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  • Articles  (1,332)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (1,332)
  • 1990-1994  (1,332)
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  • 1994  (782)
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  • Computer Science  (170)
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  • Articles  (1,332)
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  • 1990-1994  (1,332)
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  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GUEST EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION: HERE'S THE AI (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00139.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EXPLOITING CAUSAL STRUCTURE TO CONTROL RETRIEVAL AND REFITTING DURING PLAN REUSE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The ability to reuse existing plans to solve new planning problems can enable a domain-independent planner to improve its average case efficiency by exploiting the problem distribution and avoiding repetition of planning effort. The pay-off from plan reuse, however, crucially depends on finding effective solutions to two important underlying control problems: (i) controlling the retrieval of an appropriate plan and mapping to be reused in a new situation, and (ii) controlling the modification (refitting) of the retrieved plan so as to minimize perturbation to the applicable parts of the plan. This paper is concerned with the development of efficient domain-independent solutions to these two problems. For the retrieval, it provides a domain independent similarity metric that utilizes the plan causal dependency structure to estimate the utility of reusing a given plan in a new problem situation. For the refitting, it presents a minimum-conflict heuristic, again based on the causal dependency structure of the plan, to conservatively control the modification. The paper also discusses the implementation and evaluation of these strategies within the PRIAR plan modification framework.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00164.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BELIEVING ON THE BASIS OF QUALITATIVE RULES: COMMENTARY ON KYBURG (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00142.x
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  • 4
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    Electronic Resource
    INFERENCE AND ACCEPTANCE: COMMENTS ON KYBURG'S “BELIEVING ON THE BASIS OF THE EVIDENCE” (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00145.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EVIDENTIAL PROBABILITIES ARE NOT ENOUGH (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00146.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ON A GENERAL APPROACH TO HEDGED REASONING (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00144.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HEDGES, BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE, AND EVIDENCE: A REPLY TO KYBURG'S “BELIEVING ON THE BASIS OF THE EVIDENCE” (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00147.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ROLE OF PROBABILITY IN EPISTEMOLOGY (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00154.x
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  • 9
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    DISCUSSION OF KYBURG'S “BELIEVING ON THE BASIS OF THE EVIDENCE” (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00155.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A shell environment for developing connectionist decision support systems (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper presents the architecture of a neural network expert system shell. The system captures every rule as a rudimentary neural network, which is called a network element (netel). The aim is to preserve the semantic structure of the expert system rules, while incorporating the learning capability of neural networks into the inferencing mechanism. These netel rules are dynamically linked up to form the rule-tree during the inferencing process, just as a conventional expert system does. The system is also able to adjust its inference strategy according to different users and situations. A rule editor is provided to enable easy maintenance of the netel rules. These components are housed under a user-friendly interface. An application
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00330.x
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  • 11
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    Developing a case-based knowledge system for AIDS prevention (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a problem-solving paradigm where past experiences are used to guide problem-solving. This paradigm shows a great deal of promise for use in intelligent systems. Recent work in intelligent systems focusing on AIDS prevention reflects a growing interest in the case-based paradigm because AIDS prevention experts rely heavily on memory of previous cases when assessing subjects that exhibit AIDS-risky behaviors. If an AIDS prevention expert has seen a subject with similar AIDS-risky behavior previously, he or she is likely to draw on that experience to propose a solution to the new case at hand. This paper describes a CBR system that functions as an AIDS prevention expert. The inputs are risk behavior descriptions and the subject's test results. The system employs fuzzy mathematical algorithms to retrieve and select previous cases, thereby assessing the subject's risk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00331.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    NeuralDesk (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00335.x
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  • 13
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    The quality of expert probability judgement: issues and analysis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Many decision-aiding technologies require valid probability judgements to be elicited from domain experts. But how valid are experts' probability judgements? We describe two approaches to the assessment of quality of probability judgement—calibration and coherence—and review the research findings following from these two approaches. In many cases, expert probability judgement has been found to lack validity and this sub-optimality has largely been attributed to computational errors on the part of the expert. The preferred solution to poor validity in probability judgement has therefore been to reduce the amount of computation performed by the expert. Complex probabilities can be calculated mechanically from simple probability judgements elicited from the expert. We present evidence which suggests that this recomposition technique doesn't guarantee valid probabilities. Our explanation for this finding is that there are various problems concerned with eliciting even the simple probabilities which are necessary for subsequent recomposition. We conclude by proposing some solutions to these elicitation problems which should help ensure that probability judgements of increased validity are available to those attempting to capture subjective assessments for input into decision support systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00321.x
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  • 14
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    A hybrid expert system for investment advising (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Investor is an investment advising hybrid expert system which incorporates two of the most powerful techniques developed in artificial intelligence, the connectionist and the logic programming paradigms, in a unified model. Investor employs a neural network model to detect the interest rate trends and a rule-based component to classify the user into the appropriate investor model. The investor model and the interest rate information are then used by the knowledge base to infer the appropriate investment strategy. Genetic algorithms and classifier systems were employed to train and configure the architecture of Investor's neural network component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00332.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    News (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00337.x
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  • 16
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    Application of artificial neural networks for filtering, smoothing and prediction for a biochemical process (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The applicability of feed-forward neural networks for filtering, smoothing and prediction for processes is illustrated in this paper, exemplified by a simulated biochemical process. Filtering, smoothing and prediction are valuable for noisy processes and most of the standard techniques need some knowledge about the process or a model of the process. Artificial neural networks provide a good alternative to the conventional filters and do not need a model of the process. The inputs to the networks were one or more state variables with delayed measurements; the networks calculate the noise-free estimates of the variables. The Levenberg-Marquardt method was used to train the neural networks by minimising the sum of squares of the residuals. The results of filtering, smoothing and prediction were reasonably accurate. Linear activation functions were found to be adequate for most purposes. This is due to the fact that the non-linearity of the process is not very strong in the region of state space considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00322.x
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  • 17
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    When does VR need a big machine (or when will a PC do)? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00324.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    WCCI‘94: It's a fuzzy world out there (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00325.x
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    The virtual culture: can culture and technology really converge? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00326.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Superscape VRT (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00327.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    News (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00329.x
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  • 22
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    An exploratory study of two KA methods (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Empirical research into knowledge acquisition (KA) issues is important in the effort to improve the productivity of expert system developers. From an experimental perspective, the few studies that have been reported suffer from certain control and measurement difficulties. Here we conduct a study to demonstrate the feasibility of a new KA experimental strategy. The results of this study partially confirm and partially question results of earlier KA experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00001.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Book Review (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Neural Networks: Current Applications, P.G.J. Lisboa (Ed.)
