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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The broad requirements of the geomorphologist for original mapping are reviewed. The extent to which aerial photogrammetry can meet these requirements is exemplified through typical approaches and mapping products in fluvial, coastal and glacial specialisms.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: As part of the measurements of desert terrain characteristics in the United Arab Emirates, made in support of a study of airborne radar, close range vertical stereophotographs of various natural surfaces were taken with a pair of Hasselblad MK70 metric cameras. The technique is described and the constraints imposed by the ground conditions and the need for rapid measurements are explained. Various terrain types are illustrated and the method is described whereby variables summarising surface roughness and surface slope were generated from profiles of the microrelief. From a more general discussion of current equipment and geomorphological applications of close range photogrammetry, it is concluded that this flexible technique is presently under utilised by field scientists.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The French topographic database is a three dimensional database whose content is very near to that of the IGN 1:25 000 scale maps. It has a metric accuracy and is designed to have three aims (maps at scales of 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 and the topographic part of the cadastral map at 1:5000 scale, providing located structured data). The structure, including topology information, is described. The process of data capture is based on photogrammetry and field completion. Experiments concerned with revision are being made in order to define the methodology precisely.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A mathematical model for pass processing of SPOT imagery is formulated. It is based on the fact that during one pass, the image data stream from each of the instruments in SPOT forms one single very long image. The geometry of this extended image can thus be rectified with as few control points as for only one scene if orbital constraints and attitude measurements are properly taken into consideration. SPOT imagery is, however, not available as this single long image, but only sectioned into scenes. This creates problems which are accounted for in the solution. The possibility of gaps in the sequence of scenes is also taken into consideration. Extrapolation over gaps is of special interest and, by investigating attitude variability, it is shown that extrapolation is successful over multiple scene gaps which is also verified in a real data test.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 6
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 7
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Inner constraints, generalised matrix inverses and S-transformations are described in relation to least squares estimation of spatial positions. A simple example is used to illustrate some of the theory. The various roles and properties of covariance functions and matrices are presented with a discussion of their practical determination and use in least squares interpolation and collocation.
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  • 8
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 10
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 11
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 13
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 14
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Longer sequences of attitude data for SPOT 1 were constructed by concatenation of the attitude information in several consecutive scenes in selected orbits. The attitude time series were used to estimate models for the attitude variogram functions. Explicit expressions for these models are given, which can be used in multi-scene adjustment of SPOT imagery.
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Interior orientation (the initial step in comparator-based photogrammetry) requires a set of known photo co-ordinates to act as reference points. Fiducials serve this purpose on large format, metric cameras, as do réseau targets on small format, semi-metric cameras. Most small format cameras, however, have neither fiducials nor a réseau plate. The aim of this study was to establish fiducials in a small standard camera (Pentax 645) so that its imagery could be used for photogrammetric computations. This paper describes two methods of establishing fiducials, followed by a comparison of their stability and suitability for photogrammetric purposes.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book review in this aricle:MAPPING AND SPATIAL MODELLING FOR NAVIGATION. Edited by L. F. PauINTRODUCTORY READINGS IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS. Edited by D. J. Peuquet and D. F. Marble.CAD-KARTOGRAPHIE: ANWENDUNGEN IN DER PRAXIS. Edited by M. Schilcher.INTERPRETING SPACE: GIS AND ARCHAEOLOGY. Edited by K. M. S. Allen, S. W. Green and E. B. W. Zubrow.AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE RAF (BATTLE OF BRITAIN 50TH COMMEMORATIVE EDITION). By R. C. Nesbitt.RADAR EVALUATION HANDBOOK. By D. K. Barton, C. E. Cook, P. Hamilton (editors) and staff of ARNO Engineering, Inc.GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS: DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS. Edited by L. Worrall.BAYESIAN INFERENCE WITH GEODETIC APPLICATIONS. By K.-R. Koch.3D IMAGING IN MEDICINE: ALGORITHMS, SYSTEMS, APPLICATIONS. Edited b K. H. Höhne, H. Fuchs and S. M. PizerREMOTE SENSING YEARBOOK 1990. Edited by A. P. Cracknell, L. W. B. Hayes and H. Wei Gen.GEOLOGICAL MAPS AND SECTIONS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS. By P. R. Thomas.THE FIGURE OF THE EARTH: THEORETICAL GEODESY AND THE EARTH'S INTERIOR. By H. Moritz.THE ARCHITECTURE OF PETRA. British Academy Monographs in Archaeology I. By J. S. McKenzie.SOUND UNDERWATER IMAGES: A GUIDE TO THE GENERATON AND INTERPRETATION OF SIDE SCAN SONAR DATA. By J. P. Fish and H. A. Carr.
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper was presented at the 1990 Thompson Symposium. It distinguishes between geographical information systems (GIS) as a set of hardware and software tools and the institutional problems that arise when implementing GIS in an organisational environment. It examines issues such as data quality, that arise when treating information as a corporate resource, as well as the legal, economic and social constraints on the use of data.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A case study at the Norwegian Institute of Land Inventory (NIJOS) demonstrates that photogrammetry is an effective method for collecting data for geographical information systems (GIS). The process of establishing a photogrammetric data capture system is explained with special attention devoted to financial and personnel considerations. It is argued that photogrammetric data capture is viable provided that a stereodigitiser is used in conjunction with a modular solution GIS.
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Many organisations are today working at establishing information systems and quite a few exist already. When it comes to geographical information systems (GIS), the geographical reference will soon be solved. All new mapping in Denmark is digital and in 1992–93 the country will have complete coverage. In addition, many public registers are already computerised. A lot of other information sources, like utility networks, are still to be converted.As these developments are in the hands of many different organisations, both private and governmental, this paper will deal with the efforts made to co-ordinate various activities in a strongly competitive world.As there is a distinct difference between large scale and small scale GIS activities, this paper will deal mainly with large scale GIS, as should be the case when considering GIS and photogrammetry.
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  • 21
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Co-ordinate measuring systems based on theodolites are increasingly being found in industrial environments. The paper explains the principles on which the technique is based, the system components and the factors which affect the accuracy that can be achieved. Finally some application areas are listed and a particular example from the aircraft industry is highlighted.
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  • 22
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The evolution of digital photogrammetry from analytical photogrammetry is outlined, partly by considering the methods employed, but with the main emphasis on mathematical and physical principles. A fundamental distinction is obvious from the nature of the primary information measurement data: the image co-ordinates with analytical photogrammetry and the digital image grey values with digital photogrammetry. For both techniques, appropriate Gauss-Markov evaluation procedures are compared. The relevant relationships between image space data and object space models are presented; radiometric considerations play a more important role than before. The evaluation of digital image grey value data is no longer based on digital image correlation. Instead, a new principle of image inversion has been introduced by directly back-projecting grey values of an image on to object space models. The numerical procedures of digital photogrammetry need some stabilisation by appropriate regularisation elements. The new concept of digital photogrammetry may be applied to imagery from almost any sensor.
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  • 23
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 24
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book review in this aticle:THEORY AND APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING. Edited by G. ASRAR.TERRAIN MODELLING IN SURVEYING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING. Edited by G. Petrie and T. J. M. Kennie.THE FOUR FACES OF FOURCADE. By C. D. Storrar.WALES FROM THE AIR. Photographs by Aerofilms. Foreword by J. Morris. Captions by S. Acland.DEVELOPMENTS IN FOUR-DIMENSIONAL GEODESY. Selected papers of the Ron S. Mather Symposium on Four-Dimensional Geodesy, Sydney, Australia, March 28–31, 1989. Edited by F. K. Brunner and C. Rlzos.EUROPEAN SPACE DIRECTORY 1990. Fifth edition. Sponsored by Eurospace. Edited by D. Shjrvanian.REMOTE SENSING OF BIOSPHERE FUNCTIONING. Edited by R. J. Hobbs and H. A. Mooney.IMAGE CLARITY: HIGH-RESOLUTION PHOTOGRAPHY. By J. B. Williams.MAP PROJECTIONS: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS. By F. Pearson.KARTENNETZENTWURFSLEHRE: GRUNDLAGEN UND ANWENDUNGEN. By E. Kuntz.THE LIFE OF A PHOTOGRAPH. By L. E. Keefe and D. Inch.SUBMINIATURE PHOTOGRAPHY. By W. White.THE ASSOCIATION FOR GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION YEARBOOK 1990. Edited by M. J. Foster and P. J. Shand.A GUIDE TO REMOTE SENSING: INTERPRETING IMAGES OF THE EARTH. By S. A. Drury.TASCHENBUCH ZUR FERNERKUNDUNG. Edited by F.-W. Strathmann.
