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  • Artikel  (705)
  • Springer  (705)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 2015-2019  (574)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (131)
  • 2017  (574)
  • 1993  (131)
  • Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft  (705)
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  • Artikel  (705)
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  • 2015-2019  (574)
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  • 1990-1994  (131)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Measuring concentration: Sampling design issues, as illustrated by the case of perfectly stratified samples (1993)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 3-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Using the artificial example of perfectly stratified samples, we have shown the effect different sampling designs have on the determination of concentration values. More concretely, we have studied the following four cases: sampling of items in the case the number of sources is known (we have further considered the cases when there are ‘many’ items in every source and when this is not so); sampling of items in the case the number of sources is unknown, and finally, sampling of sources.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016281
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The measurement of international scientific collaboration (1993)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 15-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A growing science policy interest in international scientific collaboration has brought about a multitude of studies which attempt to measure the extent of international scientific collaboration between countries and to explore intercountry collaborative networks. This paper attempts to clarify the methodology that is being used or can be used for this purpose and discusses the adequacy of the methods. The paper concludes that, in an analysis of collaborative links, it is essential to use both absolute and relative measures. The latter normalize differences in country size. Each yields a different type of information. Absolute measures yield an answer to questions such as which countries are central in the international network of science, whether collaborative links reveal a centre — periphery relationship, and which countries are the most important collaborative partners of another country. Relative measures provide answers to questions of the intensity of collaborative links.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016282
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Measuring national output in physics: Delimitation problems (1993)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 89-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract In a study of the Dutch publication output in physics we tested methods of delimitating fields by journal categories in theScience Citation Index (SCI) compared to the classification of individual publications into subfields in the subject specific databasePhysics Briefs (PHYS). Different methods of measuring national scientific output were compared as well. In this paper we report the main findings on these issues, based on a study of six selected subfields in physics. The main conclusion with respect to the use of different classification methods is that in most of the selected fields in physics the method which delimitates fields by journal categories yields an incomplete picture of the output of a country. Particularly because this method neglects a considerable number of articles published in general journals. With respect to different methods of counting publications it was corroborated by the Dutch data inPhysics Briefs that: 1. so-called ‘integer counted’ world shares are very much influenced by the degree of ‘internationalisation’ and 2. ‘first author counting’ gives a satisfactory approximation of ‘fractional counting’. Citation indicators based on ‘first author counting’, however, may be distorted in fields with a large fraction of international co-authored publications.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016287
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A scientometric cognitive study of neural network research: Expert mental maps versus bibliometric maps (1993)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 111-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This paper reports on a quantitative analytical methodology which deals with perceptions of scientific experts regarding the intellectual shape and contents (‘cognitive structure’) of their scientific domain. This study examines the method's utility for studying expert views in general, and, more specifically, its strengths and weaknesses as a tool for improving validation studies of bibliometric maps involving subject experts. The main premise is that expert views are based on their internal knowledge structures (‘mental schemes’) of which relevant features can be captured in quantitative data. This approach allows a rigorous and systematic way of studying mental schemes across subject experts. Spatial representations of their data (‘mental maps’) provide insight in properties underlying those knowledge structures. Data from different experts are reconciled to construct a ‘common’ mental map which displays a group view. This study includes a test to establish the validity of individual mental maps and common mental maps. The methodology is applied to the views of 14 researchers in the field of neural network research and related areas. Key-findings are: (i) mental maps can provide valid representations of expert mental schemes, (ii) experts sharing the same subject field are more likely to share views, (iii) expert judgements of bibliometric maps are affected by the structure of their own mental schemes, as well as (iv) by their views regarding the utility of those maps, and (v) common mental maps and a bibliometric co-word map based on the same set of items differ significantly, showing a resemblance on main features only.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016288
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Theoretical foundation of the 80/20 rule (1993)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 183-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A rigorous analysis of the 80/20 rule is made using an index for the observed values of the variables. Three important findings are identified. First, a sufficient condition is provided for Burrell's inverse relationship between minimum holdings and average circulation rate. Second, an indexed version of Lotka's law is used to derive a sufficient condition for Egghe's finding on the 80/20 rule. Third, through the computer simulations of the Simon-Yule model of Lotka's law, we identify the entry rate of new holdings as well as the number of circulations when the entry rate is a decreasing function to be crucial factors for the pattern of the 80/20-type curve.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016899