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00328.x
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    MAPS: a language for multi-agent system design (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: A language for multi-agent system design (MAPS) is presented and discussed in this paper. Any agent in MAPS is thought of as an expert system standing on its own. It can communicate through synchronous and asynchronous message sending. Dedicated behaviours are provided which specify how incoming messages are processed. Inter-agent cooperation is controlled via production rules. Two pre-defined agent classes are provided, which are given specific problem-solving roles: Knowledge Server (KS) agents are meant to maintain and transmit knowledge about problem-solving states, while Knowledge Processor (KP) agents are meant to process these elements in order to progress towards a solution. The duality between agent and resource modelling levels on the one hand and between KS and KP modelling styles on the other is shown to allow the specification of various control strategies. The environment is currently running on HP, SUN and DEC workstations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00002.x
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  • 25
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    Human resource management expert systems technology (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper provides human resource managers with important guidelines when applying expert systems to human resource domains, by reviewing system characteristics, potential benefits and limitations, and appropriate domains to be selected, based on the literature. Structural and procedural aspects of expert systems development in human resource management (represented by a wheel model) and problem descriptions of each expert system respectively are important research results in this paper. We also show semantic networks or semantic nets used for a knowledge representation methodology on such major human resource management activities as human resource planning, recruiting, compensation and labor-management relations. Knowledge representation is a key component in the development stages of expert systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00004.x
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  • 26
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    Preventing terminal decline in Poland (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00005.x
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  • 27
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    Three levels of benefits in expert systems (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper is not about knowledge representation, nor knowledge structures, nor knowledge elicitation, nor even expert systems methodology. It is about the use of expert systems in their working context. Little has been written about the usage of expert systems from a theoretical point of view. What has been written from a practitioner's point of view often lacks structure, and thus can make only minor contributions to understanding and predicting the usage of expert systems.In an attempt to fill this gap, this paper proposes a model of benefits of expert systems. The model has three levels and benefits of various kinds are classified into three types. The paper presents a deductive argument for the model, rather than an inductive one, since full empirical studies have yet to be carried out. However, a case study is outlined that indicates the applicability of the model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00003.x
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  • 28
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    A new kind of pRAM (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00007.x
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  • 29
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    Getting to grips with arrears: ‘data mining’ systems at the Leeds (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00006.x
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  • 30
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    Shake-up in the constraints industry (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00008.x
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  • 31
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    Ilog and Bull combine on constraints (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00010.x
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  • 32
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    Book Review (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Annabel Beerel, Ellis Horwood, 1993
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  • 33
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    Virtuosi, virtual collaboration project (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 34
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    IF/Prolog returns with SNI (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 35
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    Leak detection club (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 36
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    Intelligent manufacturing from Hoskyns (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 37
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    Applications (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Development tools (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00016.x
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    Neural networks (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00017.x
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    Virtual reality (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00018.x
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    Publications (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00019.x
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    Company news (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00020.x
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    A fuzzy, knowledge-based decision support tool for production operations management (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Production operations managers frequently have to make decisions based on vague, imprecise knowledge. Any software tool developed to aid their decision making needs to take into account the approximate nature of the information available to them and the inexact knowledge to which individual facts are applied. Much of this knowledge is expressed as vague, linguistic articulations. A convenient framework for dealing with such approximate knowledge is fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory. As a specific example, a system was developed for providing decision support in the Just-in-Time area of production operations management.
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    Experiences with an expert systems prototyping methodology (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Although the benefits of knowledge-based expert systems (ES) and experiences with the methods, techniques and tools employed in knowledge engineering have been extensively reported, less is known about experiences with development and development methodologies. Although ES development is frequently associated with prototyping, a growing number of specific development methodologies have been proposed and are in use. Using information on four development projects at General Electric Industrial and Power Systems, this paper reports on the use of a variation of a prototyping methodology. It identifies some of the advantages, disadvantages and effects of using this approach to development. It raises a number of issues that future ES development methodologies will have to address.
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    Object/rule integration in CLIPS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper gives a brief overview of the C Language Integrated Production System (CLIPS) with a focus on the object-oriented features. The advantages of an object data representation over the traditional working memory element (WME), i.e. facts, are discussed and the implementation of the Rete inference algorithm in CLIPS is presented in detail. A few methods for achieving pattern-matching on objects with the current inference engine are given and, finally, the paper examines the modifications necessary to the Rete algorithm to allow direct object pattern-matching.
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  • 46
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    Involving users in expert system development (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The ultimate criterion of success for interactive expert systems is that they will be used, and used to effect, by individuals other than the system developers. A key ingredient of success in most systems is involving users in the specification and development of systems as they are being built. However, until recently, system designers have paid little attention to ascertaining user needs and to developing systems with corresponding functionality and appropriate interfaces to match those requirements. Although the situation is beginning to change, many developers do not know how to go about involving users, or else tackle the problem in an inadequate way. This paper discusses the need for user involvement and considers why many developers are still not involving users in an optimal way. It looks at the different ways in which users can be involved in the development process and describes how to select appropriate techniques and methods for studying users. Finally, it discusses some of the problems inherent in involving users in expert system development, and recommends an approach which incorporates both ethnographic analysis and formal user testing.
