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  • Books
  • Other Sources  (240)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (240)
  • 2005-2009
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  • 1990-1994  (240)
  • 1993  (240)
  • 1
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    The use of a vegetation index for assessment of the urban heat island effect (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A vegetation index and radiative surface temperature were derived from NOAA-11 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data for the Seattle, WA region from 28 June through 4 July 1991. The vegetation index and surface temperature values were computed for locations of weather observation stations within the region and compared to observed minimum air temperatures. These comparisons were used to evaluate the use of AVHRR data to assess the influence of the urban environment on observed minimum air temperatures (the urban heat island effect). AVHRR derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and radiant surface temperature data from a one week composite product were both related significantly to observed minimum temperatures, however, the vegetation index accounted for a greater amount of the spatial variation observed in mean minimum temperatures. The difference in the NDVI between urban and rural regions appears to be an indicator of the difference in surface properties (i.e., evaporation and heat storage capacity) between the two environments that are responsible for differences in urban and rural minimum temperatures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 14; 11; p. 2223-2230.
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  • 2
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    A remote sensing research agenda for mapping and monitoring biodiversity (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A remote sensing research agenda designed to expand the knowledge of the spatial distribution of species richness and its ecological determinants and to predict its response to global change is proposed. Emphasis is placed on current methods of mapping species richness of both plants and animals, hypotheses concerning the biophysical factors believed to determine patterns of species richness, and anthropogenic processes causing the accelerating rate of extinctions. It is concluded that biodiversity should be incorporated more prominently into the global change and earth system science paradigms.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 14; 10; p. 1839-1860.
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  • 3
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    Spatial structure, sampling design and scale in remotely-sensed imagery of a California savanna woodland (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This article describes research related to sampling techniques for establishing linear relations between land surface parameters and remotely-sensed data. Predictive relations are estimated between percentage tree cover in a savanna environment and a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from the Thematic Mapper sensor. Spatial autocorrelation in original measurements and regression residuals is examined using semi-variogram analysis at several spatial resolutions. Sampling schemes are then tested to examine the effects of autocorrelation on predictive linear models in cases of small sample sizes. Regression models between image and ground data are affected by the spatial resolution of analysis. Reducing the influence of spatial autocorrelation by enforcing minimum distances between samples may also improve empirical models which relate ground parameters to satellite data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 14; 11; p. 2137-2164.
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  • 4
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    Detection of soil erosion within pinyon-juniper woodlands using Thematic Mapper (TM) data (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Multispectral measurements collected by Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) were correlated with field measurements, direct soil loss estimates, and Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) estimates to determine the sensitivity of TM data to varying degrees of soil erosion in pinyon-juniper woodland in central Utah. TM data were also evaluated as a predictor of the USLE Crop Management C factor for pinyon-juniper woodlands. TM spectral data were consistently better predictors of soil erosion factors than any combination of field factors. TM data were more sensitive to vegetation variations than the USLE C factor. USLE estimates showed low annual rates of erosion which varied little among the study sites. Direct measurements of rate of soil loss using the SEDIMENT (Soil Erosion DIrect measureMENT) technique, indicated high and varying rates of soil loss among the sites since tree establishment. Erosion estimates from the USLE and SEDIMENT methods suggest that erosion rates have been severe in the past, but because significant amounts of soil have already been eroded, and the surface is now armored by rock debris, present erosion rates are lower. Indicators of accelerated erosion were still present on all sites, however, suggesting that the USLE underestimated erosion within the study area.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 45; 3; p. 233-248.
