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  • Articles  (17,182)
  • 1990-1994  (17,182)
  • 1991  (17,182)
  • Computer Science  (10,113)
  • Geography  (7,069)
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  • 1990-1994  (17,182)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-Level Nuclear Waste Disposal: A Perspective on Technocracy and Democracy (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The difficulties encountered in siting a repository for disposing of high-level nuclear waste in the U.S. typify a fundamental conflict between technocracy and participatory democracy. Similar problems are likely to occur increasingly as society and technology become more complex and will persist until effective institutional mechanisms exist for their resolution. In the interim, the difficulties encountered from public resistance to the local siting of noxious technological facilities can be relieved by a return to fundamental participatory democratic principles. Prospective host communities for the facilities should be allowed to volunteer a candidate site, be given an opportunity to understand the risks and uncertainties involved in accepting a facility, and be able to withdraw from an agreement if subsequent circumstances warrant such action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00549.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electronics Assembly Subcontracting in Southern California: Production Processes, Employment, and Location (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper, I deal with three main facets of the electronics assembly subcontract industry in Southern California: (a) its technological and organizational structure, (b) its employment characteristics, and (c) its transactional-locational logic. I begin by describing production processes in the industry, and I suggest that the industry is marked by two distinctive kinds of flexible specialization. On the basis of a questionnaire survey, I show that the industry's labor force is composed for the most part of women and immigrants, and that there is a fairly distinctive gender and ethnic division of labor within individual establishments. I show too that the industry is typically arranged in an agglomerated locational pattern resulting from its transactions-intensive nature. I end the paper with a brief allusion to some possible restructuring trends that may affect the future functioning and locational structure of the industry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00539.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Urban Western Europe Paul C. Cheshire and Dennis G. Hay. Uniqueness Of Agriculture Susan Archer Innovation at the Edges Mattei Dogan and Robert Pahre. Attracting Industry Ernest J. Yanarella and William C. Green, eds. Muddy Mainstream? Marshall Kaplan and Franklin James, eds. Macrotheory and Cases David Rosenberg Equal Pay? Mark R. Killingsworth
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00543.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Planning Response to Urban Service Sector Growth: an International Comparison (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The restructuring of urban economies from manufacturing to service industries has been a major feature of the last twenty-five years. Large cities with a population of at least one million have been at the forefront of this change with the primate cities of the newly industrialized countries increasingly affected. The growth characteristics, planning experiences, and policy implications of the expansion of service industries in large and medium-size metropolitan areas around the world are examined. This has illuminated issues connected with the interurban competition for services. The service sector has shaped new urban planning and public policy agendas and the way in which metropolitan areas in this study have started to reshape their policies provides a good lead for others to follow. It is likely that new pressures will strengthen the need to look beyond their established urban planning policies to broader, integrated urban management policies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00560.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interregional Trade in Producer Services: Review and Synthesis (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper reviews some of the past decade's studies of producer or intermediate-services exports from local regions. After a discussion of conceptual and methodological problems and inconsistencies, we present these studies according to the three basic methodologies: surveys, location quotients, and input-output. Overall, our sense is that these studies support limited but important conclusions: (1) If intermediate services are defined broadly, certain of these activities have as their major function interregional or international transfer or trade. By nature, these distributive services have widespread clients, and benefit from locations with substantial physical and communications infrastructure. (2) Among most business-and financial-service activities, most offices are established to serve a local region, but may derive some revenues from beyond this expected zone. (3) The exceptions—the activities and establishments that derive much of their revenue beyond such “normal” zones—are particularly specialized, particularly large, or parts of multiregional enterprises. (4) Such firms tend to locate in larger or more specialized urban places, probably because of the labor force, the corporate connections, and the rapid dissemination of ideas, contacts, and information within and among the largest metropolitan areas. These conclusions lead to some general policy recommendations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00563.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Book Reviews (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Service Industries in Regional Development. William J. Coffey and James J. McRae. Skills, Wages & Productivity. Thierry Noyelle (Ed.) Spatial Structure. Huib Ernste and Carlo Jaeger (eds.) Geography of the Information Economy. Mark E. Hepworth Informational City. Manuel Castells Collapsing Time and Space. Stanley D. Brunn and Thomas R. Leinbach, eds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00568.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Spatial Structure of Large U. S. Law Firms (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Large law firms exert a disproportionate influence over the structure and practice of the legal profession. The spatial structure of these corporations, including the distribution of headquarters and branch offices and their interlinkages, is poorly understood. This paper explores the geography of domestic employment among the largest U. S. 500 law firms using linkage analysis. It highlights the concentration of such firms in large cities and the particular importance of New York and Washington, D. C. In the international arena, U. S. law firms are highly influential. The paper examines the spatial distribution of overseas employment by large U. S. law firms and utilizes input-output analysis to explore the domestic employment impacts of foreign legal services exports.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00567.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    State Fiscal Responses to Federal Government Grants (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the effect of federal government grants on state fiscal decisions. The study presents a disaggregated analysis of state government that allows for the precise measurement of important fiscal effects. State government is modeled as maximizing a social welfare function defined over government expenditures and taxes. The positive theory of grant response is tested and confirmed. The results indicate that matching grants stimulate government expenditures more than nonmatching grants. The results also suggest that federal grant cutbacks will lead to reductions in state expenditures for all key programs but that the composition of this change will depend on the nature of the federal cutbacks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00552.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: A Review Article on International Debt Alvaro Cencini and Bernard Schmitt Trading Neighbors Harold Crookell Crime in Victorian Britain Rob Sindall
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00557.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developments in the Location of Selected Computer-Related Industries in the united states (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This study focuses upon changes in three computer-related industries between 1974 and 1985. An attempt is made by means of entropy indices and shift-share analysis to determine if diffusion in those industries conforms to the product-cycle model. We employ primarily state-level data derived from County Business Patterns and supplemented by US. Censuses of Manufacturing and Services. Our findings indicate that all the industries displayed substantial increases in employment and considerable dispersion, although by no means were the changes uniform. The hypothesis that the dispersion is following the product-cycle model, that is, from core areas to peripheral regions, receives little support from this study. The model, however, should not be rejected out of hand, because all three industries studied have a duality in the size of firms that the data masks. This duality may affect the applicability of any model. Further attempts to explain the spatial distribution of any of these industries should begin with disintegrated data. Unfortunately such data are not presently easily attainable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00545.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Growth of Producer Services Industries: Sorting Through the Externalization Debate (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The development of a theory for explaining why firms externalize producer services functions is critical to gaining a better understanding of why the producer services industries have enjoyed robust growth within the United States, Canada and the European Community. Scholars of the service economy have attempted to develop explanations for the externalization of producer services functions. These explanations constitute “the externalization debate” since there has been a lack of consistency and agreement as to how and why externalization is taking place. None of the explanations for externalization approach what could be termed a theory of producer services externalization, since they consist of empirical generalizations that are not deductively connected. This paper attempts to move one step toward the development of such a theory by constructing a more comprehensive and systematic conceptual approach to analyzing the extemalization of producer services functions. The motivating factors for externalization that are proposed in the externalization debate are systematically examined. The insights of the transaction cost and production subcontracting literatures are then discussed and the implications of these literatures for producer services externalization are examined. A synthesis of the insights provided by these research literatures is then used to develop a more comprehensive analytical framework for examining producer services extemalization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00565.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multisited Versus Compact Producer Service Firms: Insights from the French Case (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Much of the literature on the location of producer services is concerned with their uneven spatial development across regions. Although this approach is useful, it proves to be limited, and a complementary analytical framework is required. This paper uses data from France's Annual Survey of Services to address producer service location from a novel perspective, that of the firm. A basic distinction is made between single site (compact) and multisite (network) producer service firms, and the natures of these two types are analyzed in terms of business strategies, location and performance. Further analyses are then based upon the distinctions between sales and servuction networks, and between specialized and diversified networks. Although significant for producing higher output levels, a network structure does not necessarily ensure a higher level of profitability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00566.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixed Signals in the Job Training Partnership Act (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 was developed to train the disadvantaged for work or better jobs. The Act that passed targeted the economically disadvantaged but stressed efficiency in the operation of the program. Program performance standards were established, and local Private Industry Councils (PICs) were developed to operate the program and to involve local business in JTPA training. Critics argued that this structure resulted in “creaming” of participants to the exclusion of the most disadvantaged workers. We test the “creaming” hypothesis using data on JTPA participants in Tennessee in 1987 and a sample of disadvantaged workers in Tennessee extracted from the Current Population Surveys. We find that racial and welfare targets are met but that the most able among those groups are chosen for help. We also find some evidence of “channeling.” The most disadvantaged groups are less likely to receive the most successful type of training — on-the-job training. Finally, we present alternative strategies to encourage PICs to do less “creaming,” and we make predictions about their likely success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00553.