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  • 25
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Water quality controls of storm water runoff and infiltration should be a major part of a nonpoint source control program. Although surface runoff and ground water controls are often approached separately, coordination between the two is essential. For practical reasons, a rather simplified technology-based approach appears to be desirable. Areas affected vary greatly as to their sensitivity to pollution; and the various classes of pollutant source vary greatly as to their potential harmfulness. In effect, a matrix approach appears best, in which both vulnerability of the area and harmfulness of the pollutant source would have weight in determining which level of best management practices (BMP) would be appropriate, whether standard, special, or complete prohibition of the type facility under given circumstances.
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  • 26
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : In the south-central interior of British Columbia, the summer and fall of 1987 were very dry. Streamflow was extremely low throughout the region, and an extended rainless period coincided with the onset of the winter dormant period. During a five-day rainless period from October 9 to October 13, which should have been a period of declining streamflow in all watersheds, 19 of 31 small forested watersheds having suitable natural flow record experienced increasing discharge. The data is reviewed and analyzed with an initial attempt made to explain the streamflow changes among the various watersheds quantitatively. The only explanation for the widespread increases in streamflow in the region during this dry period is that greatly reduced transpiration, as the vegetation went dormant, permitted increased volumes of water in the soil to drain into surface streams rapidly enough to be recorded as increased discharge in 61 percent of the study streams.
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  • 27
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Sediments from the Pompton and Passaic Rivers at Two Bridges were analyzed for potentially available phosphorus fractions and total phosphorus (TP). Water samples from the same sites were analyzed for dissolved phosphorus, TP, suspended solids (SS), and volatile SS. Significant negative correlations between river TP concentrations and flow were observed. However, storm flows resulted in increases in TP and SS concentrations and flux (loadings). Most of the increase in river P loading at high flow was in the dissolved fraction, suggesting that the sediments may be a large source of dissolved P. Concentrations of potentially available P in the sediments ranged from 140 to 1310 times the TP concentration in the overlying water. According to a modified Vollenweider model, current P concentrations in the Pompton and Passaic Rivers will result in excessive P loading in the Wanaque Reservoir if even small volumes of river water are pumped to the reservoir through the recently completed Wanaque South pipeline. Reductions in sewage treatment plant effluent P concentrations alone will not produce sufficient decreases in river phosphorus concentrations to avoid this predicted overloading and eutrophication.
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  • 28
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The Environmental Display Manager, EDM, is a development system on an IBM 3090 mainframe at the U.S. EPA National Computer Center in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. EDM provides mapping, display, analysis support, and information management capabilities to workstations located across the United States, and connected to EPA through federal, state, academic, and private communications networks. Through interactive software, EDM can quickly support analyses, create maps and graphics, and generate reports that integrate millions of pieces of environmental data. The concept of EDM is to provide easy access to environmental information, to provide automated environmental analyses and reports, and then to provide data, graphics, images, text, and documents that can be used by numerous output devices, software packages, and computers.The mapping cumponent works with an electronic version of the 54,000 7.5 minute quad sheets of the U.S. Geological Survey. The software also works with a hydrographic data base of the surface waters of the United States. With the maps, a user can look at the rivers in any state, can zoom in on a small pond, and can overlay and identify particular features such as industrial waste dischargers and factories. The hydrography allows routing for modeling programs, identification of upstream and downstream components, and linkage of environmental features associated with surface waters. Alternatively, users can query data based on latitude/longitude, city name, EPA permit number, state agency and station code, river name or number, and river cataloging unit. The maps can be overlaid with roads and environmental sites such as: municipal and industrial dischargers, Superfund sites, public drinking water supplies, water quality monitoring stations, stream gages, and city locations. Retrievals from related systems can be performed for selected sites creating graphics showing water quality trends, discharge monitoring reports, and permit discharge limits.
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  • 29
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Waddell Creek is a perennial stream near Santa Cruz, California, which discharges into the Pacific Ocean about 38 km from the epicenter of the Loma Prieta earthquake (October 17, 1989, M 7.1). The earthquake caused no significant changes or damage to structures or surface features in the area, but was followed by an order of magnitude transient increase in discharge of Waddell Creek and nearby springs. The transients approximate a step rise followed by an exponential recession with time constants of from 37 to 59 days. The flow recession pattern of Waddell Creek was obscured by heavy rains after about 50 days; however, the springs maintained an exponential recession with minimal rain interference for periods of several time constants, then abruptly ceased flowing. A comparison of the pre-quake and post-quake chemical signature of one of the springs shows only minor changes in water chemistry indicating a common source for pre- and post-quake waters. Increased permeability of the subsurface ground material appears to be the most probable cause of the hydrologic changes. Post-seismic reduction of permeability has not been observed or inferred.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The quality of stream habitat varies for a variety of natural and anthropogenic reasons not identified by a condition index. However, many people use condition indices to indicate management needs or even direction. To better sort natural from livestock influences, stream types and levels of ungulate bank damage were regulated to estimates of aquatic habitat condition index and stream width parameters in a large existing stream inventory data base. Pool/riffle ratio, pool structure, stream bottom materials, soil stability, and vegetation type varied significantly with stream type. Pool/riffle ratio, soil and vegetation stability varied significantly with ungulate bank damage level. Soil and vegetation stability were highly cross-correlated. Riparian area width did not vary significantly with either stream type or ungulate bank damage. Variation among stream types indicates that riparian management and monitoring should be stream type and reach specific.
