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1

Digitale Medien

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news (1994)

Reisner, Ann ; Walter, Gerry

Springer

Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 7 (1994), S. 157-172

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ISSN: 1573-322X

Schlagwort(e): press ; agriculture ; ethics ; newspapers ; farm magazines

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Philosophie

Notizen: Abstract All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02349035

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2

Digitale Medien

In situ measurement of algal growth potential in aquatic ecosystems by immobilized algae (1994)

Faafeng, Bjørn. A. ; Donk, Ellen ; Källqvist, S. Torsten

Springer

Journal of applied phycology 6 (1994), S. 301-308

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ISSN: 1573-5176

Schlagwort(e): eutrophication ; immobilization ; Selenastrum capricornutum ; running water ; agriculture ; microcosms ; biotesting

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract Cells of the green algaSelenastrum capricornutum were immobilized in alginate beads. The alga was able to grow inside these beads without being grazed by zooplankton. For P-limited immobilized cells, however, a lower µ m and initial slope of the Monod growth curve µ m /K s were found than for free cells. To study the feasibility of immobilized algae to estimate algal growth potentialin situ in aquatic ecosystems, a series of experiments were conducted in indoor model ecosystems (microcosms) and in a small stream. The use of immobilized algae allowed a continuous registration of algal growth potential integrated over periods with natural fluctuations in the environment. The method of encapsulation of the algae can, however, still be improved. The alginate matrix is exposed to marked degradation by microorganisms when incubated in polluted streams for a period longer than two weeks. The applicability of other types of matrices should be tested.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181943

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3

Digitale Medien

Nutrient balances and phytoplankton dynamics in two agriculturally loaded shallow lakes (1994)

Knuuttila, S. ; Pietiläinen, O. P. ; Kauppi, L.

Springer

Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 359-369

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ISSN: 1573-5117

Schlagwort(e): agriculture ; blue-green algae ; eutrophication ; internal loading ; nitrogen ; phosphorus

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract The impact of agriculture was estimated on two shallow, eutrophic lakes, Lake Kotojärvi and Lake Villikkalanjärvi in southern Finland. The main emphasis was on phosphorus and nitrogen budgets and on the phytoplankton dynamics. Special attention was paid to internal P loading and blue-green algal blooms. The mean Tot-P load from agricultural land was 1.2 kg ha-1 a-1 in both basins and Tot-N loads were 19 kg ha-1 a-1 in L. Villikkalanjärvi and 12 kg ha-1 a-1 in L. Kotojärvi. The Tot-P input to L. Kotojärvi was on an average 0.62 g m-2 a-1 (per lake surface area), and the Tot-N input 9.1 g m-2 a-1. The corresponding inputs to L. Villikkalanjärvi were 3.1 and 57 g m-2 a-1, respectively. The annual variation followed the runoff volumes. About half of the Tot-P and one third of the Tot-N load was retained in L. Kotojärvi. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the retention was only 24% for Tot-P and 19% for Tot-N. The difference was very probably due to a longer theoretical retention time in L. Kotojärvi. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the mean concentration of Tot-P was 120 µg 1-1 and that of Tot-N 1700 µg 1-1 and the corresponding figures in L. Kotojärvi 67 and 990 µg 1-1, respectively. The mean chlorophyll a concentration was, however, higher in L. Kotojärvi (26 µg 1-1) than in L. Villikkalanjärvi (20 µg 1-1). This was probably due to an internal P load in L. Kotojärvi: in 1988 the internal load of dissolved P was estimated to be as much as twofold the external load. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the internal dissolved P load was only up to 50% of the external input. In L. Kotojärvi the high internal P load coupled with a low DIN:DIP ratio resulted in a strong blue-green algal bloom in the summer of 1988. In L. Villikkalanjärvi blue-green algae were observed only in small amounts. Even in August 1990, when the DIN:DIP ratio was low enough to favor the occurrence of blue-green algae, they contributed only up to 10–15% of the total phytoplankton biomass.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026726

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4

Digitale Medien

Bioavailability of phosphorus in agriculturally loaded rivers in southern Finland (1994)

Ekholm, Petri

Springer

Hydrobiologia 287 (1994), S. 179-194

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ISSN: 1573-5117

Schlagwort(e): agriculture ; phosphorus ; bioavailability ; bioassays ; isotherms ; eutrophication

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract The potential bioavailability of phosphorus in agriculturally loaded rivers of southern Finland was determined by an algal bioassay and the release of the potentially bioavailable particulate P was estimated by sorption studies. According to the bioassay 0 to 13.2 per cent (mean 5.1%) of the particulate P in river water samples was potentially bioavailable. Dissolved reactive P (DRP) in river waters appeared to be totally bioavailable whereas the dissolved unreactive P appeared not to be utilized by algae. In addition to river waters two lake sediment samples were also assayed. In these samples 0 and 2.6% of the P was bioavailable. The potential bioavailability of particulate P in agriculturally loaded rivers obtained in this study was lower than that reported in studies from other countries. The difference was assumed to arise partly from methodological factors and partly from the nature of the Finnish soils. The EPC (equilibrium phosphate concentration) values indicated that during the period when most of the agricultural loading enters the lakes in Finland, potentially bioavailable P is not released from the particles because of the relatively high DRP concentration in the receiving waters. However, during the algal production period the DRP concentration in lakes decreases below the EPC and potentially bioavailable particulate P is desorbed. The increase in pH during this period may further enhance the desorption of P.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010733

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5

Digitale Medien

Towards a sustainable and efficient use of manure in agriculture: The Dutch case (1991)

Dietz, Frank J. ; Hoogervorst, Nico J. P.

