpalatable sensations to those uninitiated in the experience. Variations in pungency were examined in whiskies, ethanol-water mixtures, and whisky model systems. Effects on sensory pungency of changes in composition showed that pungency in whisky is not only dependent on the concentration of ethanol in the headspace, but also on a complex of other effects.
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  • 29
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Time-Intensity Curves are often summarized by average curves. From these curves TI-parameters are inferred. In this paper a different method is proposed in which the shape of the curves is the central concept. Isotropic scaling factors are computed for each curve. These factors can be tabled and inspected. Often a large number of scaling factors will be computed, which makes it hard to study them in a table. In such cases they can be represented in a plot, for which in this paper PCA is suggested. In this plot a structure in the scaling factors for the different TI-curves may become visible. It is also possible to make a plot in which the homogeneity of the panel of subjects can be studied.
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    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Texture of orange gels prepared with 15% fruit pulp, sucrose up to 55° Brix and five different gelling agents — kappa-carrageenan, kappa-carrageenan plus locust bean gum, alginate, gellan gum, and gellan, xanthan and locust bean gums — was studied by Free-Choice Profile (FCP) analysis. Maximum rupture force and deformation at rupture were also determined by uniaxial compression in an Instron texturometer. Generalized Procrustes Analysis applied to FCP data permitted differentiation between samples and informed on the textural attributes responsible for the observed differences. Sensory differences were in general in accordance with mechanical differences. However, carrageenan and gellan gum gels were differentiated with the sensory method applied but not with mechanical tests.
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    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to evaluate the suitability of signal detection theory methods for assessing the discriminability of foods and beverages, the discriminability of two dairy milk products that differed in fat content was measured with two detection-theoretic methods: the single-interval rating method, and the same-different method. The nominal fat contents of the milk products were 0.1 and 1.6%. Measures of discriminability for three observers were derived by fitting receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) based on equal-variance normal models to the ratings of each observer with a procedure that combined jackknifing and maximum-likelihood estimation. The fitted ROCs provided a good fit to the data indicating that the equal-variance models were appropriate for these tasks. The best-fitting estimates of d′ obtained for each task were not significantly different, demonstrating that d′ is a measure of sensitivity that is largely independent of the task from which it is determined. However, estimates of proportion correct obtained for each task were shown to be significantly different.
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  • 32
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for the first step in the selection of trained sensory assessors, based on their skill in identifying basic tastes in low concentration solutions, was defined and evaluated. The solutions used were: 0.4 and 0.8% sucrose; 0.03, 0.04 and 0.06% citric acid; 0.08 and 0.15% sodium chloride; 0.02 and 0.03% caffeine. Concentration ranges were found adequate. The criterion for selection was to have over 65% correct answers. Out of 226 candidates who received the test, 141 (62%) were selected. The probability of a candidate having more than a certain percentage of correct answers was calculated. The influence of the dilution water quality on the perception of basic tastes was significant; distilled water was the most adequate.
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    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a recent paper Berglund et al. (1993) applied the triangle task in conjunction with economic incentives to assess the bias and sensitivity of panelists discriminating between food and beverage products. A re-examination of the data from that study casts doubt on their interpretation of the results. Detection theory analyses of performance in sensory difference tests are increasingly used in food science and, where appropriate, permit independent bias and sensitivity measures to be extracted from discrimination data without the additional costs associated with the economic incentives test.
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  • 34
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    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Binomial tests are commonly used in sensory difference and preference testing under the assumptions that choices are independent and choice probabilities do not vary from trial to trial. This paper addresses violations of the latter assumption (often referred to as overdispersion) and accounts for variation in inter-trial choice probabilities following the Beta distribution. Such variation could arise as a result of differences in test substrate from trial to trial, differences in sensory acuity among subjects or the existence of latent preference segments. In fact, it is likely that overdispersion occurs ubiquitously in product testing. Using the Binomial model for data in which there is inter-trial variation may lead to seriously misleading conclusions from a sensory difference or preference test. A simulation study in this paper based on product testing experience showed that when using a Binomial model for overdispersed Binomial data, Type I error may be 0.44 for a Binomial test specification corresponding to a level of 0.05. Underestimation of Type I error using the Binomial model may seriously undermine legal claims of product superiority in situations where overdispersion occurs. The Beta-Binomial (BB) model, an extension of the Binomial distribution, was developed to fit overdispersed Binomial data. Procedures for estimating and testing the parameters as well as testing for goodness of fit are discussed. Procedures for determining sample size and for calculating estimate precision and test power based on the BB model are given. Numerical examples and simulation results are also given in the paper. The BB model should improve the validity of sensory difference and preference testing.
