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  • Articles  (17,843)
  • 2020-2022
  • 1990-1994  (17,843)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1950-1954
  • 1992  (17,843)
  • Computer Science  (10,616)
  • Geography  (7,227)
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  • 2020-2022
  • 1990-1994  (17,843)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Value of Homotheticity in the Shift-Share Framework (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to examine the usefulness of homothetic reformulations of the shift-share accounting model to the practitioner of regional growth studies. The reformulations of Esteban-Marquillas (1972) and Arcelus (1984) are examined to determine if they improve the shift-share framework as a means for accounting for regional economic growth or decline. The purpose of the homothetic models is to separate out change in a region's employment (or value added) associated with its prior or base year specialization in particular industries from change associated with changes in the mix of industries that occurred during the period under study. It is contended while the resulting accounts may help in understanding individual industry's growth rates, they shed little light on total regional growth. Indiana employment data from 1977 and 1986 are used to illustrate the arguments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00945.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Review (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in This Article:Robert S. Eckley. Global Competition in Capital Goods: An American Perspective.Christian N. Madu. Strategic Planning in Technology Transfer to Less Developed Countries.John R. Logan and Todd Swanstrom. Beyond the City Limits: Urban Policy and Economic Restructuring in Comparative Perspective.Jurgen Schmandt and Robert Wilson, eds., Growth Policy in the Age of High Technology: The Role of Regions and States.Michael Chrisholm. Regions in Recession and ResurgenceJohn M. Levy. Economic Development Programs for Cities, Counties and Towns.Cynthia M. Duncan, ed., Rural Poverty in America.Richard Stren, Rodney White, and Joseph Whitney, editors. Sustainable Cities — Urbanization and the Environment in International Perspective.Stuart Lowe and David Hughes, eds., A New Century of Social HousingJohn H. Goddeeris and Andrew J. Hogan, Editors Improving Access to Health Care: What Can the States Do?Dorothy J. Howell. Scientific Literacy and Environmental Policy.Gilbert B. Siegel. Public Employee Compensation and its Role in Public Sector Strategic Management
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00949.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Services in Regional Employment Change (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the role of services in regional employment change in Illinois from 1972–87. The approach applies recent advances in time-series analysis to investigate both the long-term and short-term relationship among employment in three sectors: goods production, export-potential services, and local services. The results indicate that there is not a long-term relation among these variables, i.e., that they do not move together in the long run. In the short term, the evidence is that employment in the service sectors follows employment change in goods production, although the response persists for only six months. The results suggest that a policy of targeting export-potential services is not likely to produce sustained employment growth in the other sectors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00936.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Linkage Approach to Industrial Location (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Access to markets and raw materials is nearly always mentioned in industrial location studies as an important locational factor. This article demonstrates a methodological approach based on inter-industry linkages and using secondary data to identify target industries for economic development initiatives. In this application we characterize Alabama's industrial base, identify industries with strong forward and backward linkages to base Alabama industries, and highlight a subset of especially good prospects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00937.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Trends in Annual Growth Rates of Total Personal Income and Population: 1959–1987 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The annual growth rates of total personal income and population in regional metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas are examined for the period 1959–87, partitioned into sub periods. Statistical testing for equality of rates shows no perceptible differences in growth rates between the major categories, metro and nonmetro. Further, this study uses a model similar in scope to shift-share analysis to test for convergence of the growth rates within these categories. It was found that for both regional nonmetro and metro areas, there was a general trend toward convergence with the exception of the 1970s decade. In that decade total population growth rates in the nonmetro areas and total income and total population growth rates in the metro areas showed significant divergences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00569.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Recent Divergence of Regional Per Capita Incomes: Some Evidence from Australia (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Are recent trends toward state per capita income divergence observed in the United States also evident elsewhere in the world? This paper focuses upon interregional income divergence in Australia where a pattern very similar to that seen in the United States is discovered. Australian agricultural regions show downward divergence from the national mean per capita income and capital city regions show upward divergence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00571.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Spatial Organization of a Local Labor Market: Employment and Residential Patterns in a Cohort of Engineering and Scientific Workers (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A case study of the local labor market for engineers and scientists at three Lockheed plants in the Los Angeles metropolitan area is presented. The specifications of a questionnaire survey are described and a detailed statistical profile of questionnaire respondents is laid out. It is shown that the local labor market is highly concentrated in geographical space and that both job shifts and residence shifts of sampled workers tend to be extremely localized within the urban area. It is suggested that local labor markets with features like these are a source of significant agglomeration economies for employers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00574.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Review (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in This Article:Derick W. Brinkerhoff and Arthur A. Goldsmith, editors. Institutional Sustainability in Agriculture and Rural Development: A Global Perspective.Edward J. Malecki. Technology and Economic Development: The Dynamics of Local, Regional and National Change.Edward J. Malecki. Technology and Economic Development: The Dynamics of Local, Regional and National Change.William R. Mangun, ed., Public Policy Issues in Wildlife Management.John D. Hutcheson, Jr., Francis P. Noe, and Robert E. Snow. Outdoor Recreation Policy: Pleasure and Preservation.Carl Davidson. Recent Developments in the Theory of Involuntary Unemployment.Randall Ebert and Joe A. Stone. Wage and Employment Adjustments in Local Labor Markets.Roy Bahl and William Duncombe. Economic Growth and Fiscal Planning: New York in the 1990s.Mary O. Borg, Paul M. Mason, and Stephen L. Shapiro. The Economic Consequences of State Lotteries.Ryutaro Komiya. The Japanese Economy: Trade, Industry, and Government.Ken Jones and Jim Simmons. The Retail Environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00939.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Labor Market of a U.S.-Japanese Automobile Joint Venture (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Starting with a brief location analysis of the plant site, in this paper we analyze the characteristics and geography of the labor market for a U.S.- Japanese automobile joint venture. Based on a survey of the firm's employees, we show that the labor market is two-tiered and stretches over many states in the United States. There are clear differences in skills, gender and socio-demographic characteristics between short and long distance movers, and American workers are willing and able to adapt to technology and work practices originating in a different culture. Most employees hold positive opinions of the work environment and practices at the plant, Japanese influence in the U.S. economy and U.S.-Japanese economic relations, despite perceiving Japan as an economic threat to the United States. We conclude with some policy implications of our findings and an agenda for future research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00577.