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human-Capital Selectivity in Interstate Migration (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Many states are concerned hat they are losing a disproportionate amount of human capital through interstate migration. This may be happening not only because migrants tend to possess more human capital than nonmigrants, but also because of human-capital selectivity in interstate migration. Using Public Use Microdata Sample A from the 1980 United States Census, human capital measures are developed and used to test whether states experience human-capital migration that is significantly different from human migration. Strong evidence demonstrates that human-capital migration differs significantly from human migration. For example, Arkansas and Vermont are shown to have a net in-migration of people, but a net out-migration of human capital. Conversely, the data for Connecticut and Minnesota indicate a net out-migration of people and a net in-migration of human capital. This study suggests that traditional models of interstate migration mask the flow of human capital.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00542.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Rolling Back the Frontiers of the State: Civil Service Reorganization and Relocation in Britain (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Urban and regional studies of service location concentrate on private business and financial services. In contrast, this paper uses the example of the central government civil service in Britain to develop understanding of the spatial dynamics of public services. The paper shows how the location of civil service employment has been influenced by changes in government policy over the last thirty years. It also indicates the way in which the over-concentration of the private sector in London and the South East, throughout the period, has encouraged the decentralization of the civil service from the capital to a variety of provincial locations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00562.x
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  • 16
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    Producer Services and Flexible Production: An Exploratory Analysis (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: While the flexible production literature has become increasingly abundant in recent years, the vast majority of it is narrowly restricted to manufacturing activities, entirely ignoring the role that producer services play in modern systems of production. This paper attempts to explore the conceptual linkages between the growth and the location of producer services, on the one hand, and the rise of flexible forms of production, on the other. After a brief summary of the flexible production approach, the factors underlying the growth and the increasing externalization of producer services are examined. The appropriateness of employing a flexible production framework in the case of producer services, and the significance of flexible production for understanding the location of producer services are then explored. Finally, the labor force effect of flexibility in the production and use of producer services is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00564.x
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  • 17
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    Service Industries and Economic Development: An International Perspective. Introduction to the Special Issue (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00559.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Trends in Service Employment in Pacific Northwest Counties: 1974–1986 (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The Pacific Northwest has grown more rapidly than the U.S. in recent years, led by the expansion of services employment. However, there have been striking differences in the rates of growth of individual counties in the Northwest. These variations in growth rates are shown to be associated with the type of industrial structure found in groups of counties. Their growth is also shown to be related, in part, to changes in the economic base of individual counties, with services contributing a greater share to county exports in 1986 than in 1974.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00561.x
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  • 19
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    Capital Scarcity and Banking Industry Structure in Montana (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Capital scarcity is widely believed to impede regional economic growth. We examine whether the distinctive nature of Montana's local banking markets exacerbate capital scarcity, either by reducing bank lending or raising bank loan rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00547.x
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  • 20
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    Book Reviews (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Toward a Better Homo Economicus Herman E. Daly and John B. Cobb, Jr. Paradise and Progress Christopher Browne (with Douglas A. Scott) Ownership, Management, and Efficiency Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. How Well Off Are We? Paul Krugman State Role in Housing Michael J. Wolkoff A New Examination George Catephores
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00550.x
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  • 21
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    Environmental Interest Group Behavior and Self-Selection Bias in Contingent Valuation Mail Surveys (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper analyzes the behavior of a general sample and an environmental interest group sample in a contingent market for wetlands preservation. Mail survey response rates and environmental values for wetlands preservation are significantly greater in the environmental interest group sample than in the general population sample. An estimate of the potential self-selection bias in the benefits of wetlands preservation is made. These results suggest that self-selection bias in contingent valuation mail surveys could upwardly bias aggregate benefit estimates as much as 50 percent. Potential, but costly, solutions to the problem of self-selection bias are suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00538.x
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  • 22
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    The Export Decision of Selected Services-Producing and Manufacturing Industries (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This article provides a comparative analysis of factors influencing the out-of-state export decisions of establishments within selected groups of services-producing and manufacturing industries. Data were gathered through a mail survey of establishments located in both rural and urban areas of five Midwestern states. The proportion of sales exported was specified as a function of establishment and location characteristics and estimated using Tobit analysis. Results of the study indicate that both establishment and location characteristics are important predictors of the export decision and confirm that establishments in some services-producing industries are able to enter and compete in out-of-state export markets. Similar factors were found to influence the export decisions of services-producing and manufacturing establishments. Results suggest that services-producing establishments in the group of industries may not be footloose with respect to locational choices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00555.x
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  • 23
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    House Prices in a Small Island Economy: The Isle of Man (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Cointegration techniques are used in order to estimate a long-run equation explaining the movement of average house prices in the Isle of Man. The tendency for the population of a small island economy to fluctuate sharply introduces into the process of price determination a number of features which are not replicated in larger economies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00548.x
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  • 24
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    The Incorporation Of Multiple Bases Into Shift-Share Analysis (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper expands the shift-share technique by developing a methodology for selecting and including both primary- and secondary-base economies in the shift-share model. This is useful when the shift-share technique is applied to subregional economies, whose economic growth is typically tied to the economies of both the state and the nation. The expanded methodology is illustrated with data from the Lowell, Massachusetts, Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area (PMSA).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00537.x
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  • 25
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    On the Settlement Patterns of Recent Caribbean and Latin Immigrants to the United States (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Between 1981 and 1987 the United States experienced a rate of immigration that had not been seen since before the First World War. Some 25 percent of these people came from the Americas south of the United States. While the great majority of these Latin and Caribbean immigrants tended to settle in a few select states, there are interesting nationality-related differences in settlement preferences. In this paper the settlement patterns of persons from each of eleven different Latin and Caribbean nations who received immigrant status in 1987 are considered. Regression analysis suggests that social and economic forces were important, but that specific factors influenced different nationalities differently. Evidence is also found for a lagged adjustment in the settlement process. Furthermore, the attractive effect of a previously settled migrant stock is estimated to be strong for every nationality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00541.x
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  • 26
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    Metropolitan Growth and Decline in the United States: an Empirical Analysis (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Urban growth rates are documented for the largest United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas for the periods 1965–70 and 1975–80. The spatial pattern associated with these growth rates tends to reinforce the sunbelt-frostbelt dichotomy, as the majority of cities with positive migration rates for both time periods are located outside of the heavily industrialized Northeast and Midwest regions of the country. Two and three-group discriminant analyses indicate that manufacturing activity, local tax rates, and spending on education, are particularly important discriminators between growing and declining cities. A simultaneous-equations framework is used to formally model the interrelationships between migration rates for SMSA's and other variables, such as income, unemployment, taxes, public spending, and housing costs. Using two-stage least squares analysis, the estimated coefficients, and their associated standard errors suggest that the net migration equation works better for the 1975-80 data than for the previous time period.
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    The Strange Case of the Missing West Virginia Labor Force (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The rate of labor force participation in West Virginia is far below all other states. This study finds that little of the participation rate gap can be attributed to traditional economic or institutional factors. For example, the high long-term unemployment rate in West Virginia accounts for less than 10 percent of the adult male participation gap. Most of the difference is associated with a large Appalachian population, and a high rate of federal disability benefits receipt. The latter, which we argue reflects tastes for nonmarket activities, also is a major factor in low participation rates of West Virginia adult females and teenagers. Unemployment does explain a significant portion of low participation rates for these groups. However, we estimate that a decline in the state's long-term unemployment rate to the nation's average would raise its aggregate participation rate by 3.9 percentage points, or just 28 percent of the total gap. It appears that nonparticipating West Virginians are not just “discouraged workers,” and that economic development policies should explore ways to increase aggregate labor supply, as well as labor demand.