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  • 35
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Comparisons of volatile compounds released during consumption by different assessors with individual differences in the assessors’chewing patterns, saliva production rates and ultimately their expressions of perceived flavor have received little research attention to date, although such comparisons are fundamental to the understanding of flavor. To address this, eight untrained assessors were chosen and each consumed six Cheddar cheeses during Buccal Headspace Analysis of the volatile compounds released, while in parallel measures of each assessor's mastication behavior using Electromyography, their stimulated saliva production during consumption and their sensory perceptions of the cheeses flavor during Free Choice Profiling were determined. Relationships between the volatile compounds released and the sensory and physiological measures were investigated using Principal Components Analysis, Generalised Procrustes Analysis and Partial Least Squares regression. It was found that although there were differences between assessors’mastication behavior and saliva production rates, the assessors’individual volatile profiles obtained by Buccal Headspace Analysis were similar for each cheese examined. Also, Partial Least Squares was successful in predicting the most important flavor differences between cheeses from the volatile compounds released during their consumption by different assessors.
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    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A traditional approach to intensity scaling, using ratings on a 9-point category scale was compared to a method that combined elements of ranking called Rank-Rating. The latter method forced judges to retaste stimuli whose tastes they had forgotten and accordingly reduced discrimination errors, thus increasing ability to discriminate.
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    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
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    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A linguistic format for sensory assessment of foods as well as computational methods to analyze taste panel opinions have been developed within the framework of fuzzy set theory. The methodology is demonstrated via sensory analysis of roasted peanuts. Sensory analysis was represented as linguistic values and associated truth values for attributes such as roast flavor, bitterness and overall quality. This format allowed panelists to describe and discriminate different roast characteristics. Replicate analyses of the same sample were reasonably consistent. The linguistic information was simple yet rich in meaning and could be used to make inferences for quality and process control. Yager's ordered weighted median aggregation operator was used to estimate the expected linguistic values for aroma, flavor, bitterness, sweetness, color and overall quality.
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    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A sensory threshold can be defined generally as a stimulus intensity that produces a response in half of the trials. The definition of the population threshold is discussed. Five main classical statistical procedures for estimating thresholds are reviewed. They are the probit, the logistic, the Spearman-Karber, the moving average and the up-and-down procedures. Some new developments in statistical methods for estimating thresholds are outlined. The newly developed methods include the generalized probit and logistic models, the model based on the Beta-Binomial distribution, the trimmed Spearman-Karber method, the kernel method and the sigmoidally constrained maximum likelihood estimation method. The authors propose a new procedure based on the Beta-Binomial distribution for estimating population threshold.
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    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work verbal descriptors generated by consumers in the form of a semantic differential were used to study the handle of ladies’hosiery. Two sets of opaque and one set of sheer tights were evaluated. Filaments of varying linear densities classified as‘micro’, 'semi-micro’and‘conventional’were used in the construction of the opaque tights. In the case of the sheers, flat and textured yarns constructed from both micro and semi-microfilaments were used.Handle (or Hand) was evaluated by a panel of 50 female consumers and these assessments compared to a consumer determined ideal for each type of hosiery. In the case of the opaque tights there was a marked preference for those constructed from micro or semi-microfilaments. Sheer tights constructed from microfilaments were most preferred with the use of flat or textured yarn having no measurable effect. With regard to semi-microfilaments texturing had a deleterious effect.The results of the study showed the unique handle characteristics of each set of tights relative to the attributes in the grid and highlights those characteristics which could be modified to improve overall handle.