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  • 31
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Algorithms for Landsat MSS digital data are needed to reduce the necessity of calibrating each Landsat scene if these data are to be useful in monitoring programs for surface suspended sediments. In this study digital data were extracted from 16 Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) scenes collected between March 1987 and August 1988 over Enid Reservoir in North Central Mississippi. These data were converted to radiance and reflectance data for comparison with field measurements of surface suspended sediment concentrations. Concentrations ranged from 2 to 168 mg/1 during the study with only four greater than 100 mg/l. Linear and polynomial regression analyses were used to relate the surface suspended sediment concentrations with radiance and reflectance. Reflectance in MSS band 2 (0.6 to 0.7 μm) and MSS band 3 (0.7 to 0.8 μm) were best related to the surface suspended sediment concentrations with coefficients of determination accounting for 71 percent and 68 percent of the variation in the data, respectively. Regressions with radiance data accounted for 36 percent (band 2) or less of the variation. Logarithmic transformations of either reflectance or sediment concentrations increase the coefficients of determination for MSS band 2 reflectance data to 81 percent. Regressions between the ratio of MSS band 1 to MSS band 2 reflectances and concentrations also accounted for 80 percent of the variation. An equationLoge SS (mg/l) = 9.21R½+ 2.71R½2 + 8.45,where S is surface suspended sediment concentrations and R1/2 is the ratio of MSS band 1 to MSS band 2 reflectances, provided the best fit to the data with a coefficient of determination of 0.82. This equation is essentially the same as an algorithm proposed by Topliss et at. (1990), for estimating surface suspended sediment concentrations in Canadian coastal waters. These equations for Enid Reservoir and Canadian waters suggest that it may be possible to develop an algorithm for widespread use for estimating surface suspended sediments.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The paper discusses a method of photogrammetric control for engineering problems which relies on reciprocal observations between instruments. Since photogrammetric networks do not usually permit cameras to point at one another, it is proposed that at least one additional theodolite station be used to establish these observations. This results in directly measured space triangles; in a sense the photogrammetric task becomes a surveying problem. Potential advantages are a more efficient use of mixed photogrammetric and survey measurements, a stronger network geometry and a direct solution for the orientation parameters of the instruments. Special attention must be given to targeting the camera and theodolite stations.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: After reviewing Polaroid instant materials and processing, this paper describes tests carried out to assess the suitability of a selection of these materials for use in close range photogrammetry. Possible applications are suggested.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Since the publication of L. P. Adams's paper, “Henry Georges Fourcade”, Photogrammetric Record, 8(45): 287–296 (April 1975), further research in France, Japan and South Africa has disclosed new and interesting information about the life and works of this talented and versatile man. This paper by Fourcade's biographer gives new information about his antecedents; his early education; the fact that, having discovered the theory of relative orientation (want of correspondence) by 1901, he had actually formulated it in 1903 in a letter to Aimé Laussedat, although it was only published in 1926; about confirmation of the precision of his historic 1904 map of Devil's Peak in 1987; the often strained relations that existed between the temperamental inventor, the War Office (M14) and the instrument makers; and about his important contribution to forestry and the Botanical Survey of South Africa.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The President of the Photogrammetric Society, Mr. I Newton, chaired a panel discussion concerned with those developments in photogrammetry which may take place during the 1990s.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Relative orientations of eight stereomodels of a motor vehicle accident scene taken with stereometric cameras were made on an Adam Technology MPS-2 microphotogrammetric system. The most consistent results for the relative orientations were achieved with 12 pass points—six around the extremities and six in the centre of the format. Systematic errors in the direction normal to the photography were detected. Two methods to correct these errors were investigated—scaling of the camera base and computing a camera convergence correction. The best results were achieved with the convergence correction.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: An examination of the need for map revision and the methods currently used allows the identification of problems specific to this operation. It is suggested that many instruments, old and new, suitable for new map production do not solve the problems associated with map revision. The main characteristics of instruments designed for map revision in the future are outlined, with the suggestion that the time has now come for instruments to be designed specifically for the map revision task, rather than practitioners having to devise revision procedures to suit existing equipment.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Preliminary results of an investigation to study the dimensional reliability and potential of small format film products, allied with their use in small format cameras for photogrammetry, are presented. Investigations included analysis of factors influencing both in plane and out of plane deformations. Experiments were conducted using commercially available 70 mm, 120 and 220 film products, processed according to manufacturers’recommendations. Elements of camera design are discussed in the light of results obtained from the measurement of réseau images produced from a modified Hasselblad SWC camera.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Only a short time ago, a paper entitled “Data capture in the 1990s” would have generated a very futuristic view in the minds of readers, who would perhaps expect to read about technology which was a great advance and almost certainly not yet available. It is primarily for that reason that the title was chosen, as the paper does not deal with a new technology, or one which is not available, but rather with one which has been steadily developed over the last 20 years and is providing data capture solutions around the world. The solutions offered by Laser-Scan will come into their own in the 1990s as the request for intelligent digital data grows, fuelled by the many information system applications that are emerging.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Artificial aeration is used to prevent winter fish kills due to oxygen depletion in ice-covered lakes. Conventional aeration by air bubble plumes and other techniques usually mixes the water column and produces hazardous open water in the ice cover. A non-mixing winter lake aeration system which creates a fish refuge was designed and field tested to oxygenate the water and maintain water temperature stratification in a lake such that no open water is created. The system uses a cascade aerator and has a design discharge and dissolved oxygen input rate of 85 1/s and 70 kg/d, respectively. Aerated water is discharged near mid-depth with minimum disturbance of the ambient water through a specially designed diffuser. The system was tested in a shallow 3 m deep lake of 17 ha surface area during two winters and was found to perform as expected. Significant photosynthetic production of dissolved oxygen under the ice-cover was also observed during snow-free periods.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Harvesting 29-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations on six small catchments in the Coastal Plain of west Tennessee caused variable but generally minor increases of storm-flow volumes during the four years following harvest. The increases were primarily associated with decreases of rainfall interception rather than with soil disturbance. Harvesting had no effect on stormflow volumes in six nearby catchments of 37-year-old loblolly pine to which the same treatments were applied. Postharvest increases of flow-weighted sediment concentrations averaged higher for the catchments with greater flows at both locations. During the fourth through eighth years after harvest, average sediment concentrations for harvested catchments at each location approximated closely the base rate of 62 mg L-1 previously defined for undisturbed pine types. Thus, relatively minor postharvest increases of stormflow volumes in the six 29-year-old plantations and increases of sediment concentrations in all 12 catchments were limited to about four years. Nevertheless, because of potential channel erosion, the findings confirm the need to extend stream management zones well up into drainages with intermittent and ephemeral flows wherever water quality is a concern. Despite certain undesirable effects of logging (baring of mineral soil, decreased weight and depth of forest floor, increased soil bulk density), the results demonstrate the high resilience developed by pine planted on severely eroded sites in the southern Coastal Plain.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Forced artificial mixing of temperature-stratified ponds, or small lakes or reservoirs, by liquid jets can enhance water quality and can also be energy efficient. Based on previous studies of jet mixing mechanics of stratified water bodies, a conceptual design approach is presented. The main “operational” and “system” design parameters are considered in the proposed method. Using minimization of a total cost estimate as a criterion, an iterative method for the selection of the number and size of the jets is developed and illustrated.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A variety of methods have been used to learn about the relation between streamfiow and recreation quality. Regardless of method, nearly all studies found a similar nonlinear relation of recreation to flow, with quality increasing with flow to a point, and then decreasing for further increases in flow. Points of minimum, optimum, and maximum flow differ across rivers and activities. Knowledge of the effects of streamflow on recreation, for the variety of relevant activities and skill levels, is an important ingredient in the determination of wise streamflow policies.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This paper critically evaluates the nature of irrigation distribution in India using the Rawlsian criterion of equity in dis. tribution and estimates the performance of different states in India according to the Rawlsian notion of fairness in distribution. It is found that there is considerable inequality across farm-size groups in the distribution of irrigated areas in general and canal irrigated areas in particular, and that there are wide interstate differences in the levels of this inequality. Further, it is found that switching over to a Rawlsian based distribution of canal irrigation will help in reducing the levels of inequality in overall irrigation distribution in all states.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : An important question posed by potential future shifts in climate relates to possible shifts in heavy rainfall events (intensity and/or frequency) used to design hydraulic structures. Heavy rain events were defined as those producing amounts having average recurrence intervals of two years or longer for a specific storm period at a given location. Estimates of such heavy rainfall shifts in the humid continental climate of the midwest were derived by using spatial and temporal analogs. Comparisons in areas of relatively warm, wet conditions were made with those having measurably cooler, drier average conditions. The spatial-temporal analogs provided comparative differences in precipitation and temperature similar to the magnitude of changes obtained from GCM estimates. Spatial analogs/analyses indicated 10 to 15 percent increases in the frequency distribution of rain events having recurrence intervals of 5 to 50 years. Two periods of notably drier and warmer conditions during the past 90 years revealed 5 to 15 percent decreases in the number of 2- to 10-year heavy rain events. The suppression percentages showed a strong tendency to increase with increasing recurrence interval from 2 to 10 years.