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  • Articles  (2,166)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (1,441)
  • Engineering General  (725)
  • GEOPHYSICS
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (2,166)
  • 1992  (2,166)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On-line solvent evaporator for coupled LC systems (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 594-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: On-line evaporator ; Coupled LC systems ; Evaporation by vapor overflow ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mobile phase of a fraction eluted from a first LC column is removed by an on-line evaporator in order to reconcentrate the solute material or to exchange the eluent before performing a subsequent LC separation. Evaporation essentially occurs by concurrent evaporation, i.e. the solvent evaporates at a rate equal to the flow rate of the incoming eluent, and is driven by the overflow principle, i.e. vapors leave the tube as a result of the expansion resulting from evaporation.The liquid is introduced into a small tube (e.g., 4 cm × 1.3 mm i.d.) which is packed, e.g., with a coarse silica gel. The outlet of the evaporator is connected to vacuum in order to enable evaporation at reduced temperature and to increase retention of the volatile components. With normal phase eluents, evaporation rates may approach 1 ml/min; n-dodecane was the most volatile n-alkane fully retained by the evaporator.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150907
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GC-MS separation and quantitation of 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid and hippuric acid from plasma of patients with renal failure: Application to blood purification methods (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 601-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Mass selective detection ; Chronic renal failure ; Hemodialysis ; Hemofiltration ; Peritoneal dialysis ; Furanpropionic acid ; Hippuric acid ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Solid-phase extraction, capillary GC, and mass selective detection have been used to determine 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid (furanpropionic acid) and hippuric acid in the plasma of patients with chronic renal failure. The concentrations of furanpropionic acid and hippuric acid were found to be highly elevated and reached levels of 4.56 ± 2.37 mg/dl (10 to 20-fold higher than normal) and 12.90 ± 14.06 mg/dl (40 to 60-fold), respectively. Treatment by hemodialysis and hemofiltration effectively eliminated hippuric acid (on average by 66 and 56%, respectively) but had little effect on furanpropionic acid. Intermittent peritoneal dialysis gave the best long-term results. Both components were maintained at a lower level than by hemodialysis and hemofiltration.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150908
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quality control of vegetable oil methyl esters used as diesel fuel substitutes: Quantitative determination of mono-, di-, and triglycerides by capillary GC (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 609-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Quality control ; Diesel fuel substitute ; Vegetable oil methyl esters ; Mono-, di-, and triglycerides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Vegetable oil methyl esters are increasingly being used as substitutes for petroleum-based diesel fuels. Because the presence of triglycerides and partial glycerides in the fuel as a result of incomplete transesterification of vegetable oils can lead to serious engine problems, continuous quality control of the product is essential. A rapid gas chromatographic method has been developed for the quantitative determination of mono-, di-, and triglycerides in vegetable oil methyl esters.Prior to analysis, mono-, and diglycerides were silylated with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide; tridecanoin was used as internal standard. Calibration was performed by analysis of standard solutions containing mono-, di-, and triolein: the calibration plots for mono- and diglycerides showed good linearity, whereas for triglycerides no linearity was observed for triolein concentrations below 0.05 mg/ml. When a non-linear multi level calibration was employed for the quantitation of triglycerides, the method gave excellent quantitative results for mono-, di-, and triglycerides in vegetable oil methyl esters.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150910
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Call for fused silica tubing furnishing tight press-fit connections (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 613-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Press fit connections ; High temperature fused silica ; Polyimide ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Recently introduced fused silica, primarily of the high temperature type, no longer allows the formation of a reliable press-fit seal. Attempts to tighten the connection with various kinds of glue proved unsatisfactory. Manufacturers of fused silica tubing are urged to devote more attention to the problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150911
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The determination of hydrazine in sulfuric acid by precolumn derivatization liquid chromatography (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 620-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Reversed phase LC ; Precolumn derivatization ; Hydrazine analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150913
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
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    Optimization of GC detector parameters using electronic pressure control (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 615-619 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Splitless injection ; Electronic pressure control (EPC) ; Nitrogen - phosphorus detector (NPD) ; Flame photometric detector (FPD) ; Flame ionization detector (FID) ; Programmable cool on-column injection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: HP 5890 Series II Gas Chromatographs are equipped with prototype hardware enabling electronic pressure programming of all detector and carrier gases. A method of using electronic pressure control (EPC) to optimize detector performance (sensitivity, selectivity, and baseline stability) is demonstrated. With EPC, sample introduction, column separation, and detector performance can be optimized simultaneously without the classical trade-offs in performance. An example is also presented of the use of a new automated system which enables cool on-column injection into 250 or 320 μm columns without the need for a retention gap.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150912
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  • 107
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    Determination of copper, iron, and aluminum in serum by HPLC with electrochemical and spectrophotometric detection (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 622-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; Spectrophotometric detection ; Electrochemical detection with 8-quinolinol ; Metal complexes ; Serum ; Copper ; Iron ; Aluminum ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150914
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  • 108
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    An LC-MS approach to the on-line identification of fullerenes (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 627-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: LC-MS ; Magic LC-MS interface ; Soot ; Fullerenes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150916
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  • 109
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    Specific separation of oligodeoxynucleotides by capillary affinity gel electrophoresis (CAGE) using poly(9-vinyladenine) - polyacrylamide conjugated gel (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 625-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary affinity gel electrophoresis ; Poly(9-vinyladenine) ; Gene analysis ; Separation of oligonucleotides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150915
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  • 110
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    Chromatography calendar (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 629-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150917
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  • 111
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    Introduction to micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Johan Vindevogel and Pat Sandra. Hüthig, Heidelberg, FRG (1992) 231 pp, ISBN 3-7785-2105-5, $55.00 (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 631-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150918
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  • 112
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    Product news (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 632-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150919
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  • 113
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    Masthead (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151001
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  • 114
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    The review of manuscripts. What is appropriate and fair? (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 633-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151002
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  • 115
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    Aspects of the capillary GC analysis of all-trans- and 13-cis-acitretin (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 637-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; On-column injection ; Plasma samples ; Retinoid analysis ; Acitretin isomers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The capillary gas chromatographic (CGC) analysis of the der-matological drug trans-acitretin (NeotigasonR) and its cis metabolite is described. Separation of the methyl ester derivatives can be achieved on a 90% biscyanopropylsiloxane phase. The importance of using cold on-column injection and short, thin film capillary columns is discussed. For patients treated with the prodrug of acitretin, etretinate (TigasonR), i.e. the ethyl ester of Neotigason, three compounds have to be separated. Selectivity tuning is required for successful CGC separation. An alternative can be found in the selectivity of ion monitoring mass spectroscopy. Analysis of plasma samples involves liquid-liquid extraction, a derivatization step, and HPLC purification.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151003
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  • 116
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    Identification and quantification of anticarcinogens in garlic extract and licorice root extract powder (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 641-654 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC-MS ; LC-MS ; Garlic ; Licorice ; Anticarcinogen ; Isoflavanoid ; Triterpenoid ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nine organosulfur compounds present in an aged garlic extract and two isoflavonoids and one triterpenoid present in a licorice root extract powder have been identified and quantified. Quantification involved solvent extraction and gas chromatographic - mass spectrometric analysis (garlic extract) or hydrolysis, solvent extraction, and liquid chromatographic analysis (licorice root extract powder).Although the garlic extract proved to be unstable and the concentration of the organosulfur compounds varied with time, one analysis of the extract gave the following results: methyl disulfide (0.607 μg/g), methyl trisulfide (0.181 μg/g), allyl sulfide (2.02 μg/g), allyl disulfide (0.784 μg/g), allyl trisulfide (0.795 μg/g), allyl methyl sulfide (1.64 μg/g), allyl methyl disulfide (0.411 μg/g), allyl methyl trisulfide (0.695 μg/g), and ethyl 2-propenesulfinate (11.4 μg/g). The analysis of the licorice root extract powder gave the following results: formononetin (1.92 mg/g), isoliquiritigenin (9.61 mg/g), and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (43.9 mg/g).Methods were successfully developed to quantify the same compounds in the serum of test animals which had consumed feed spiked with garlic extract or licorice root extract powder. Only the 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid could be detected in the sera of such animals, however. An effort was also made to determine serum levels of prostaglandin E2 to correlate its inhibition with levels of the dietary components, but the prostaglandin E2 levels were too low to measure.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151004