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    Genetic algorithms at Channel 4 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00316.x
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    AI is dead; long live AI (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00317.x
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    The DTI Workshop, 10 November 1993 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00318.x
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    Book Review (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Fuzzy Logic for the Management of Uncertainty, Lotfi Zadeh & Janusz Kacprzyk (Eds.) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1992, ISBN 0-471-54799-9
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    News (1994)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00320.x
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    PCR SSCP REVEALS HAPLOTYPE RELATED POLYMORPHISM OF PERB 1: A NEW MARKER FOR MHC β BLOCK TYPING (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Many new Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes have been discovered in the last 5 years. Defining the polymorphism of these new genes may elucidate their function and their relevance to diseases with MHC associations. Polymerase chain reaction and single stranded conformation polymorphism (PCR SSCP) analyses were used to detect sequence polymorphisms of PERB1 demonstrated by comparing the available genomic sequence of four haplotypes. This study showed that PCR SSCP of PERB 1 is reproducible. In addition, PERB1 alleles segregate within families together with MHC haplotypes. Typing results from the Forth Asia and Oceania Histocompatibility Workshop (4AOHW) cell panel indicate that the identified polymorphisms of PERB 1 are ‘haplotypic’, i.e., unrelated individuals carrying the same MHC ancestral haplotypes carry the same PERB1 SSCP pattern. Interestingly, PERB1 SSCP patterns allow the distinction of ancestral haplotypes which share HLA-B serological specificities, such as HLA-B44 and therefore this analysis can be used to further define MHC haplotypes and thus to improve our understanding of the evolution of this complex.
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    THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN COELIAC DISEASE, DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS AND CERTAIN HLA-ANTIGENS IN ICELANDERS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Twenty-eight cases of coeliac disease (CD) and seven of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) have been verified in Iceland. Standard serological techniques were used for HLA typing. Twenty-five individuals with CD were typed, 21 (84%) of whom carried DR3, DQ2. Twelve of these 25 (48%) had DR3, DR7, DQ2, which makes them possibly homozygous for DQ2, and suggests that homozygosity of DQ2 increases the risk for CD. The four DH patients that were typed all had HLA-B8, DR3, DQ2. It is concluded that CD and DH are associated with DR3, DQZ in Icelanders.
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    T CELL RECEPTOR DELTA LOCUS POLYMORPHISM IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In order to identify new susceptibility markers for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), we analysed the dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the T cell receptor delta locus (TCRD) in 65 RA patients and 99 healthy Belgian controls. A significant under-representation of the A4-A5 TCRD genotype was observed in the RA population.
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    ANNOUNCEMENTS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00224.x
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    THE FIRST HLA ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY IN THE KUWAITI POPULATION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HLA antigens of the Kuwaiti population are not as well characterized as those of other international ethnic groups. We present results for HLA typing of Kuwaiti individuals using commercial Biotest sera. Six hundred and seventy one Kuwaiti were typed for HLA-A, -B, -C antigens and 399 were typed for HLA-DR, -DQ antigens. Antigen frequency and gene frequency were computed for each phenotype observed. The antigens with the highest frequencies were HLA-A2, A1 and A3; B5, B12 and B7; Cw″4 and Cw-l; DR52, DR5, DR3 and DR7; DQ1 and DQ2. HLA haplotypes with strong linkage disequilibrium and characteristic of Kuwaiti population are A2-B5, A1-B8, B7-DR7 and B8-DR3. A comparison study with other populations is presented.
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    MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF CYP21 GENE MUTATIONS CARRIED ON HLA-B14 POSITIVE HAPLOTYPES (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HLA-B14 positive haplotypes have increased frequencies in a group of patients with puberty disorders, IgA deficiency and cancer of the ovary. Clinical investigations demonstrated that all these patients have high values of 170H progesteron after the ACTH test which suggests an alterated function of 21 hydroxylase enzyme. In order to investigate whether these B14 positive haplotypes carry the same CYP21 mutation in the various diseases and controls, we have amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the sections of CYP21B gene which include amino acid positions 172 and 281 where typical mutations are known to occur in 21 hydroxylase deficiency. The presence or absence of the defined mutations was tested by oligonucleotide hybridization using oligonucleotides, labelled with DIG-ddUTP, designed to hybridize with the mutated or with the normal sequence. It was found that regardless of whether the subject tested was a patient or a healthy control the mutation at position 281 was found in all cases carrying HLA-B14, DR1 haplotype. Interestingly, this mutation does not seem to be in association with HLA-B14, DR7 haplotype.These findings suggest that CYP21 gene plays a role in all these differing diseases although it must be stressed that there may be alternative explanations for the observed data.
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    Gm and Km PHENOTYPE FREQUENCIES IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS (CAH) B VIRUS INFECTION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Patients with CAH, extrahepatic HBV manifestation and healthy children were studied for presence of Gm 1,2,3,10,21 factors and Km 1 factor. Significantly higher frequency of Gm (1, 2, 3, 10, 21) phenotype was shown in CAH group as compared with the other two groups. Relationship between Km factors and examined groups was not found.