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Air Passenger Transportation and Growth in the U.S. Urban System, 1950–1987 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The relationship between transportation and urbanization at the national scale is revisited by focusing upon the role that air passenger transportation has played in the post-war evolution of the U.S. urban system. Theory suggests that major transportation innovations have exhibited profound and prolonged interdependencies with patterns of growth in national or regional urban systems. As the most recent major intercity transportation innovation, it should be expected that utilization of air transportation should bear some relationship to patterns of growth in urban places.This paper documents this relationship by using FAA and U.S. Census data to correlate volumes of air passenger flows per capita with changes in population and employment for the 50 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. The expectation that higher volumes of air passenger flow per capita exhibit a positive correlation with both previous and subsequent growth is confirmed by the analysis. More detailed examination of both high and low air passenger index cities suggests functional and regional consistencies with the central hypothesis. The implications of these results for air transportation and airport planning include at least some justification for increased attention to provision of air service and adequate airport infrastructure as well as reiteration of the importance of air transportation in economic development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00580.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy For Sustainable Agricultural Development In Zimbabwe (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Zimbabwe's 1992 food crisis revealed both spatial and social contradictions associated with post-independence agricultural growth. Zimbabwe's pattern of agricultural restructuring demonstrates the need for agrarian reform programs that are more socially and environmentally sustainable. This paper examines one aspect of agricultural sustainability—the use of energy. Post-independence patterns of agricultural energy consumption are analyzed and traced historically, and the social relations of agricultural energy utilization are investigated. The energetic efficiencies of the primary farming systems are calculated as are the macro-flows of energy to agriculture generally. The data and historical analysis point to the need for a restructuring of agriculture that involves greater reliance on local renewable energy in all farming systems, and the continued resettlement of black smallholders onto former white-settler estates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00938.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is Alternative Agriculture a Viable Rural Development Strategy? (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Alternative agriculture is promoted as a means of enhancing rural area jobs and income. This nontraditional agricultural activity is defined as: new crops or products to an area, industrial uses of agricultural products, value-enhancement activities, and urban agricultural activities. The potential for new agriculturally-related activities is summarized. The long-term rural economic and development potential, through new income and jobs, is assessed. Next, five case studies are provided to illustrate alternative agriculture successes, limited successes, and failures (Guayule, Jojoba, Muscadine grapes, market windows for fresh fruit and vegetables, and aquaculture). We conclude that alternative agriculture may be viable in select rural areas. However, total employment generation potential is too small and diffused to provide significant rural development impacts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00581.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic Relationships Among Regional and Nationwide Manufacturing (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to examine how regional manufacturing responds to a decline in manufacturing activity nationwide. A trivariate VAR model of the relationships between the Federal Reserve Board's Industrial Production Index for manufacturing, and two regional manufacturing output indexes is estimated. The regions considered correspond to the Fifth and the Seventh Federal Reserve Districts. A negative shock in the national index is imposed on the system to demonstrate the following: durations and general patterns of the impulse responses; severity of the responses in the two patterns; reaction times; and interregional differences in response patterns. The findings indicate that the response patterns generally differ between the regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00570.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Liberalization of Economies András Köves and Paul Marer, eds. Development in Small Island Countries David L. McKee and Clem Tisdell. The Challenge of Suburbanization Thomas M. Stanback, Jr. Can Rural America Survive? Janet M. Fitchen Economic Development Policies Timothy J. Bartik. Regional Innovation E. J. Davelaar
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00575.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Impact of Output and Productivity Changes on Manufacturing Employment (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Traditional univariate shift-share studies of employment provide an unreliable indicator of the relative performance of a region or an industry for they fail to separate the effects of output and productivity change on the demand for labor. An extended shift-share model is proposed that overcomes this weakness and permits identification of different processes of regional development. This model is used to investigate annual employment change in twenty (two-digit SIC) manufacturing industries in nine census regions of the U.S. between 1950 and 1986. The timing and depth of the exodus of manufacturing jobs from the snowbelt to the sunbelt is illustrated along with the business cycle performance of industries and regions. Productivity growth in the sunbelt is positively associated with rapid output expansion, whereas in the snowbelt it is associated with the loss of market share and economic rationalization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00942.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sources of Output Change in the U.S. Economy (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Output changes in the U.S. economy from 1972 to 1977 are analyzed using a 477-sector input-output framework. The empirical model is based on benchmark data from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Commodity output changes are attributed to technical change, import substitution, changes in domestic final demand, and changes in export demand. Special attention is given to the importance of international trade and the patterns of change observed in rapidly growing and declining sectors.The results indicate that 71 percent of the sectors lost domestic market share to imports, but on balance international trade contributed to positive output change through increased exports. Technology changes became increasingly important in sectors of the economy experiencing either rapid growth or decline. Conversely, final demand, exports, and import substitution generally appeared to be most important in the slowly changing sectors. These findings confirm and expand on earlier work that indicated a dominant role for technology changes in explaining output changes in emerging and declining industries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00944.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluating Alternative Regional Planning Models: Reply (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00948.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thanks to Manuscript Reviewers (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00941.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retail Business Adjustment in Rural Hierarchies (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Many rural hierarchies are becoming increasingly dominated by a few regional growth centers while the retail sector in adjacent smaller communities either stagnates or declines. This study tests the hypothesis that the rate of adjustment of the retail sector to changing consumer spending patterns is uniform across different ordered communities in a rural hierarchy. Neoclassical investment theory is combined with central place theory to develop a conceptual model of the relationship between the retail sector and investment in a community. A three tiered 49 community hierarchy is constructed using data from the Minnesota Department of Revenue and the Report of Condition and Income of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. A crosssectional time series ordinary least squares regression model is employed to estimate retail coefficients of adjustment for the hypothesis testing. Regional estimates indicate only partial adjustment in the retail sector across the whole hierarchy to shifts in consumer spending patterns. Community estimates, which decompose the regional estimate, indicate retail businesses in the largest and mid-sized communities adjust totally in one period, but that retail businesses in the smallest communities do not. The faster rates of adjustment by retail businesses in the larger communities to changing consumer spending patterns may augment the development of regional growth centers in rural areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00573.x
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  • 20
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    Short-Term Dynamics of the U.S. Interstate Migration System, 1980–1988 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper identifies short-term fluctuations in the interstate migration system using annual state-to-state migration flow data from Internal Revenue Service (IRS) records for the period, 1980 to 1988. Measures of migration efficiency are employed to indicate the net redistribution of population between states relative to the size of underlying gross interstate flows. Three findings stand out: (1) migration was more effective in redistributing the population in years of economic retrenchment than during periods of growth and expansion, (2) the dominant pattern of population redistribution shifted from a core-periphery configuration evident in the 1970s and early 1980s to a bi-coastal distribution by the mid-1980s, and (3) the most dramatic event of the 1980s was the oil glut and decline in oil prices and profits which ravaged the economies of energy states in the West South Central and Mountain regions. Rapid reversals from net in- to net out-migration among energy states sent ripples and shock waves through the system of interstate migration flows. Overall, results demonstrate the high degree of temporal and spatial volatility in the U.S. interstate migration system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00943.x