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  • 117
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    Determination of organometallic compounds by capillar gas chromatography - inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 665-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Inductively coupled plasma MS ; Element-selective detection ; Organotin speciation ; Organometallic compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The separation and detection of volatile organometallic compounds containing tin, iron, and nickel has been achieved using capillary GC-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (capillary GC-ICP-MS). Detection limits range from 3.0 to 7.0 pg/s. The presence of volatile organotin compounds in a harbor sediment has been confirmed. The retention range of the organometallic compounds analyzed by capillary GC-ICP-MS has been extended considerably beyond that possible in earlier studies (retention indices up to 3400).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151007
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  • 118
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    Splitless injection of up to hundreds of microliters of liquid samples in capillary GC: Part 1, concept (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 659-664 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Splitless injection, 100 μl volumes ; Injector insert, packing of ; Sample evaporation in vaporizing injector ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: If a sample evaporates by flash vaporization in an empty injector insert, the solute material is well mixed with the expanding solvent vapors and the maximum injection volume is determined by the requirement that no vapors must leave the vaporizing chamber. If evaporation occurs from a surface (e.g., of Tenax packing), however, the solvent evaporates first. The site of evaporation is cooled to the solvent's boiling point, and the cool island formed in the hot injector retains solutes of at least intermediate boiling point (visually observed for perylene). Solvent vapors, free from such solutes, may now expand backwards from the injector insert and leave through the septum purge exit. When solvent evaporation is complete, the site of evaporation warms up, causing the high boiling solutes to evaporate and to be carried into the column by the carrier gas. The technique somewhat resembles PTV injection, but is performed using a classical vaporizing injector.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151006
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  • 119
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    Cyclodextrin derivatives in the GC separation of racemic mixtures of volatile compounds: Part IV (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 655-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Derivatized cyclodextrins ; Enantiomer separation ; Chromatographic performance ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper reports the chromatographic performance of columns coated with 2,3,6-trimethyl-α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins (2,3,6-TriMe-α,- β-, and γ-CD) and their derivatives 2,6-dimethyl-3-trifluoroacetyl-α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins (2,6-DiMe-3-TFA-α-, β-, and γ-CD), all six diluted in polysiloxane, for the separation of the enantiomers of volatile compounds.The influence of column length and film thickness on separation is reported. Phenomena related to reproducibility and consistency, over a period of time, of columns prepared with these CD derivatives are also discussed, and a possible solution to some drawbacks reported here is proposed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151005
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  • 120
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    Evaluation of a radio frequency plasma for oxygen-selective detection in capillary gas chromatography (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 677-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Atomic emission spectroscopy ; Radio frequency plasma ; Oxygen-selective detection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A radio frequency plasma detector for capillary GC has been modified for oxygen-selective detection. Purification of the plasma gas and purging of both ends of the discharge region with helium were crucial to minimizing oxygen background emission from impurities in the plasma. With a pure helium plasma, eluting hydrocarbons released oxygen from the discharge region resulting in interfering signals on the oxygen channel. These interfering signals were efficiently reduced by using a methane-doped (0. 15%) low power RF plasma (15 W) sustained in a high make-up flow (150 mL/min). With this plasma, a 103:1 oxygen-to-carbon selectivity and a 100 pg oxygen/s detection limit were obtained. The detector was linear over three orders of magnitude. The detection system has been used to screen for oxygenated compounds in two environmental samples.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151009
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  • 121
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    Determination of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASH) in diesel fuel by high performance liquid chromatography and photodiode-array detection (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 682-685 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; Polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASH) ; Sulfone method ; Diesel fuel ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An oxidation method (sulfone method) for the determination of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASH) in diesel fuel is presented. The aromatic fraction of a diesel fuel, isolated by solid phase extraction, is oxidized under controlled conditions with hydrogen peroxide. The oxidation products, mainly methylated dibenzosulfone, are determined and quantified directly, without further clean-up, by HPLC with photodiode-array detection.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151010
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  • 122
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    COLACRO IV - the fourth Latin American congress on chromatography (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 694-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151012
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  • 123
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    Element-selective atomic emission detection for capillary GC of metal-containing compounds (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 669-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Selective GC detection of metals ; Atomic emission detection ; Microwave-induced plasma ; Metal-containing compounds ; Metalloporphyrins ; Organomanganese ; Organotitanium ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Element-selective GC detection by microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy has been used to examine a wide variety of compounds containing metals, non-metals, and metalloids. “Recipes”, or new selective detection schemes for use with the software of the computer-controlled system, have been developed for the selective detection of boron, aluminum, gallium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, rhenium, palladium, and platinum. Figures of merit including limits of detection, linear dynamic range, and spectral selectivity over carbon have been established for most of these elements. Gas chromatography - atomic emission detection (GC-AED) has been applied to the selective detection of vanadium, nickel, and iron in metalloporphyrins present in crude oil, manganese-selective detection of methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl (MMT) in gasoline, and titanium-selective detection of reaction mixtures containing titanium catalysts or titanium boride molecular precursors.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151008
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  • 124
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    Investigation of the detection limit for the determination, by pyrolysis-capillary GC, of the thickness of ultra thin PMMA layers coated on to PET film (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 33-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Pyrolysis-capillary GC ; Quantitative analysis ; Detection limit ; Ultra-thin layer poly(methyl methacrylate) ; Poly(ethylene terephthalate) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The determination of nanometer thick layers of poly(methyl methacrylate) coated on to the surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate) film has been investigated by high resolution pyrolysis gas chromatography without sample pretreatment or modification of the instrumentation used. A good linear relationship was observed between the quantity of the characteristic pyrolysate and the thickness of the poly(methyl methacrylate) layer; the detection limit was sufficient to enable the quantitation of poly(methyl methacrylate)-to-poly(ethylene terephthalate) film thickness ratios of 1:20000 in composite materials.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150109
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  • 125
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    Prediction, optimization of separation, and identification of unknown compounds in capillary gas chromatography (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 18-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Compound identification ; Multicomponent separation ; Retention calculation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A procedure for the identification and separation of unknown compounds by capillary gas chromatography is described. The procedure involves a live retention time database and optimization of the separation. After initial chromatography of the sample, a rough search lists all the possible compounds it might contain and the analyst then uses his experience to discard those compounds in the list which are unlikely to be present. The multi-component separation is then optimized over the whole range of defined starting temperatures and programming rates, in order to produce the best possible separation of the sample components, and the chromatography repeated using the results obtained from the optimization procedure. Further search operations within a given search window will then report the compound names, and related information, for each peak.Since the identification operation is performed at least twice during the procedure, and the optimization of the separation assists the identification by separating possibly overlapped peaks, the confidence of the qualitative analysis is higher than may be obtained using standards alone. If the reproducibility of isothermal indices measured on columns could be guaranteed, this procedure could be used instead of performing chromatography on standards of the compounds contained in the database, regardless of changes in column dimensions, phase ratio, and operating conditions in temperature programmed analysis.