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    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One objective of this study was to compare taste test ratings with amounts consumed and postconsumption ratings made as iced teas of different strengths were repeatedly consumed. The second objective was to determine whether sensory specific satiety could be used as a rapid indicator of long term acceptability of the teas. Subjects first rated their liking of and the flavor intensity of several samples of lemon flavored iced tea. Two tea concentrations were selected from this test to represent distinctly different flavor intensities. Taste test liking ratings of the strong concentration were higher than those of the weak concentration. Subjects consumed either the strong or the weak iced tea ad lib on 20 different afternoons over a 2-month period and rated their liking of the tea after each session. We measured the amount of tea consumed each time. On repeated consumption the subjects liked the weaker tea better than the stronger tea. Subjects consumed about the same amount of each tea. A different group of 15 subjects participated in a sensory specific satiety study of the same two teas. Those subjects drank more of the weak tea than the strong tea.
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    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper discusses the relation for soaps between sensory attributes and both liking and image attributes. A clear relation emerges between sensory attribute level and liking, but no clear relation emerges between sensory attributes and image attributes. There are two possible conclusions to be drawn from these results. One conclusion is that consumers can validly assign ratings to the image attribute of a soap, but that there is no way to trace this image rating back to sensory inputs. This conclusion suggests that more research is needed to understand the meaning of image attributes. The second conclusion is that consumers cannot validly rate the image attributes of a soap, even though they can complete the questionnaire. This second conclusion implies that consumers can validly rate some attributes (e.g., sensory, liking), but not others (e.g., image), and that it may be misleading to collect and attempt to analyze image ratings for health and beauty aids products.
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    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A descriptive training program involves the development of standardized practices or a common frame of reference. This paper reviews concepts and procedures on developing a qualitative frame of reference (i.e., the development of a common lexicon, language), and discusses the different alternatives for quantitative frames of reference. Different quantitative frames of reference can be established depending on the philosophy chosen to rate attribute intensities. The three philosophies presented in this manuscript are the universal, product specific and attribute specific scaling approaches. The advantages, disadvantages and uses of each of these techniques are discussed. A well trained panel has sound common qualitative and quantitative frames of reference used in product evaluations. A low panel variability is obtained when both frames of reference are successfully implemented and used.
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    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Texture relationships were studied using both sensory and instrumental texture profile analysis (TPA) techniques to evaluate twenty-one food samples from a wide variety of foods. High linear correlations were found between sensory and instrumental TPA parameters for hardness (r = 0.76) and springiness (r = 0.83). No significant correlations were found between sensory and instrumental TPA parameters for cohesiveness and chewiness. Logarithmic transformations of data improved correlations between sensory attributes and their instrumental corollaries. The correlation between sensory hardness and the logarithm of instrumental hardness was improved to r=0.96. The correlation between the logarithm of both sensory and instrumental springiness was improved to r=0.86. The correlation between the logarithms of both sensory and instrumental chewiness was improved to r=0.54, which was significant at P〈0.05.
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    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sensory analysis has traditionally played a prominent role in quality control for food products. More and more principles from sensory analysis are also applied in the area of food product development, bringing sensory analysis more closely into the domain of marketing. Unfortunately, in practice integration between sensory and marketing practices is far from optimal. Differences in basic orientations between sensory and marketing are a major source contributing to this defective cooperation.Sensory analysis has traditionally been product oriented with an emphasis on internal validity of the test results. Implicitly or explicitly this approach emphasizes the relationships between sensory evaluation and characteristics of the product. Marketing, on the other hand, stresses the external validity of test results: the extent to which test results can be generalized to market behavior. Emphasis on external validity requires an approach to sensory analysis that is fundamentally different from current sensory practice in terms of type of respondents, type of stimuli, scaling procedures adopted and test circumstances.Closer integration between the product and consumer oriented approach to sensory analysis may contribute to the success of product development in the food industry. The literature suggests several factors that may contribute to a more fruitful cooperation between the two approaches to sensory analysis. The company's senior management plays a central role in the achievement of this integration by providing an infrastructure (in terms of personnel, organizational structure and financial resources) that paves the way for closer cooperation.