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  • 21
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    Evaluating Alternative Regional Planning Models: Comment (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00947.x
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  • 22
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    Rapid Metropolitan Growth and Community Disparities (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Does rapid growth in a metropolitan area amplify or reduce disparities among its differentiated communities? Theoretical economic and political arguments can support both tendencies but lean in the direction of greater differentiation and disparities following a period of rapid regional growth. This article examines uneven population, employment and tax base growth as both causes and consequences of economic and social disparities. The analysis posits that growth bypasses the built-up and lowest income communities in favor of the more distant middle-income suburbs with extensive land for development. The implications of these uneven growth patterns are widening inter-municipal disparities consistent with growth rates. The analysis is carried out for the 365 contiguous jurisdictions in northern New Jersey, a region that experienced modest growth in the 1970s and rapid growth in the 1980s. The findings confirm the uneven pattern of growth and widening disparities during the growth spurt of the 1980s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00946.x
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  • 23
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    Population Redistribution within Metropolitan Regions in the 1980s: Core, Satellite, and Exurban Growth (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper evaluates the hypothesis that the growth experiences of core parts of metropolitan areas tend to predict the growth of satellite, exurban, and even more distant non-metropolitan areas. Particular attention is paid to evidence of spillover of growth into adjacent smaller metropolises and smaller cities, and to the hypothesis that spillover is especially marked in areas of rapid growth, growth restrictions, and housing price inflation. The hypotheses are supported by 1980–1990 patterns of change, as is the continuing attractiveness of exurban and non-metropolitan environmental amenities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00935.x
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  • 24
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    Editorial Statement (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00940.x
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  • 25
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    Regional Impacts of Foreign Trade in China, 1984–1989 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: An issue of heated debate in China is whether the current economic reforms would lead to greater regional inequalities. In this paper one aspect of the reforms, the open-door policy, is put into focus. Specifically, the analysis investigates how the effect of foreign trade on economic development differs across regions, and whether these regional variations have changed from 1984 to 1989. Based upon the expansion method, models that resolve both the spatial and temporal variations of a relationship are constructed and estimated. The results indicate that foreign trade benefits core provinces and major industrial regions more than other parts of China, but that these differences have diminished in 1989. These findings may be interpreted as evidence of some diffusion of growth from more developed to less developed regions. On the other hand, regional linkages and the mechanisms of diffusion are not well understood and they deserve more attention and research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00576.x
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  • 26
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    Book Reviews (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Program Evaluation William R. Shadish, Jr., Thomas D. Cook, and Laura C. Leviton Third World Economics Peter Bauer Farm Families with Multiple Jobs M. C. Hallberg, Jill L. Findeis, and Daniel A. Lass, eds. Rural High Tech Amy K. Glasmeier Fixing the Federal Budget? Thomas D. Lynch. ed. Modelling Methods Luc Anselin and Moss Madden (eds.) Income Inequality Folke Dovring Remittances and Migration Sergio Diaz-Briquets and Sidney Weintraub (editors) Industry, Regulation, and Development Georges Benko and Mick Dunford, editors Public Choice: International Analysis Roland Vaubel and Thomas D. Willett, Editors International Industrial Change D. C. Rich & G. J. R. Linge, Editors LULU's and NIMBY Denis J. Brion
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    Estimating the Economic Impacts of Elderly Migration: An Input-Output Analysis (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper quantifies for the first time the economic impacts of elderly in-migration on the output, earnings, and employment of a receiving state's economy. Data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey and estimates of the total redistribution of income to Florida resulting from elderly in-migration are used to calculate the direct effects by industry. A model for the state of Florida based on the Regional Input-Output Modeling System (RIMS II) is used to estimate the total impacts. The large migration flows and the considerable economic resources of the elderly lead to large, positive total impacts on the Florida economy.
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    An Analysis of Household Valuations and Preference Structures in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper applies a semi-logarithmic hedonic model to a sample of 1,115 households drawn from low-, moderate-, and upper-income regions in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in order to measure household valuations of a variety of dwelling attributes. The results: 1) allow an assessment of the predictive power of the hedonic function; 2) enable a determination of whether the data provide sufficient information on housing conditions in Rio to make hedonic estimations worthwhile; and 3) provide an important spatial dimension which is useful in evaluating the relative importance of a variety of housing attributes to households located across income sub-regions in Rio.The study demonstrates the need to strategically design housing projects that are consistent with the preference structures of intended beneficiaries. This, in turn, should facilitate the design of more efficient and equitable cost recovery affordable housing programs in developing countries.
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    Dynamics of Adjustment and the Social Division of Labor in the Tsubame Cutlery Industry (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the Tsubame cutlery industry as an example of one of Japan's community-based industries (CBI's). CBI's are localized, closely inter-linked concentrations of small businesses which manufacture and export a distinctive product on the basis of a social division of labor. To demonstrate the dynamic nature of the social division of labor in CBI's we outline the origins and evolution of the cutlery industry in Tsubame and then we analyze in more detail how the industry has adjusted to deteriorating cost conditions since 1970, especially during the late 1980s. The discussion is based on published studies and on field work which investigated the strategies and operations of entrepreneurs as summarized in terms of employment, subcontracting and product trends. We find that the Tsubame cutlery industry has successfully adapted its social division of labor to changing circumstances and that it appears to be in another transition stage at the present time.
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    KNOWLEDGE IMPACTS OF UNIVERSITIES ON INDUSTRY AN AGGREGATE SIMULTANEOUS INVESTMENT MODEL (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 32 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper is concerned with the impacts of academic knowledge production (human capital, research, and consultancy) on the investment behavior of the manufacturing industry. Beginning with the neoclassical theory of capital accumulation, a multiregional investment model for non-residential structures and equipment is developed. Within this model, the knowledge impacts of universities are represented by a diffusion function, which takes into account the possibilities of contagious and hierarchical diffusion of knowledge. Special attention has been given to the development of a theoretically sound and empirically operational investment model, and to the identification of spatio-temporal correlation. The latter has been approached by means of the use of an EGLS estimator, based on a stationary spatio-temporal Markov scheme for the residual. The main result of the case study relating to the Netherlands is that academic knowledge production has a significant positive impact on investments in equipment which is strongest in the neighborhood of central places (i.e., following a hierarchical diffusion pattern).