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    Evaluating Alternative Regional Planning Models (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The REMI and IMPLAN models are widely used approaches to estimating economic impacts for small regions. However, few benchmarks exist for assessing these estimates. This paper evaluates the relative performance of these models in terms of a given impact: the opening of an automobile assembly plant in central Illinois. Although our results are not conclusive and are limited by our application, we find that in terms of several indirect performance criteria, IMPLAN's outcomes, on balance, are somewhat more plausible than those for REMI.
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    Thanks to Manuscript Reviewers (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00558.x
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    Changing Employment Profiles and Growth: An Economic Base Study of Florida Counties (1982–1987) (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Location Quotients are used to estimate economic base multipliers for two-digit Standard Industrial Classification employment data at the county level for the state of Florida. Changes in multipliers are contrasted to changes in county employment profiles and demographic trends for the period 1982 to 1987. Counties are then classified by employment and growth characteristics. A cross-sectional econometric model is constructed to explain regional shifts in total employment. It is demonstrated that although the Florida economy is supported by a low level of employment activity in primary and secondary sectors (relative to the tertiary sector), these sectors tend to be very important in explaining variations in regional economic growth. The empirical findings suggest that the alleged service-oriented economy of Florida is still reliant upon export-oriented activity as the catalyst for employment expansion.
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    Aid to Families with Dependent Children and Female Poverty (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The causal relationships between poverty in female-headed households with minor children and Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) transfer payments for the period from 1959 to 1988 were examined by means of the Granger causality test. This study found weak statistical evidence that receipt of AFDC “causes” poverty, but strong statistical evidence that the number of poor female-headed households with minor children is a “cause” of the number of recipients of AFDC, and that an increase in the real dollar amount of AFDC per recipient family “causes“ a reduction in the poverty rate of female-headed households with minor children.
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    Spatial Divisions of Corporate Services Occupations in the United States, 1983–88 (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This article examines corporate services from a regional perspective, using the concept of “spatial divisions of labor.” We examine non-routine, control-related activity as well as routine activity, bridging the literatures on white- and pink-collar work. Using the Geographic Profile on Employment and Unemployment, published by the U.S. Department of Labor, we examine occupational data across the nine census divisions continuously from 1983 through 1988. This data source is unique because it reports on occupational data annually, in relatively disaggregate form, and does so by geographic regions. Location quotients for the occupational data serve to identify a “core” with respect to concentrations of control-related activity. This core comprises the New England, Middle Atlantic, and Pacific divisions. In contrast, routine activity generally is more dispersed, although some regional separation is evident for specific occupations, showing regional concentration in subordinate or “peripheral” regions. The results of the study identify regional patterns, which are heuristically valuable in raising questions regarding the complex processes responsible for spatial divisions of labor. In particular, the findings suggest a geography of modes of production, a subject that requires substantially more attention.
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    UNCERTAIN INCOME AND HOUSING PRICE AND LOCATION CHOICE (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In this paper, we adapt recent developments in uncertainty modeling to the location choice paradigm. In particular, we analyze the impact of income and housing price uncertainty on housing demand and location demand characteristics in a partial equilibrium framework. We begin by recognizing that housing consumption cannot readily be altered in response to changes in income and price. We find that income and house price risk affect housing and location demands in different ways. Additionally, the spatial characteristics of price risk also affect consumer housing and location demands. For example, if housing price risk is lower farther from the central city, housing demand can be greater in those locations even with the higher transportation cost. Thus, over some locations, the expected price gradient could be positive.
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    VARIABLE RETURNS TO SCALE AND REGIONAL RESOURCE ALLOCATION UNDER UNCERTAINTY (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper investigates the resource allocational implications of intra-industrial externalities, i.e., variable returns to scale (VRS), in a two-region general equilibrium model of production under uncertainty. It is shown that most standard results concerning changes in the goods price ratio with constant returns to scale (CRS) under uncertainty generalize to VRS. In contrast, standard results concerning changes in factor endowments extend from CRS to decreasing returns to scale, but not to all permissible levels of increasing returns to scale. Thus, such theorems as factor price equalization and Rybczynski do not generalize to all real-world levels of VRS.
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    DIRECTIONS FOR DIVERSIFICATION WITH AN APPLICATION TO SASKATCHEWAN (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Traditional models of regional diversification do not capture the trade-off between stability and living standards. In this paper, we characterize regions as open activity models subjected to both productivity and price shocks. We then partially rank small diversification policies by the direction in which they point away from the current industrial structure in mean-variance space. Some general patterns emerge. In particular, diversification for regional self-sufficiency and away from regional comparative advantage may be undesirable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1991.tb00148.x
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    TRANSBOUNDARY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE FLOWS IN REGIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Nearly all regional input-output models have been constructed without a proper accounting of inflows and outflows of personal income and personal consumption expenditures. Typically invoked is a no cross-payments assumption, analogous to the no cross-hauling assumption for commodities. We present a new accounting framework based on the classification of flows according to the location of income generation, receipt, and spending, and argue that only flows endogenous in all three respects should be part of a closed regional I-O model. We use the framework to compute the upward bias in multipliers in a typical regional I-O model. We also present several methods for estimating transboundary flows.
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    BOOK RECEIVED (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1991.tb00154.x
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Place, Migration, and Development in the Third World: An Alternative View, by Lawrence A. Brown. Migration and Labor Market Adjustment, edited by Jouke van Dijk, Hendrik H. Folmer, Henry W. Herzog, Jr., and Alan M. Schlottmann. Quantitative Methods for Market-Oriented Economic Analysis over Space and Time, edited by Walter C. Labys, Takashi Takayama, and Noel D. Uri. Chaos and Socio-Spatial Dynamics, by Dimitrios S. Dendrinos and Michael Sonis. Spatial Data Analysis in the Social and Environmental Sciences, by Robert Haining. Economic Restructuring of the American Midwest, edited by Richard D. Bingham and Randall W. Eberts. An Empirical Assessment of Factors Shaping Regional Competitiveness in Problem Regions, by Commission of the European Communities. Regional Development Processes and Policies, edited by William H. Berentsen, Darrick R. Danta, and Eta Daróczi. Regional Studies and Rural Development, by Josef G. M. Hilhorst.
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    AN ALGORITHM FOR THE SPATIAL PRICE EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEM ON A GENERAL NETWORK IN THE SPACE OF THE PATH FLOWS (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The spatial price equilibrium on a general network may be formulated as a nonlinear-cost mathematical programming problem with simple constraints, when the decision variables are the path flows. The solution of this problem is difficult due to the very large number of variables (paths) and the impracticality of generating all the paths from all the origins to all the destinations.In this paper, we develop a Gauss-Seidel-Newton Projection algorithm and combine it with a restriction strategy. That makes it unnecessary to generate a priori all the paths. This algorithm may be further improved by exploiting the equivalence between the spatial price equilibrium on a general network and the network equilibrium. Computational results that we present in this paper demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed solution algorithms.
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    BOOK RECEIVED (1991)
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    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    TARIFF PROTECTION IN AN OPEN SPATIAL ECONOMY (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Spatial pricing models have been used to illustrate a tariff's asymmetric effects on consumers located at different points in the protected economy, and to demonstrate that the optimum tariff for a small open spatial economy may be positive. In these models, the distribution of households has been taken as uniform and fixed.We extend the spatial model by allowing households to optimally locate and consume variable amounts of land, as well as the domestic- or foreign-produced good. Land consumption, location rents, and the distribution of consumers are endogenous, responding to tariff-induced changes in the delivered prices of the domestic and foreign goods. Within this limited general equilibrium framework, a neoclassical result resurfaces: from the perspective of private consumers, the optimum tariff in a small open economy is zero. The possibility of a positive optimum tariff, however, may remain intact in a more integrated model where domestic profits and tariff revenues are redistributed within the spatial economy.
