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  • Chemistry  (9,407)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,170)
  • 1990-1994  (10,577)
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  • 1991  (10,577)
  • 1
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    Clathrate hydrate formation in amorphous cometary ice analogs in vacuo (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-10-25
    Description: The presence of clathrate hydrates in cometary ice has been suggested to account for anomalous gas release at large radial distances from the sun as well as the retention of volatiles in comets to elevated temperatures. However, how clathrate hydrates can form in low-pressure environments, such as in cold interstellar molecular clouds, in the outer reaches of the early solar nebula, or in cometary ices, has been poorly understood. Experiments performed with the use of a modified electron microscope demonstrate that during the warming of vapor-deposited amorphous ices in vacuo, clathrate hydrates can form by rearrangements in the solid state. Phase separations and microporous textures that are the result of these rearrangements may account for a variety of anomalous cometary phenomena.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blake, D -- Allamandola, L -- Sandford, S -- Hudgins, D -- Freund, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 25;254:548-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Planetary Biology Branch, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11538372" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Crystallography ; Earth (Planet) ; Hydrocarbons/chemistry ; Ice/*analysis ; *Meteoroids ; Microscopy, Electron ; *Solar System
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Manifest destiny at the Scripps Research Institute (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-07-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baskin, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 12;253(5016):140-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1853198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes ; Biology ; California ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Research Support as Topic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    At the crossroads of chemistry and immunology: catalytic antibodies (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-05-03
    Description: Immunochemistry has historically focused on the nature of antigenicity and antibody-antigen recognition. However, in the last 5 years, the field of immunochemistry has taken a new direction. With the aid of mechanistic and synthetic chemistry, the vast network of molecules and cells of the immune system has been tapped to produce antibodies with a new function--catalytic antibodies. Because antibodies can be generated that selectively bind almost any molecule of interest, this new technology offers the potential to tailor-make highly selective catalysts for applications in biology, chemistry, and medicine. In addition, catalytic antibodies provide fundamental insight into important aspects of biological catalysis, including the importance of transition-state stabilization, proximity effects, general acid and base catalysts, electrophilic and nucleophilic catalysis, and strain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lerner, R A -- Benkovic, S J -- Schultz, P G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 3;252(5006):659-67.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2024118" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antibodies/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology/metabolism ; Antibody Specificity ; Antigens/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Binding Sites, Antibody ; *Catalysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Haptens ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrolysis ; Metals ; Molecular Conformation ; Recombinant Proteins ; Thermodynamics ; Zinc
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PVC as pharmaceutical packaging material (1991)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 13 (1991), S. 109-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Consumer product safety ; Drug packaging ; Environmental pollution ; Plasticizers ; Polyvinyls
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In this report the state of the art with respect to PVC as pharmaceutical packaging material is described. A general introduction into the applications of PVC is followed by a description of its production process. The metabolic effects of the monomer of PVC, vinyl chloride and of the most commonly used plasticizer diethylhexylphthalate are mentioned. Special attention is given to the pharmaceutical properties of plasticized PVC bags in comparison to other plastics and the environmental aspects of waste PVC disposal. Although there are emotional and political queries regarding the future use of PVC as a (pharmaceutical) packaging material, we conclude that there is no scientific justification for a total or partial ban of PVC. PVC will remain a fact of life as a cheap, versatile, high-performance and well-investigated plastic material for medical and pharmaceutical applications, to be replaced by newer plastics only for certain well-defined indications where the requirements of the plastic to be used are so specific that it will economically and technically be justified to use another polymer. Community and hospital pharmacists have to be prepared for a role in intake of waste plastic disposables, probably against deposit money, in order to fulfil the logistics needed for recycling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01981526
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of a single chain embedded into a polymer matrix of varied thermodynamic quality and densityDedicated to Prof. Dr. D. Braun on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1991), S. 189-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The properties (squared dimensions, anisotropy, numbers of intra- and intermolecular contacts) of a single five-way cubic lattice chain embedded into an environment (matrix) of chains of the same length n = 50 were evaluated as a function of matrix volume fraction (matrix density) v and intermolecular interaction between the matrix polymer and the minority chain segments, characterized by a parameter φ. No convincing evidence was found for the occurrence of a coil-globule transition in the range of matrix densities (v ≤ 0.7) and repulsive interactions between matrix and minority chain (φ ≤ 0.2) investigated. For moderate attractive interaction (φ ≈ -0.17) a compensation of the chaincompressing action of the matrix and the chain-expanding interaction with the matrix was observed resulting in a zero-dependence of the size and shape of the minority chain on matrix density. It further turned out that there are fixed relations among the various size and shape data irrespective of the specific combination of matrix density and thermodynamic interaction by which a particular polymer dimension is produced. These interrelations are fairly the same as those evaluated for isolated chains the size of which is varied by an intramolecular energy parameter φi.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1991.051850118