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    WEBER'S PROBLEM WITH ATTRACTION AND REPULSION (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 32 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Weber's problem consists of locating a facility in the plane in such a way that the weighted sum of Euclidean distances to n given points be minimum. The case where some weights are positive and some are negative is shown to be a d.-c. program (i.e., a global optimization problem with both the objective function and constraint functions written as differences of convex functions), reducible to a problem of concave minimization over a convex set. The reduced problem is then solved by outer-approximation and vertex enumeration. Moreover, locational constraints can be taken into account by combining the previous algorithm with an enumerative procedure on the set of feasible regions. Finally, the algorithm is extended to solve the case where obnoxiousness of the facility is assumed to have exponential decay. Computational experience with n up to 1000 is described.
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    BOOKS RECEIVED (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 32 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    A DOUBLE-ENTRY METHOD FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF BI-REGIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 32 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In The Netherlands, a strong tradition in the construction and updating of (inter)regional input-output tables has been built up. The paper gives a brief overview of this Dutch experience and discusses the features of the by now more or less standardized double-entry bi-regional construction method (DEBRIOT). This method systematically adds sales and export coefficients to the usual construction procedures. Thus, it introduces consistency checks at the cell level of the input-output table. Moreover, it offers a non-survey technique to estimate a regional domestic sales table that is crucial to the double-entry character of the method.
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    REGIONAL FINANCIAL SEGMENTATION IN THE UNITED STATES (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 32 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Responding to continuing discussions in this Journal regarding the importance of regional money supply and credit, a simple reduced-form regional money supply model is posited and an investigation of real regional money supplies is performed for several states around the country. Hypothesis tests are performed regarding the question of regional financial market segmentation, concluding that segmentation still exists in the United States. The empirical results also imply that interregional trade, presumably via the consequent constraint on regional banks, has at least as much effect on regional money supplies as Federal Reserve policies. These results lend further support for the assertion that regionally available money matters at the local level, and that regional analysis should continue to include regional money and credit as explanatory variables. The implications for policy makers are that: 1) national monetary policy cannot cure regional ills if the problems are manifested in regional industry mixes; and 2) some proposed banking reforms now being debated in Congress, i.e, nationwide branch banking and, particularly, industrial ownership of banks, are suspect. A healthy caution is warranted without more tests of these reforms.
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    THE 1987 STOCK MARKET CRASH AND NEW YORK CITY EMPLOYMENT: AN INTERVENTION-MULTIPLIER ANALYSIS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 32 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Intervention analysis is used to assess the impact of the October 1987 stock market crash upon employment in the securities industry in New York City. The results indicate that the crash has led to a gradual, but permanent reduction of approximately 25,000 jobs in this industry through July 1990. Using a dynamic location quotient methodology to measure basic employment, an estimate of a partial-adjustment economic base multiplier suggests that total New York City employment is likely to decline by over 100,000 as a result of the crash and subsequent adjustments in the securities industry.
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    BOOK RECEIVED (1992)
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    SPATIAL MONOPSONY AND MONOPOLY PRICING IN A STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENT (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 32 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In this paper some of the important properties of the behavior of a spatial monopsonist (monopolist) facing a stochastic supply (demand) curve are derived. Under uncertainty, price setting and quantity setting behavior are no longer equivalent. Hence, spatial price discrimination has to be compared with spatial quantity discrimination with respect to expected profits. I prove three general theorems on how the ranking of the behavioral modes, in terms of expected profit, depends on how the stochastic component enters the supply (demand) and supply (demand) price functions. In particular, I prove that under monopsony one would expect a high probability of excess demand, in the sense that the firm would accept all deliveries at the preset price.
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    COMMENTS ON “A NOTE ON THE LOCATION OF MEDICAL FACILITIES” BY Z. DREZNER (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 32 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    REPLY TO COMMENTS ON THE LOCATION OF MEDICAL FACILITIES (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 32 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM OF A REGIONAL ECONOMY WITH A FINANCIAL SECTOR–PART II: A SIMPLE BEHAVIORAL MODEL (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 32 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Simple behavioral assumptions are incorporated into an accounting framework that provides linked budget and balance sheets for sectors of a regional economy. A short-run Keynesian-type model is developed where quantities rather than prices adjust, and where regional prices and interest rates are equal to national levels. The analysis highlights the importance of the financial services sector as an active factor in regional growth. Consumer deposit and debt preferences, and limitations imposed on credit extension by the financial services sector can have important effects on the regional economy as evidenced by changes in the export multiplier.
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    TELECOMMUNICATION EXTERNAL ECONOMIES, CITY SIZE AND OPTIMAL PRICING FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 32 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In this paper I make use of a city systems model to examine how telecommunications may affect cities in urban systems. The model offers an explanation for the observation that the share of employment in the communication-intensive producer-service sector increases with city size in the U.S. I suggest that external scale economies associated with metropolitan employment size, telecommunication network size and total number of intrametropolitan telecommunication contacts are possible explanations for this observation. I go on to suggest that the presence of telecommunication size and contact level external scale economies at the metropolitan level affects the optimal price that should be charged for local telecommunication services.
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    BOOK REVIEW (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 32 (1992), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Industrial Location and Public Policy, edited by Henry W. Herzog, Jr. and Alan M. Schlottmann. Deindustrialization and Regional Economic Transformation: The Experience of the United States, edited by Lloyd Rodwin and Hidehiko Sazanami. Industrial Change and Regional Economic Transformation: The Experience of Western Europe, edited by Lloyd Rodwin and Hidehiko Sazanami. Multicriteria Evaluation in Physical Planning, by Peter Nijkamp, Piet Rietveld, and Henk Voogd. The Timber Bubble that Burst: Government Policy and the Bailout of 1984, by Joe P. Mattey. The Power of Geography How Territory Shapes Social Life, edited by Jennifer Wolch and Michael Dear. From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt: Federal Policy, Economic Development, and the Transformation of the South, 1938–1980, by Bruce J. Schulman. The Changing Geography of the United Kingdom, edited by Ronald J. Johnston and Vince Gardiner. London:A New Metropolitan Geography, edited by Keith Hoggart and David R. Green. Development Dilemmas in Rural Thailand, by Philip Hirsch. The Extended Metropolis: Settlement Transition in Asia, edited by Norton Ginsburg, Bruce Koppel, and T. G. McGee. The Shek Kip Mei Syndrome: Economic Development and Public Housing in Hong Kong and Singapore, by Manuel Castells, Lee Goh, and R. Yin-Wang Kwok.