Springer

Environmental and resource economics 1 (1991), S. 313-332

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ISSN: 1573-1502

Schlagwort(e): Manure problem ; nutrient policy ; nutrient surplus ; regulatory levy ; sustainability ; agriculture ; intensive livestock sector ; acidification ; groundwater pollution ; eutrophication

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Energietechnik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften

Notizen: Abstract Rapid increases in livestock production in the Netherlands have changed manure from a valuable input into a mere waste product. This is especially true for the southern and eastern parts of the country, where specialized pig and poultry farms have concentrated on sandy soils. As these farms generally own very little land, they largely depend on imported feedstuffs. As a consequence, manure is applied to the land in such large quantities that serious environmental problems have resulted: (1) eutrophication of surface water by phosphate emissions; (2) pollution of groundwater by nitrate emissions; and (3) acidification by ammonia emissions. In the last few years the Dutch government has developed a manure policy to counteract these effects. Our analysis of that policy has revealed at least three fundamental defects, which render the manure policy ineffective and inefficient. In this paper proposals are made to remove the defects in current manure policy. Much attention is paid to the problem of designing a mixture of policy instruments which is both effective as well as efficient in limiting the environmental problems caused by manure. It is shown that the use of financial incentives in regulation can substantially improve the efficiency of the manure policy. Finally, the main economic consequences of the proposed policy are examined for the public sector as well as for the agricultural sector.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367923

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6

Digitale Medien

Land use change in the Amazon estuary: Patterns of caboclo settlement and landscape management (1994)

Brondizio, Eduardo S. ; Moran, Emilio F. ; Mausel, Paul ; [weitere]

Springer

Human ecology 22 (1994), S. 249-278

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ISSN: 1572-9915

Schlagwort(e): land use ; land cover ; Amazon ; estuary ; flooded forest ; aÇai ; palms ; agriculture ; pastures ; swidden ; slash-and-burn agriculture ; succession ; remote sensing ; GIS

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie

Notizen: Abstract Landsat TM scenes for 1985 and 1991 are used to produce a georeferenced map of land cover and land use for an area of the Amazon estuary inhabited by three populations of caboclos with distinct patterns of land use. This information is combined in a geographic information system with ethnographic and survey research carried out over the past 5 years to develop representative spectral “signatures” which permit measurement and differentiation of land uses and the detection of change even between small areas of managed floodplain forest and unmanaged forest, and between three distinct age/growth classes of secondary succession following deforestation. Implementation of these procedures permit the scaling up or down of research at different resolutions. Three distinct patterns of land use are examined with differential impact on the environment. Mechanized agriculture at one site has eliminated virtually all the mature upland forest and is now dominated by secondary successional vegetation. The more traditional system of diversified land use at the next site shows a subtle cycling of flooded forest to managed palm forest through time in response to the price of palm fruit and cycling in the use of fallow land. A third site, based on palm fruit extractivism, shows minimal changes in land cover due to persistent specialization on management of flooded forest extraction. There is little evidence that the community with the greatest impact on forest cover is any better off economically than the two communities which have minimal impact on the landscape. This study suggests how a balance between use and conservation in Amazonia may be achieved in floodplain and estuarine areas, and the effectiveness of monitoring these types of land cover from satellite platforms.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02168853

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7

Digitale Medien

Measuring sustainability (1994)

Barnett, Vic ; Landau, S. ; Welham, S. J.

Springer

Environmental and ecological statistics 1 (1994), S. 21-36

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ISSN: 1573-3009

Schlagwort(e): agriculture ; economic index ; statistical tests ; total factor productivity

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Energietechnik

Notizen: Abstract An agricultural system is sustainable if productive output is maintained economically over time when assessed in relation to environmental concern. This paper considers ways of statistically evaluating measures of sustainability illustrated by reference to extensive data from the Classical Experiments at Rothamsted.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714195

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8

Digitale Medien

The effect of agricultural discharge on striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in California's Sacramento-San Joaquin drainage (1994)

Bailey, H. C. ; Alexander, C. ; Digiorgio, C. ; [weitere]

Springer

Ecotoxicology 3 (1994), S. 123-142

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ISSN: 1573-3017

Schlagwort(e): striped bass ; opossum shrimp ; agriculture ; toxicity ; bioassay

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Energietechnik

Notizen: Abstract The striped bass (Morone saxatilis) population of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has declined approximately 80% since the mid-1970s. This decline has been attributed to factors such as water diversions, pollution and reduced abundance of food organisms. One source of potential pollutants is agricultural return water. The Colusa Basin Drain discharges water from over 150 000 acres and can account for over 20% of the flow of the Sacramento River. Because discharge occurs at the same time striped bass are spawning, early developmental stages could be adversely affected. Toxicity studies conducted over a 3 year period consistently demonstrated acute toxicity to striped bass larvae and to opossum shrimp (Neomysis mercedis), an important food organism for juvenile striped bass. Acute toxicity was also demonstrated with striped bass embryos. In addition, a model based on pesticide use more effectively predicted striped bass recruitment during the period of decline than did a model based on historically important river flows and delta diversions. These studies indicate that agricultural return water should not be disregarded when considering potential causes of the decline of striped bass.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143410

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