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MATERIAUX TRIPHASIQUES ALVEOLAIRES POLYMERE / CHARGE / LIQUIDE OU GAZ. Préparation de Matériaux triphasiques Polystyrène / billes de Verre / Eau ou AirDédié au Prof. Dr. D. Braun à l'occasion de son 60ème anniversaire (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1991), S. 227-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: New three phases composite materials made of glassbeads as filler, water as liquid dispersed phase and polystyrene as matrix were obtained by polymerization of a water in oil emulsion formed by water dispersed in styrene in which glass beads are added. For this purpose glass beads have to be modified by silanization by a coupling agent 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate (TPM) or a silane Octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODMS), in order to prevent the wetting of the glass by water. Only low coverage of the glass surface by the coupling agent (0,05% of TPM) are convenient for the preparation cellular materials having good mechanical properties. At higher coverage ratio, strong hydrophobic glass beads are obtained which destabilize the water / styrene emulsion and lead to macroporous products. Study of the rheology of the filled emulsion appears to be the more simple and more sensitive method to determine the level of wettability of the glass bead by the emulsion which is the most significant parameter for the preparation of such three phases composite materials. Composite materials made of glass beads, air and polystyrene are simply obtained by evaporation of water under vacuum.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1991.051850121
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas sorption in poly(butylene terephthalate). A critical test of the influence of molecular gas dataDedicated to Prof. Dr. D. Braun on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1991), S. 265-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: To test the molecular parameters concerning gas sorption in polymers, the concentration of CO2, N2O, CO, N2, CH4 and the noble gases Ne, He in glassy poly(butylene terephthalate) films (PBTP) has been studied gravimetrically with a recording microbalance at 25°C. The sorption isotherms exhibit downward curvature to the pressure axis. As neither solubility nor adsorption can explain the experimental results, analysis was carried out based on the dual-sorption model: gas dissolution and microvoid filling are considered as independent sorption mechanisms. The parameters of the dual-sorption model for the mentioned penetrants are determined. The results indicate that for parameter correlation the Lennard-Jones potential parameters give a rough idea, but size exclusion of gases in small diameter microvoids is proposed and special chemical interactions must be considered.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1991.051850125
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RINGÖFFNENDE METATHETISCHE POLYMERISATION (ROMP) VON 5-CYANO-2-NORBORNENHerrn Prof. Dr. D. Braun zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1991), S. 283-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The ring opening metathesis polymerisation (ROMP) of 5-cyano-2-norbornene with tungsten hexachloride, tungesten oxytetrachloride, bis(dichloralkoxo)tungsten tetrachloride and bis(dichloralkoxo)tungsten oxydichloride as transition metal component was studied. Methylaluminoxan, diethylaluminium ethoxide, tetraisobutyldialuminoxan and tetrabutyltin served as cocatalyst. Toluene, Chlorobenzene and dichloromethane were used as solvents. The concentration of the tungsten components was in the range from 5 × 10-4 to 5 × 10-3 mol/l. Among the catalyst studied, tungsten hexachloride with diethylaluminium ethoxide proved to be the best. The polymerisation was highly selective with this system even at high monomer/tungsten ratios (e.q. 10200:1) and let to high conversions (≥82%).
    Notes: Die ringöffnende metathetische Polymerisation (ROMP) von 5-Cyano-2-norbornen wurde unter Einsatz von Wolframhexachlorid, Wolframoxidterachlorid, Bis(dichloralkoxo)wolframtetrachlorid und Bis(dichloralkoxo)wolframoxiddichlorid als Übergangsmetallkomponente untersucht. Als Cokatalysatoren dienten Methylaluminoxan, Diethylaluminiumethoxid, Tetraisobutyldialuminoxan und Tetrabutylzinn. Als Lösungsmittel wurden Toluol, Chlorbenzol und Dichlormethan verwendet. Die Konzentration der Wolframkomponente lag im Bereich 5 × 10-4 - 5 × 10-3 mol/l. Unter den geprüften Katalysatoren erwies sich Wolframhexachlorid in Verbindung mit Diethylalumiumethoxid als der geeignetste. Mit diesem System verlief die Polymerisation auch bei großen Monomer/Wolfram-Verhältnissen (10200 :1) hochselektiv und führte zu großen Umsätzen (≥82%).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1991.051850127
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of radical polymerization, LIII. The absolute rate constants in the radical polymerization of ethyl acrylateDedicated to Prof. Dr. D. Braun on the occasion on his 60th birthday (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1991), S. 303-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of dilution on the chain propagation and termination rate constants was investigated in the polymerization of ethyl acrylate in benzene solution at 50°C, with the rotating sector method. The errors of the above rate constants were determined and, by our method applied to decrease these errors, the errors of the propagation rate constant was reduced to its half value. By the application of our earlier results in polymerization kinetics, we found that in this system the chain propagation step is exclusively responsible for the solvent effects observed. Our experimental results can be quantitatively described in terms of the hot redical theory.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1991.051850129
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organische Gläser mit hohen Glasumwandlungstemperaturen auf Basis niedermolekularer Verbindungen.Herrn Prof. Dr. D. Braun zum 60. Geburtstag Gewidmet (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1991), S. 329-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1991.051850132
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