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    British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00211.x
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    HLA-DQA1 AND DQB 1 ALLELE AND GENOTYPE CONTRIBUTION TO IDDM SUSCEPTIBILITY IN AN ETHNICALLY MIXED POPULATION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HLA-DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 alleles have been determined in 42 families with one IDDM proband and 64 healthy controls, by oligotyping (PCR-SSO) using primers and probes from the XI International Histocompatibility Workshop. A positive DRB1 *03 and DRB1 *04 association with the disease was observed, whereas DRB 1*11 and DRB 1 *07 showed negative association but 19% of patients carried DRB1 alleles different to DRB 1 *03 or *04. When single alleles were considered, DQA1 *03 showed the strongest association with susceptibility to the disease (RR = 8.2, Pc = 0.00001) but this association was outgrown by 2 and 3 allele combinations, with genotype DRB 1 *04-DQA 1 *03-DQB1*0302/DRB1*03- DQA 1*0501- DQB 1*0201 showing the strongest association (RR = 28, Pc = 0.002). Application of the relative predispositional effect (RPE) method to our data, revealed a further susceptibility risk provided by the DRB1*13-DQA1*0102-DQB 1*0604 haplotype once DR3 and DR4 haplotypes were removed. When DQA1-DQB1 genotypes were analysed for presence of Arg 52 (DQ α) and absence of Asp 57 (DQ β), genotypes SS/SS were found significantly increased in diabetics. Interestingly, one of the strongest associations with the disease was observed with the DQA 1*03-DQB 1*0201 combination encoded mainly by genes in trans (RR = 11.7 Pc = 0.00004). These observations and their comparison with DR-DQ haplotypes in more homogeneous ethnic groups support the stronger influence of the DQ molecule rather than the individual DR or DQ alleles in the susceptibility to IDDM. They also emphasize the need for detailed HLA haplotype studies in non-Caucasian and ethnically mixed populations to gain further insight into the nature of genetic and environmental factors contribution to autoimmunity.
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    TNF Nco-I RFLP IS NOT AN INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The human TNF genes are located within the MHC class-III region on chromosome 6. The presence or absence of an Nco-I restriction site in the 5’ non-coding sequence of the TNFβ gene defines two alleles (TNFB*1 and TNFB*2). The segregation of these alleles has been associated with levels of TNFα or TNFβ production in systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and in healthy control individuals.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by high levels of TNFα within the synovial fluid and to address the question of whether this could be brought about by a genetic predisposition to high TNF production by RA individuals, we examined the distribution of this Nco-I polymorphism in 98 healthy volunteers and 123 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. No difference was observed between the normal and RA groups with respect to haplotype segregation or allelic frequency. Furthermore, no difference was observed between DR4+ or DR4- individuals in the control or RA groups.These data demonstrate that the high level of TNFα seen in the joints of RA patients is unlikely to be due to a genetic predisposition of these patients to high TNFα production, as defined by the TNF Nco-I restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).
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    NOMENCLATURE FOR FACTORS OF THE HLA SYSTEM, 1994 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00222.x
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    INDICATIONS OF AN AUTOIMMUNE COMPONENT IN LP(a) ASSOCIATED DISORDERS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The exceptionally strong independent association found between Lp(a) lipoprotein [Lp(a)] levels and atherosclerotic disorders indicate that Lp(a) is a factor of considerable importance in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The association between Lp(a) and diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and renal diseases suggest that Lp(a) may be involved in immunological mechanisms.Lp(a) has a great tendency to aggregate and bind to glucosaminoglycans, fibrin and fibronectin and is preferentially retained in the extracellular matrix during development of atherosclerosis and is in vitro phagocytosed by macrophages, probably as small aggregates. It was previously found that the Lp(a) level is significantly related to the HLA class II genotype in male patients with early coronary artery disease. In this paper additional results of interleukin determinations in relation to HLA type and Lp(a) levels are presented and discussed. It is suggested that an autoimmune process, perhaps triggered by a concomitant intracellular infection may occur, especially in patients with inherited high Lp(a) levels in combination with certain inherited HLA class II genotypes.
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    DPB1 LOCUS PCR-RFLP TYPING OF THE FOURTH ASIA-OCEANIA HISTOCOMPATIBILITY WORKSHOP CELL PANEL REVEALS A NOVEL DPB1 ALLELE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: DPB1 locus typing of the 155 cell 4AOHW panel was performed using a PCR-RFLP method. Ambiguity of allele assignment was resolved by amplification using sequence-specific primers. Of the 150 cells for which typings were achieved, three exhibited unusual restriction enzyme fragment patterns, suggesting the possibility of novel DPB1 alleles. Sequence analysis revealed one allele present in the currently reported 46, one novel allele (4AOHW/107) not present among the 46, and one from a non-human primate which is being investigated. Twenty-six (26) of the 34 10IHW cells have been studied previously by cDNA RFLP, and strong haplotypic associations have been demonstrated between DPA1 and DPB1 locus alleles. It is proposed that exploitation of intron polymorphisms marking haplotypes will be an integral part of future DPB 1 typing as a ‘first-pass’ stratification process to minimize the requirement for sequence-based methods to definitively assign DPB 1 alleles.
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    DISTRIBUTION OF HLA-A*28 ALLELES IN A SPANISH POPULATION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: DNA oligotyping was used to determine HLA-A28 subtypes in 25 unrelated Caucasian individuals living in or around Seville, Spain. Results showed that HLA-A*6802 was the most frequent allele, found in 14 individuals (53.8%), followed by HLA-68.3, which was present in eight subjects (30.8%), and both combined represented 84.6% of A28+ individuals in the area. The HLA-A*6801 allele was found in three individuals (11.5%), whereas HLA-A*6901 was present in one subject only (3.8%). Results indicate that the distribution of HLA-A28 alleles can vary among different Caucasoid populations. In this way, the high frequency obtained for A*6802 supports previous studies suggesting that the HLA-A*6802 allele was prevalent in people of the Mediterranean basin, in contrast to A*6801, prevalent in northern European populations.