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  • 46
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three data collection procedures, sorting and two forms of projective mapping (PM), were compared for ease-of-use and the ability to produce meaningful spatial maps when analyzed using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) or Coordinate Averaging (CA). Eighteen commercially available snack bars were evaluated for similarity-of-use by two panels of 24. MDS of the sorting data and Procrustes analyses of PM data collected on unlabeled axis grouped the bars according to function and provided a meaningful spatial relationship in one dimension. However, MDS analysis of these PM data grouped the bars by similarity-of-use and provided a meaningful spatial interpretation in two dimensions. The CA analysis was not effective in separating the bars by similarity-of-use but did provide an indication of liking. A comparison of spatial configurations using RV coefficients showed moderate correlations between the methods. A panelist survey showed no significant differences in the ease-of-use, task interest or level-of-satisfaction with the final arrangement between the sorting and the PM data collection methods, but panelists did find it easier to change their minds using the PM procedure.
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    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Same-different, duo-trio and triangle discrimination methods were compared using vanilla flavored yogurt with and without added sugar as the medium. Two experiments were performed, one in controlled laboratory conditions and the other in conditions approximating more to consumer testing. A modification of the same-different test had greater power than the duo-trio of triangle tests. At higher sugar concentrations, d’values for the three methods were equivalent. Yet, at lower sugar concentrations, the same-different d’tended to be higher. The results are discussed in terms of Sequential Sensitivity Analysis, memory effects and changes between β and criteria.
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    Journal of sensory studies 13 (1998), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Time-Intensity (T-I) and Gustatory Reaction Time (GRT) methodologies were used to study the relative sweetness of sucrose and fructose at 25C. Eleven panelists evaluated nine concentrations (5 to 45%, w/v) of sucrose and fructose by T-I and seven parameters were determined. Higher values were obtained for fructose at 25, 30 and 35% for Maximum Intensity; at 35, 40 and 45% for the Area Under the Curve; at 40 and 45% for Time to decline the Intensity to half of its maximum value and at 45% for Rate of Increase. Ten subjects evaluated seven concentrations (3 to 15%, w/v) of sucrose and fructose by the GRT procedure. Fructose had shorter GRT than sucrose at 3 and 4.5%. Thus, fructose at 25, 30 and 35%, has a more intense and at 40% more persistent sweetness than sucrose and is detected earlier than sucrose at concentrations near gustatory threshold.
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  • 49
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    Notes: A battery of sensory tests is proposed to select potential descriptive panelists. This set of tests is flavor specific. Several abilities are examined: odor and taste recognition, odor memory, discrimination and descriptive capacities. A detailed example of such a battery to select a Camembert cheese descriptive panel is given. The objectives of each test are discussed. Stimuli are chosen to be consistent with the sensory properties which can be perceived in cheese. Score distributions demonstrate the discrimination among candidates for each test. Globally, results show the difficulty to find 20 panelists amongst about a hundred with good scores on each test. The panel leader has to choose the final criteria taking into account whether or not some abilities could be improved by training and whether weak capacities (small deficiencies) in some panel members could be compensated for by other subjects.
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    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Taste intensity ratings are higher when many low-intensity stimuli are presented than when many high-intensity stimuli are presented. It is investigated whether similar contextual shifts occur for hedonic judgments.Experiment 1 assessed the perceived pleasantness of a heterogeneous stimulus set containing either a large number of quinine (unpleasant context) or sucrose (pleasant context) solutions. In Experiment 2 subjects made hedonic judgments for a set of sucrose solutions. They were classified pre-experimentally as ‘sweet-likers,’‘neutrals,’ or ‘sweet-dislikers.’ Stimulus frequency distributions were positively or negatively skewed. In Experiment 1, hedonic ratings in the pleasant context were lower than those obtained in the unpleasant context. In Experiment 2, no effect of stimulus context was found.It is argued that contextual shifts in hedonic judgments are found only if the stimuli differ substantially along the hedonic dimension. In addition, the subject groups should be homogeneous with regard to preference rank orders, and should be sufficiently large to allow testing with adequate statistical power.
