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  • Books
  • Other Sources  (1,174)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (760)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (414)
  • 1990-1994  (1,174)
  • 1992  (1,174)
  • 1
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    High resolution gravity models combining terrestrial and satellite data (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Spherical harmonic expansions to degree 360 have been developed that combine satellite potential coefficient information, terrestrial gravity data, satellite altimeter information as a direct tracking data type and topographic information. These models define improved representations of the Earth's gravitational potential beyond that available from just satellite or terrestrial data. The development of the degree 360 models, however, does not imply a uniform accuracy in the determination of the gravity field as numerous geographic areas are devoid of terrestrial data or the resolution of such data is limited to, for example, 100 km. This paper will consider theoretical and numerical questions related to the combination of the various data types. Various models of the combination process are discussed with a discussion of various correction terms for the different models. Various sources of gravity data will be described. The new OSU91 360 model will be discussed with comparisons made to previous 360 models and to other potential coefficient models that are complete to degree 50. Future directions in high degree potential coefficient models will be discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: In: From Mars to Greenland: Charting gravity with space and airborne instruments - Fields, tides, methods, results (A93-55951 24-46); p. 93-106.
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  • 2
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    Dynamics Explorer measurements of particles, fields, and plasma drifts over a horse-collar auroral pattern (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: As shown from ground-based measurements and satellite-borne imagers, one type of global auroral pattern characteristic of quiet (usually northward IMF) intervals is that of a contracted but thickened emission region of a pattern referred to as 'horse-collar' aurora (Hones et al., 1989). In this report we use the Dynamics Explorer data set to examine a case in which this horse-collar pattern was observed by the DE-1 auroral imager, while at the same time DE-2, at lower altitude, measured precipitating particles, electric and magnetic fields, and plasma drifts. Our analysis shows that, in general, there is close agreement between the optical signatures and the particle precipitation patterns. In many instances, over scales ranging from tens to a few hundred kilometers, electron precipitation features and upward field-aligned currents are observed at locations where the plasma flow gradients indicate negative V-average x E. The particle, plasma, and field measurements made along the satellite track and the 2D perspective of the imager provide a means of determining the configuration of convective flows in the high-latitude ionosphere during this interval of northward IMF. Recent mapping studies are used to relate the low-altitude observations to possible magnetospheric source regions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity (ISSN 0022-1392); p. 1225-1237.
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  • 3
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    Ozone and temperature trends in the lower stratosphere (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: It is shown that the pattern of temperature trend with height in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is consistent with that calculated from a model incorporating the observed ozone changes. The magnitude of the observed temperature decrease is less than that determined from the numerical model. It is found that the obverse ozone-temperature relationship does not hold. If the temperature at 20 km decreases, this by itself would result in an increase in the ozone values through the inverse temperature sensitivity of the chemical reactions. In the lower stratosphere a positive correlation between ozone and temperature tends to exist through the dynamics. Ozone-rich air moving downward undergoes an increase in temperature through adiabatic compression and vice-versa. That the temperature trends indicate no apparent variation with latitude suggests a nondynamic cause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: In: Conference on the Middle Atmosphere, 8th, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 5-10, 1992, Preprints (A93-49361 21-47); p. 70-73.
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  • 4
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    An expert system/ion trap mass spectrometry approach for life support systems monitoring (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Efforts to develop sensor and control system technology to monitor air quality for life support have resulted in the development and preliminary testing of a concept based on expert systems and ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS). An ITMS instrument provides the capability to identify and quantitate a large number of suspected contaminants at trace levels through the use of a variety of multidimensional experiments. An expert system provides specialized knowledge for control, analysis, and decision making. The system is intended for real-time, on-line, autonomous monitoring of air quality. The key characteristics of the system, performance data and analytical capabilities of the ITMS instrument, the design and operation of the expert system, and results from preliminary testing of the system for trace contaminant monitoring are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: SAE PAPER 921173 , ; 15 p.|SAE, International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 13, 1992 - Jul 16, 1992; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 5
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    Lateral variations in lower mantle seismic velocity (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: To obtain a theoretical model which provides a rationale for the observed high values of velocity variations, the effect of a 0.1 to 0.2 percent partially molten volatile-rich material in various geometries which are heterogeneously dispersed in the lower mantle is examined. Data obtained indicate that, depending on aspect ratio and geometry, 0.1-0.2 percent partial melting in conjunction with about 100 K thermal anomalies can explain the seismic variations provided the compressibility of the melt differs by less than about 20 percent from the surrounding solid.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ; : Analysis of optica
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  • 6
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    Electron tunnel sensors (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: We have used the extreme sensitivity of electron tunneling to variations in electrode separation to construct a novel, compact displacement transducer. Electrostatic forces are used to control the separation between the tunneling electrodes, thereby eliminating the need for piezoelectric actuators. The entire structure is composed of micromachined silicon single crystals. Applications of the tunneling displacement transducer to the measurement of acceleration and infrared signals are discussed. Measurements of acceleration and infrared sensitivity are reported.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A (ISSN 0734-2101); 10; 4; p. 2114-2118.