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The concept of a space-time tradeoff is extended to the hydrologic data sets of competing rainfall-runoff modeling techniques. Examples are given by comparing the performance of a regression model and a quasi-physically based model using data from an experimental catchment and data synthetically generated. Space-time tradeoffs are demonstrated within the data sets of the two modeling techniques, but not across the competing hydrologic data sets.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Landfill siting and design guidelines or regulations differ from state to state. Most include hydrogeological criteria, referring to hydraulic conductivities, aquifers, ground water flow patterns, contaminant travel times, and distance between landfill and sensitive targets for contaminants, etc. However, almost all of the existing hydrogeological guidelines are incomplete, inconsistent, or both. The aquitard between landfill and regional aquifer frequently offers less resistance to leachate migration than compliance with regulations may suggest. Residence times of leachate, that makes it through the landfill liner, is often overestimated. Monitoring wells in the regional aquifer are unreliable detectors of local leaks in a landfill. If a landfill does leak, costly aquifer restoration is called for. For traditional landfill designs, ground water monitoring considerations suggest the siting over homogeneous sand and gravel aquifers, rather than over complex till environments. An alternative landfill design criterion is suggested, which is based on a negative hydraulic gradient underneath the landfill. This design guarantees ground water protection, simplifies landfill monitoring, and generally enhances the landfill economy.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A pumping test on a phreatic glacial till aquifer was performed near Ames, Iowa, in November 1990. The head in a horizontal well was pumped down rapidly and then held constant for the duration of the 30-hour test. Throughout the test, the flow rate at the pumped well and the head at an adjacent vertical observation well were recorded.The pumping test data were used to determine the hydraulic conductivity and specific yield of the aquifer. The results indicate a hydraulic conductivity of 2.23 × 10−5 cm/s and a representative specific yield of 0.03. Hydraulic conductivity was calculated by a simple integration of Darcy's Law after extrapolating the data to steady state. Specific yield was determined by use of several methods from the literature and a new method proposed by the author. The results show that specific yield increases with time, and that each method is within an order of magnitude of the others.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Erosion resulting from logging and road building has long been a concern to forest managers and the general public. An objective methodology was developed to estimate erosion risk on forest roads and in harvest areas on private land in northwestern California. It was based on 260 plots sampled from the area harvested under 415 Timber Harvest Plans completed between November 1978 and October 1979. Results confirmed previous findings that most erosion related to forest management occurs on a small fraction of the managed area. Erosion features larger than the minimum size inventories in this study (〉 13 yd3) occupied only 0.2 percent of the area investigated. Linear discriminant analysis was used to develop two equations for identifying critical sites (sites with erosion 〉100 yd3ac−1). The equations were based on slope, horizontal curvature (an expression of local topography), and soil color (on road sites) or the strength of the underlying rocks (on harvest sites). The equations can be used in planning to estimate the erosion risk of proposed activities. They can also be used to estimate acceptable risk thresholds based on the value of competing resources.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Existing water quality for the Middle Delaware Scenic and Recreational River is significantly better than is required by current standards, leaving a potential for degradation. A method is presented for deriving candidate antidegradation water quality criteria for this segment of the Delaware River using statistical analysis of historic (ambient) water quality data. Data for 34 water quality parameters are first evaluated for data density, serial correlation, trend, seasonality, and other factors. These preliminary analyses are based on observation of data plots and application of distribution-free statistical techniques that are insensitive to outliers and are robust to relatively mild violations of basic assumptions. Data for 12 of the parameters have sufficient density for further analysis and can reasonably be modeled as independent and identically distributed over time (either seasonally or for the entire data sets). For these 12 parameters, distribution-free statistical methods are developed and used to derive intervals within which there is high confidence (usually greater than 95 percent) that the quantiles with potential use as anti-degradation criteria (the 0.85th, 0.90th, and 0.95th quantiles in this study) for a particular parameter lie.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A model is developed for real-time operation of an irrigation reservoir with the objective of maximizing the value of multiple crop yields during a growing season. The model employs monthly additive and product forms of crop yield functions for dry matter and grain crops, respectively. The resulting nonlinear optimization model uses a log transform to reduce nonlinearities in the model. An application of the proposed model is compared to a common operating rule used in simulation models. The proposed model results were better in terms of net benefits from crop yields. The model uses GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System) language. It requires an IBM-compatible microcomputer and is suitable for use by a reservoir manager.
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    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0668
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: One of the objectives of EPA's indoor air quality (IAQ) program is to provide guidance on the impact of indoor sources on IAQ. A computer model, EXPOSURE, was developed to assist in this effort. EXPOSURE calculates pollutant concentration as a function of time for each room of the building. EXPOSURE includes effects of sources, sinks, room-to-room air movement, and air exchange with the outdoors. Several experiments designed to evaluate the impact of indoor sources on IAQ are described. Measured concentrations are compared with concentrations predicted by an IAQ model. The measured concentrations are in excellent agreement with the predictions. The model predictions and the experimental data demonstrate the importance of sinks in determining long-term IAQ.
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    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Sampling and analytical methods for gas- and particulate-phase polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in indoor air were evaluated in a controlled field study. Using 12-h, 25-m3 samples, gas-phase PAH were collected on XAD-4 resin and analyzed by GC-MS, and particulate-phase PAH were collected in filters and analyzed for by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Tests were conducted in homes and office buildings without active combustion sources and with gas stoves, wood stoves and cigarette smoking as controlled sources. Indoor concentrations, outdoor concentrations and air-exchange rates were simultaneously measured. The precisions of the concentrations were evaluated using collocated sample pairs collected indoors and outdoors. Net emission rates were calculated for the gas-phase PAH. Net emissions of these compounds were measured in buildings without active combustion sources. Environmental tobacco smoke was identified as a significant source of both gas- and particulate-phase PAH.
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    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: A model based on heat diffusion through the skin is developed for the dynamic response of cutaneous thermo-receptors to temperature stimuli at the skin surface. It is applied to various neurophysiological experiments with good results. The model is then extended to sensation and a set of psychophysical experiments on human subjects is examined and compared with the model predictions. Altogether, in terms of both the neurophysiological response and the sensation response, this model gives good agreement with the experiments.
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    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: The main airflow and contaminant paths or the spatial distribution of the age of air (or contaminant) in a room are of great interest in estimating venrilation efficiency. A simple meusurement method is presented which consists of injecting one or more tracer gases at locations of interest and analysing the concentration at several other locations, carefully chosen for best accuracy.Response functions can be fitted to these measurements, which are the age of the tracers or of the air or the concentration of the tracers as a function of the location. The salient paths, such as the dead zones, are also determined from these functions.The paper presents the method, its application and validation in a well controlled test room.
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  • 66
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Initation of the eyes and the upper respiratory tract (sensory irritation) in man due to the emission of vapours and gases from water-based indoor paints has been estimated from their ability to decrease the respiratory rate in mice (ASTM: E981-84, slightly modified). An acid-curing lacquer, known to give rise to sensory irritation during occupational exposure, was used as the positive control. In the bioassay the and-curing lacquer also gave rise to a pronounced sensory irritation, confirming that the ASTM method was applicable. Furthermore, the emission of formaldehyde, bases and acids was determined. The irritation within the first week was mainly due to the emission of organic solvents, but formaldehyde also played a role. Later the sensory irritation effect was caused mainly by the emission of formaldehyde. This indicates that the method revealed the different emission phases. None of the water-based paints (3 latex wall paints, 1 silicate paint and 1 distemper) gave rise to a biologically significant irritation effect. Nor did the water-based products emit formaldehyde or acids. However, varying degrees of emission of ammonia were observed. Taking into account the biological detection limits, no significant degree of sensory irritation can be expected in man 1-2 weeks after indoor painting with the tested water-based products.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether asthmatic reactions and changes in tear film quality could be provoked by exposing subjects to emissions from building materials in climate chambers. Twenty asthmatics and 5 healthy controls were exposed to (1) gypsum board hung with waterborne painted wallpaper; (2) rubber floor covering; (3) nylon carpet with rubber mat; (4) particle board coated with acid-curing paint; and (5) no test materials in climate chambers for 6 h. Participants recorded symptoms by filling in questionnaires, and clinical data were evaluated by lung function measurements at intervals of 30 min to 1h, and external eye examinations before and after exposure (appearance of foam at eyelid, semi-quantitative measurements of precorneal superficial lipid layer, break-up time and epithelial damage). There was agreement between a trained panel's evaluation of perceived air quality and the participants' opinion of indoor air quality. No correlation was found between lung function measurements and exposure to the materials. However, for all materials, statistically significant changes in tear film quality were observed to varying degrees. Lipophilic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) may destabilize the lipid multilayer of the tear fluid, and this mechanism is suggested to be at least partly responsible for eye irritation.
