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  • Articles  (411)
  • Elsevier  (300)
  • Springer  (111)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (411)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1991  (411)
  • Sociology  (411)
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  • Articles  (411)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (411)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population growth, farmland, and the long-run standard of living (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 4 (1991), S. 37-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper studies the natural-resources element in the theory of population growth over the very long run. In the context of the stock of land and Malthusian crises in earlier times, the model shows how resources have become more available rather than more scarce, even as population and income have increased. The paper sketches a mechanism which, added to the Malthusian system, leads to entirely different conclusions than does the Malthusian system. Using the illustration of food and land, change in knowledge and hence in the stock of resources is made a function of the stock of knowledge and the price of resources. The speed of adjustment depends on the economic and social climate for the development of new knowledge. Population growth first raises food and land prices, which then stimulate the creation of new resources, eventually leading to less scarcity of resources and lower prices than originally prevailed. That is, population growth creates new problems which in the short run constitute additional burdens which, in the longer run, lead to new developments that leave people better off than if the problems had never arisen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160367
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Home investment in husband's human capital and the wife's decision to work (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 4 (1991), S. 71-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract I use a home production model to show that wives of managerial husbands who invest in their husbands' careers are less likely to work. Positive assortative mating for work-related traits like education, ability and drive suggests the opposite effect on labor force participation. 1 examine time diary data from the United States in the mid 1970's, and find that wives of managers are more likely to work, but that increasing the wife's years of education reduces her probability of working. The latter finding shows that the investment in husband's human capital effect exists; the former finding shows that it is overwhelmed by the positive assortative mating effect. No such investment effect is found for wives of professional husbands, and negative assortative mating for work related characteristics seems to be present because such wives are less likely, overall, to work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160369
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal pension funding with demographic instability and endogenous returns on investment (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 4 (1991), S. 137-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper tries to explore some optimal funding policies for pension systems in a general equilibrium setting where funding affects returns on investment and wages through its impact on capital formation. This is done in the context of irregular demographic evolutions such as those expected in developed countries for the next century. Particular attention is given to the intergenerational welfare criterion which is used for designing optimal policies. It appears that funding receives low justification with a welfare criterion which assumes a high substitutability between consumptions of successive cohorts, implying a low concern for intergenerational equity. Funding is highly justified in the opposite case where a high level of consumption for some cohorts is not considered as a compensation for low consumption by others. However the optimal patterns of transfers and savings which are found in this latter case are not straightforward. Some simpler funding rules are explored in the last section of this paper, which show that non-optimal funding may imply, on the contrary, a high level of inequality between subsequent generations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176003
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tax reform, population ageing and the changing labour supply behaviour of married women (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 4 (1991), S. 201-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The burden of financing retirement incomes in an ageing population is predicted to rise sharply in future decades. This paper investigates the effects of reforms to the Australian tax-benefit system involving a greater reliance on proportional taxation for raising revenue and a more targeted welfare system for cutting government expenditure, in order to reduce expected budget deficits. Estimates of changes in net incomes and hours of work suggest that reforms of this kind shift the tax burden to lower and middle income households with a second earner and that they can have counter-productive labour supply effects. The study explores the impact of projected increases in female work force participation and illustrates the importance of shifts in the labour supply of married women in predicting the fiscal effects of demographic change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00602429
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Call for papers (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 4 (1991), S. 307-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426374
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of differences in the levels of technology on international labor migration (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 4 (1991), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we analyze the patterns of international labor migration in a two-country world where one country's production technology is superior to that of the other country. We exploit an overlapping-generations model which enables us to trace the relevant dynamic considerations. We find that in the absence of international capital movements labor will migrate from the technologically-inferior to the technologically-superior country unless the stationary autarkic equilibrium is characterized by over-investment relative to the Golden Rule and the long-run elasticity of the interest rate with respect to the technological level is sufficiently large, in which case migration will be from the technologically-superior country.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160365
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On testing Easterlin's hypothesis using relative cohort size as a proxy for relative income (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 4 (1991), S. 53-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Measures of Canadian fertility (total fertility rate and fifteen-year age-specific fertility rate F15−29) and relative cohort size (population aged 30–64 years divided by population aged 15–29 years) show a close co-movement between 1940 and 1976 but record a marked departure since then. The application of cointegration techniques to these series (1921–1988) shows that they do not form an equilibrium relationship even over the period 1940–1976. Contrary to the expected relationship between relative cohort size and relative income, income data by age groups show that there is no tight relationship between them. The absence of an equilibrium relationship between relative cohort size and fertility, therefore, does not necessarily imply that Easterlin's hypothesis is false.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160368
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The marginal cost of public funds with an aging population (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 4 (1991), S. 111-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract As populations in the United States and other advanced economies grow older, the burden of social security and health care financing is expected to rise markedly. Payroll, income, and other taxes on working populations are projected to rise accordingly. The marginal welfare cost to workers of social security and other public expenditures is analyzed within the context of a two-period lifecycle model. By relaxing separability assumptions that have become common in the literature, the theoretical structure properly incorporates the effect of these public expenditures on labor supply. Comparative statics results indicate that the changing age structure is likely to raise the marginal welfare to workers of social security, education, and other public expenditures. Illustrative calculations for the United States confirm this result, suggesting that the cost to workers of incremental social security benefits may easily double by 202–-2050. The cost of education may also rise significantly. These results imply that political pressure from workers to limit social security and other spending may increase over time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176002
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ageing and the labor market (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 4 (1991), S. 177-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Generation size and structure may have substantial effects on the labor market. This perspective is crucial for the German economy which is one of the most rapidly ageing societies. The paper studies the effects of relative cohort size and relative cohort age on unemployment. The time-series analysis employs cointegration techniques to discriminate between short-run and long-run developments. The econometric investigations suggest that in the long-run, there is no sufficient evidence that young cohorts experience higher unemployment rates if their cohort size is relatively high. In the short-run, there is in general a positive impact of relative cohort size and relative cohort age on unemployment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00602428
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life cycle savings and consumption constraints (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 4 (1991), S. 233-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Recent tests of both the pure and the extended life cycle hypothesis have generated inconclusive results on the life cycle behavior of the elderly. We extend the life cycle model by introducing a constraint on the physical consumption opportunities of the elderly which, if binding, imposes a consumption trajectory declining in age. This explains much of the received evidence on the elderly's consumption and savings behavior, in particular declining consumption, and increasing savings and wealth with increasing age. Our analysis of German data gives additional support to our theory. We finally draw the implications of the theory on the incidence of consumption and income (wealth) taxes, and on the recent (inconclusive) tests of intergenerational altruism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00602431
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