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    ANNOUNCEMENTS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00185.x
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    MHC IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS: A STUDY ON A KUWAITI POPULATION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HLA alleles were studied in Kuwaiti patients with Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although significant association of B5, B8, and DR3 has been reported in the literature, the most common phenotype for our patients is A3, DR2 as susceptible alleles and DQ1 as a protective gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00171.x
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    SEROLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF A NEW HLA-B7 VARIANT ANTIGEN –HLA-B7QUI (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A new HLA-B antigen, HLA-B7Qui that appears to be a variant of HLA-B7 has been identified. This antigen, which is HLA-Bw6 associated, reacts with approximately two-thirds of cytotoxic antisera stimulated by HLA-B7 or B27 that lack a B27 or B7 component, respectively. All anti-B7+27 antisera (stimulated by either B7 or B27) react with B7Qui as do most B22-stimulated sera possessing a B7 component. However, sera stimulated by B60, with or without a B7 component, fail to react with B7Qui.Family studies show the B7Qui allele to be unique to the haplotype –HLA-A32 CW6 B7Qui Bf*S C4A*6 C4B*1 DR11 DQ7 (GL02). Six Caucasoid subjects on the panel of 6861 HLA-typed potential bone marrow donors have this antigen (phenotype frequency, 0.08745%; gene frequency, 0.04473%). Work undertaken during the 11th International Histocompatibility Workshop (Reekers et al., 1992) showed that B7Qui has the same isoelectric point as HLA-B702 and HLA-B703 (Bpot) and that B7Qui is distinct from the HLA-B7 variants B703, B7SL, BDT, B7x40, BRI, and B41v.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00173.x
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    GENE FREQUENCY AND LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS OF HLA-DRB1*04 HAPLOTYPES IN A SOUTH WALES POPULATION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HLA-DRB1*04 allele frequencies have been determined in 184 HLA-DR4-positive unrelated blood donors from the South Wales area, using group-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes, PCR amplification with sequence-specific primers, and PCR single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis.Eight of the fifteen known HLA-DR4 sequences were detected in this study. Linkage disequilibrium analysis of HLA-DRB1 *04 and HLA-B, -DR and -DQ alleles revealed distinct haplotypic associations for all the major alleles detected in this population, including the novel linkage of HLA-B55 with DRB1*0407.These results are relevant to the role of HLA-DRB 1*04 haplotypes in determining allogeneic histocompatibility and disease susceptibility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00172.x
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    A CLASS I cDNA FROM SPAFAS LINE-11 CHICKENS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A chicken MHC class I (B-F) cDNA from SPAFAS line 11 embryonic liver tissue was isolated and characterized by nucleotide sequencing. Comparing this sequence with previously described B-FcDNAs highlights clustered nucleotide substitutions in exon 3, encoding amino acids located on the a-helical region of the α2 domain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00176.x
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    TEN YEARS OF COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00001.x
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    WORD ORDER VARIATION AND TREE-ADJOINING GRAMMAR (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In many head-final languages such as German, Hindi, Japanese, and Korean, but also in some other languages such as Russian, arguments of a verb can occur in any order. Furthermore, arguments can occur outside of their clause (“long-distance scrambling”). Long-distance scrambling presents a challenge both to linguistic theory and to formal frameworks for linguistic description because it is very unconstrained: in a given sentence, there is no bound on the number of elements that can be scrambled nor on the distance over which each element can scramble. We discuss two formal frameworks related to tree-adjoining grammar. First, we show how scrambling facts from Korean can be handled by nonlocal multicomponent TAG (MC-TAG). Then, we argue that overt vWt-movement in German makes this analysis unattractive, and suggest a new version of MC-TAG, called V-TAG, which can handle both Korean and German word order variation. Interestingly, this new version has more attractive computational properties than nonlocal MC-TAG. We conclude that this formalism is an attractive basis for the development of psycholinguistic processing models and practical parsers alike.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00004.x
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    A NEW AUTOMATON MODEL FOR TAGS: 2-SA (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper, we introduce and define a new class of automata (pushdown automata with n stacks, abbreviated as n-SA). The ultimate aim is to give a new characterization of LCRFL, the class of languages accepted by a linear context-free rewriting system (LCFRS). In particular, we introduce 2-SA as a new automaton model for tree-adjoining grammars (TAG). In the simplest cases (0-SA and 1-SA), the languages that are accepted by the automata are the regular and context-free languages respectively. A more complex case is the case of a 2-SA which accepts TALs. The n-SA creates an infinite hierarchy of languages and it seems that this hierarchy corresponds to others in the class LCFRL. The 2-SA corresponds closely to the EPDA (embedded pushdown automaton, an automaton model equivalent to TAGs). Unlike the EPDA, which allows push operations “below the top stack,” an n-SA allows push and pop operations only on the top of their (multiple) stacks. So n-SA trade simpler operations against an also simpler but expanded storage structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00006.x
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    LINEAR ITERATED PUSHDOWNS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper discusses variants of nondeterministic one-way S-automata and context-free S-grammars where S is a storage type. The framework that these systems provide can be used to give alternative formulations of embedded pushdown automata and linear indexed grammars. The embedded pushdown automata is obtained by means of a linear version of a class of storage types called iterated pushdowns. Linear indexed grammar is obtained by using the pushdown storage type and restricting the way in which the grammar uses its storage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00007.x
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    RECOGNITION CAN BE HARDER THAN PARSING (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The work presented here attempts to bring out some fundamental concepts that underlie some known parsing algorithms, usually called chart or dynamic programming parsers, in the hope of guiding the design of similar algorithms for other formalisms that could be considered for describing the “surface” syntax of languages. The key idea is that chart parsing is essentially equivalent to a simple construction of the intersection of the language (represented by its grammar) with a regular set containing only the input sentence to be parsed (represented by a finite state machine). The resulting grammar for that intersection is precisely what is usually called a shared forest: it represents all parses of a syntactically ambiguous sentence. Since most techniques for processing ill-formed input can be modeled by considering a nonsingleton regular set of input sentences, we can expect to generalize these ill-formed input processing techniques to all parsers describable with our approach.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00011.x