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  • 5
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    Modeling crop responses to environmental change (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Potential biophysical responses of crops to climate change are studied focusing on the primary environmental variables which define the limits to agricultural crop growth and production, and the principal methods for predicting climate change impacts on crop geography and production. It is concluded that the principal uncertainties in the prediction of the impacts of climate change on agriculture reside in the contribution of the direct effects of increasing CO2, in potential changes inclimate variability, and the effects of adjustments mechanisms in the context of climatic changes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ; : Astrophysical mase
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  • 6
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    On the relationship between thermal emissivity and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index for natural surfaces (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The spatial variation of both the thermal emissivity (8-14 microns) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was measured for a series of natural surfaces within a savanna environment in Botswana. The measurements were performed with an emissivity-box and with a combined red and near-IR radiometer, with spectral bands corresponding to NOAA/AVHRR. It was found that thermal emissivity was highly correlated with NDVI after logarithmic transformation, with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.94. This empirical relationship is of potential use for energy balance studies using thermal IR remote sensing. The relationship was used in combination with AVHRR (GAC), AVHRR (LAC), and Landsat (TM) data to demonstrate and compare the spatial variability of various spatial scales.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 14; 6; p. 1119-1131.
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  • 7
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    Functional patterns in an annual grassland during an AVIRIS overflight (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This study relates Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) imagery to ground measurements of vegetation distribution, physiology, and productivity at Stanford University's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve. Primary efforts focused on a 9-ha region of annual grassland where we completed a detailed ground-based study in conjunction with a 15 May 1991 AVIRIS overflight. Spectral mixture analysis and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) calculated from AVIRIS data were used to evaluate spatial patterns of vegetation type, productivity, and potential physiological activity. Concurrent ground sampling revealed a high degree of correlation between NDVI and estimates of canopy chemistry, structure, productivity, and CO2 flux, supporting the use of imaging spectrometry to estimate spatial and temporal trends in vegetation physiology and productivity in this relatively simple grassland ecosystem. Geostatistical analyses of both ground and AVIRIS data supported the conclusion that the AVIRIS pixel size was suitable for describing the influence of major landscape features in this grassland and that spatial detail would be lost at slightly larger pixel sizes typical of other imaging spectrometers.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 44; 3-Feb; p. 239-253.
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  • 8
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    Remote sensing of the earth's surface with an airborne polarized laser (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Attention is given to the Airborne Laser Polarization Sensor (ALPS), which makes multispectral radiometric and polarization measurements of the earth's surface using a polarized laser light source. Results from data flights taken over boreal forests in Maine at two wavelengths (1060 and 532 nm) using an Nd:YAG laser source show distinct depolarization signatures for three broadleaf and five coniferous tree species. A statistically significant increase in depolarization is found to correlate with increasing leaf surface roughness for the broadleaf species in the near-IR. The ALPS system 3 employs 12 photomultiplier tube detectors configurable to measure desired parameters such as the total backscatter and the polarization state, including the azimuthal angle and ellipticity, at different UV to near-IR wavelengths simultaneously.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); 31; 2; p. 438-446.
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  • 9
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    Green vegetation, nonphotosynthetic vegetation, and soils in AVIRIS data (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The problem of distinguishing between green vegetation, nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV, such as dry grass, leaf litter, and woody material), and soils in imaging-spectrometer data is addressed by analyzing an image taken by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) over the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve (California) on September 20, 1989, using spectral mixture analysis. Over 98 percent of the spectral variation could be explained by linear mixtures of three endmembers, green vegetation, shade, and soil. NPV, which could not be distinguished from soil when included as an endmember, was discriminated by residual spectra that contained cellulose and lignin absorptions. Distinct communities of green vegetation were distinguished by (1) nonlinear mixing effect caused by transmission and scattering by green leaves, (2) variations in a derived canopy-shade spectrum, and (3) the fraction of NPV.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 44; 3-Feb; p. 255-269.
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  • 10
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    Intercomparisons between passive and active microwave remote sensing, and hydrological modeling for soil moisture (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Soil moisture estimations from a distributed hydrological model and two microwave sensors were compared with ground measurements collected during the MAC-HYDRO'90 experiment. The comparison was done with the purpose of evaluating the performance of the hydrological model and examining the limitations of remote sensing techniques used in soil moisture estimation. An image integration technique was used to integrate and analyze rainfall, soil properties, land cover, topography, and remote sensing imagery. Results indicate that the hydrological model and microwave sensors successfully picked up temporal variations of soil moisture and that the spatial soil moisture pattern may be remotely sensed with reasonable accuracy using existing algorithms.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 13; 5; p. 167-176.
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