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    Optimization of an electrolytic conductivity detector for determination of toxic nitrogen-containing food contaminants separated by open tubular column gas chromatography (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 124-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Electrolytic conductivity detection ; Nitrogen-mode optimization ; Open tubular columns ; Food contaminants ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The combination of open tubular column gas chromatography with electrolytic conductivity detection has been evaluated for the determination of nitrogen-containing pesticide residues in food extracts. Optimization of the column position at the column-detector interface was crucial to the successful operation of the detector. The signal-to-noise ratio and response stability of the detector are greatly influenced by the composition of the electrolyte solvent. Large volume splitless injections using retention gaps and optimized detector operating conditions enabled pesticide residues in food extracts to be determined at sub parts-per-million levels. Although the electrolytic conductivity detector is less sensitive than the thermionic ionization detector, its greater nitrogen selectivity can he crucial to the determination of nitrogen-containing contaminants in food extracts, particularly in complex mixtures where phosphorus-containing contaminants or matrix compounds are also present.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150213
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    Chromatography calendar (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 140-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150221
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    Application of HPLC and MECC for the detection of flavonol aglycones in plant extracts (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 136-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; MECC ; Plant extracts ; Flavonol aglycones ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150220
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    Re-use of press-fit connectors and splitters for GC capillary columns (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 136-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Press fit connectors and splitters ; Re-use ; Cleaning ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150219
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    Application of micro HPLC for the determination of methotrexate in clinical samples (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 49-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Micro HPLC ; Methotrexate ; Clinical analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150115
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    Identitication of the controlled drugs propoxyphene, benzoylecgonine, and atropine by electron impact ionization capillary GC-MS (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 46-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC-MS ; Electron impact (EI) ; Thermal degradation ; Propoxyphene ; Benzoylecgonine ; Atropine ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150114
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    An empirical study of the gas chromatographic elution behavior of twenty one alkyl-substituted thiocarbamates (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 43-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Elution order ; Structure and elution order ; Thiocarbamates ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150113
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    Use of the same capillary column for both sampling and gas chromatographic analysis of aqueous organic pollutants (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 51-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Capillary column sampling ; Aqueous samples ; PAHs ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150116
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    On-column injection of fatty acid methyl esters on to polar capillary columns without distortion of early eluting peaks (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 54-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas liquid chromatography, GLC ; Cold on-column injection ; Fatty acid methyl esters, FAME ; Anhydrous milk fat ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150117
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    Chromatography calendar (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 57-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150118
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    Masthead (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150201
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    Use of carbon adsorption traps combined with high resolution gas chromatography - mass spectrometry for the analysis of polar and non-polar C4-C14 hydrocarbons involved in photochemical smog formation (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 75-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HRGC-MS ; Thermal desorption ; Cryofocusing ; Carbon traps ; Air analysis ; Urban and forested area ; Photochemical pollution ; Polar and non-polar hydrocarbons ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method has been developed for the collection and analysis of polar and non-polar C4-C14 hydrocarbons involved in the formation of photochemical smog. Enrichment of hydrocarbons from both polluted and unpolluted areas has been achieved with three-stage traps packed with carbon adsorbents of different surface area; the use of a home-made desorption unit employing cryofocusing then enables the determination of the compounds by HRGC-FID. Two-stage traps filled with graphitic carbon have been used prior to GC-MS identification and quantitation of compounds producing overlapping peaks.The methodology has been tested in the urban area of Rome and in a pine forest, and more than 140 different compounds identified and quantitated. Many of the constituents were found to be oxygenated, either formed by photochemical reactions or of anthropogenic origin.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150205
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    Enantiomeric resolution of dansyl phenylalanine and analogs by microcolumn liquid chromatography with γ-cyclodextrin as mobile phase additive (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 121-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Microcolumn LC ; Enantiomeric resolution ; Chiral mobile phase additive ; γ-Cyclodextrin ; Dansyl derivatives ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dansyl derivatives of racemic phenylalanine and its analogs have been resolved by microcolumn liquid chromatography with γ-cyclodextrin as mobile phase additive. The enantioselectivity of the system was influenced by the concentrations of both γ-cyclodextrin and acetonitrile in the mobile phase. Enantiomers of phenylalanine, phenylglycine, and tyrosine were resolved by isocratic elution in a single chromatographic run.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150212
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    Characterization of Semtex by supercritical fluid extraction and off-line GC-ECD and GC-MS (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 102-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid extraction ; GC-MSD ; GC-ECD ; Semtex ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Researchers using electron capture for the detection of explosive vapors currently claim the ability to detect the presence of RDX in Semtex - a plastic explosive comprising hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazane (RDX) in a matrix of styrene-butadiene copolymer and hydrocarbon oil. The vapor pressure of RDX at room temperature is 0.006 ppb, and therefore well below the detection limit of electron capture detection (ECD). The positive response generated by ECD is, consequently, not from the presence of RDX, but from some other component.This paper describes the extraction and identification of several compounds in Semtex, along with the determination of which is responsible for the positive response of an ECD-based detector.From the results of supercritical fluid extraction and off-line gas chromatography combined with electron capture and mass spectrometric detection, it has been concluded that ethylene glycol dinitrate is the component responsible for the positive ECD response. This conclusion is based on the requirements necessary for ECD detection, i.e. electronegativity, and a sufficient vapor pressure. The other compounds present were eliminated as possible choices because they either can not be detected by an ECD or do not have sufficient vapor pressure under ambient conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150210