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    SELECTED TITLES FROM CURRENT JOURNALS (1992)
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    Journal of regional science 32 (1992), S. 0 
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    GENERATING TEXT WITHOUT TREES (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper, I present an architecture for generating extended text. This architecture is implemented in a system, Salix, which incrementally generates natural language texts whose structure is derived from the domain structure of the subject matter. The architecture is composed of data-driven, domain-independent strategies for producing increments of text. The strategies include metastrategies that combine or choose among all strategies that are applicable at each increment or decide what to do if no strategy applies. Salix's capabilities are demonstrated in generating texts, in the domains of houses and families, that are comparable to descriptions elicited from human speakers. Salix has also been utilized to generate texts about text style (Germain 1991). The approach to text generation presented here is compared to others in the literature along the dimensions of local organization, coherence, focusing, and domain independence. An argument is made for the approach presented here that locally organizes and incrementally generates coherent text.
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    STORY GENERATION BASED ON DYNAMICS OF THE MIND (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A story generation system based on dynamics of the mind is presented. Semantic theories until now avoided discussing a linkage of language with encyclopedic human knowledge. This paper attacks the problem of how to make clear the complicated, wide-ranging dynamics of the mind and how to connect it to language.First, the background of this study is shown, in which our model of the mind, with both five levels along the concept formation process and eight domains according to the contents of mental activities, is surveyed.Based on this model, then, the dynamics of mind are discussed, along an Aesop fable. A unit of data processing in the mind is called a “module,” and the mental dynamics are considered as a chain activation of those modules, represented by a dynamic network. Next, a method for story generation is discussed. Propositional information of a sentence is embedded in a slot of activated, frame-structured modules, and the discourse structure of a generated story basically depends on the dynamic network. Both the chain activation and the generation processes are verified by experiments.Lastly, residual problems of our research, a comparison with related research, and its applications are discussed.This case study would be expected to give a basis to integrated systems for problem solving, natural language and image understandings, their generations, and intelligent robots.
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    SOME NEGLECTED ASPECTS OF THE GENERATION TASK (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Looking to the future, generators will have more knowledge of language and will have to deal with inputs that are very rich in information. As a result, several problems will become more acute, including selecting what to say at the subproposition level and dealing with interaction among goals and dependencies among choices. This paper explains how these problems arise and why they are hard to handle within traditional architectures for generation. It also discusses why these issues have not been well addressed, including the current lack of demanding applications, excessive emphasis on linguistic traditions, the use of reverse engineering to determine generator inputs, and the tendency to research only one issue at a time.
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    EFFECTIVENESS OF GRASS COVER IN REDUCING RISK OF SEDIMENT GENERATION ON URBAN SLOPES: AN EXAMPLE FROM SINGAPORE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 12 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    GEOMORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR QUATERNARY CLIMATIC CHANGE IN THE LOW SINO-BURMAN RANGES (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 12 (1992), S. 0 
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    PLACE REPRESENTATION IN TOURIST GUIDEBOOKS: AN EXAMPLE FROM SINGAPORE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    CHILDCARE CENTRES IN SINGAPORE: CHOICES UNDER CONSTRAINTS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 12 (1992), S. 0 
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    AGRO-CLIMATIC PERSPECTIVE ON IRRIGATION IN WEST BENGAL, INDIA: A DISTRICT LEVEL ANALYSIS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 12 (1992), S. 0 
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    DEFORESTATION IN THE UPPER POKHARA VALLEY, NEPAL (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 12 (1992), S. 0 
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    An expert system on a programmable logic chip with an architecture accommodating a large number of inputs (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
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    News (1992)
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    An expert system for wide area network component configuration (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Many organizations today have an interest in communications networks, either as users of public networks or as operators of their own private networks. Thus, the management of communications networks has become an important issue in the communications industry. The network design task is fundamental to the whole notion of network management; however, with the rapid rate of change in network technology and the emergence of highly sophisticated network users, network design has become an increasingly complex problem.The purpose of this paper is to describe a development effort which incorporates expert systems techniques to treat one aspect of the network design problem—the initial planning and design of a network prior to implementation. The research effort was concerned with developing an expert system for Amdahl Communications Products which could be used by sales engineers in designing wide area networks to meet specified customer requirements. The system treats both the topological design problem and the component configuration problem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00380.x
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    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00384.x
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    News (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00385.x
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    Pragmatic KADS: a methodological approach to a small knowledge-based systems project (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: There has been a growing desire for methodological support for the development of knowledge-based systems, and the KADS methodology is probably the most widely known methodology in Europe. However, KADS has been criticised for the overhead which it places on small and medium-sized KBS projects where the risks of KBS development becoming unmanageable are relatively low. This paper describes the use of ‘pragmatic KADS’, an attempt to extract the most useful elements from the KADS methodology, in the development of the COURSE SELECTOR KBS, which assists undergraduate students to choose courses which comply with University regulations and timetabling restrictions. This KBS was built in six man-weeks. The paper describes the three major phases of a KBS project, giving a brief outline of the KADS approach to each of these stages, and then discusses the techniques which were actually used for COURSE SELECTOR. It concludes with a recommendation of techniques for future small KBS projects.
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    News (1992)
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    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00404.x
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    FDAS: architecture and implementation (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: FDAS (Fabric Defects Analysis System) is a knowledge-based system (KBS) for diagnosing defects in woven textile structures. The following major issues were considered in the design of FDAS: (1) range of applications; (2) user profiles; (3) response time requirements; (4) modularity and (5) ease of system modification and enhancements. Knowledge about defects is represented in FDAS using a hierarchy of classes, with the slots representing defect attributes, and forward chaining rules. The inferencing process is controlled by slots of another distinct class hierarchy. Inference is made more efficient by hierarchical classification of the defects with pruning. The agenda (i.e. ordered set of hypotheses) is dynamically reset using actions attached to rules. The diagnosis information—information about the causes of the defects and remedial actions to be taken—is kept separate from the rules in the knowledge base. The user interface part of the system is also independent of the knowledge base, which facilitates easier tailoring of the system to meet the needs of different users. The user interaction with FDAS is menu-based and has been designed to minimize cognitive load on the user. FDAS has been extensively evaluated by in-house individuals who are experts in the task of fabric defects analysis. It has also been demonstrated to experts from the industry and is ready for field tests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00392.x
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    Explanation-based learning as justification of knowledge (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper describes the use of the explanation-based learning (EBL) machine learning technique in the practical domain of knowledge acquisition for expert systems. A knowledge acquisition tool, EBKAT (Explanation-Based Knowledge Acquisition Tool), is described, which may be used in the development of knowledge bases for diagnostic expert systems. The functioning of EBKAT attempts to combine the full potential of a domain expert's skills and the power of explanation-based machine learning techniques. The EBL component is not employed in the acquisition of the knowledge base rules but is used to justify the knowledge entered and to relate it to the knowledge already in the system. It is suggested that the EBKAT tool goes some way towards overcoming the knowledge acquisition bottleneck and results in the acquisition of knowledge which is rich in contextual information.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00394.x
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    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00396.x
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    LAZARUS: the Linguistic (Aramaic) Zoological Animation and ResUscitation System (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Knowledge-based systems have previously been restricted to capturing the knowledge of living human experts and, in the medical domain, to delaying the onset of death in living patients. The system described in this paper overcomes both these restrictions by providing knowledge-based support for the reanimation of dead patients, who may also be domain experts.There is a well-established literature on raising the dead to life and an extensive literature on counselling patients who have undergone traumatic experiences. Examination of this literature suggests that the actual reanimation process is a relatively simple process, so the system concentrates on the counselling and care aspects. Results so far are encouraging.The next version of the system is intended to include a natural language interface to handle the English-Aramaic interpretation which is expected to be necessary for the actual reanimation process: this version will require further funding and clearance from the appropriate ethical committees. Both of these are expected to present few difficulties.The success of this system demonstrates that application of proven KBS techniques to a domain previously considered intractable can produce surprisingly fast and impressive results; to date, over 90% of system modules have been successfully tested. It is likely that this success could be replicated in other areas and this is currently the subject of further study by the authors (Rugg & Phibes 1993b).