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    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0668
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Acute responses to 65 min exposures to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) were tested in 24 healthy non-asthmatic nonsmokers and 16 asthmatic nonsmokers, using an environmental chamber. Each subject was exposed to air (sham), and machine-generated cigarette smoke containing 17 ppm and 31 ppm carbon monoxide (CO). Nonasthmatic subjects exercised intermittently (mean respiratory minute volume (V̊E) of 44 l/min during each of two 15–min exercise bouts); asthmatic subjects remained at rest. After completion of the exposure, subjects made a 0–5 rating of the severity of symptoms, as well as rating the overall severity of exposure on a 0–100 scale. Both symptoms and exposure severity rating were significantly related to CO concentrations. Ratings for a given ETS exposure tended to be higher for asthmatic than for nonasthmatic subjects. Overall exposure severity rating was significantly (p 〈 0.05) related to four symptom scores for the asthmatics and three for the nonasthmatic subjects. Symptoms common to both groups included unpleasant odour, and nasal discharge; shortness of breath was unique for nonasthmatics and eye irritation for asthmatk subjects. Although the nonasthmatic subjects were exercising intermittently, and thus received both a higher respiratory exposure (calculated from a CO-based index of ETS concentration, V̊E, and time) and biological exposure (calculated independently using a rebreathing estimate of the increment in carboxyhemoglobin level), the asthmatic subjects appeared to be more adversely affected by the ETS exposures in terms of their subjective responses.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of symptoms and the perception of poor indoor air quality among the occupants of houses and apartments with different ventilation systems. The study population consisted of the 473 occupants of 242 dwellings in the Helsinki metropolitan area who responded to a self-administered questionnaire (response rate 93.1%) after a two-week period of indoor air quality measurements. The symptoms of interest were those often related to poor indoor air quality including dryness or itching of the skin; dryness, irritation or itching of the eyes; nasal congestion (“blocked nose”) nasal dry-ness; nasal discharge (“runny nose”); sneezing; cough; breathlessness; headache or migraine; and lethargy, weakness or nausea. Perception of coldness; warm-ness; draught; dryness; stuffiness; and sufficiency of air exchange was also requested. The age-standardized period prevalences of the symptoms and complaints were systematically more common among the occupants of the apartments than those of the houses. The occupants of the houses with natural ventilation seemed to have more symptoms and complaints than those with balanced ventilation. However, in the apartments with balanced ventilation the occupants reported, in general, more symptoms and complaints than those with natural ventilation.
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  • 70
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    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Mechanical ventalation system performance involves the provision of adequate amuunts of outdoor air, uniform distribution of ventilation air within the occupied space, and the maintenance of thermal comfort. Standard measurement techniques exist to evaluate thermal comfort and air change rates in mechanically ventilated buildings; procedures to evaluate air distribution or ventilation effectiveness in the field are still being developed. This paper presents measuremetlts of air change rates and ventilation effectivenes in an office/library building in Washington, DC. The tracer gas decay technique was used to measure whole building air change rates. The air change rates during the measurement period were essentially constant at about 0.8 air changes per hour, somewhat below the design specification and above the minimum recmmmded in ASHRAE Standard 62-1989. Ventilation effectiveness was investigated at several locations within the building through the measurement of local tracer gas decay rate and mean local age of air. The ventilation effectiveness measurements serve as an investigation of the applicability of the m e a s u r r n procedures employed, providing insight into the measurement issue of establishing initial conditions, the spatial variation in test results within a building, and the repeatabildy between tests. The results of the ventilation effectiveness meusurements are consistent with good distrhtion of the outdoor air by the ventilation system and good mixing within the occupied space.
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  • 71
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: This paper describes tests of thermal comfort and air distribution performance of two relatively new occupant-controlled localized ventilation (also called task ventilation) systems. The first is a raisd-floor distribution system providing air through grilles in the floor panels, and the second is a desk-mounted unit supplying conditioned air at desktop level. The tests were performed in a new controlled environment chamber (CEC) having unique capabilities for detailed studies of space conditioning and thermal comfort in office environments. Measurements were made in a mockup of a typical partitioned open-plan office, and the resulting temperature and air velocity distributions are reported for a variety of system- and locally controlled conditions. Comfort model predictions are presented to describe the degree of environmental control and range of occupant comfort levels produced in the workstations. The results are also compared to those produced by a conventional ceiling supply system.The tests investigated the effects of supply volume, supply location, supply vent orientation, supply/return temperature difference, heat load density, and workstation size and layout. Temperature differences in the range of 1–2.5°C were observed between adjacent workstations, and local air velocities in the vicinity of outlets could exceed 3 m/s. Such wide-ranging values could violate existing comfort standards (ASHRAE, 1981; ISO, 1984), if strictly interpreted. However since these systems put the local thermal conditions within the workstations under the direct control of their occupants, it is recommended that the standards grant exceptions to such systems.
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  • 72
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: A new turbinemeter has been developed to be used as a ventilation rate sensor in livestock buildings. On the basis of a previous sensor introduced in 1983, several improvements have been made to develop a low-cost airflow rate sensor with an acceptable accuracy of 60 m3/h in a range from 200 to 5000 m3/h for pressure differences from 0 to 120 Pa. This sensor can be integrated in the climate control equipment of livestock buildings to improve process control.
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  • 73
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    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: The effects of mechanical ventilation on the sick building syndrome (SBS) were studied in an office building with 2150 employees, where the mechanical ventilation and indoor air quality were commonly blamed for causing symptoms typical of the SBS (nasal, eye, and mucous membrane symptoms, lethargy, skin symptoms and headache). The mechanical ventilation rates in the building were high (mean 26 l/s/person). To test the hypothesis that mechanical ventilation causes the SBS, a controlled experimental study was carried out by shutting off the ventilation in one part of the building and reducing the ventilation rate by 75% and 60% in two areas while leaving one part unaltered as a control. The experimental reduction of the ventilation rate did not alleviate the symptoms. On the contrary, the reduction of the ventilation rate caused a slight but statistically significant relative increase in symptoms (p 〈 0.05). In the cross-sectional analysis of the baseline data the SBS symptoms did not associate significantly with the ventilation rate (range 7–70 l/s/person). In the linear regression model, a positive correlation was found between temperatures above 22°C and the occurrence of symptoms (p 〈 0.05). Subjects exposed to environmental tobacco smoke had more symptoms than those not exposed (p 〈 0.01). Women reported more symptoms than men (p 〈 0.001). In addition, any prior history of allergic diseases (p 〈 0.001) and a negative attitude towards the social atmosphere at work (p 〈 0.001) were significant determinants of the SBS.
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  • 74
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    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: The indoor air quality in several types of dwellings that were renovated to save energy for spatial heating has been investigated. Concentrations of pollutants were monitored in three rooms of inhabited houses. Data of the outside air and ventilation and infiltration were also collected. Relationships were established between observed concentrations and ventilation. In some cases concentrations show a good relationship with the calculated air change rate, in other cases this relationship was poor or absent.Elevated levels of pollutants could be related to sources in most cases. The ventilation behavior of the inhabitants has a major influence on the concentrations.From this and other studies it can be concluded that, in general, making dwellings more airtight leads to higher concentrations of pollutants. Deviations from health-related guidelines then become more likely.
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  • 75
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: The Zolder case was one of the six case studies on mould problems and sulface condensation, initiated within the International Energy Agency (IEA) Annex 14 on “Condensation and Energy”. This project, a joint research effort of Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, was completed in March 1990.Complex relations bemeen mould, surface condensation, energy caservation and parameters such as the outdoor climate, the thermal quality of the building, the ventilation and the occupants' behaviour are explained, followed by an analysis of the Zolder-Lindeman case. This illustrates the extent to which mould may deteriorate the livability of a social housing estate. On three houses, different mitigation measures were evaluated before and after implementation: loft space insulation, inside insulation, double glazing outside insulation, natural ventilation, and demand controlled ventilation.The results for one of the three show that the severe mould problems resulted from the cambination of poor overall insulation quality and the impossibility of ventilating properly. A thermal retrofit, together with the installation of a natural ventilation system, proved to be successful.