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    Linear temperature programmed retention indices of gasoline range hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons on cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 105-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Linear temperature programmed retention indices ; Gasoline range hydrocarbons ; Chlorinated hydrocarbons ; Effect of column pressure on retention index ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper describes the experimentally determined linear temperature programmed gas chromatographic retention behavior of hundreds of gasoline range hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons on a cross-linked 100% polydimethylsiloxane stationary phase. The retention indices of additional compounds which were not available as pure standards were measured in a synthetic gasoline after they had been positively identified by matching mass and infrared spectra.The experimentally determined retention information has been used to estimate the retention indices of additional compounds by extrapolation or interpolation of plots of carbon number against retention index of homologs.Isothermally determined Kovats retention indices of compounds measured on 100 % polydimethylsiloxane have been taken from the literature and converted to linear temperature programmed retention indices using the method of Guan et al [11]. For many of these compounds, an experimentally determined linear temperature programmed retention index was measured: agreement between experimental and converted values was excellent.In total, retention indices are presented for 480 compounds, including all possible alkylbenzenes containing ten or fewer carbon atoms, and over 150 monoenes and dienes. The effect of column pressure and the average linear velocity of the helium carrier gas on retention index and order of elution is described and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150211
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    Development of analytical SFE of a polar drug from an animal food matrix (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 238-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Pls supply ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The applicability of supercritical CO2 extraction as a quantitative method for recovery of a hypolipidemic drug from an animal food matrix has been evaluated. Off-line extraction with solid phase trapping and solvent rinsing has been utilized. An optimized method for quantitative extraction of the pure drug was initially developed with high reproducibility. Three drug/rat feed matrices were examined. The as-received “crystalline matrix” yielded the poorest reproducibility suggestive of a heterogeneous matrix. A laboratory-prepared crystalline drug/feed matrix and a matrix prepared by spiking the animal feed with a solution of the drug gave ten-fold better RSDs than the “crystalline matrix”.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150407
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    High temperature gas chromatography on narrow bore capillary columns (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 256-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; High temperature ; Narrow bore glass columns ; CH3O-terminated polysiloxane, PS-090 ; Triglycerides ; Free base porphyrins ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of high-temperature-stable, medium polarity glass capillary columns coated with immobilized PS-090 (a 20 % diphenyl-substituted, CH3O-terminated polydimethylsiloxane) has made it possible to analyze routinely, and with good separation efficiency, high molecular weight compounds such as triglycerides and free base porphyrins. Cold on-column injection was used throughout this work to avoid discrimination against involatile compounds, and disposable (fused silica) retention gaps were used to protect the column against contamination with involatile material. On-column injection into narrow bore glass columns was achieved by using glass-to-silica connections to attach wider bore (0.2 mm i.d.) deactivated fused silica tubing to the columns.
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    Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography of glucosinolates and desulfoglucosinolates with a cationic surfactant (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 271-275 
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    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Electrokinetic capillary chromatography ; Micelles ; Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide ; Glucosinolates ; Desulfoglucosinolates ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150412
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    Vacuum-assisted solvent elimination at the exit of GC capillary columns (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 279-280 
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    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Alkali flame ionization detection ; Solvent elimination by vacuum ; Press-fit Y-connector ; Glass-cap-cross ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150415
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    Chromatography calendar (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 281-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150417
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    Economy and environmental analysis (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 285-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150502
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    Coupled fused silica capillaries for rapid capillary zone electrophoresis of proteins (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 289-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary zone electrophoresis ; Tunable electroosmosis ; Coated capillaries ; Coupled capillaries ; Protein ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel two-dimensional electrophoretic system for the control of electroosmosis in capillary zone electrophoresis has been developed and evaluated for rapid separations of proteins. The system comprises uncoated and polyether-coated fused silica capillaries coupled in series. An equation relating the average electroosmotic flow velocity in the coupled capillaries to the intrinsic electroosmotic velocities of the connected segments and their corresponding lengths has been derived and verified experimentally. This approach has the advantage of enabling the electroosmotic flow to be tuned independently of the applied voltage. As a consequence, rapid protein analysis at relatively low field strength was achieved without sacrificing the high separation efficiencies obtained with surface-modified capillaries.
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    Masthead (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150501
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    Retention behavior of ions in high performance ion chromatography: III effect of the nature of the cation on anion retention (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 293-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: High performance ion chromatography (HPIC) ; Anions, retention behavior ; Cations, effect of ; Cation hydration, effect of ; Anion polarizability ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The affects of alkali metal cations on the retention behavior of halide ions has been investigated. In general, the retention times of the anions were found to decrease as the size of the metal ion increased, although an inversion was observed for the rubidium and cesium ions. A similar inversion has been reported for calculated anion polarizabilities.
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    Analysis of deethyl- and deisopropylatrazine residues in drinking and ground water by chemical derivatization (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 302-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Alkali flame ionization detection ; Atrazine metabolites ; Trifluoroacetylation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A gas chromatographic method with alkali flame ionization detection is described for the determination of residue levels (0.1 μg/I and below) of deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine in drinking and ground water. Confirmation of the identities of the compounds is achieved by trifluoroacetylation, reaction conditions for which are presented.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150506
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    The performance concept: A contribution to the modern theory of capillary GC (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; High speed GC ; Process control ; Optimization ; Commercially available equipment ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An original theoretical approach, the “performance concept” is introduced.This concept enables the linear carrier gas velocity and column length to be optimized in order to obtain the shortest possible analysis time for a required separation. The optimized gas velocity and column length are expressed as functions of the B and C coefficients of the HETP equation, the extra-column equipment constant, σ2EC, and the necessary plate number, Nne, determined by the analytical problem. A new equation is given for predicting analysis time as a function of the same parameters.The validity of the concept is illustrated with an example of such an optimization. The fundamental relationships have been proved experimentally and excellent agreement found between predicted and measured values.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Quantitation of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether in citrus oils (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 305-306 
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    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC-MS ; Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether ; Flavors ; Adulteration ; Quantitative analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether as a flavor solvent is restricted. Since existing methods of quantitation are tedious or require sophisticated multi-dimensional GC instrumentation, a simple method has been developed using low cost GC-MS. Monitoring of ions 31 and 45 enables quantitation of DEGEE in essential oils at levels down to 1 μg/g with accuracy equal to or better than 15%.