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    THE EMPLOYMENT CREATION EFFECTS OF FACTOR SUBSIDIES: SOME ESTIMATES FOR NORTHERN IRELAND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY, 1955-1983 (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper, I use estimates of the parameters of an industry demand function and a CES production function for Northern Ireland manufacturing in order to measure the relative impact of factor subsidies on employment, capital, and output. A simulation model is able to differentiate the output and substitution effects of subsidies. The results indicate that since manufacturing industry in the province tends to operate with a labor-intensive technology and, since its price-elasticity of demand for output is very low, the employment creating effects of capital subsidies are strongly negative.
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    AN ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF KUHN'S DUAL FOR THE STEINER-WEBER PROBLEM A NOTE (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper, we given an economic interpretation of Kuhn's dual of the Steiner-Weber problem. It depends essentially on the notion that different transportation systems arerelevant for the primal and the dual. Moreover, the Euclidean metric underlies the interpretation of the primal, the block one that of the dual.
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    Introduction to the special issue on natural language generation (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 7 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Markov analysis of qualitative dynamics (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 7 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Common sense sometimes predicts events to be likely or unlikely rather than merely possible. We extend methods of qualitative reasoning to predict the relative likelihoods of possible qualitative behaviors by viewing the dynamics of a system as a Markov chain over its transition graph. This involves adding qualitative or quantitative estimates of transition probabilities to each of the transitions and applying the standard theory of Markov chains to distinguish persistent states from transient states and to calculate recurrence times, settling times, and probabilities for ending up in each state. Much of the analysis depends solely on qualitative estimates of transition probabilities, which follow directly from theoretical considerations and which lead to qualitative predictions about entire classes of systems. Quantitative estimates for specific systems are derived empirically and lead to qualitative and quantitative conclusions, most of which are insensitive to small perturbations in the estimated transition probabilities. The algorithms are straightforward and efficient.
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    Using crucial literals to select better theories (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 7 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: When Horn clause theories are combined with integrity constraints to produce potentially refutable theories, Seki and Takeuchi have shown how crucial literals can be used to discriminate two mutually incompatible theories. A literal is crucial with respect to two theories if only one of the two theories supports the derivation of that literal. In other words, actually determining the truth value of the crucial literal will refute one of the two incompatible theories.This paper presents an integration of the idea of crucial literal with Theorist, a logic-based system for hypothetical reasoning. Theorist is a goal-directed nonmonotonic reasoning system that classifies logical formulas as possible hypotheses, facts, and observations. As Theorist uses full clausal logic, it does not require Seki and Takeuchi's notion of integrity constraint to define refutable theories. In attempting to deduce observation sentences, Theorist identifies instances of possible hypotheses as nomological explanations: consistent sets of hypothesis instances required to deduce observations. As multiple and mutually incompatible explanations are possible, the notion of crucial literal provides the basis for proposing experiments that distinguish competing explanations.We attempt to make three contributions. First, we adapt Seki and Takeuchi's method for Theorist. To do so, we incrementally use crucial literals as experiments, whose results are used to reduce the total number of explanations generated for a given set of observations. Next, we specify an extension which incrementally constructs a table of all possible crucial literals for any pair of theories. This extension is more efficient and provides the user with greater opportunity to conduct experiments to eliminate falsifiable theories. A prototype is implemented in CProlog, and several examples of diagnosis are considered to show its empirical efficiency. Finally, we point out that assumption-based truth maintenance systems (ATMS), as used in the multiple fault diagnosis system of de Kleer and Williams, are interesting special cases of this more general method of distinguishing explanatory theories.
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    Determining intended evidence relations in natural language arguments (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 7 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: When trying to understand a speaker's argument, it is necessary to determine what her claim is and what evidence she provides for it. It is necessary, therefore, to be able to recognize evidence relations in terms of the speaker's beliefs. This paper describes an implementation of an evidence oracle, which tests for evidence between statements and builds a model of the speaker based on the evidence relations found. This implementation is intended to be an advance in the development of practical discourse analysis systems, proposing a basis for verifying certain relationships between utterances. Another contribution of the work is a stratified speaker model which allows for varying levels of acceptance of beliefs attributed to the speaker. Integration of the implemented evidence oracle into a full discourse analyser is presented, together with output illustrating the analysis for several sample arguments. Some extensions of this approach for plan inference are also discussed.Lorsque l'on essaie de comprendre l'argument d'un locuteur, il importe de déterminer la nature de sa prétention et le type d'évidence qui l'accompagne. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire de pouvoir distinguer des relations d'évidence les croyances du locuteur. Cet article décrit la mise en oeuvre d'un oracle qui recherche l'évidence entre des énoncés et construit un modèle du locuteur en fonction des relations d'évidence constatées. Cette mise en oeuvre propose une base pour vérifier certaines relations entre des énoncés; elle se veut une contribution au développement d'un système pratique d'analyse du discours. Une autre contribution de cette recherche est l'élaboration d'un modèle de locuteur stratifyé qui tient compte de niveaux variables d'acceptation des croyances attributeés au locuteur. l'intégration de l'oracle d'évidence sous forme d'analyseur de discours est présentée, ainsi que des illustrations de l' analyse de plusieurs arguments types. Une extension de cette approche à l'inférence de plans est également discutée.
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    Egomotion perception using visual tracking (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 7 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The ability of a biological organism to visually track a perceptually significant feature in its environment has been argued to be an important feedback mechanism guiding locomotion. This paper analyzes the constraints available from the visual motion stimuli in the context of tracking. Our aim is to show that the act of tracking simplifies the decoding of egomotion parameters from motion stimuli. The constraints obtainable under tracking are utilized to analyze a possible egomotion decoding strategy for a binocular robot eye system, modeled after the human ocular tracking (smooth pursuit) mechanism. The main result of the paper is in the derivation of a closed-form solution of the egomotion parameters using feedback information concerning the movement of the tracking motors over time. The theoretical results are verified by experiments. We believe that the active tracking approach presented here is a more simple, practical, and manageable technique in a robot navigation setting, compared to passive methods.
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    Denkprothesen: on programs that reason (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 7 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper considers computer programs that purport to do inference. It finds the essence of their reasoning ability to reside in a particular relationship which exists between the computations described by the texts of those programs and machine-independent formal representations of the theories in which they are said to reason. The principal novelties in the treatment of this question are the use of explicit “abstraction functions” between states of a computation and sets of sentences of a theory, and the notion of global “inference relations” which characterize the set of all inferences of which a system is capable. The central result of the paper is an “arrow-theoretic” characterization of the concept of a knowledge representation, along with the related concept of a knowledge representation realization. The notions of equivalence and subsumption for knowledge representations are defined, as well as equivalence of knowledge representation realizations. Finally, important issues of expression evaluation and control are addressed. The paper concludes with a slogan: “The AI is in the arrows.”Cet article traite des programmes informatiques qui prétendent faire de ľinférence. Ľauteur constate que ľessentiel de leur capacityé de raisonnement réside dans la relation particulière qui existe entre les calculs décrits par les textes de ces programmes et les représentations formelles non liées à un type de machine des théories dans le cadre desquelles ils sont supposés raisonner. Les principales nouveautés dans le traitement de cette question sont ľutilisation de fonctions ?abstraction explicites éntre les etats ?un calcul et les ensembles de phrases ?une théorie, et la notion de relations ?inférence globales qui caractérisent ľensemble de toutes les inférences dont un système est capable. Le principal résultat de cet article est une caractérisation du concept de la représentation des connaissances, ainsi que du concept connexe de la réalisation de la représentation des connaissances. Les notions ?équivalence et de sous-somption pour la représentation des connaissances sont définies, ainsi que ľéquivalence des réalisations de la représentation des connaissances. Enfin, des questions importantes comme ľanalyse et le contrǒle ?expressions sont traitées.
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    Expert system evaluation techniques: a selected bibliography (1991)
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    Notes: Abstract: The rapid growth in the use of expert systems has led to widespread interest in techniques for their evaluation, which includes verification and validation. Evaluation techniques in the software engineering community are well established but there are different opinions about the effectiveness of transferring software engineering methodologies to expert systems. This paper outlines some of the issues involved in evaluating expert systems and cites almost 200 significant papers on the topic. We present it with the expectation that it will help both new and established researchers become acquainted with the literature of an important and growing field.
