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  • Articles  (5)
  • Entry  (5)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1990-1994  (5)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1950-1954
  • 1994  (5)
  • Economics  (5)
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  • Articles  (5)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 1990-1994  (5)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1950-1954
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  • Economics  (5)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the measurement of entry rates (1994)
    Springer
    Empirica 21 (1994), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6911
    Keywords: Entry ; Germany ; regions ; new firm startups ; L0 ; L1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explicitly examine the impact that two distinct methods used to measure entry have on identifying the determinants of entry. The two approaches can be termed as the ecological approach and the labor market approach. Based on new business startups in 75 regional markets in West Germany, we find that the two different methods for measuring entry yield disparate results. Most strikingly, we find that the ecological approach yields a positive relationship between unemployment and startup activity, while the labor market approach points to a negative impact of unemployment on the startup of new firms. By decomposing these two measures we offer a reconciliation of what appears to be a measurement contradiction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01383974
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rate of hazard confronting new firms and plants in U.S. manufacturing (1994)
    Springer
    Review of industrial organization 9 (1994), S. 41-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: Entry ; innovation ; survival ; new firms ; hazard ; exit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Three different factors are hypothesized to shape the hazard function confronting new businesses — the extent of scale economies relative to start-up size, the technological environment, and ownership structure. Using a longitudinal data base tracking the post-entry performance of more than 12,000 U.S. manufacturing establishments, a semi-parametric Cox regression model is used to estimate the hazard function. The evidence suggests that while the presence of high scale economies, a high-technological environment, and a relatively small initial start-up size tend to elevate the exposure of risk confronting new businesses, these factors apparently exert no influence on the likelihood of survival for new branches and subsidiaries established by existing enterprises.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01024218
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Empirical studies of entry and exit: A survey of the evidence (1994)
    Springer
    Review of industrial organization 9 (1994), S. 121-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: Entry ; exit ; barriers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Over 70 empirical studies of entry and exit patterns covering eleven different countries generally support the expectation that entry is more frequent in more profitable, rapidly growing industries, and slower where the absolute costs of capital required to build a minimum efficient scale plant are imposing. Scale economies, excess capacity, and limit pricing receive little empirical support as entry impediments. The evidence concerning the effects of advertising and R&D intensity is confusing. Exit is faster where profits are lower, and slower where durable specific (sunk) capital costs are more important. Exit and entry are strongly correlated, probably due to displacement (of incumbents by more efficient entrants) and vacuum effects (in which entrants are enticed by the prospects of selling to uncommitted customers abandoned by a recent exit).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01035654
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sunk costs and resource mobility: An empirical study (1994)
    Springer
    Review of industrial organization 9 (1994), S. 717-730 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: Entry ; irreversible investments ; sunk costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract While the concept of sunk costs has become increasingly important in theoretical work, relatively few empirical studies have examined sunk costs. The present study focuses on the relationship between tangible sunk costs and entry. An estimate of industry specific capital, derived from engineering-statistical cost estimates, is employed as a proxy for tangible sunk costs. With this measure we can test directly the relationship between irreversible investments and entry in a sample consisting of 40 U.S. manufacturing industries. The primary finding is that tangible sunk costs have a deterrent effect on entry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026581
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relative price discipline of domestic versus foreign entry (1994)
    Springer
    Review of industrial organization 9 (1994), S. 211-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: Entry ; pricing ; foreign competition ; market power ; imports
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we combine data on industry entry, imports, and producer price indexes for 46 4-digit SIC industries over the 1972 to 1987 period to determine the impact of entry on industry pricing. Domestic entry's restraining influence is weak and occurs only at high levels of concentration while import changes exhibit a procompetitive influence for lower levels of concentration that include nearly all industries in the sample. In addition, the threat of foreign entry plays a role in disciplining domestic pricing; the impact of nontariff barriers on price changes seems to increase with concentration levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01035660
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