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    Alysis of the volatile constituents of food by headspace GC-MS with reversal of the carrier gas flow during sampling (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 307-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Headspace techniques ; Cryofocusing ; GC-MS ; Reversed carrier gas flow ; Volatile components ; Food ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A technique has been developed for performing headspace GC-MS analysis of volatile components of food, in which the carrier gas flow is reversed during sampling in order to overcome problems caused by the diffusion of substances not retained by the cold trap. Chromatographic profiles of volatile compounds from cheeses, obtained at room temperature, provide confirmation of the validity of the reversed flow technique, and the versatility of the system is evidenced by its successful application to both solid and liquid matrixes: the absence of any discrimination against the various components reveals its efficacy for compounds with a wide range of volatility. Addition of internal standards to the sample enables the use of the technique for quantitative analysis.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    The advantages of evaporative light scattering detection in pharmaceutical analysis by high performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 312-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography ; Supercritical fluid Chromatography ; Light scattering detection ; Pharmaceutical analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) has been used in pharmaceutical analysis by liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography. An ELSD equipped with interchangeable interfaces enables the use of various eluents (UV- or non-UV-absorbing) in isocratic or gradient mode. Analyses were performed on several non-UV-absorbing excipients and active substances. The narrow spread of the response factors of the various compounds investigated has indicated that the detector is suitable for direct raw quantitation of unknown samples in stability studies.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150509
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    Analysis of classes of compounds of environmental concern: III. Organochlorine pesticides (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 319-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Organochlorine pesticides ; Fused silica open tubular column ; Dual-column, dual-detector gas chromatographic system ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Forty five organochlorine pesticides (currently listed in EPA Method 8081A) have been chromatographed on DB-5/DB-1701 and SPB-5/SPB-1701 column pairs which were in each case connected to an inlet splitter and separate electron capture detectors. Thirteen additional compounds were evaluated for their suitability as internal standards or surrogate compounds for incorporation into Method 8081A. Method reproducibility and linearity are discussed, and results are presented for extracts of six real samples spiked with fifteen organochlorine pesticides and analyzed using the dual-column, dual-detector arrangement.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150510
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    Determination of residual solvent in pharmaceutical preparations by static headspace GC (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 329-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Static headspace (SHS) ; Volatile organic compounds ; Pharmaceutical preparations ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Static headspace GC, a simple, clean technique which is easily automated, appears to be a good approach to the determination of solvent residues in pharmaceutical preparations. The feasibility of this approach has been studied with an automated system.Data is presented for the solvents designated as impurities in pharmaceutical preparations by the United States Pharmacopeia. It was found that the static headspace technique meets the United States Pharmacopeia criteria for sensitivity. The absolute area count precision was 〈5% relative standard deviation and correlation coefficients to a linear response were 〉0.999. It was concluded that the technique is viable for this application.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150511
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    Hydrocarbon contaminants of boiled shrimp and crab meat (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 332-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column ; Volatile components of crab and shrimp ; Environmental contaminants ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Capillary GC and GC-MS have been used for the identification and quantitation of n-alkanes, naphthalenes, and alkylben-zenes among the volatile components of crab and shrimp meat.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150512
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    Fused quartz couplings for capillary columns and restrictors in SFC (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 341-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary SFC ; Column coupling ; Restrictor ; Dead volume ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150514
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    Sample evaporation in conventional split/splitless GC injectors: Part 2: Use of perylene for visual observation of three different scenarios in empty injector inserts (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Vaporizing injection ; Flash evaporation ; Scenarios of sample evaporation in the injector ; Perylene for observing sample evaporation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Perylene is strongly fluorescent as long as it is in solution. This has enabled visual observation of non-evaporated sample material in a “transparent injector”, i.e. in a heated glass device imitating a conventional vaporizing injector.Three scenarios of sample evaporation are described. Some samples (solvents) are nebulized and “flash evaporated” in the gas phase between the needle exit and the column entrance (Scenario 1). With most solvents, the liquid leaves the syringe needle as a thin jet which rushes through both the empty vaporizing chamber and the split outlet at high velocity, often without substantial evaporation. It does not touch the surfaces of the insert and passes round the bend at the bottom of the device without any problem (Scenario 2). Some samples are splashed on to the insert wall, wet it, and evaporate rather slowly from this surface (Scenario 3).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Comparison of fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon weak anion exchange columns for the separation of surfactants with indirect detection (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 343-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Mixed mode reversed phase - anion exchange retention ; Aliphatic surfactants ; Indirect photometric detection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150515
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    Enantioselective separation of epoxides and alcohols with perpentylated α-cyclodextrin (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 346-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Chiral separation ; Cyclodextrin stationary phases ; Alcohols ; Epoxides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150516
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    Rapid screening of chlorobiphenyl congeners by GC-ECD on a carborane - polydimethylsiloxane copolymer (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 350-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Carborane dimethylsiloxane ; Rapid screening in 〈10 min ; Chlorobiphenyl congeners ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150517
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    Product news (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 352-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150519
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    Chromatography calendar (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 354-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150520
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    Hochtemperatur gas chromatographie. Wolfgang Blum and Reiner Aichholz. Hüthig, Heidelberg, FRG (1991) 166 pp, Price DM 68.-, ISBN 3-7785-2065-2 (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 352-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150518
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    Masthead (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150601
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    Electrospray micro liquid chromatography - Fourier transform infrared micro spectrometry (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 361-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Micro liquid chromatography ; Electrospray nebulization ; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) ; Micro spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Microcolumn liquid chromatography has been interfaced with infrared microspectrometry by means of a novel technique involving electrospray nebulization. The eluent from the LC column is subjected to a high positive potential relative to the surroundings and the electric field generated charges the surface of the emerging liquid causing it to disintegrate into charged droplets which are attracted to an earthed, infrared-transparent, zinc selenide deposition plate. Nitrogen sheath gas is used to evaporate the solvent in the droplets, and the separated components are deposited on the zinc selenide plate for subsequent analysis by means of a Fourier transform infrared microscope and spectrometer. Provided low flow rates (∼4 μl/min) are used, total elimination of the solvent is achieved and easily identifiable infrared spectra can be measured from less than 500 pg of sample (caffeine).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Improved congener-specific GC analysis of chlorobiphenyls on coupled CPSil-8 and HT-5 columns (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 377-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Series-coupled narrow bore columns ; Chlorobiphenyl congeners ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The congener-specific analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) by high resolution gas chromatography on a 50 m × 0.25 mm fused silica column coated with a 0.26 μm film of 5% diphenyl polydimethylsiloxane (CPSil-8) has been significantly improved by series coupling with a 25 m × 0.22 mm column coated with a 0.10 μm film of 1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecarborane polydimethylsiloxane (HT-5). Using helium as carrier gas, a total of 64 congeners in technical PCB mixtures could be analyzed as resolved peaks by ECD (86 by MS) with the CPSil-8 column, and 84 by ECD (108 by MS) with the combination. The high upper temperature limit for these stationary phases (〉300°C) enabled fast temperature programming and rapid analysis (60 min).