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  • 76
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: This paper describes the techniques used within the ESPR/〉 system to represent and solve the heat and mass conservation equations relation to combined building and plant systems. In Particular, it describes the equation-sets used to represent inter-zonal (building) and inter-component (plant) fluid flow and the method used for the integration of the non-linear heat and muss frow equations. By means of a case study, the application in a real design context is demonstrated.
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  • 77
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: The influence of personal activity sources on exposure to indoor contaminants is defined and demonstrated using data from occupational and residential studies. The ratios of measurements from personal exposure monitors to those made by microenvironmental exposure monitors are summarized to be typically 3 to 10 for occupational settings and 1.2 to 3.3 for residential settings. The ratios are shown to be lognormally distributed, and dependent primarily on the proximity of the source to the receptors. Current models are reviewed for possible application to the prediction of indoor concentration gradients and future model development and validation studies are suggested.
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  • 78
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    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: We model radon entry into basements using a previously developed three-dimensional steady-state finite difference model that has been modified in the following ways: first, cylindrical coordinates are used to take advantage of the symmetry of the problem in the horizontal plane, thereby increasing resolution and computing eficiency without signifiant loss of generality; second, the configuration of the basement has been made m e realistic by incorporating the concrete fmtm which sup ports the basement walls and floor; third, a quadratic relationship between the pressure and flow in the L-shaped gap between slab, footer, and wall has been employed; and fourth, the natural convection of the soil gas which follows from the heating of the basement in winter has been taken into account. The temperature field in the soil is determined fiom the equation of energy consmation, using the basement, surface, and deep-soil temperatures as boundary conditions. The pressure field is determined from Darcy's law and the equation of mass conservation (continuity), assuming that there is nofIow across any boundary except the soil surface (atmospheric pressure) and the opening in the basement shell (fixed pressure), Since the energy conservation equation includes both heat advection and conduction, the temperature and pressure equations must be coupled. After the pressure and temperature fields have been obtained, the velocity field is found fiom Darcy's h. Finally, the radon concentration field is found from the equation of mass-transport, assuming that diffusive entry through openings may be neglected. The convective radon entry rate through the opening or openings is then calculated. In this paper we describe the modified model, compare the predicted radon entry rates with and without the consideration of thermal convection, and compare the predicted rates with rates determined from data from seven houses in the Spokane River valley of Washington and Idaho. Although the predicted rate is much lower than the mean of the rates determined from measurements, er-TOTS in the measurement of soil permeability and variations in the permeability of the area immediately under the basement slab, which has a signifiant influence on the pressure field, can account for the range of entry rates inferredfiom the data.
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  • 79
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    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: The interaction of indoor air pollutants with interior surfaces (i.e., sinks) is a well known, but poorly understood, phenomenon. Studies have shown that re-emissions of adsorbed organic vapours can contribute to elevated concentrations of organics in indoor environments. Research is being conducted in small environmental test chambers to develop data for predicting sink behaviour. This paper reports on the development of sink models based on fundamental mass transfer theory. The results of experiments conducted to determine the magnitude and rate of adsorption and desorption of vapour phase organic compounds for several materials are presented. Five materials were evaluated: carpet, painted wallboard, ceiling tile, window glass, and upholstery. Two organic compounds were tested with each material: tetrachloroethylene (a common cleaning solvent) and ethylbenzene (a common constituent of petroleum-based solvents widely used in consumer products). The results of the experimental work are presented showing the relevant sink effect parameters for each material tested and comparing the sorptive behaviour of the two organic compounds evaluated. An indoor air quality (IAQ) model was modified to incorporate adsorption and desorption sink rates. The model was used to predict the temporal history of the concentration of total vapour phase organics in a test house after application of a wood finishing product. The predicted results are presented and compared to measured values. Suggestions for further research on indoor sinks are presented.
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  • 80
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Airborne pollutants can cause failures in switching and computing equipment. This paper focuses on a subset of such pollutants - airborne fine panicles (〈 2.5 μm diameter). It begins by examining the extent to which different improvements in heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems reduce indoor concentrations of fine particles. For each modification, the consequent reduction in soiling rate is derived. The concomitant increase in operating costs is also calculated. These costs are then compared with the costs of failures in telephone switching offices, leading to estimates of failure rate reductions that would make improvements cost-effective. Finally, the reduction in failures required to offset the costs of the improvements are compared with documented differences in failure rates between unimproved and improved environments. This study suggests that, in many telephone switching offices, the added operating costs associated with more efficient building filters and continuous fan operation are more than offset by reductions in failure rates.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Monitoring of human reactions to the emission of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOC) from four commonly used building materials was carried out. The building materials were: a painted gypsum board, a rubber floor, a nylon carpet, and a particle board with an acid-curing paint. The exposures were performed in climate chambers. The air quality was quantified on the decipol scale by a trained panel, measurements of formaldehyde and VOC being performed simultaneously. The irritating potency of the materials was measured by a mouse bioassay. The VOC measurements showed several malodorants and irritants. Some abundant VOC identified in the head-space analyses were absent in the climate chamber air. The rubber floor and the nylon carpet exhibited a marked increase in decipols compatible with a number of odorous VOC identified in the air. A high formaldehyde concentration (minimum 743μg/m3) was measured for the particle board coated with an acid-curing paint. This was not reflected by a corresponding relatively high decipol value but a long-lasting irritating potency was observed in the mouse bioassay. TVOC sampled on Tenax and expressed in mass per volume as well as in molar concentration, and decipol evaluation both have limitations and should be used with caution as indicators of (perceived) indoor air quality. Eye irritation expressed by means of the eye index reflecting the tear film quality index (comprised of break-up time, foam formation, thickness of the precorneal lipid layer of the tear film, and epithelial damage) was found to be insensitive to formaldehyde and a VOC mixture but sensitive to TVOC concentrations of 1–2 mg/m3. Lipophilic VOC may be the cause of reduced tear film quality by destabilization of the lipid multilayer of the tear film.
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  • 82
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: The aim of the study was to compare the results of a self-administered questionnaire, designed to estimate the prevalence of the sick building syndrome, with an independent medical interview and clinical opinion. Six buildings were chosen for study from a sample of 47 with known measurements of the building symptom index. One building with a high and one with a low score was selected from each of three ventilation classes (natural ventilation, air-conditioning with induction units and air-conditioning with variable air volume systems). A stratified random sample of 160 workers in these buildings was studied. Each received, in random order, a self-administered questionnaire, and a medical opinion based on a free medical history. The doctor had no access to the self-administered questionnaire at the time. The average number of work-related symptoms per worker (the building symptom index), which is used to compare one building with another, showed a good agreement between the two methods. There were, however, consistent differences between the two assessments in individual symptoms. The self-administered questionnaire produced a higher prevalence of work-re-lated runny nose and flu-like symptoms, which were often regarded as being due to infections in the medical opinion. In individuals, work-related symptoms on the self-administered questionnaire were validated by the medical opinion in over 75% of cases for eye and throat symptoms, lethargy and headache. Only 31% of work-related runny nose and 21% of work-related flu-like symptoms were thought by the medical opinion to be work-related. The medical opinion identified an extra 5% of work-related symptoms that were missed on the self-administered questionnaire. The self-administered questionnaire therefore produced a satisfactory estimate of the building symptom index, removing the potential bias of an interviewer. The questions on ninny nose and flu-like symptoms would be improved by including only those that occurred more frequently. The building symptom index was calculated for the six buildings twice, with separate random samples of workers completing the questionnaire two years apart. The buildings were ranked in the same order (for the building symptom index) on both occasions, again confirming the validity of the self-administered questionnaire.