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    Designing a practical user interface for an expert system shell (1991)
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    Notes: Abstract: This paper describes some of the problems encountered in developing a user interface for a commercial expert system. The emphasis is on the practical side of interface implementation while attempting to follow the many guidelines presented in the literature.
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    Integrating knowledge-based systems with mainframe data processing via terminal operator emulation (1991)
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    Notes: Abstract: The need to integrate knowledge-based systems (KBS) with mainstream data processing (DP) systems is increasingly recognised. It is also recognised that there is no ideal mode of KBS integration: different types of problem call for different modes of integration. Many large organisations are now facing a serious problem in the operation of their existing DP systems. This paper focuses on the problem of providing intelligent support to the (often inexperienced) terminal users of complex mainframe systems—but without initiating any significant changes to the existing DP environment. Over the past few years we have been attempting to evolve a solution to this type of problem that is satisfactory from both a human and a software engineering perspective. This paper outlines the previous work and considerations underlying our current approach. Starting from a purely mainframe-based mode of integration, this has entailed locating an increasing number of an integrated KBS-DP system's components onto a front-end workstation. In our current solution, both user interface and KBS modules reside on a workstation linked to the (unchanged) mainframe environment. The key element of this approach is terminal operator emulation: a KBS-controlled 'script’ facility on a workstation which emulates the flexible keyboard behaviour of an experienced mainframe terminal user interacting with an existing DP system. The software tools and techniques employed in implementing this solution are discussed and details of a large operational system are presented as an example application.
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    Temporal reasoning in blood gas diagnosis (1991)
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    Notes: Abstract: The aim of this paper is to describe a system whereby an intensive care unit patient's condition can be monitored and assessed over time using mostly blood gas analysis data. The first six sections analyse some major temporal reasoning approaches (with limited examples from other related areas) with the aim of selecting one for the task at hand. The last sections describe the PONJIP temporal blood gas analysis expert system with its main components, including user interfaces customised to the doctor's requirements. Since the overall aim of this paper is to describe an expert system used for the evaluation of the possible contribution of temporal medical reasoning from blood gas data, research specific to other application areas or data will not be covered here.
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    ALCA — automated local area networks configuration aid (1991)
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    Notes: Abstract: Solving the customer's LAN/WAN interconnect problem is difficult because of the need to explore many possible configurations (e.g. bridging/routing, packet/channels) and then to choose the best configuration using economic, performance and other criteria. The rapid introduction of new standards, protocols and products to the networking field brings additional complications to the solution and can cause confusion when configuring a network. ALCA is intended to generate all feasible LAN/WAN configuration possibilities automatically and to pick the most appropriate solution to solve the customer's problem, while specifically addressing open systems interconnection (OSI) standards. Matching communications protocols while searching all possible configurations is notoriously slow even on a computer. We show how the search speed can be significantly improved by using expert system knowledge compilation, a computer-aided software engineering (CASE) technique. ALCA is based on a centrally updated knowledge base of various local area networking products and their interconnect possibilities. ALCA also allows querying to find out protocol interfaces supported by a particular product/service. Finally, it includes a graphic user interface and context-sensitive menus to reduce user information load. ALCA is intended to be used by the field personnel involved in pre-sales support, by the data communication product managers, and as an educational tool for novice communication product managers.
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    The state of the AI industry: AAAI'91 show report (1991)
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    Artificial intelligence and economic modelling (1991)
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    Notes: Abstract: Artificial intelligence has emerged from the toy problem world and is being applied to real domains in a more general way, the existence of several large application systems supporting the belief that a generation of smarter and more general systems will be developed. However, a new problem, sometimes referred to as the fusion problem, has been identified, which acts to restrict the development of such systems. This paper explains the nature of the problem, and by examining a proposed expert system in economics (ESE), discussing three approaches to a prototype ESE and the problems associated with them, draws some conclusions with regard to data fusion and expert co-operation.
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    An IKB defect classification system for automated industrial radiographic inspection (1991)
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    Notes: Abstract: This paper presents work undertaken as part of a project concerned with the development of a fully automated industrial radiographic inspection system, based on both conventional image-processing techniques for the detection and analysis of defects in the radiographic image, and intelligent knowledge-based (1KB) techniques for the classification and evaluation of defect data against the quality assurance requirements of the inspection process. In this paper the 1KB defect classification system is presented. This system is based on a hierarchical frame-based knowledge representation and a backward-chaining production rule system. Examples of the frame structures, frame taxonomies and the data-driven procedures, which maintain the knowledge base are given, along with an outline of the defect classification rules and the inference mechanism for dealing with uncertainty by means of confidence factors.
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    News (1991)
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    Logic aids for interviewing experts (1991)
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    Notes: Abstract: The excessive time devoted to the development, testing and maintenance of expert systems (ESs) needs to be reduced radically. What is needed is general-purpose software that can interlace the extracting, structuring, testing, and encoding of knowledge gained from debriefing the expert in any field. LAPS (Logic Aids for Problem Solving) is just such a program and has been successfully used to produce an ES in the domain of submarine diving officers. This automatically-encoded ES was produced by each expert entering his responses to the LAPS series of strategic-induction, AI-jargon-free queries. Currently, the LAPS prototype has four core sessions or functions: (1) the initial or sample-solution session; (2) the dechunking or hidden-knowledge session; (3) the alternatives or completeness-testing session; and (4) the automatic rule-production session. After any session the interviewee can use the fourth function of LAPS to produce frame-laden rules (in M.I, for now; later, in CLIPS). These rules can of course be used to carry out consultation sessions, though fewer of these are needed. LAPS has itself been translated from M.I to C to provide a very fast program on an almost universally available platform — the microcomputer. In accord with the overall technical approach to this project, other successful offline rigorous interviewing functions are being added to LAPS. Other code additions pertain to (a) graphical and other user-friendly reasoning-aid enhancements; (b) a series of simpler follow-up queries; and (c) the fleshing out of many stubs, or functions having intermediate results but as yet no processing.
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    Diary (1991)
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    A shell for cooperating expert systems (1991)
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    Notes: Abstract: This paper describes a shell for cooperating expert systems that has been developed at the University of Porto. The main goal of this shell is two-fold: to generate a community of cooperative knowledge-based systems and to develop several special reasoning techniques which can be used under a distributed and cooperative paradigm. UPShell is able to convert a set of generated intelligent systems (ISs) into a community of cooperative ISs. In this first version it is already possible to generate different intelligent systems which are able to run ‘simultaneously’ as separate Unix processes and, using a message-passing mechanism, to communicate among themselves. They can be set to pursue an overall goal in a cooperative way. Moreover, several tasks can be given to each IS to be solved simultaneously, and the IS can switch from task to task according to dynamic priorities reflecting the urgency attached to the specific sub-tasks that emerge. The shell described here may also be used to test, within a distributed environment, some time-bounded reasoning techniques that are presently being developed. The paper has three main parts: a general overview of the UPShell (Section 1); a tutorial explaining, by means of examples, how to use the package (Section 2); and, finally, some considerations on the reasoning techniques used and future improvements (Sections 3–5).
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    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1991)
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    NEWS (1991)
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    Book Reviews (1991)
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    Notes: Book reviewd in this article:Expert Systems in Production and Services II: From Assessment to Action?Thomas Bernold, Ulrich Hillenkamp (Eds.)Expert Systems: Human Issues. D. Berry, A. Hart.Prolog and its Applications: A Japanese Perspective. Fumio Mizuguchi (Ed.)
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    Integration of expert systems in advanced fourth generation languages (1991)
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    Notes: Abstract: This article describes the integration of an expert system shell (AllRound Expert System, AR/XPS) with a Unix-based 4GL application generator (Task Flow Management, TFM). TFM supports the client-server architecture of distributed applications and provides access to several relational databases, including Informix and Oracle. A short overview of the major features of TFM is given, with special regard to characteristics relevant for the integration of an expert system. The main focus lies in the architecture of AR/XPS, which contains rule-based and frame-based knowledge representation methods and which was implemented in Prolog; the user interface is totally unified with that of TFM, so that the user sees only one system and need not be aware that an expert system is present. AR/XPS has access to all features of TFM and to any databases present, so that an expert system can take decisions according to the current status of the database. At the end of this article a description of the Knowledge Base Creator is given and some remarks are made regarding our experience with pilot applications.