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Headspace gas analysis: Comparison of the efficiency of thick film, ultra thick film, and activated charcoal open tubular capillary traps for the concentration of volatile, airborne, organic compounds (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 373-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thick film traps ; Ultra thick film traps ; Activated charcoal traps ; Headspace gas analysis ; Concentration of airborne volatiles ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Determination of the rate at which volatile organic molecules diffuse through the wall of a polysiloxane rubber tube, shows that the full depth of the rubber lining of ultra-thick film open tubular traps is utilized for the retention of volatile organic compounds in headspace gas analysis. Small apolar molecules migrate rapidly through the rubber, but larger molecules and polar compounds diffuse relatively slowly into the rubber. Neither traps with a thick film of an apolar stationary phase, nor those with an ultra thick polysiloxane rubber lining retain highly volatile compounds very effectively. Traps containing activated charcoal particles fused into their inside glass surface have a much higher capacity than those with activated charcoal particles embedded in a layer of stationary phase.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Rapid analysis of coke oven gas by capillary gas chromatography (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 381-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Coke oven gas ; Capillary GC ; Natural gases ; Light hydrocarbons ; Process control ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A porous layer open tubular (PLOT) column has been used for monitoring the light hydrocarbons and permanent gases produced in coking plants. The method, which offers a simple alternative to traditional multi column techniques, entails a single injection on to a Carboplot 007 capillary column and simultaneous thermal conductivity and flame ionization detection. The simplified approach proposed is restricted to coke oven gas analysis: application to other gas mixtures has not been considered.The reliability of this procedure compares favorably with that of traditional methods; the technique is also much less time-consuming: seven individual gases can be determined on-line every fifteen minutes. Primary and secondary gas standards were used to determine response curves for the gases.The method also facilitates reliable calculation of heat values associated with the burning of the fuel gas mixtures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Multidirmensional gas chromatography - isotope ratio mass spectrometry (MDGC-IRMS). Part A: System description and technical requirements (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 387-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Multidimensional GC ; Isotope ratio mass spectrometry ; GC ; Flavors ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A system is presented which combines multidimensional GC with isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The performance of the system is demonstrated with an application from the field of flavor analysis. Potentials and limitations of the technique are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Sample evaporation in conventional split/splitless GC injectors. Part 3: Retaining the liquid in the vaporizing chamber (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 399-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Vaporizing injection ; Retaining sample liquid in the injector ; Inverted cup ; Insert with baffles ; Glass wool packing for injector insert ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: As most sample liquids tend to pass through an empty injector insert at a speed which is too high to enable complete evaporation, movement of the liquid must be arrested before it reaches the column entrance. Stopping the liquid means deposition on to a surface; this, however, is possible only after the temperature of the surface has been cooled to (or below) the boiling point of the liquid (solvent).The performance of different means of stopping the liquid has been tested visually (by the method described in Part 2). Baffles on the wall of the injector insert had hardly any effect on evaporation: the band of liquid leaving the syringe needle performed a perfect slalorn around them. The inverted cup proved more efficient, but the best performance was obtained from a light plug of glass wool: owing to its low thermal mass, the first fibers to be met by the liquid are immediately cooled to the solvent boiling point, allowing the liquid to wet it. The sample liquid is sucked up by the glass wool, from where the sample evaporates relatively slowly, often over a period of several seconds.
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    Leslie Ettre receives fifth annual Golay Award (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 485-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    High performance liquid chromatography with a specific dual detection system for the determination of acetic anhydride: An effective approach to analytical confirmation (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 479-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; Fluorescence emission detection ; Amperometric oxidation detection ; Specific dual detection ; Acetic anhydride ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Affinity chromatography of soybean β-amylase on phenylboronate agarose (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 482-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Affinity chromatography ; Soybean β-amylase ; Phenylboronate agarose ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Chromatography calendar (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 489-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150801
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    Progress and probelems with miniaturized analytical separation methods: GC, SFC, LC, and CE (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 493-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150802
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    Combined Cl and El mass spectra in the analysis of essential oils (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 510-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC-MS ; Cl ; El ; Flavors ; Cola beverages ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: As part of a study directed at introducing GMP recommendations to the production of non-alcoholic beverages, combined Cl and El mass spectra have been used for the identification of compounds present in extracts of “Cockta” beverage following GC-MS analysis. The amount of useful information present both in the separate Cl and El spectra, and in two of the possible combinations of the spectra, is described.
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    Unified gas and supercritical fluid chromatography on 50 μm i.d. Columns (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 505-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Unified chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Supercritical fluid chromatography ; Open tubular column ; Injection technique ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A unified approach to sequential gas and supercritical fluid Chromatography using 50 μm i.d. open tubular columns is described. Sample introduction is performed by means of a rotary injection valve. In order that linear velocities can be optimized independently, a second rotary valve in the chromatographic oven is used to direct the flow of column eluate to the flame ionization detector through either fused silica tubing in GC, or a frit restrictor in SFC.Applications of sequential GC-SFC on a 50 μm i.d. open tubular column are demonstrated, and comparisons made between sequential GC-SFC on 50 and 100 μm i.d. columns.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    The separation of enantiomers on modified cyclodextrin columns: Measurements and molecular modeling (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 499-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Cyclodextrin ; Thermodynamic parameters ; Molecular dynamics ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The enantiomers of 2-chloropropionic acid methyl ester, cis-pinane, 2-bromoethylbenzene, 2-bromobutane, 2-hydroxybutane trifluoroacetyl ester, and styrene oxide have been resolved on an octakis-(3-O-butyryl-2,6-di-O-pentyl)-γ-cyclo-dextrin capillary column, and the separation of the styrene oxide enantiomers has also been studied on columns coated with octakis-(3-O-trifluoroacetyl-2,6-di-O-pentyl)-cyclodextrin, octakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-pentyl)-γ-cyclodextrin, heptakis-(3-O-trifluoroacetyl-2,6-di-O-pentyl)-β -cyclodextrin, and heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin.Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS) were determined from variable temperature measurements. The inclusion complexes containing styrene oxide were also studied by molecular modeling techniques. It has been found that a combined molecular mechanics-molecular dynamics approach may be a valuable tool for rationalizing the qualitative trends observed in the experimental separation factors. For the inclusion complexes considered here it is shown that the orientation of the guest relative to the cyclodextrin host is determined by the size and polarity of the cyclodextrin.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150803
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    Determination of the animal of origin of dairy products and raw and cooked meats by GC analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained by transesterification (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 514-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Transesterification ; Animal meats ; Animal fats ; FAME analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is possible to determine the animal of origin of dairy products and raw and cooked meats by high resolution capillary GC of fatty acid methyl esters. This is demonstrated by several examples.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150806
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    Application of coupled LC-GC to the analysis of the polar fraction of diesel particulate matter (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 526-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Coupled LC-GC ; Diesel exhaust particulate matter ; Oxy-PAH ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Emissions from diesel engines contain mutagenic compounds, many of which are derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The complexity of extracts of particulate matter requires multi-stage chromatographic analysis performed off-line.In this study, coupled LC-GC is presented as an alternative method for the analysis of the polar fraction of extracts of diesel particulate matter. Preseparation of the sample was achieved by normal phase HPLC and fractions were transferred to the GC through an on-column interface. Through selective transfer, extensive characterization of the extract is possible and chromatograms can be greatly simplified, thus aiding identification.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150808
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    The analysis of lubricating oil additives by supercritical fluid chromatography with packed and open tubular capillary columnsPresented, in part, at the Eleventh International Symposium on Capillary Chromatography, Monterey, California, May 1990. (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 535-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid chromatography ; Packed capillary columns ; Open tubular columns ; Lubricating oil additives ; Modified mobile phases ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Lubricating oil additives have been analyzed by supercritical fluid chromatography on open tubular and packed capillary columns. Carbon dioxide and modified carbon dioxide were used as mobile phases and detection was accomplished by flame ionization and micro UV. Rapid and efficient analysis of the lubricating oil additives was demonstrated.