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    HEAD-CORNER PARSING FOR TAG (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes a bidirectional head-corner parser for (unification-based versions of) lexicalized tree-adjoining grammars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00014.x
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    INCREMENTAL PARSING WITH LD/TLP-TAGS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A main purpose of natural language systems (NL-systems) is the simulation of human speech behavior, which divides into generation and analysis, in all kinds of situations. Humans process natural language in an incremental style, which means that sentences are generated or analyzed in a piecemeal fashion. Observations show that there are bidirectional dependencies between these processes. During parsing, hypotheses for the continuation of an utterance may be generated. During generation, the output may be parsed in order to detect ambiguities. This paper presents a two-level incremental parsing algorithm for LD/TLP-TAGs on the basis of Earley's context-free parser. LD/TLP-TAG is a new extension for TAG that increases the descriptive power of the formalism without changing its generative power. Elementary rules are split into local dominance description (LD) and linear precedence rules (TLP) allowing for generalizations of ordering constraints. The presented algorithm is used within an anticipation feedback loop for the incremental syntactic generator TAG-GEN.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00016.x
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    LOGICAL EMBEDDED PUSH-DOWN AUTOMATA IN TREE-ADJOINING GRAMMAR PARSING (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper extends the “parsing as deduction” approach to tree-adjoining grammars by showing how a TAG recognition problem can be reduced to a Datalog deduction problem, and presents an SLD selection rule that makes the proof search correspond to a top-down parse using the original grammar. Just as in the DCG extension of context-free grammars, this approach permits nodes to be labeled with firsl-order terms (rather than only atomic symbols). Finally the paper discusses implementation matters, and describes how the control rule can be efficiently implemented in Prolog.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00012.x
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    NOMINAL STRUCTURES AND STRUCTURAL RECURSION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: It is possible within tree-adjoining grammar to reproduce many of the syntactic analyses originally formulated by linguists in transformational terms. To the extent that these analyses are well motivated empirically, this fact makes TAG interesting for use in developing computational learning and processing models (Joshi 1990; Frank 1992; Rambow 1994), since the use of other nontransformational formalisms sometimes forces choices of linguistic description different from those ordinarily made by descriptive syntacticians. Thus, using TAG, one can take advantage in the construction of parsers and learners of the computational tractability of a mathematically restrictive formalism without having to reinvent empirical syntax in order to do so. At the same time, TAG analyses are not identical in every detail to their transformational counterparts; and it is interesting to compare them where they diverge. The differences arise because of a fundamental difference in the way that syntactic recursion is treated in the two frameworks. In TAG, recursive structures are generated by composing elementary syntactic objects, with the result that recursion is factored apart from the representation of local syntactic dependencies. By contrast, in transformational grammar, as in many other frameworks, recursive structure and local dependencies are represented together in a single, full representation of a complex sentence. Because of this difference in the treatment of recursion, it often turns out, when TAG is used to emulate a transformational analysis, that the TAG version has advantages, of both elegance and empirical coverage, over the original. This paper is a demonstration in a new empirical domain, that of nominal constructions, of the advantages of TAG-based syntax. By presenting a linguistically detailed account of these constructions and showing the advantages of using TAG to analyze them, we strengthen the case for the use of mathematically constrained and computationally tractable representational systems in competence-based as well as in computational linguistics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00009.x
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    LEFT TO RIGHT PARSING OF LEXICALIZED TREE-ADJOINING GRAMMARS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper presents an algorithm (a parser) for analyzing sentences according to grammatical constraints expressed in the framework of lexicalized tree-adjoining grammar. For the current grammars of English, the algorithm behaves much better and requires much less time than its worst-case complexity. The main objective of this work is to design a practical parser whose average-case complexity is much superior to its worst case. Most of the previous methods always required the worst-case complexity. The algorithm can be used in two modes. As a recognizer it outputs whether the input sentence is grammatically correct or not. As a parser it outputs a detailed analysis of the grammatically correct sentences. As sentences are read from left to right, information about possible continuations of the sentence is computed. In this sense, the algorithm is called a predictive left to right parser. This feature reduces the average time required to process a given sentence. In the worst case, the parser requires an amount of time proportional to G2n6 for a sentence of n words and for a lexicalized tree-adjoining grammar of size G. The worst-case complexity is only reached with pathological (not naturally occurring) grammars and inputs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00013.x
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    LL(k)-PARSING OF COUPLED-CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMARS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Coupled-context-free grammars are a natural generalization of context-free grammars obtained by combining nonterminals to corresponding parentheses which can only be substituted simultaneously. Refering to the generative capacity of the grammars we obtain an infinite hierarchy of languages that comprises the context-free languages as the first and all the languages generated by TAGs as the second element. Here, we present a generalization of the context-free LL(k)-notion onto coupled-context-free grammars, which leads to a characterization of subclasses of coupled-context-free grammars–and in this way of TAGs as well–which can be parsed in linear time. The parsing procedure described works incrementally so that it can be used for on-line parsing of natural language. Examples show that important elements of the tree-adjoining languages can be generated by LL(k)-coupled-context-free grammars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00017.x