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    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
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    Notes: Although menthol is a common ingredient in pharmaceutical and food products, its sensory properties have not been studied extensively. The objective of this study was to describe and compare the temporal properties of l- and d-menthol. The cooling, burning, and bitterness of two menthol isomers (l-, d-) each at 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08% (w/v) in aqueous solution were evaluated by 11 trained panelists using time-intensity methodology. The intensity of all three attributes were evaluated continuously from introduction of the sample into the mouth, through expectoration at 10 s, until the termination of the sensation. The l-menthol samples had a greater maximum intensity and longer total duration of cooling and burning sensations than the d-menthol samples. In addition, maximum intensity and total duration of cooling and burn increased with concentration. In contrast, the total duration of the burning sensation was only dependent upon concentration of the l-isomer. Increasing menthol concentration significantly increased maximum intensity and total duration of bitterness for both isomers.
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    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Short-time continuous conching of chocolate offers significant economic advantages over traditional long-time batch methods. High-shear continous mixers can affect conching in a matter of minutes as compared to hours for traditional systems. Milk chocolate conched in two twin-screw, co-rotating, continous mixers operating in series was compared by a variety of sensory methods to chocolate conched by a batch method. A significant difference (P 〈 0.05) in flavor was found between chocolates conched at 60C by the continuous and batch methods, yet there was no preference for either chocolate. Chocolate conched by the batch method (23 h at 60C) had stronger caramel flavor (P 〈 .10) than chocolate conched continuously, but there were no significant differences (P 〈 .10) in sweet, chocolate or milk flavor. In the continuous system, caramel flavor generally increased with conching temperature and residence time; although, at the highest temperature (95C) and the longest residence time (7.5 min) caramel flavor decreased. Increasing the temperature of continuous conching from 70 to 90C produced chocolate significantly (P 〈 .10) more like chocolate conched in a batch system for 21.5 h at 60C.
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    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper investigates the combined effects of price and product quality (overall liking) on the acceptance of restaurant pizza pies. The results reveal that when a panelist evaluates both liking and purchase intent (with price attached to the purchase intent question), product quality is a significantly stronger determinant of purchase intent than is the stated item price. For instance, a 10% increase in product quality (viz., liking) has the same effect on purchase intent as a 20% reduction in item price. The results are surprising, because for other categories investigated by the same method price is a significantly greater determinant of purchase intent. In terms of predictability, 57% of the variation in purchase intent ratings is accounted for by liking, 24% of the variation is accounted for by price, and the remaining 19% is due to error.
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    Notes: Sipwise and flowise presentation of taste stimuli were compared and better taste discrimination was noted for flowise presentation. Using a model system, discrimination between NaCl solutions and purified water, analysis with atomic absorption spectrophotometry indicated that the superiority of flowise presentation was due to reduction in stimulus variance. Flowise presentation was also superior for discrimination between commercially available natural spring waters.
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    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A measure of the reliability (T-IR) of time-intensity measurements was developed based on the concept of standard deviation as a measure of panelist variability. The T-IR measure was applied to time-intensity data collected from 10 panelists evaluating the sweetness of 4 model sweetener solutions on horizontal and vertical time-intensity line orientations. T-IR scores showed that the panelists were similarly reliable across the sweeteners and orientations. As well, independent of scale orientation, responses to sweeteners were similarly reliable. The T-IR measure can be used to maintain a high level of performance by monitoring time-intensity panelists. T-IR also provides an objective method of selecting panelists for time-intensity panels.
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    Notes: Thurstonian modeling predictions were tested and confirmed for 3-AFC and triangle test methods, as well as for different versions of the tetrad test method, using judges who were required to discriminate bitterness in beer. Sequential Sensitivity Analysis predictions were also confirmed for 3-AFC/triangular methods but not for the tetrad method. It is hypothesized that memory effects might have interfered with the later prediction.
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Tables of means, over assessors, are often used to summarize the results of sensory profile experiments. These tables are sometimes further summarized by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to give plots of the samples in the principal sensory dimensions. An alternative procedure is to use Generalized Procrutes Analysis (GPA) on the assessor data to allow for differences in usage of the vocabulary and in the proportion of the scale used. It is shown that these methods give different configurations in the principal sensory dimensions when applied to the data from a study of cheeses (Muir et al. 1995). Using a Jackknife method to calculate the variability of the samples in the principal sensory dimensions, the results from the GPA method are shown to have a higher dimensionality than from the PCA method. Jackknife estimates of variability are used to calculate confidence ellipses to attach to the sensory space maps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 58
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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