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    Optimum performance of capillary GC columns as a function of column diameter and film thickness under various operating conditions: Part II: Computer program extensions for n-alkane solutes and polydimethylsiloxane phasesFor Part I see Reference 1. (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 531-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Open tubular GC ; Computer-aided optimization ; Detection limits ; Sample capacity ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A BASIC computer program for calculation of maximum plate number and minimum analysis time conditions for columns operated at various outlet pressures was presented in 1985 [1]. This sequel reports extensions to the program for n-alkanes separated on polydimethylsiloxane stationary phases, specifically for n-C2 through n-C20 on phases equivalent to SE-30 or OV-1. For these solute-phase systems the amount of thermodynamic data available is sufficient to enable calculation of several parameters.Firstly, the separation temperature is now automatically calculated for a requested capacity ratio, or vice versa. Secondly, the computation of solute diffusivities in the stationary phase has been improved to approach experimental data more realistically, particularly for higher n-alkanes at higher temperatures.The largest extension to the program is the inclusion of a facility enabling calculation of column sample capacity, minimum detectable amounts for FID and TCD detectors, and column working ranges. These parameters are again calculated for n-alkanes, but are, of course, independent of the nature of the stationary phase. The updated program has been and is being used on a routine basis in our laboratory; it has been found to be reliable and has on numerous instances been proven in the field.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150809
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    Reproducibility of sample separation using liquid or forced air convection thermostatted high performance capillary electrophoresis systems (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 517-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Run-to-run reproducibility ; Capillary thermostatting ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Run-to-run sample separation reproducibility has been compared on two commercial high performance capillary electrophoresis units which differ in the mode by which the capillary temperature is thermostatted. Three standard analytes, differing dramatically in molecular character and size, were used for the analysis: benzoic acid, a 14 amino acid peptide from human chorionic gonadotropin, and ribonuclease A represent, respectively, small stable organic molecules, small peptides with little or no secondary structure, and proteins with secondary structure. These standards were evaluated with regard to reproducibility of migration time, peak area, and peak height. The analyses, performed in buffers of optimum pH for the separations, demonstrated that the liquid and forced air convection thermostatted systems both performed extremely well. The reproducibility, as judged by the percent coefficient of variance (% CV) of replicate analyses, was generally found to be less than 1 % (migration time); the reproducibility decreased in the order migration time 〉 peak height 〉 peak area. Whereas the absolute % CV values for MTrel (migration relative to a standard) observed with the liquid thermostatted system were 2- to 4-fold lower than those observed with the forced air convection thermostatted system, there was little statistically significant difference between the two. As expected, the data indicated a reduction in reproducibility as the complexity of the analyte increased, perhaps as the result of an increased potential for wall interactions. Comparing separations in which low (≍1 watt/meter [W/m] of capillary) and high (〉5 W/m) Joule heat was generated by altering the sodium chloride content of the buffer revealed few statistically significant differences in the reproducibility obtained from the two systems. With these particular standard analytes and their respective buffer systems, there appears to be little difference between forced air convection and liquid thermostatting of the capillary.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150807
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    A monomolecular pseudostationary phase for micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 756-762 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) ; Pseudostationary phases ; Sodium 10-undecylenate ; Hydrophobic analytes ; Organic modifiers ; Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A highly stable pseudostationary phase has been synthesized and evaluated for use in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC). Sodium 10-undecylenate has been oligomerized to form a micelle-like structure following the procedure of Durairaj et al. [1].The stability of this structure renders it suitable for use with mobile phases containing relatively high percentages of organic modifiers, enabling the separation and detection of hydrophobic analytes such as alkyl phthalates and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are difficult to analyze by conventional micellar electrokinetic chromatography. In addition to demonstrating the utility of this structure for the analysis of hydrophobic analytes, the electrophoretic and chromatographic properties of the new phase have been investigated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151111
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    Determination of tetrahydrophthalimide in milk by gas chromatography and nitrogen selective detection (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 773-775 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC ; Nitrogen - phosphorus detection ; Fused silica open tubular columns ; Solid phase extraction ; Tetrahydrophthalimide ; Milk ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151114
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    Identification of pentacyclic triterpenes by GC-MS-MS (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 791-794 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC ; Tandem mass spectrometry ; Fragmentation patterns ; Structure elucidation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The development of tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) and its combination with gas chromatography (GC-MS-MS) has greatly enhanced our ability to analyze exceedingly complex mixtures from a wide variety of sources, including fossil fuels. This paper describes a comparison of the conventional electron impact (El) mass spectral fragmentation patterns, obtained in the MS-MS precursor - product mode, of three oleanane isomers and one ursene, all of which are used as indicators of higher plant input to the sedimentary environmentResults show that El and collision-activated dissociation (CAD) spectra are most similar at collision energies between -15 and -20 eV.The presence of methyl substituents in these pentacyclic terpenes plays an important role in the process of ring fragmentation: the daughter spectra of the M - 15 fragments can be used to obtain structural information, such as the positions of the double bonds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151204
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    The derivatization of fatty acids by (chloro)alkyl chloroformates in non-aqueous and aqueous media for GC analysis (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 785-790 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Derivatization ; (Chloro)alkyl chloroformates ; Non-aqueous reaction media ; Aqueous reaction media ; Fatty acids ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fatty acids can be conveniently derivatized in less than one minute with (chloro)alkyl chloroformates such as methyl chloroformate, 2-chloroethyl chloroformate and 2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate. 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl chloroformate is the most reactive reagent, and yields a reaction product which can be sensitively detected by GC ECD (detection limit 50 ng/ml, i.e. 25 pg/injection, for C8, C10, and C12 acids).In non-aqueous media 3-picoline, N-methylpiperidine, and dimethylaminopyridine show catalytic activity comparable with that of pyridine and can, therefore, replace it. N-methylpiperidine is the best basic catalyst in aqueous media (i.e. media containing up to 40 % water).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151203
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    Operational theory and instrumental implementation of the thermal gradient programmed gas chromatography (TGPGC) mode of analysis (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 795-799 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thermal gradient programmed gas chromatography (TGPGC) ; Rapid GC analyses ; Column sheath assembly ; Applied thermal fields ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermal gradient programmed gas chromatography (TGPGC) separations involve the application of three-dimensional thermal field programming. The operational aspects associated with TGPGC are such that rapid GC analyses can be achieved for complex and broad-volatility-range samples using open tubular columns with high thermal compliance, physical compactness, and geometric conformity. Elapsed times for TGPGC analyses of complex samples have ranged from 50 to 300 s. The application of rapidly changing thermal fields (or temperature surfaces) in TGPGC is accomplished through the use of a column sheath assembly. Recent research has centered upon different column sheath assembly designs and instrumental implementation of the TGPGC mode of operation. The instrumental implementation of the TGPGC mode for conducting GC and GC-MS analyses places special demands upon the design and performance of numerous operational aspects of the system, e.g., the response-time characteristics associated with analyte detection and the analytical output signal handling capabilities.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151205