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The contribution of European community less favoured region research outputs to economic and social cohesion (1993)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 217-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Data are presented on the scientific output from 1985–92 of the Less Favoured Regions (LFRs) of the European Community as recorded in theScience Citation Index. The use of postcodes makes it easier to identify papers from LFRs and they are now nearly universal (over 95%). LFR output has grown since 1985 from 5% to nearly 8% of the EC total, and there is much more trans-national co-authorship between ones in different countries though it is still at a low level. There is also increasing co-publication between scientists from LFRs and the rest of the EC (More Favoured Regions, MFRs), both within the same countries and trans-nationally. Selective retrieval of papers by their address keywords shows that the LFRs are relatively strong in the physical, rather than the life, sciences and that the major areas of growth in recent years have been engineering, earth/space sciences and physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016901
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Factors in American State Government spending on research and development (1993)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 313-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This paper investigates factors that lead state governments in the United States to spend on research and development and research and development plant. Data come from a national survey of such spending. Regression analysis is used. Findings include the following: the relative wealth of a state, as measured by its tax capacity, predicts some of such spending; the level of a state's taxation, as measured by its tax effort, predicts some of such spending; and the political party composition of a state predicts some of such spending. By contrast, a state's economic difficulty, as measured by its unemployment rate, has almost no relationship to such spending.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02026513
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The publication productivity of international agricultural research centers (1993)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 329-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The literature output over one year, 1990, of 22 International Agricultural Research Centers (IARCs), including 16 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centers, was examined. Total output of the IARCs was 1,694 items, of which on average 42% were primary (refereed) literature; 24% were reports and monographs; 18% proceedings papers; 8% book chapters; and 8% semitechnical/popular literature. Total literature production from the IARCs is similar in magnitude to that of FAO. There were 1,230 internationally recruited scientists in the IARCs, with an average annual productivity of 1.38 items per scientist, including 0.58 primary literature articles. There was no correlation between scientific productivity and numbers of scientists in a center. However, there was a significant positive correlation between scientific productivity and center budget, indicating higher efficiency in the larger centers. In view of the nature of IARCs' literature output, we argue that IARCs should reject the trend for scientists to be assessed only by citations in “core” primary literature; and that IARCs should set up an international standard, perhaps based on the present proportionality of types of their literature output in order to assess IARC individual scientists and the “health” of their institutional output.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02026514
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Measuring “publications output” and “publications impact” of faculty members of a university chemistry department (1993)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 349-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The publication and citation records of a group of 34 senior members of the faculty of the Department of Chemistry at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology over the period 1980–90 have been analyzed under the contention that dealing with a small group makes it possible for one to pay adequate attention to the methodology of the measurement and analysis processes. Choosing the most suitable index for measuring “Publications Output” has been considered in detail; it is suggested that it is essential to make allowances for both the number of co-authors and for the lengths of publications in order to obtain a more valid measure than is provided by a simple count of equally-weighted publications. Analogously it is argued that simple citation counts provide an inadequate measure of the impact that publications make on the group outside the authors' immediate circle and thus that it is necessary to subtract self citations and divide the credit for a citation among the co-authors of the publication. Results of the analysis show that in agreement with all previous findings a few members (perhaps less than 20%) produce more than half the publications and receive more than half the citations of the Group as a whole.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02026515
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Macro-level changes in the structure of co-citation clusters: 1983–1989 (1993)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 26 (1993), S. 5-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract At ISI we have used a consistent method for clustering the combinedScience Citation Index andSocial Sciences Citation Index for the last seven years (1983 to 1989). This method involves clustering highly cited documents by single-link clustering and then clustering the resultant clusters, a total of four times. This gives a hierarchical or nested structure of clusters four levels deep. Relationships among clusters at a given level can be depicted by multidimensional scaling, and by comparing successive year maps we can see how the relationships of major disciplines have changed from year to year. We focus mainly on the two highest levels of aggregation, C4 and C5, to make observations about structural changes in science involving the major disciplines. Distinction is made between changes which appear to be cyclic or oscillatory in nature, and those which appear to be more permanent or unidirectional.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016789
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