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  • 7
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    Monochromatic imaging instrumentation for applications in aeronomy of the earth and planets (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Monochromatic imaging instrumentation has been developed that uses narrow-band (12 A FWHP) interference filters or plane reflection gratings for 2D imaging and imaging spectrograph applications. By changing the optics in front of the filter or grating, the field of view of the instruments can be varied from 180 deg to 6 deg. In the case of the 2D monochromatic imager, the 12 mm-diameter filtered image is formed at about f/1 on the input photocathode of an intensified CCD camera (380 x 488 pixels). The sensitivities of the systems are about 50-100 R s (S/N about 2). Examples of data taken with both of these instruments include detection and mapping of Jupiter's sodium magnetonebula and stable auroral red arcs in the terrestrial ionosphere.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: In: Instrumentation for planetary and terrestrial atmospheric remote sensing; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 23, 24, 1992 (A93-27076 09-35); p. 199-205.
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  • 8
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    Anomalous plasma diffusion and the magnetopause boundary layer (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An overview of the current state of anomalous diffusion research at the magnetopause and its role in the formation of the magnetopause boundary layer is presented. Plasma wave measurements in the boundary layer indicate that most of the relevant unstable wave modes contribute negligibly to the diffusion process at the magnetopause under magnetically undisturbed northward IMF conditions. The most promising instability is the lower hybrid drift instability, which may yield diffusion coefficients of the right order if the highest measured wave intensities are assumed. It is concluded that global stationary diffusion due to wave-particle interactions does not take place at the magnetopause. Microscopic wave-particle interaction and anomalous diffusion may contribute to locally break the MD frozen-in conditions and help in transporting large amounts of magnetosheath plasma across the magnetospheric boundary.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (ISSN 0093-3813); 20; 6; p. 833-842.
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  • 9
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    Acoustic double layers in multispecies plasma (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The formation of acoustic double layers in the presence of two ion species is examined via a particle simulation in a 1D bounded system. The effect of having two ion components, an H(+) and an O(+) beam, on double-layer evolution from ion acoustic turbulence driven by an electron drift relative to the H(+) beam of about 0.5 u sub e, where u sub e is the electron thermal speed, is examined. It is found that acoustic double layers form in either ion species on a time scale of about 100 omega sub ps exp -1, where omega sub ps is the ion plasma frequency for species 's' and s = H or O, and for drifts relative to the electrons lower than that required for double layer formation in simulations of single ion component plasma.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (ISSN 0093-3813); 20; 6; p. 745-755.
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  • 10
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    SAR calibration - An overview (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Remote sensing with synthetic aperture radars (SAR's) is a rapidly developing field. Calibration of these sensors is required for the establishment of relationships between radar backscatter and geographical parameters. A review of recent progress in SAR calibration is presented. The quantities measured by SAR are defined and mathematical formulations of the three basic types of SAR images are developed. The establishment of scientific requirements for calibration and the difficulties involved are discussed. Image quality assessment is reviewed and the problems of radiometric calibration of SAR images using the radar equation and internal and external approaches are considered. Polarimetric radar calibration and the development of the necessary algorithms are described. Interferometric phase calibration and its associated problems are reviewed and future challenges in SAR calibration are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); 30; 6; p. 1107-1121.
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