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  • 83
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Thermal comfort measurements were taken in 17 enterprises at 129 work sites in shops, stores and offices. The measurements included air temperature, air velocity, relative humidity and radiant temperature asymmetry according to ISO 7726 and ISO 7730 standards. The workers also answered a questionnaire dealing with thermal comfort. Predicted mean vote (PMV) and the percentages of workers complaining of draught (“percentage dissatisfied”, PD) were determined and compared with the workers' assessments of thermal conditions. The estimations of air temperature were always too low, and the estimated PMV indicated that the thermal environment was too warm. The calculated PMVs were usually lower than the estimated ones. Most of the workers complained of draught, even though, according to the PD index, fewer than 17% of the workers should have felt discomfort due to draught. The radiant temperature asymmetry was always small and did not explain complaints of draught on the basis of the reference value. Judged by the present reference values, and the measurement of the thermal environment, the workers overestimated the sensation of thermal discomfort.
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  • 84
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Field measurements of 21 volatile organic compounds (VOC) using diffusive samplers, formaldehyde, temperature, and humidity were performed from the time of building completion throughout the following one-year period in two new semi-detached twin apartments. One of these was occupied after six weeks. Headspace analyses from all building materials and products showed 120 different VOC. Formaldehyde concentrations were strongly seasonally dependent in the vacant apartment and increased to above 400 μg/m3 during the warm season. The formaldehyde concentration generally decreased in the occupied apartment but increased again during the fall season. VOC originating from building materials generally showed a decrease in emission, but strong seasonal variations were observed. It was shown that human activity introduces several VOC to the indoor environment. Storage of motorcycle parts in the crawl space of the occupied apartment resulted in migration and an infiltration of benzene and toluene into the apartment above and probably to a delayed peak concentration in the twin vacant apartment. Similarly, large VOC increases in one apartment were reflected by a later increase of the same VOC in the twin apartment. Hexanal increased during the warm season. TVOC, as the sum of 21 VOC, was generally approximately 50 % higher in the occupied apartment during the cold season. The results indicate the difficulties in interpreting long-term measurements. The “flushing period” recommended for this type of building has been estimated to be about 130 days.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: This paper summarizes the sampling and analysis methods used to collect and quantify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and PAH derivatives in indoor and outdoor air at 33 homes heated in two cities, Columbus OH and Azusa CA. Two new samplers were developed far these studies: one with a flow rate of 200 l/min to collect material for bioassay and chemical analysis and a similar one with a flow rate of 20 l/min to collect samples for chemical analysis only. Both samplers simultaneously collect semivolatile organic compounds in the particulate and vapor phases. Both are quiet, transportable, and operate entirely within the sampled environment. The samplers' field performance was evaluated; that of the 20 l/min sampler is discussed in detail. Some typical data and findings from the studies are presented.
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  • 86
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: This publication summarizes field investigations and controlled experiments on the relation between low levels of indoor air pollution with volatile organic compounds (VOC) and human health and comfort. The Henle-Kock criteria from epidemiology are revised for the dose-response relation between VOC's and health as comfort effects and existing evidence for each criterion are discussed. A biological model for human responses is suggested, based on three mechanisms: sensory perception of the environment, weak inflammatory reactions, and environmental stress reactions. Further, the TVOC-indicator concept for exposure is discussed. The conclusion is that no experimental or field data contradict the proposed causality. On the contrary, evidence supports the suggested causality. The biological model, however, is not yet based on acceptable measures of the variables for exposures, co-variables or health effects. A tentative guideline for VOC's in non-industrial indoor environments is suggested. The no-effect level seems to be about 0.2 mg/m3. A multi-factorial exposure range may exist between 0.2 and 3 mg/m3. Above 3 mg/m3 discomfort is expected.
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  • 87
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to predict how indoor air is perceived when polluted by different materials simultaneously. A panel of five trained judges was exposed to air polluted by each of 11 different single pollution sources. The panel was also exposed to 13 pair combinations of these single pollution sources and to one combination of five sources. The pollution sources comprised typical indoor building materials, materials from ventilation systems and other frequently occurring indoor pollution sources. The results indicate that the total sensory pollution load in a space may, as a first approximation, be predkted by simple addition of the olf values of the single sources.
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    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: This is a case study of the radon diagnostics and mitigation performed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Office of Research and Development in a New York State school building. Research focused on active subslab depressurization (ASD) in the basement and, to a lesser degree, the potential for radon reduction in the basement and slab-on-grade sections using the heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system.Based on radon diagnostic measurements in the basement, a five-point ASD system was installed, and recommendations were made to increase the outdoor air supply through the basement unit ventilator. Because of the high radon levels in the basement (1720 bequerels per cubic meter, Bq m−3) and limited subslab pressure field extension, both mitigation approaches were needed to reduce radon to below the current EPA guideline of 148 Bq m−3. The effects of excavating a suction pit under each of the five suction points were also investigated. Pit excavation, together with adjustment of the airflows at the suction points, decreased average radon levels in the basement by an additional 40 percent.In the slab-on-grade section, it was recommended that the school hire a HVAC contractor to evaluate the unit ventilators for increased outdoor air supply. This was recommended both to improve indoor air quality and because diagnostic measurements indicated that an ASD system would require an excessive number of suction points in the slab-on-grade classroom.
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  • 89
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from five different waterborne paints was measured in small climatic chambers under standard conditions over a one-year period. The aims of the study were to evaluate the time emission profiles and to develop methods for comparison of different paints. The paints were applied to tin-plated steel sheets. VOCs were sampled on Tenax TA and analysed by thermal desorption and gas chromatography. The chamber concentrations increased rapidly during the first few hours and then decreased as the emission rates dropped. A model expression including an exponentially decreasing emission rate of the paint film, the air exchange rate, and a normalization of the film thickness was fitted to the concentration versus time data. The time required to reach a given emission rate was estimated and found suitable for comparison of the emission of VOCs from the paints. It was found that data sampled within three weeks or less may be sufficient to predict the emission of VOCs up to one year. Reduction of long-term emissions may be achieved most efficiently by (1) substituting a more -volatile VOC whose emission is controlled by evaporation for a less volatile VOC characterized by diffusion-controlled emission and (2) reducing the paint film thickness rather than reducing the initial VOC content of the paint.
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: We have developed a new air sampler for collecting parriculate and gas phase polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC). This sampler was designed to collect a 25 m3 volume of air at a constant sampling rate of 34 l/min over a 12-hour sampling penod. The 25 m3 sample volume is necessary to achieve the desired nglm3 detection limit for PAC. The 34 l/min sampling rate is estimated to cause less than a 5% reduction in the indoor contaminant concentrations. The sampler pump is a I/4 horsepower vacuum pump in an acoustically shielded fan-cooled enclosure and is relatively quiet. The pump draws air through a 47 mm teflon impregnated glass fibre filter for collection of particulate-phase PAC followed by a cartridge containing XAD-4 resin in front and back sections (2.5 g each) for collection of gas-phase PAC. In a pilot field study the mean breakthrough from the front sorbent section to the back section was less than 1% for each of 14 species of gas phase PAC except biphenyl which had a mean breakthrough of 3.7%. The pressure drop increase across the filter is linear up to a loading of 6 mg and causes less than a 10% reduction in the sample flow rate. The sampler was successfully demonstrated in a pilot field test with air temperatures as high as 30°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: A chamber method for the characterization of the complex composition and time dependence of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from household products is described and the results obtained for five household products (two liquid floor detergents, one wax, a spray detergent for carpets, and a spray polish for furniture) are reported and compared to headspace measurements.An empirical mathematical model has been used to describe the time dependence of VOC concentrations in the chamber. The model allows characterization of complex emissions and their time dependence with relatively few parameters.Significant differences in the composition of emissions determined in the chamber and in headspace air have been observed and are discussed in terms of polarity and water solubility of the emitted compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Displacement ventilation is acknowledged to be an efficient system for the removal of contaminants and excess heat from occupied zones of rooms. However, airflow rates, temperature and the design of the air supply device strongly influence the parameters which determine thermal comfort. This paper reviews experiments and theoretical models which show the connection between these parameters. The width and shape of the air supply device have been varied, and a porous media has been used on the inlet area of the air supply device. The velocity and temperature profiles have been measured. The results presented show also that the flow can be described with respect to width and form of the profiles for temperature and velocity. The flow does not operate like a turbulent jet due to thermal stratification. It is shown that the Archimedes number of the supply air is the parameter which determines the air velocity in the area close to the floor. (The Archimedes number is here defined as the ratio between buoyancy and inertia forces.) The results show that it is possible to remove considerable amounts of excess heat from a room, typically 40-50 W/m2, without exceeding the limits for thermal comfort. However, this requires relatively high airflow rates and supply air terminal units at least along one of the walls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: In recent yean, some building design professionals have become more aware of the indoor air quality concerns of owners and occupants and as a result, they have made some important changes to improve indoor air quality and climate. These changes include improvements in site planning and design; overall building design; ventilation and climate control systems; and materials selection and specifications. In addition, changes that limit the chemical contamination of building air during the construction process and during occupancy of buildings are also occurring; some of these changes are specified or controlled by design professionals. However, the majority of design professionals have little or no awareness of indoor air quality considerations. There is inadequate dissemination of building science research results to design professionals. There is a need for a useful general body of knowledge, theory, and practice regarding building-environment-occupant interactions. The lack of such knowledge, theory, and practice is an impediment to developing the necessary professional design tools and practices to address effectively indoor environmental quality and energy conservation issues.