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    Evaluating expert systems: the socio-technical dimensions of quality (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: In this paper we present a new approach to evaluating expert systems. Our conceptual framework is based on a socio-technical model that spawned some 39 technical and contextual evaluation criteria. These socio-technical dimensions of quality are identified, defined and supported. We suggest that the approach presented here is an alternative to the restrictive verification and validation techniques that seem to be prevalent.
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    Book Review (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Understanding Expert Systems Using Crystal, Mary Jackson
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    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1992)
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    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00390.x
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    Eliciting reliable uncertainty estimates (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Knowledge engineers often find that experts’ estimates of uncertainty change from one day to the next and therefore often seem unreliable. This article explores the unreliability of probability estimates. Forty undergraduates answered 31 questions concerning the probability of daily events at two separate times. Three answer modalities were available: probability, chances and percent of the time. This paper finds that reliability decreases when answer modalities change from one time to the next. It is hypothesized that problem-solving approaches changed along with the modalities. The subjects represented a wide range in reliability, with the most reliable subjects changing answer modalities less than the unreliable subjects. These results suggest that knowledge engineers should endeavor to have experts express their uncertainty estimates using consistent modalities.
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    Prototyping expert solutions: an evaluation of Crystal, Leonardo, GURU and ART-IM (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Developing a prototype can be crucial to the eventual success of an expert system. This paper describes an evaluation of four expert system tools that can be used for prototyping. It outlines the evaluation method used and details findings, considering hardware and software requirements, tool features, support for development and consultation, and overall suitability for prototyping an expert system application.
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    The Craft of Prolog (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:The Craft of Prolog, Richard A. O'KeefeObject-Oriented Programming with Smat It al k/V, Dusko Savíc
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00386.x
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    Patterns of CO2 gas-exchange and thallus water content in Arctic lichens along a ridge profile near Ny Alesund, Svalbard (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 11 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Two abundant and partly dominating lichen species, Celraria nivalis and Cetraria delisei, were compared with respect to their thallus water content and their gas-exchange response to light, temperature and moisture in the field and in the laboratory. C. nivalis had higher net photosynthetic rates than C. delisei. The differences between the species were more pronounced when photosynthesis was related to dry weight than to chlorophyll content. Light compensation and light saturation of photosynthesis increased with increasing temperature. Higher light compensation and saturation values were found in C. delisei than in C. nivalis. The chionophobous C. nivalis showed moisture compensation and optimum water content for net photosynthesis at higher thallus water contents than the chionophilous C. delisei. Depression of net photosynthesis at thallus saturation, found in both species, is thought to be due to the increased internal CO2 diffusive resistance at high thallus water content. The maximum thallus water contents of C. nivalis were higher than those of C. delisei. The lower drying rate, found in C. delisei in comparison with that of C. nivalis, is attributed to the more sheltered position of its habitat and to morphological characteristics.
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    MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISION MAKING TECHNIQUES FOR RESERVOIR OPERATION (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 28 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Six applications of multiobjective decision making techniques for finding optimal or satisfying operating rules for reservoir systems are presented. The examples include situations with hydropower vs. water supply (for irrigation), flood control vs. low flow augmentation, selection of an operating rule, low-flow vs. reliability, and low flow and recreation vs. water quality. The techniques applied include the constraint method, compromise programming, goal programming, Tchebycheff approach (max-mm), Consensus, and ELECTRE I and II.
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    MULTIOBJECTWE OPTIMIZATION OF RESERVOIR SYSTEMS OPERATION (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 28 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Development of optimal operational policies for large-scale reservoir systems is often complicated by a multiplicity of conflicting project uses and purposes. A wide range of multiobjective optimization methods are available for appraising tradeoffs between conificting objectives. The purpose of this study is to provide guidance as to those methods which are best suited to dealing with the challenging large-scale, nonlinear, dynamic, and stochastic characteristics of multireservoir system operations. As a case study, the selected methodologies are applied to the Han River Reservoir System in Korea for four principal project objectives: water supply and low flow augmentation; annual hydropower production, reliable energy generation, and minimization of risk of violating firm water supply requirements. Additional objectives such as flood control are also considered, but are imposed as fixed constraints.
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    GAME-THEORETIC ANALYSES OF ENFORCEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 28 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Game-theoretic models are developed for describing and analyzing the inspection and enforcement process, especially as it relates to environmental laws and regulations in North America. Based on these models, systems using irrevocable control orders can be compared to those relying on court determination of guilt and punishment. The cost-effectiveness of environmental enforcement can be systematically assessed in terms of factors such as the private gains for violators, the costs of inspection, penalties, and the social value of deterring violations. The policy implications of the analysis, especially with reference to environmental protection, are emphasized.
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    MULTI-OBJECTIVE RESERVOIR OPERATION INCLUDING TURBIDITY CONTROL (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 28 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The operational problems of a reservoir are expressed by three coordinates: space, time stage, and objective. The operational procedure is formulated using dynamic programming as a multi-objective problem. After comparing the scalar and the vector optimization, the scalar optimization technique is applied to turbidity analysis in a reservoir.