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    News (1991)
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    The role of decision-support systems in medicine (1991)
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    A suggested descriptive framework for the comparison of knowledge-based systems methodologies (1991)
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    Notes: Abstract: Instigating the selection of a methodological approach for the development of a knowledge-based system (KBS) should not be trivialised. This paper sets out to enlighten the reader about the needs and difficulties in comparing methodologies. In doing so, a descriptive framework is presented which allows the depiction of essential features of a methodology. This is intended to simplify the comparative study of KBSs that a knowledge engineer might be involved in.
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    Evaluation of ProKappa (1991)
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    Notes: ProKappa is an expert system tool kit developed by IntelliCorp in C using X-Windows for graphical interface. The SUN 3 or 4 version costs $9995/£7000 and $2595/£1800 for the interactive C environment. This review covers ProKappa version 1.1, installed on a colour SUN SPARC Station 1 with the minimum recommended values of 12 Mb of memory and 30 Mb of swap space. IntelliCorp can be contacted in the USA at 1975 El Camino Real West, Mountain View, CA 94040-2216 (+1 (415) 965-5500) and in the UK at 10 Jewry Street, Winchester, Hampshire SO23 8RZ (+44 (0)962 735348).
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    Book Reviews (1991)
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Integrating knowledge-based and database management systems, Ruth KerryNonmonotonic reasoning: logical foundations of commonsense Gerhard BrewkaBuilding knowledge-based systems: towards a methodology John S. EdwardsThe Rise of the Expert Company—How Visionary Companies are Using Artificial ntellig ence to Achieve Higher Productivity and Prof its, Edward Feigenbaum
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    Barriers to adopting management expert systems: case studies of management accounting applications which failed (1991)
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    Notes: Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to some important barriers to the practical application of expert systems to management problems. By drawing attention to these barriers, we show two findings: (a) that certain types of knowledge found in management situations are more likely to lead to the successful adoption of management expert systems (MESs) than others; (b) that a potential exists for an alternative form of MES application. The first finding has implications for knowledge elicitation. We propose that MESs developed from academic knowledge, which we define in specific terms, are more likely to succeed than those developed from working with managers in the field. Alternatively, feasibility studies should include an analysis of the type of knowledge which a manager is capable of providing to ensure that suitable knowledge is available for knowledge elicitation purposes. The second finding has implications for the developers of MESs at both research and commercial levels. We suggest the need for a check-list MES application, capable of converting responses to strategic and operational questions into managerial actions.
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    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1991)
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    Book Reviews (1991)
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    Notes: Artificial Intelligence Terminology: A Reference Guide Colin BeardonExpert Systems: A Decision Support Approach - With Applications in Management and Finance M. Klein and L. B. Methlie, AddisonThe Logical Basis for Computer Programming, Vol. 2: Deductive Systems Zohar Manna and RichardProlog Programming for Artificial Intelligence Ivan Bratko
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    Prolog III (1991)
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    Notes: Prolog III is available from PrologIA Luminy, Case 919 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France. Tel: +33 91 26 86 36. Prices (French francs): Sun 3, 70 000; Sparc 100 000; Mac Plus/SE 30 000; Mac SE 30/II38 000; IBM PC 386 38 000. Prices exclude VAT. Universities are entitled to a 60% discount and research centres to 30%. Systems are also available for HP9000 (series 300 and series 800), VAX and DECstation.
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    NEWS (1991)
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    Announcement (1991)
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    Dairy (1991)
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    Object-oriented representations, causal reasoning and expert systems (1991)
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: In this article we describe how two popular AI representation techniques—frames and production systems— can be usefully combined under a general AI object-oriented approach to problems which arise in the domain of hardware fault diagnosis. One of the main advantages of such a combination is that causal reasoning— crucial to the domain under consideration — can also be naturally and effectively represented. In order to put the combination of frames and production systems on a sound methodological footing, we first provide a knowledge engineering methodology which is an object-oriented re-interpretation of ontological analysis.
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    Report of workshop on the use of knowledge acquisition techniques with structured systems methods, held at BP, London, 5 December 1990 (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 8 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1991.tb00248.x
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    Book Reviews (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 8 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewd in this article:Developing Expert Systems A Knowledge Engineer's Handbook for Rules and Objects, Edmund C. Payne, Robert C. McArthurBuilding Large Knowledge-Based Systems. Douglas B. Lenat, R. V. Guha.Designing Systems A Guide to Selecting Implementation Techniques. Paul J. Kline and Steven B. Dolins.
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  • 81
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    Heavy metals and macroelements in the tundra of southern Spitsbergen: the effect of little auk Alle alle (L.) colonies (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 9 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Samples of two species of widely distributed mosses (Sanionia uncinata and Hylocomium splendens) were collected in the Ariekammen-Fuglebergct catchment area (Hornsund. Spitsbergen) within and outside little auk Alle alle (L.) colonies. The concentrations of Cd. Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, Mn. Fe. N, P, and S in the moss samples were found to be 1.5-2 times higher within than outside the colonics. Significant differences were found for Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe, but not for Ni, Mn, N, P, and S. Sanionia uncinata accumulates up to 8 ug g−1 d. wt Cd, 14-Pb, 8-Ni, 47-Zn, 9-Cu, 90-Mn, and 1920 u, g g−1 d. wt Fe, while Hylocomium splendens accumulates up to 4 μg g−1 d. wt Cd, 12-Pb, 3-Ni, 31-Zn, 5-Cu, fiO-Mn, and 840 μg g−1 d. wt Fc. The colonics of seabirds contribute greatly to the supply of elements in the tundra ecosystems of southern Spitsbergen. The effect seems, however, to be limited to rather small areas.
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    Palynological investigations of Permian rocks from Nordaustlandet, Svalbard (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 9 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Palynological investigations of nine sections covering the upper part of the Nordenskioldbreen Formation, Gipshuken Formation, and the lower part of the Kapp Starostin Formation in the Wahlenbergfjorden area, Nordaustlandet. yielded palynomorphs in three sections. Three assemblages are recognized. A tentative correlation with the Sverdrup Basin suggests a Sakmarian to Artinskian age for the uppermost Nordenskioldbreen and lower Gipshuken Formations. Thermal maturity is low. The palynoflora is dominated by striate pollen suggesting an arid climate throughout the deposition of the Nordenskioldbreen and Gipshuken Formations.
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    Composition and provenance of the Lilljeborgfjellet Conglomerate Haakon VII Land, Spitsbergen (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 9 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The Siktefjcllet Group of late Silurian or early Devonian age. consisting of the Lilljeborgfjellet Conglomerate and the overlying Siktefjcllet Sandstone, is generally accepted as the oldest part of the Old Red Sandstone in Spitsbergen. Most of the clasts of the conglomerate are only slightly rounded and consist of lithologies typical for the underlying basement. A minor component of quartz porphyry clasts is present; these are well-rounded, indicating a longer transport. The provenance of the quartz porphyry clasts is discussed in relation to the known outcrops of quartz porphyry in Svalbard, one occurring in the neighbourhood of the conglomerate, the other ones far away. The quartz porphyry in close proximity is younger than the Lilljeborgfjellet Conglomerate and therefore not a possible source rock. A close petrographic and geochemical comparison with the quartz porphyries at three localities in Nordaustlandet (150-200 km in easterly direction and of probable Grenvillian age) is presented showing many similarities, but enough differences to question their interrelationship. The porphyries of the Hornsund area (300 km in southerly direction and also of probable Grenvillian age) are found to be chemically and pctrographically distinctly different from the Lilljeborgfjellet clast porphyry. Metarhyolite reported from the Planclfjclla and Har-kerbreen Groups in Ny Fricsland are not comparable with the clast porphyry. As no unquestionable source rock among the quartz porphyries is known in outcrop, the possibility of a hidden or completely eroded parent rock is considered.