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    A SEMANTIC HEAD-DRIVEN GENERATION SYSTEM FOR FEATURE STRUCTURE TREE-ADJOINING GRAMMARS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes a natural language generation system developed for a spoken language translation system. Our system employs Feature-structure-based Tree Adjoining Grammar (FTAG) for generation knowledge representation. Each elementary tree of our grammar is paired with a semantic feature structure which is consistent with semantics defined in Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Feature structures attached to nodes of elementary trees are unrestricted. Thus our formalism allows HPSG style phrase structure description as well as TAG style description. The advantage of our generation knowledge representation is the ability of incorporating HPSG style “core” grammar and TAG style case-based grammar.The system generates a syntactic tree by combining elementary trees so as to satisfy an input semantic structure. The generation algorithm is an application of a semantic head-driven generation. To carry out an adjoining operation. an elementary tree with an adjunction node is dynamically split at the adjunction node during generation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00020.x
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    ABDUCTION and EXPLANATION-BASED LEARNING: CASE STUDIES IN DIVERSE DOMAINS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper presents a knowledge-based learning method and reports on case studies in different domains. The method integrates abduction and explanation-based learning. Abduction provides an improved method for constructing explanations. The improvement enlarges the set of examples that can be explained so that one can learn from additional examples using traditional explanation-based macro learning. Abduction also provides a form of knowledge level learning. Descriptions of case studies show how to set up abduction engines for tasks in particular domains. The case studies involve over a hundred examples taken from diverse domains requiring logical, physical, and psychological knowledge and reasoning. The case studies are relevant to a wide range of practical tasks including natural language understanding and plan recognition; qualitative physical reasoning and postdiction; diagnosis and signal interpretation; and decision making under uncertainty. The descriptions of the case studies include an example, its explanation, and discussions of what is learned by macro-learning and by abductive inference. The paper discusses how to provide and represent the domain knowledge and meta-knowledge needed for abduction and search control. The main conclusion is that abductive inference is important for learning. Abduction and macro-learning are complementary and synergistic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00167.x
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    METABANK: A KNOWLEDGE-BASE OF METAPHORIC LANGUAGE CONVENTIONS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The frequent and conventional use of nonliteral language has been a major stumbling block for natural language processing systems since the early machine translation efforts. Metaphor, metonymy, and indirect speech acts are among the most troublesome phenomena. Recent computational efforts addressing these problems have taken an approach that emphasizes the use of systematic knowledge about nonliteral language conventions. We are currently engaged in an effort to supply this knowledge in the case of conventional metaphor. We are constructing MetaBank: an empirically derived and theoretically motivated knowledge-base of English metaphorical conventions. This article describes our three-part approach to the construction of MetaBank: the collection of on-line textual resources and databases of linguistic generalizations, the development of a methodology for analyzing these resources, and the construction of a knowledge-base based on the preceding analyses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00161.x
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    CORRECTING REAL-WORD SPELLING ERRORS USING A MODEL OF THE PROBLEM-SOLVING CONTEXT (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper explores the application of a rich model of pragmatic context to the problem of identifying and correcting real-word spelling errors. Results suggest that such a model can be useful for generating and ranking a list of possible corrections according to their contextual relevance. In the domain of expert consultation discourse, a mode! of pragmatic context must represent not only the user's domain plans, but also the problem-solving processes that explore alternative plans, refining and instantiating the intended plan, and the connections between those problem-solving moves and their resulting discourse manifestations. In the model presented, metaplans are used to represent these problem-solving and discourse levels, while heuristics that take into account the user's problem-solving strategies and world knowledge serve to rank the relative likelihood of different possible next queries. An implementation of this model has been used to suggest pragmatically coherent interpretations that can be matched against a partial parse of the input in order to generate possible corrections for real-word spelling errors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00163.x
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    A RESPONSE TO “BELIEVING ON THE BASIS OF THE EVIDENCE” (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00141.x
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    THE COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY OF THE UNIVERSAL RECOGNITION PROBLEM FOR PARALLEL MULTIPLE CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMARS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A number of grammatical formalisms have been proposed to describe the syntax of natural languages, and the universal recognition problems for some of those classes of grammars have been studied. A universal recognition problem for a class Q of grammars is the one to decide, taking a grammar G ∈ G and a string ui as an input, whether G can generate w or not. In this paper, the computational complexities of the universal recognition problems for parallel multiple context-free grammars, multiple context-free grammars, and their subclasses are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00008.x
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    SYNTAX OR SEMANTICS? HANDLING NONLOCAL DEPENDENCIES WITH MCTAGS OR SYNCHRONOUS TAGS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We show how multicomponent TAGs, although in their “local” version equivalent to “simple” TAGs, enable one to associate the derived structures with a richer set of derivations. This is especially useful for representing some nonlocal dependencies such as wh-extraction out of NP or extraposition, as soon as one interprets the derivation structures as representing the predicate-argument dependencies. However, there is a formal alternative in the formalism of synchronous TAGs that achieves a similar result, namely, that associates standard syntactic derivations with nonisomorphic semantic derivations, and relies on the latter to represent the dependency relations. We show that the latter treatment accounts for a different range of extraposition facts in French, where the relationship between the head noun and its extraposed dependent is a semantic one.Nous montrons comment les TAGs ensemblistes “locales” (MCTAGs), qui sont équivalentes aux TAGs simples, permettent ?associer aux structures syntaxiques dérivées un ensemble plus large de structures dérivationnelles. Cela est particulièrement utile pour la représentation des dépendances non locales qu'on observe dans les extractions hors du groupe nominal et les extrapositions, à partirdu moment oùľon interprète les arbres de dérivation comme représentant les relations de dépendance. II existe toutefois une autre possibilityé dans le cadre des TAGs synchrones qui associe aux dérivations syntaxiques standard des dérivations sémantiques non isomorphes et interprète les relations de dépendance en se basant sur ces dernières. Nous montrons que cette deuxième possibilityé est mieux adaptée pour des cas ?extraposition en français où la relation de dépendance entre le nom těte et ľélément extraposé est ?ordre sémantique.