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    INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON NON-LITERAL LANGUAGE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00372.x
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    HIERARCHICAL ARC CONSISTENCY FOR DISJOINT REAL INTERVALS IN CONSTRAINT LOGIC PROGRAMMING (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: There have been many proposals for adding sound implementations of numeric processing to Prolog. This paper describes an approach to numeric constraint processing which has been implemented in Echidna, a new constraint logic programming (CLP) language. Echidna uses consistency algorithms which can actively process a wider variety of numeric constraints than most other CLP systems, including constraints containing some common nonlinear functions. A unique feature of Echidna is that it implements domains for real-valued variables with hierarchical data structures and exploits this structure using a hierarchical arc consistency algorithm specialized for numeric constraints. This gives Echidna two advantages over other systems. First, the union of disjoint intervals can be represented directly. Other approaches require trying each disjoint interval in turn during backtrack search. Second, the hierarchical structure facilitates varying the precision of constraint processing. Consequently, it is possible to implement more effective constraint processing control algorithms which avoid unnecessary detailed domain analysis. These advantages distinguish Echidna from other CLP systems for numeric constraint processing.
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    CONSTRUCTION OF BELIEF AND DECISION NETWORKS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We describe a representation and set of inference techniques for the dynamic construction of probabilistic and decision-theoretic models expressed as networks. In contrast to probabilistic reasoning schemes that rely on fixed models, we develop a representation that implicitly encodes a large number of possible model structures. Based on a particular query and state of information, the system constructs a customized belief net for that particular situation. We develop an interpretation of the network construction process in terms of the implicit networks encoded in the database. A companion method for constructing belief networks with decisions and values (decision networks) is also developed that uses sensitivity analysis to focus the model building process. Finally, we discuss some issues of control of model construction and describe examples of constructing networks.
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    MERGING SEPARATELY GENERATED PLANS WITH RESTRICTED INTERACTIONS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Generating action sequences to achieve a set of goals is a computationally difficult task. When multiple goals are present, the problem is even worse. Although many solutions to this problem have been discussed in the literature, practical solutions focus on the use of restricted mechanisms for planning or the application of domain dependent heuristics for providing rapid solutions (i.e., domain-dependent planning). One previously proposed technique for handling multiple goals efficiently is to design a planner or even a set of planners (usually domain-dependent) that can be used to generate separate plans for each goal. The outputs are typically either restricted to be independent and then concatenated into a single global plan, or else they are merged together using complex heuristic techniques. In this paper we explore a set of limitations, less restrictive than the assumption of independence, that still allow for the efficient merging of separate plans using straightforward algorithmic techniques.In particular, we demonstrate that for cases where separate plans can be individually generated, we can define a set of limitations on the allowable interactions between goals that allow efficient plan merging to occur. We propose a set of restrictions that are satisfied across a significant class of planning domains. We present algorithms that are efficient for special cases of multiple plan merging, propose a heuristic search algorithm that performs well in a more general case (where alternative partially ordered plans have been generated for each goal), and describe an empirical study that demonstrates the efficiency of this search algorithm.
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    THE ROLE OF LITERAL MEANING IN THE COMPREHENSION OF NON-LITERAL CONSTRUCTIONS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Based on psychological studies which show that metaphors and other non-literal constructions are comprehended in the same amount of time as comparable literal constructions, some researchers have concluded that literal meaning is not computed during comprehension of non-literal constructions. In this paper, we suggest that the empirical evidence does not rule out the possibility that literal meaning is constructed. We present a computational model of comprehension of non-literal expressions which is consistent with the data, but in which literal meaning is computed. This model has been implemented as part of a unification-based natural language processing system, called LINK.
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    IDIOMS, NON-LITERAL LANGUAGE AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: There are two pertinent themes in the study of idioms in the area of natural language processing. Firstly, idioms should be defined and located in the space of non-literal expressions. This will be the first aim of this paper. Secondly, a processing model should be developed. In this paper, the application of knowledge representation techniques in three different models for the representation and processing of idioms are discussed. The first, a symbolic procedural model extends the two-level model which was originally developed in computational morphology. The second is a simple localist connectionist model. The third, a symbolic hierarchical model, represents idioms as part of a lexicon conceived as an inheritance hierarchy. A comparison between the models is made in which the focus lies on the resolution of the ambiguity of idioms, the relation between the literal and non-literal interpretation and the syntactic flexibility of idiomatic expressions.
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    METALLEL: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO NON-LITERAL PHRASE INTERPRETATION (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Metallel is a program that incorporates marker passing techniques within a preference/collative semantics framework. This allows for the simultaneous generation of literal and non-literal meaning representations, while allowing for a much greater degree of parallelism during processing. In addition, we have integrated metonymic and metaphoric inferencing into one procedure, arguing that at least some types of metaphor can be represented as parallel metonymies. A number of examples are presented which show that metallel's output is roughly equivalent to conventional, rule-based approaches to metonymy.
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    CONCEPTUAL SCAFFOLDING: A SPATIALLY FOUNDED MEANING REPRESENTATION FOR METAPHOR COMPREHENSION (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Once viewed as a rhetorical and superficial language phenomenon, metaphor is now recognized to serve a fundamental role in our conceptual structuring and language comprehension processes. In particular, it is argued that certain experiential metaphors based upon intuitions of spatial relations are inherent in the conceptual organization of our most abstract thoughts. In this paper we present a two-stage computational model of metaphor interpretation which employs a spatially founded semantics to broadly characterize the meaning carried by a metaphor in terms of a conceptual scaffolding, an interim meaning structure around which a fuller interpretation is fleshed out over time. We then present a semantics for the construction of conceptual scaffolding which is based upon core metaphors of collocation, containment and orientation. The goal of this scaffolding is to maintain the intended association of ideas even in contexts in which system knowledge is insufficient for a complete interpretation. This two-stage system of scaffolding and elaboration also models the common time lapse between initial metaphor comprehension and full metaphor appreciation. Several mechanisms for deriving elaborative inference from scaffolding structures, particularly in cases of novel or creative metaphor, are also presented. While the system developed in this paper has significant practical application, it also demonstrates that core spatial metaphors clearly play a central role in metaphor comprehension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00377.x
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    PAU: PARSING AND UNDERSTANDING WITH UNIFORM SYNTACTIC, SEMANTIC, AND IDIOMATIC REPRESENTATIONS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: PAU is an all-paths chart-based unification parser that uses the same uniform representation for regular syntax, irregular syntax such as idioms, and semantics. PAU's representation has very little redundancy, simplifying the task of adding new semantics and syntax fo PAU's knowledge base. PAU uses relations between the syntax and semantics to avoid the proliferation of rules found in semantic grammars. By encoding semantics at the same level of representation as syntax, PAU is able to use semantic constraints early in the parse to eliminate semantically anomalous syntactic interpretations. Examples are given to show how PAU can handle the many eccentricities of different idioms using the same mechanisms as are used to handle regular syntax and semantics. These include the ability of some idioms, but not other idioms of the same syntactic form to undergo passivization, particle movement, action nominalization, indirect object movement, modification by adjectives, gerundive nominalization, prepositional phrase preposing, and topicalization. PAU's representation is bidirectional and is also used by a companion generator. PAU is designed to be efficient, runs in real time on typical workstations, and is being used in a number of natural language systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00375.x