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    The role of the West Spitsbergen Current in the formation of ice edge position (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 9 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The intensity of sea-ice interaction in the Fram Strait is estimated from hydrographic data by use of three different methods. Preliminary results concerning fresh water formation rate are reported.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1991.tb00615.x
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  • 85
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    Some notes on glacial geomorphology in the inner part of St. Jonsfjorden, Svalbard (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 9 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Working as a field assistant for Dr. Harmon Matter during the Norwegian Polar Research Institute's Svalbard Expedition 1991, A.-I. Kverndal had the opportunity to do a large-scale study on the glacial geology in the St. Jonsfjorden area. This note emphasises the glacial geomorphology connected to the Konowbreen/Osbornebreen glacier system; it also comments on the possibilities for further research in this area.
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  • 86
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    Total mercury in hair of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Greenland and Svalbard (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 9 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Concentrations (ppm = ug/g dry weight) of total mercury (Hg) were determined in hair of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from northwestern Greenland (N = 22; period of sampling: 1978-1989), eastern Greenland (N = 44: 1984-1989) and Svalbard (N = 31; 1980). For subadults (2-6 years of life), adults (7-10 years). and old bears (〉10 years), concentrations of total Hg in hair were not found to be dependent on age or sex. A decreasing trend in Hg concentrations was found from west to east. The mean concentrations of total Hg in hair (cubs of the year and yearlings excluded) were: northwestern Greenland, x = 8.38 ppm (min.-max.: 4.71-14.19 ppm. N = 21); eastern Greenland: x = 4.58 ppm (min.-max.: 2.50-8.83 ppm. N = 41); and Svalbard, x = 1.98 ppm (min.-max.: 1.02-4.55 ppm, N = 29). Concentrations found in northwestern Greenland were similar to those reported by others from the hair of polar bears sampled within management zone F of the eastern Canadian High Arctic. Concentrations of total Hg in polar bear hair from eastern Greenland were similar to concentrations found by others in contemporary (1988) material collected during spring in western Svalbard. However, the mean concentration of total Hg in the 1980 Svalbard material, which was collected during July-September, was significantly lower than concentrations found in samples taken during late winter and spring in eastern Greenland and at Svalbard, respectively. Presumably the relatively low concentrations found in the 1980 Svalbard sample arc attributable to the period of moult and hence a larger proportion of newly grown hair in the individual samples. In a subsample consisting of internal tissues from 19 polar bears from eastern Greenland (1984-1987), concentrations of total Hg in hair correlated positively with concentrations of total Hg (wet weight) in muscle (N = 6), liver (N = 19) and kidney (N = 19) tissue. For liver and kidney tissue these relationships were statistically significant.
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    New Kimmeridgian ammonite fauna from East Spitsbergen and its phyletic significance (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 9 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: A rich Kimmeridgian ammonite fauna is described from the Janusfjellet Subgroup at Holmgardfjellet, Agardhbukta, East Spitsbergen. The fauna collected from a narrow stratigraphic interval represents a single ammonite assemblage showing a wide but continuous range of variability, with end-forms strongly resembling Amoeboceras (Hoplocardioceras) decipiens Spath and A. (Amoebites) elegans Spath, respectively. Accepting a horizontal classification in ammonite taxonomy, the assemblage may easily be placed into a single species for which the name Amoeboceras (Amoebites) uralense Mesezhnikov, 1973, is available, as this form corresponds to the intermediate and the most common morphotype. The fauna with A. uralense is possibly directly below that with A. elegans and A. decipiens, but above that with A. kochi. Close phyletic relations are suggested between the A. elegans - A. uralense group (traditionally placed in the subgenus Amoebites) and the subgenera Hoplocardioceras (type species A. decipiens), and Euprionoceras (type species A. kochi).
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    Tidal ice dynamics in the area of Svalbard and Frans Josef Land (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 9 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: This study is part of the Soviet-Norwegian Oceanographic Programme (SNOP) on ice and water dynamics in the region between Svalbard and Frans Josef Land. The effects of the movements of water and ice on the ice regime are discussed. Due to the scarcity of data, numerical hydrodynamica] simulations are used. The tidal ice drift is visualized on satellite images as elliptically shaped traces in the ice fields formed by grounded icebergs. These traces are a result of the joint action of tides, wind and permanent currents.
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    The Janusfjellet Subgroup (Bathonian to Hauterivian) on central Spitsbergen: a revised lithostratigraphy (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 9 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The Janusfjellet Subgroup is a marine shelf to prodeltaic succession dominated by shales with subordinate siltstones and sandstones. The subgroup comprises a lower Agardhf jellet (Upper Bathonian - Berriasian) and an upper Rurikf jellet (Berriasian - Hauterivian) formation. Based on field work in central Spitsbergen the following subdivisions of the formations are proposed (units listed in ascending order).The Agardhf jellet Formation (up to 290 m thick) contains four members: Oppdalen - a fining upwards succession from conglomerates to shales; Lardyfjellet - black paper shales; Oppdalsata - grey shales with siltstones and sandstones; and Slottsmøya - grey shales and black paper shales. Within the Oppdalen Member three beds are recognised: Brentskardhaugen - phosphoritic conglomerate; Marhøgda - glauconitic sandstones', and Drønbreen - siltstones and shales.The Rurikfjellet Formation (thickness up to 226 m) is composed of two members: Wimanfjellet - grey and partly silty shale sequence, containing the Myklegardfjellet Bed (of plastic clays) at its base; and Ullaberget - silty and sandy shales with siltstones and sandstones.
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    Impact of grazing from capelin (Mallotus villosus) on zooplankton: a case study in the northern Barents Sea in August 1985 (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 10 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The distribution of capelin was mapped in the area east of Hopen. Zooplankton was sampled with Juday net and 1 m2 MOCNESS sampler, and analysed with respect to hydrography and capelin abundance. The capelin “front” coincided more or less with the physical Polar Front, and this complicated the interpretation of the results. Strong indications for a grazing impact by capelin on zooplankton were nevertheless obtained. The zooplankton biomass was significantly lower in the area with high abundance of capelin than in the area with no capelin. This effect was due to a lower biomass of relatively large zooplankton (〉 1 mm size fraction) and seen most clearly in data obtained with the MOCNESS. The biomass of zooplankton in the upper 100 m was very low where capelin was present, suggesting rapid depletion of the major prey items. The biomass (m −2) of capelin in the capelin front area was about three times higher than the biomass of zooplankton in areas without capelin. The capelin front would therefore have the potential to graze down the available prey in 3-4 days. Light seems to be an important factor for the predation impact by capelin, resulting in strong interactions between capelin predation and zooplankton vertical distribution.
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    Depth distribution of Calanus finmarchicus and C. glacialis in relation to environmental conditions in the Barents Sea (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 10 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Stage composition and vertical distribution of copepodids of Calanus finmarchicus and C. glacialis are described during spring and summer in Atlantic and Arctic waters, respectively. The two species co-occurred in the region of the Polar Front, both in moderate to high population densities. Ontogenetic migration, meaning that the migration range becomes progressively wider with advancing stage, was found in both species. The present study also revealed that C. finmarchicus had modifications in its ontogenetic vertical distribution. The standing crop of phytoplankton, predominantly Phaeocystis pouchetii, appeared to influence the degree of stage-specific segregation. Both low and high food concentrations tended to increase the vertical distribution of the instars. On the other hand, a narrow subsurface stratum of abundant phytoplankton led to an aggregation of copepodids at this depth. In the region of the Polar Front, where the two species co-occur, C. glacialis had a deeper distribution than C. finmarchicus, thus creating a bimodal vertical distribution pattern within the uppermost 200 m.