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    Projection methods in flexible multibody dynamics. Part II: Dynamics and recursive projection methods (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 35 (1992), S. 1941-1966 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In Part I of this paper the kinematic relationships between the absolute, elastic and joint accelerations are developed. In this paper, these kinematic equations are used with the generalized Newton-Euler equations and the relationship between the actual and generalized reaction forces to develop a recursive projection algorithm for the dynamic analysis of open-loop mechanical systems consisting of a set of interconnected rigid and deformable bodies. Optimal matrix permutation, partitioning and projection methods are used to eliminate the elastic accelerations while maintaining the inertia coupling between the rigid body motion and the elastic deformation. Recursive projection methods are then applied in order to project the inertia of the leaf bodies onto their parent bodies. This leads to an optimal symbolic factorization which recursively yields the absolute and joint accelerations, and the joint reaction forces. The method presented in this paper avoids the use of Newton-Raphson algorithms in the numerical solution of the constrained dynamic equations of open-loop kinematic chains since the joint accelerations are readily available from the solution of the resulting reduced system of equations. Furthermore, the method requires only the inversion or decomposition of relatively small matrices and the numerical integration of a minimum number of co-ordinates. Open-loop multibody robotic manipulator systems are used to compare the results and efficiency of the recursive methods with that of the augmented formulations that employ Newton-Raphson algorithms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620351003
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    Coupling finite elements and magnetic networks in magnetostatics (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 35 (1992), S. 1991-2002 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper a new method for computing non-linear magnetostatic fields is introduced, which allows the simultaneous coupling of a finite element structure with a magnetic network. Combining the advantages of both methods while avoiding their drawbacks, this coupling yields both an accurate and time-efficient computation.The traditional method of the unknown mesh fluxes is applied for the solution of the magnetic network. The finite element solution, on the other hand, is based on a classical first-order interpolation of the unknown vector potential. The coupling is established by a proper organization of the unknowns on the boundary common to the finite element and network regions. In this way, a single system of non-linear equations is obtained.Moreover, it is shown that the coupled system of equations is equivalent to a single finite element system if generalized base functions are allowed. Consequently, various results from finite element theory may be applied. For instance, the matrix governing the iteratively linearized system of equations can directly be shown symmetrical and positive definite.Finally, the field inside a permanent magnet motor is calculated with the coupled method. Although the number of unknowns is dramatically reduced compared to a full FE calculation, the same level of accuracy is achieved. Hereby, the benefit of the coupled method is clearly proved.
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    A consistent model for first-order moderate rotation plate theory (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 35 (1992), S. 2049-2066 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The first-order shear deformation plate theory can be used in the small strain and moderate rotation non-linear elasticity by defining correctly the displacement vector form. In this paper, the problem of the consistency between the displacement vector form and the finite strain tensor approximation is analysed. Then, a new moderate rotation theory is proposed. The variational form of the governing equations is derived for the beam and the plate problems in a consistent way. Then, an iterative numerical procedure based on the finite element method and the secant striffness matrix is developed in order to solve the non-linear differential equation problem. Computations are made for one- and two-dimensional structures, in order to assess the performance of the von Kármán, finite elasticity, classical and the proposed moderate rotation theories.
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    Conference diary (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 35 (1992), S. 2103-2104 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620351012
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    Direct evaluation of singular boundary integrals in two-dimensional biharmonic analysis (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 35 (1992), S. 2067-2078 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Development of techniques to provide rapid and accurate evaluation of the integrations required in boundary element method (BEM) formulations are receiving more attention in the literature. In this work, a series of direct expressions for surface integrals, required for a boundary element solution of the non-homogeneous biharmonic over a general two-dimensional curvilinear surface, are presented. The concept of an isoparametric representation, usually applied to the variation of the field variables and the geometry, is extended to the parametric mapping of the curvilinear geometry. The result renders the typically complicated Jacobian function into a series of polynomial expressions based on the shape function set and several discrete Jacobian values. An application of the isoparametric approximation of the Jacobian for a quadratic element representation is developed. Implementation of this approximation significantly improves the accuracy of the boundary integral solution by eliminating error associated with numerical quadrature. Overall computational efficiency is improved by reducing the time necessary to calculate individual surface integrals and evaluate field variables at internal points. A numerical solution of the boundary integral equations of phenomena governed by the biharmonic equation is presented and compared with an exact analysis.
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    An infinite boundary element formulation for three-dimensional potential problems (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 35 (1992), S. 2079-2100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An infinite boundary element (IBE) is presented for the analysis of three-dimensional potential problems in an unbounded medium. The IBE formulations are done to allow their coupling with the finite element (FE) matrices for finite domains and to obtain the overall matrices without destroying the banded structure of the FE matrices. The infinite body is divided into a number of zones whose contributions are expressed in terms of the nodal quantities at FE nodes by employing suitable decay functions and performing mainly analytical integrations of the boundary element kernels. The continuity and compatibility conditions for the potential and the flux at the FE-IBE interface are developed. The relationships for the contributions of the IBE flux vectors to the FE load vectors are given. The final equations for the IBE are obtained in the usual FE stiffness-load vector form and are easily assembled with the FE matrices for the finite object. A series of numerical examples in heat transfer and electromagnetics were solved and compared with alternative solutions to demonstrate the validity of the present formulations.
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    Creep deformation structural analysis using an efficient numerical algorithm (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 35 (1992), S. 1427-1442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a fast numerical algorithm for the implementation of material models for creep into finite element codes. First, an overview of existing algorithms for transient and steady-state creep is given. Next, a new formulation is presented which reduces the constitutive integration to the solution of a scalar non-linear algebraic equation. A solution is shown to exist without the need for subincrementation. Details of the numerical algorithm are then discussed. The paper closes with several numerical examples which illustrate the speed, robustness and accuracy of the proposed procedure as implemented in the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory finite element codes NIKE2D and NIKE3D.
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    How to recognize the order of infinitesimal mechanisms: A numerical approach (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 35 (1992), S. 1351-1395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Structures presenting kinematical inderterminacy are usually called mechanisms. This paper is entirely concerned with assemblies which reveal themselves to be mechanisms at a null value of the load. Among them a first distinction is made between infinitesimal and finite ones, the former being characterized by one or several directions of lower (but not zero) stiffness, whereas the latter show at least one finite admissible displacement for which none of the bars undergoes any elongation. Moreover, there exists the possibility to make a further distinction among the infinitesimal mechanisms, according to which is the order of the stiffness along the direction considered above. The way of evaluating this order is to perform a local analysis of the strain energy of the assembly, once the displacement field is parametrized in terms of a suitable parameter. By means of a finite element technique, this analysis can be easily performed through the numerical approach presented in this report.
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    Solutions to shape and topology eigenvalue optimization problems using a homogenization method (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 35 (1992), S. 1487-1502 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A solution strategy to find the shape and topology of structures that maximize a natural frequency is presented. The methodology is based on a homogenization method and the representation of the shape of the structure as a material property. The problem is formulated as a reinforcement problem in which a given structure is reinforced using a prescribed amount of material. Two dimensional, plane elasticity problems are considered. Examples are presented for illustration.
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