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    BELIEF IN METAPHOR: TAKING COMMONSENSE PSYCHOLOGY SERIOUSLY (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Evidence from real discourse suggests that beliefs and other mental states (propositional attitudes) are often viewed by speakers and other agents in a metaphorical way. Typical metaphors are MIND-AS-CONTAINER—the view of the mind as a container, with thoughts being physical objects inside it—or IDEAS-AS-INTERNAL-UTTERANCES—the view of thoughts as natural language utterances inside an agent's head. It is therefore necessary for AI systems for mental-state representation/reasoning to reason within such views. This approach contrasts with the highly abstract logical stance adopted in most propositional attitude research. A formal representation scheme based on the various metaphors has been partially developed. In this paper, it is mainly the MIND-AS-CONTAINER segment of the formal representation scheme that is detailed. Inference processes operating over the scheme are also presented. The crucial distinguishing feature of the representation scheme is that the description of mental states is directly based on physical predicates, objects and so on, as opposed to abstract, tailor-made, mental ones. That is, the representation scheme is itself explicitly metaphor-imbued.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00378.x
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    METAPHORIC COHERENCE: DISTINGUISHING VERBAL METAPHOR FROM “ANOMALY” (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Theories and computational models of metaphor comprehension generally circumvent the question of metaphor versus “anomaly” in favor of a treatment of metaphor versus literal language. Making the distinction between metaphoric and “anomalous” expressions is subject to wide variation in judgment, yet humans agree that some potentially metaphoric expressions are much more comprehensible than others. In the context of a program which interprets simple isolated sentences that are potential instances of cross-modal and other verbal metaphor, I consider some possible coherence criteria which must be satisfied for an expression to be “conceivable” metaphorically. Metaphoric constraints on object nominals are represented as abstracted or extended along with the invariant structural components of the verb meaning in a metaphor. This approach distinguishes what is preserved in metaphoric extension from that which is “violated”, thus referring to both “similarity” and “dissimilarity” views of metaphor. The role and potential limits of represented abstracted properties and constraints is discussed as they relate to the recognition of incoherent semantic combinations and the rejection or adjustment of metaphoric interpretations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00379.x
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    QUALITATIVE PHYSICS: ALBATROSS OR EAGLE? (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00343.x
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    CONVERSATION ACTS IN TASK-ORIENTED SPOKEN DIALOGUE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A linguistic form's compositional, timeless meaning can be surrounded or even contradicted by various social, aesthetic, or analogistic companion meanings. This paper addresses a series of problems in the structure of spoken language discourse, including turn-taking and grounding. It views these processes as composed of fine-grained actions, which resemble speech acts both in resulting from a computational mechanism of planning and in having a rich relationship to the specific linguistic features which serve to indicate their presence. The resulting notion of Conversation Acts is more general than speech act theory, encompassing not only the traditional speech acts but turn-taking, grounding, and higher-level argumentation acts as well. Furthermore, the traditional speech acts in this scheme become fully joint actions, whose successful performance requires full listener participation. This paper presents a detailed analysis of spoken language dialogue. It shows the role of each class of conversation acts in discourse structure, and discusses how each class can be processed and recognized. Conversation acts, it will be seen, better account for the success of conversation than speech act theory alone. They also provide a pragmatic view of meaning in which the literal/non-literal distinction is simply irrelevant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00380.x
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    NARROW VIEWS, OLD TASKS, AND NEW BEGINNINGS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00345.x
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    PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE QUALITATIVE PHYSICS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We evaluate the success of the qualitative physics enterprise in automating expert reasoning about physical systems. The field has agreed, in essentials, upon a modeling language for dynamical systems, a representation for behavior, and an analysis method. The modeling language consists of generalized ordinary differential equations containing unspecified constants and monotonic functions; the behavioral representation decomposes the state space described by the equations into discrete cells; and the analysis method traces the transitory response using sign arithmetic and calculus. The field has developed several reasoners based on these choices over some 15 years. We demonstrate that these reasoners exhibit severe limitations in comparison with experts and can analyze only a handful of simple systems. We trace the limitations to inappropriate assumptions about expert needs and methods. Experts ordinarily seek to determine asymptotic behavior rather than transient response, and use extensive mathematical knowledge and numerical analysis to derive this information. Standard mathematics provides complete qualitative understanding of many systems, including those addressed so far in qualitative physics. Preliminary evidence suggests that expert knowledge and reasoning methods can be automated directly, without restriction to the accepted language, representation, and algorithm. We conclude that expert knowledge and methods provide the most promising basis for automating qualitative reasoning about physical systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00344.x
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    QP IS MORE THAN SPQR AND DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS THEORY: RESPONSE TO SACKS AND DOYLE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00346.x
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    COMMENTS ON “PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE QUALITATIVE PHYSICS” (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00347.x
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    FROM QUALITATIVE TO QUANTITATIVE PHYSICS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00348.x
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    RESPONSE TO “PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE QUALITATIVE PHYSICS” BY ELISHA SACKS AND JON DOYLE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00349.x
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    THE PHYSICS OF FUTURES PAST: A RESPONSE TO SACKS AND DOYLE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00350.x
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    PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE PROLEGOMENA (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The paper by Sacks and Doyle that is the focus of this debate resembles previous papers by Cheeseman and McDermott, leaping from the observation that a specific application of some AI technology is unable to solve a problem to the conclusion that the technology itself is of limited value. We argue that claims such as this should be made more cautiously in the future, and make constructive suggestions about future qualitative physics research based on Sacks and Doyle's results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00351.x
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    STRAW MEN: A RESPONSE TO SACKS AND DOYLE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00352.x
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    THE QUALITATIVE REASONING HYPOTHESIS: A RESPONSE TO SACKS’ AND DOYLE'S “PROLEGOMENA” (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00353.x
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    ON SHOOTING FLIES WITH CANNON BALLS AND ELEPHANTS WITH RUBBER BANDS: A REPLY TO “PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE QUALITATIVE PHYSICS” BY E. SACKS AND J. DOYLE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00354.x
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    QUALITATIVE PHYSICS BEYOND AUTOMATED MATHEMATICS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00357.x
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    REPLY TO SACKS AND DOYLE, “PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE QUALITATIVE PHYSICS” (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00358.x
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