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    PREDICTIVE LEFT-TO-RIGHT PARSING OF A RESTRICTED VARIANT OF TAG(LD/LP) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: By means of a factorization of linear precedence (LP) information in tree-adjoining grammar (TAG), the possibility to capture syntactic generalizations can be enhanced, especially with respect to languages which exhibit relative free word-order. In TAG(LD/LP) LP-information is factorized in a way reminiscent of the ID/LP format of CFGs. However, in contrast to its context-free counterpart, in TAG(LD/LP) entanglement of constituents is allowed by admitting not only the permutation of sister nodes, but also of non-sister nodes in a structural description. In this paper a generalization of the predictive left-to-right parser for TAG is presented which is able to handle a restricted variant of TAG(LD/LP), which allows the permutation of sister nodes and non-sister nodes within elementary structures, the basic building blocks of TAG(LD/LP).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00015.x
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    TOWARD AN INTEGRATED GENERATION APPROACH WITH TREE-ADJOINING GRAMMARS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Natural-language generation has gained importance since AI systems have become more sophisticated and canned text can no longer serve the elaborate communicative tasks in such a system. In this paper, suggestions are presented to apply uniformly the formalism of tree-adjoining grammar (TAG) for all tasks of natural-language generation. Up to now plan-based systems have been preferred for most of the processing during generation. Since the individual tasks of natural-language generation are very different and complex; for example, the determination of the propositional structure of a text is described using the TAG formalism–extended by constraints and feature descriptions (UCTAC). Nevertheless, this paper proposes basic ideas for the generalization of applying a grammar formalism to natural-language generation in order to build an overall integrated system for natural-language generation. Finally, advantages of such a uniform model are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00018.x
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  • 91
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    AN EVALUATION OF THE TEMPORAL COHERENCE HEURISTIC IN PARTIAL-ORDER PLANNING (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper presents an evaluation of a heuristic for partial-order planning, known as temporal coherence. The temporal coherence heuristic was proposed by Drummond and Currie as a method to improve the efficiency of partial-order planning without losing the ability to find a solution (i.e., completeness). It works by using a set of domain constraints to prune away plans that do not “make sense,” or are temporally incoherent. Our analysis shows that, while intuitively appealing, temporal coherence can only be applied to a very specific implementation of a partial-order planner and still maintain completeness. Furthermore, the heuristic does not always improve planning efficiency; in some cases, its application can actually degrade the efficiency of planning dramatically. To understand when the heuristic will work well, we conducted complexity analysis and empirical tests. Our results show that temporal coherence works well when strong domain constraints exist that significantly reduce the search space, when the number of subgoals is small, when the plan size is not too large, and when it is inexpensive to check each domain constraint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00165.x
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    DEFAULT LOGICS: A UNIFIED VIEW (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Default logic has been introduced for handling reasoning with incomplete knowledge. It has been widely studied, and various definitions have been proposed for it. Most of the variants have been defined by means of fixed points of some operator. We propose here another approach, which is based on a study of the way in which general rules with exceptions, used in a default reasoning process, can contradict one another. We then isolate sets of noncontradicting rules, as large as possible in order to exploit as much information as possible, and construct, for each of these sets of rules, the set of conclusions that can be deduced from it. We show that our framework encompasses most of the existing variants of default logic, allowing those variants to be compared from a knowledge representation point of view. Our approach also enables us to provide an operational definition of extensions in some interesting cases. Proof-theoretical and semantical aspects are investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00168.x
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    PREFACE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00002.x
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    PHILOSOPHY AS ENGINEERING (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00157.x
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  • 95
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    USING UTAGS FOR INCREMENTAL AND PARALLEL GENERATION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Exploiting an incremental and parallel processing scheme is useful to improve the performance of natural language generation systems. TAG-GEN is a TAG-based syntactic generator that realizes both principles. It is shown how the demands of incremental and parallel generation influence the definition, the design, and the processing of syntactic rules on the basis of tree-adjoining grammars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00019.x
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  • 96
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    LEARNING BAYESIAN BELIEF NETWORKS: AN APPROACH BASED ON THE MDL PRINCIPLE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A new approach for learning Bayesian belief networks from raw data is presented. The approach is based on Rissanen's minimal description length (MDL) principle, which is particularly well suited for this task. Our approach does not require any prior assumptions about the distribution being learned. In particular, our method can learn unrestricted multiply-connected belief networks. Furthermore, unlike other approaches our method allows us to trade off accuracy and complexity in the learned model. This is important since if the learned model is very complex (highly connected) it can be conceptually and computationally intractable. In such a case it would be preferable to use a simpler model even if it is less accurate. The MDL principle offers a reasoned method for making this trade-off. We also show that our method generalizes previous approaches based on Kullback cross-entropy. Experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00166.x
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  • 97
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    THE SCOPE OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS IN QUALITATIVE REASONING (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Dimensional analysis, traditionally used in physics and engineering to identify quantitative relationships, has recently been applied to qualitative reasoning of physical systems. We illustrate some problems of this approach. In the light of this, we reexamine the fundamentals of dimensional analysis in order to more precisely characterize its scope and limitations as a tool in qualitative reasoning. We also explore its relationship to state equation representations of physical systems. In particular, we describe its value in providing a set of constraints to reduce the ambiguity that bedevils qualitative reasoning schemes. We argue that dimensional analysis should not be seen as a substitute for knowledge about the physics but rather a supplement to other sources of knowledge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00160.x
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    REASONING WITH BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE–A THREE-LEVEL THEORY (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We address the problem of reasoning in cases when knowledge bases containing background knowledge are understood not as sets of formulas (rules and facts) but as collections of partially ordered theories. In our system, the usual, two-part logical structures, consisting of a metalevel and an object level, are augmented by a third level–a referential level. The referential level is a partially ordered collection of theories; it encodes background knowledge. As usual, current situations are described on the object level, and the metalevel is a place for rules that can eliminate some of the models permitted by the object level and the referential level. As a logic of reasoning the system generalizes the standard model of a rational agent: deducing actions and deriving new information about the world from a logical theory–its knowledge base. It is a natural logical system in which priorities on the possible readings of predicates, not special rules of inference, are the main source of nonmonotonicity. We introduce a theory forming operator PT(x) to exploit the priorities, and we investigate its basic logical properties. Then we show how such a system can be augmented by metarules. Although this paper concentrates on basic logical properties of the new theory, this formalism has already been applied to model a number of natural language phenomena such as the notion of text coherence, Gricean maxims, vagueness, and a few others. The paper also briefly compares it with the model of background knowledge of CYC, as proposed by Lenat and Guha.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00162.x
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    BELIEVING ON THE BASIS OF THE EVIDENCE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00140.x
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    ON ACCEPTING ACCEPTANCE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00143.x
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