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    The rise and fall of the Barents Sea capelin (Mallotus villosus): a multivariate scenario (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 10 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The Barents Sea capelin is a major forage species for many apex predators, for example, fish, marine mammals, sea birds, and man. The fishery for Barents Sea capelin increased exponentially in the early 1970s with the demise of the Atlanto-Scandian herring fishery along the Norwegian coast. The collapse of the herring spawning-stock resulted in the disappearance of young herring from the southern Barents Sea and the diet of the larger (ca. 3+ ages), piscivorous cod. Since then the only major dietary alternative for these larger cod has been capelin. The over-all trend in the biomass of the Barents Sea cod. however, has been one of decline since the late 1940s. As there was a marked decrease in the biomass of the 3+ ages of cod from ca. 3 • 106 tonnes to ca. 1 • 106 tonnes from 1974 to 1983, this would have simultaneously caused a great reduction in the predation pressure from cod on the capelin.The Barents Sea capelin is an r-strategist. Its weight-at-age is inversely related to population size, and thus the number of cohorts and subsequently age-at-maturity are positively related to population size. Principal components analysis (PCA) indicates that the biomass of 2+ ages of capelin and population characteristics already exhibited a declining trend from about 1975, despite a declining cod stock. Coupling of independent Russian and Norwegian data clearly shows that the percentage occurrence of prawns in the stomach of 3+ cod increased disproportionately from the mid-1970s despite a decrease in the cod biomass, probably indicating a lack of capelin as primary-choice prey. The nominal capelin catch between 1978 and 1983 is probably an unreliable estimate of fishing mortality. A drastic decline in the capelin stock occurred after 1983/1984, with marked predation from the potentially strong 1983 cod year-class.The capelin, as an r-strategist, is very difficult to manage in the fluctuating biological and climatic environment of the Barents Sea. Fisheries for capelin should be limited within the framework of multispecies perspectives, with much of its production being primarily used to sustain an elevated long-term yield of cod.
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    Dose dependent effects of plumage-oiling on thermoregulation of Common Eiders Somateria mollissima residing in water (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 10 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Thermoregulatory effects which occur during the first hours after plumage-oiling were studied under laboratory conditions by measuring the metabolic heat production of Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) which were resting in water for up to three hours. The ducks were exposed to 10-70 mL Statfjord A crude oil while residing in water inside a respiration chamber at 5.5°C. The study demonstrated a dose-and time-dependent effect of plumage oiling on metabolic heat production during the first three hours after contact with the oil. The results indicate that the immediate, short-term effects following initial contact with oil at sea are lesser in scale than those which occur after the birds have preened the oil into a greater part of their plumage. After plumage contamination with 70 mL crude oil, the rate of heat loss exceeded the thermoregulatory heat production capacity and the Eiders became hypothermic within 70 minutes after contamination.
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    Estimates of energy expenditure and energy consumption of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) throughout the year (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 10 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: We have employed a model for the energy balance of seals to estimate the energy consumption and energy expenditure of ringed seals throughout the year, using biological and physical parameters as input. Data on growth and seasonal changes in body mass and fat content “drives” the seasonal dynamics of the model output. The energy requirements for lactation and activity are based on data from earlier published studies. The analysis suggests that the food intake of ringed seals is highly seasonal. In adult males it is low during the periods of territory defense, mating and moulting from March to June. During this period the seals lose body mass, mainly as fat. The model predicts that lactating females increase their food intake to some extent during the approximately six-week lactation period. After the ice breakup, food intake increases in both sexes, partly as a result of increasing maintenance energy requirements, and partly because the body fat stores are rebuilt in late summer and autumn. The over-all energy requirements of the ringed seal appear to be basically similar to those of terrestrial mammals.
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    Oil, water, ice and light (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The boehaviour and ultimate effect and fate of oil in the marine environment in the polar region depend on a large number of factors. From a chemical point of view the most important ones to consider are the intrinsic chemical properties of the oil, the consequences of oil/water interactions, the influence of ice on physical and chemical processes, and the interactions between oil and light when the influx of solar energy shows great seasonal changes. This paper reviews the main aspects of these issues.
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    Proceedings of the Pro Mare Symposium on Polar Marine Ecology, Trondheim, Norway, 12-16 May 1990 (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 10 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Features of the physical oceanographic conditions of the Barents Sea (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 10 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The Barents Sea is a shallow continental shelf sea. Generally, the physical conditions are determined by three main water masses: Coastal Water, (North) Atlantic Water, and Arctic Water. These three water masses are linked to three different current systems: the Norwegian Coastal Current, the Atlantic Current,and the Arctic Current. This paper gives a brief description of these current systems and their related water masses. Vertical stratification of the different water masses is emphasised since this is important for primary production.Climatic variability is determined by the properties and the activity of the inflowing Atlantic Water. Current activity variations may be explained by external forcing, but may also be a result of processes taking place in the Barents Sea itself. The climatic fluctuations have a significant effect on the ice conditions, which in turn influence the biological production in the northern Barents Sea.
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    Simulation of currents, ice melting, and vertical mixing in the Barents Sea using a 3-D baroclinic model (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 10 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: A baroclinic. 3-D model is described. It is adapted to the Barents Sea and includes thermodynamics and atmospheric input. The freezing and melting of ice is allowed for in the model. The main task of the study is to look at the development of the ice cover, the vertical mixing, and the vertical and horizontal density gradients.Despite simple approximations in the air temperature input, realistic ice-cover is produced in the model area during simulation of a “freezing period” (winter). This intermediate result is briefly discussed and also forms the start of a “melting period” simulation (spring/summer). Atmospheric input data (wind, air pressure, and heat flux) from the spring and summer 1983 is used, and details about vertical mixing, temperature, and salinity are discussed. The simulation results demonstrate the temporal variation of the thermocline depth, the variation of the ice cover, and the horizontal changes of density. The conclusion is that despite often simplified input, the model seems to produce a physical picture characteristic of the Barents Sea.
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    Photosynthesis-irradiance relationships in natural phytoplankton populations of the Barents Sea (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 10 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: An analysis is made of the photosynthesis-irradiance relationships in natural phytoplankton populations in the Barents Sea. The data set comprises 232 experiments carried out during a 10-year period, both in open and ice-covered waters. The variability on the P-I parameters is discussed and examined in relation to the variation in a variety of environmental conditions. The results suggest that in the Barents Sea, as in other Arctic areas, phytoplankton photosynthesis is mainly controlled by physical variables. However, control of the phytoplankton stock, i.e. by zooplankton grazing, seems also to have a considerable indirect influence on P-I parameters, especially after the spring bloom and the depletion of winter nutrients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1991.tb00638.x
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    Photosynthesis, excretion, and growth rates of Phaeocystis colonies and solitary cells (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 10 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Unialgal cultures of the prymnesiophyte, Phaeocystis cf. pouchetii, were isolated from Norwegian and United States coastal waters. Manipulation of the nutrient medium resulted in populations overwhelmingly dominated by either colonies or solitary cells of Phaeocystis. Both morphotypcs were grown under a range of irradiances at 0°, 2°, 5°, 10° and 20°C. Photosynthesis was measured as incorporation of H14CO3 and excretion as accumulation of DO14C during 24-hour incubations; growth rates of solitary cells were determined concurrently from changes in abundance.Both morphotypes exhibited temperature-dependent asymptotic increases in pigment-specific photosynthesis with irradiance. Saturation intensities increased with temperature. Cell division by Phaeocystis solitary cells exhibited a functional response similar to photosynthesis, although growth apparently saturated at lower irradiances. C:Chla ratios were positively correlated with irradiance and inversely related to temperature, while C:N ratios were insensitive to these environmental parameters. Colonies had higher C:Chla and C:N ratios than solitary cells. Pigment-specific excretion rates were linear functions of irradiance, and exhibited temperature-dependent positive correlations with photosynthesis. Percent extracellular release (PER) by both morphotypes was inversely related to temperature.At low temperatures (0-5 °C), solitary cells had higher photosynthesis rates than colonies at all irradiances. Their excretion rates, however, were also higher, such that the PER of solitary cells exceeded those of colonies at 0°C and low irradiances at 2°C. No differences were detectable at 5°C. At higher temperatures, photosynthesis by solitary cells still generally exceeded that by colonies, but the colonies excreted considerably more DOC. Thus, while solitary cells are more efficient at utilizing light for photosynthesis, they do not necessarily channel a larger proportion into biomass production. Colonies, however, appear to be particularly stressed by higher temperatures and irradiances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1991.tb00639.x
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