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: A parametric cost analysis was conducted to determine the importance of various system design and operating variables on t h installation and operating costs of active soil depressurization (ASD) systems for indoor radon reduction in houses. The objective was to help guide the research and development (R&D) efforts of the US. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to reduce ASD costs. Annual lung canter deaths due to radon cannot be reduced by more than about 14% to 22% unless houses having pre-mitigation levels of 148 Bqlm3 and less receive radon reduction systems. Reductions in ASD costs might increase voluntary use of this technology by homeowners at those levels. The analysis showed that various modifications to ASD system designs offer potential for reducing installation costs by up to several hundred dollars/〉, but would not reduce total installed costs much below $800–$1000. Reductions of this magnitude would probably not be sufficient to dramatically increase voluntary use of ASD technology. Thus, some innovative, inexpensive mitigation approach other than ASD would appear to be necessary. Decreased ASD fan capacity and increased sealing might reduce ASD operation costs (for fan electricity and house heating/cooling) by roughly $7.50 per month. It is unlikely that this amount would be a deciding factor for most homeowners.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Two families of macroscopic adsorption models are formulated, based on fundamental principles of adsorption science and technology, that may be used for macroscopic (e.g., whole-building) contaminant dispersal analysis. The first family of adsorption models – the Equilibrium Adsorption (EA) Models – are based upon the simple requirement of adsorption equilibrium between adsorbent and room air. The second family – the Boundary Layer Diffusion Controlled Adsorption (BLDC) Models – add to the equilibrium requirement a boundary layer model for diffusion of the adsorbate from the room air to the adsorbent surface. Two members of each of these families are explicitly discussed, one based on the linear adsorption isotherm model and the other on the Langmuir isotherm model. The linear variants of each family are applied to model the adsorption dynamics of formaldehyde in gypsum wall board and compared to measured data. These applications and a more general consideration of the dynamic character of adsorption provided by these models indicate that simple physical adsorption and desorption transport processes h e the potential to significantly affect the dispersal of contaminants in buildings.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: The paper evaluates ocular manifestations as reported in two different questionnaires completed within one to Two weeks by 164 office workers in four town halls in Copenhagen. Among 14 previously investigated, these town halls constitute the two with the highest and the two with the lowest prevalence of the Sick Building Syndrome (defined as mucous membrane complaints such as eye, nose or throat irritation, and general symptoms such as headaches or fatigue several times a week). There was a highly significant rank correlation in each of the four town halls between the frequency of self-reported ocular manifestations in the two questionnaires. Furthermore, the eye complaints reported in both questionnaires were significantly correlated with an objective measure for eye dryness, investigated using a biomicroscope. By combining the two questionnaires it was possible to define subgroups using both frequency of eye complaints and consistency of reporting in the two questionnaires. The subgroup of 107 subjects with consistency in the frequency of their eye complaints in the two questionnaires showed a significantly higher correlation with the objective index than did the subjects with inconsistent reporting. Furthermore, with increased frequency of complaints and consistency of reporting, not only the prevalence of microscopically determined eye dryness, but also the number of up to 7 different eye symptoms per subject increased, and an increased percentage of these symptoms was found to be related to sensory reactions in the common chemical sense, which earlier has been postulated to be involved in the Sick Building Syndrome. In conclusion, the study shows that data from two different questionnaires on self-reported ocular manifestations associated with the Sick Building Syndrome are reproducible and associated with objective dryness in the eyes.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in office buildings originate from multiple sources, such as outdoor air, building materials., occupants, office supplies, and office equipment. Many of the VOC found in office buildings are also present in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), e.g., benzene, toluene, formaldehyde. Measurements made to date in office buildings have been interpreted by some to imply that the contributions of ETS to VOC exposures in office buildings are small. We have made a first order estimate of the contributions of ETS to VOC concentrations based on the VOC content of ETS and a time-dependent mass-balance model. Four different ventilation-infiltration scenarios were modelled for a typical office building.The results indicate that ETS can contribute significantly to total indoor levels of VOC in office buildings, even under moderate ventilation conditions. Ranges of concentrations for three of the four modelled scenarios substantially overlapped measured ranges of the compounds in office buildings. Average daytime concentrations of benzene from ETS, for example, for three of the four modelled scenarios, ranged from 2.7 to 6.2 μg m−3, compared to reported measurements of 1.4 to 8.1 μg m−3 for four office buildings. Under a “worst reasonable” case scenario, the average modelled ETS-contributed concentration of benzene was 33.9 μg m−3 for a 40-hour work week.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: The Multichamber Consumer Exposure Model (MCCEM) is a user-friendly computer program that can be used to estimate indoor air concentrations and occupant inhalation exposures for chemicals released from products, materials, furnishings or appliances in structures such as residences. Among the major features of MCCEM are flexibility in running the model for durations from one hour to one year, a library of infiltration and interzonal airflow measurements for several hundred U.S. residences, a spreadsheet for input of time-varying emission rates, the ability to estimate inhalation exposure, and options for Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis. An illustrative application is given whereby assumptions concerning the emission profile and the number of chambers to be modeled are examined for impact on exposure estimates. Discussion is provided on the importance of model validation and an approach to validation is given for the illustrative application.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: It is well known that the inhabitants of dwellings use the room heating and ventilation to build up their own individual climatic zone in which they feel comfortable. To date individual measurements have been conducted to investigate these climatic zones, or line charts have been drawn up with a thermohygrograph in long-duration tests.Compared with the form of presentation used previously, the possibilities for evaluation have been substantially improved by the use of measured data-recording installations for the long-term investigation and presentation of results in the form of dots (temperature/humidity value pairs) in an h,x-diagram. The h,x-diagram is a type of psychrometric chart which is widely used in Germany. The advantage of this chart is that all thermodynamic properties of moist air can be determined without calculation. The dry bulb temperature, the wet bulb temperature, the dew point, the relative humidity, the humidity ratio, the specific enthalpy and the specific volume of moist air can be read directly from the diagram.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 1 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Concentrations of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) exceeding 1 mg/m3 have been implicated in the Sick Building Syndrome. Very few measurements of TVOC have been made in homes and buildings in the United States. However, stored gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data on 12-hour average values of individual VOCs from 750 homes and 10 buildings were available from EPA's Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Studies (1981-88). An initial study to determine the feasibility of obtaining a TVOC value from stored GC/MS data showed that TVOC estimates could be obtained with adequate precision. Therefore TVOC values were calculated for about 2700 personal, indoor, and outdoor air samples collected in the TEAM Studies.More than half of the personal and indoor air samples had TVOC levels exceeding 1 mg/m3, compared to only about 10% of the outdoor air samples. However, these calculated values may not be directly comparable with values determined using different sampling and analytical techniques. Nonetheless, since all samples were collected on Tenax cartridges, which (like all sorbents) adsorb only a portion of the organic chemicals in the air, these values are likely to be underestimates of the total volatile organic loading.
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