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  • Articles  (17,126)
  • 1990-1994  (17,126)
  • 1990  (17,126)
  • Computer Science  (9,882)
  • Geography  (7,244)
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  • Articles  (17,126)
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  • 1990-1994  (17,126)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 102
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: In recent years, an increasing amount of research in Artificial Intelligence has focused on the representation and manipulation of uncertainty in expert systems. New approaches have been developed and justified because of their mathematical rigor or simplicity, cautiousness, programmability, and/or ability to capture the essence of natural language. Little attention has been paid to the psychological validity of any approach, new or old. To explore the psychological validity of rules that combine uncertainties, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed a computer program known as LES. Four applications of LES revealed that subjects’ natural combining rules are (1) not best modeled by any generally accepted uncertainty approach and (2) may be highly idiosyncratic. Knowledge Engineers should be aware that cognitive representations of knowledge in expert systems are not routinely being matched with combining rules actually used by experts. Frustrating development activities and highly unsatisfactory expert system performance may result.
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  • 103
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 104
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: On the basis of experience gained in the engineering industry, the present paper describes advantages and drawbacks encountered using the expert system technique. The constraints which real programs are subject to are explained using a configuration system as an example. The criteria which influence the choice of software and hardware are presented. Finally, aspects of the knowledge elicitation task as well as implementation topics are discussed.
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  • 105
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 106
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Expert Systems has invited Julian Clinton, Product Development Manager at Integral Solutions, to describe the background to the company's recent launch of POPLOG-Neural. POPLOG-Neural runs on all POPLOG host systems. These include Sun 3, SPARC station, Sun 386i, DEC VAX under both VMS and Ultrix, DECstation, Hewlett-Packard 9000/300 systems, Sequent Symmetry and 68000-based Apollo workstations. You do not need an existing POPLOG licence to use POPLOG-Neural. For further information contact either Julian Clinton or Colin Shearer at Integral Solutions Ltd, Unit 3, Campbell Court, Bramley, Basingstoke RG26 5EG, UK (tel: +44 (0)256 882028). POPLOG is a trademark of the University of Sussex. Other trademarks acknowledged.
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  • 107
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Large concentrations of Little Auks were recorded off central Norway in March and April 1988. Their pelagic distributional patterns may be related to the frontal system between Atlantic water and the coastal stream off central Norway. Peak densities of more than 1,000 Little Auks per km2 were recorded in two areas on the continental shelf, close to the frontal system. These densities were up to 500 times as high as those found in adjacent areas. A change in distribution with season was observed, suggesting a seasonal association with the front.
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  • 108
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The historic data on the fisheries on Norwegian spring spawning herring and Barents Sea capelin show that the migration pattern and time of spawning have changed for these species. Furthermore, modern techniques like tagging, hydroacoustic abundance estimation and virtual population analysis have shown that the abundance, both of the adult and the immature parts of the population, fluctuates widely. Predators (other fish, seabirds, sea mammals) of pelagic fish must have experienced corresponding fluctuations in food availablilty.
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  • 109
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: In this paper I review recent, small-scale, process-oriented studies of the pelagic distribution of marine birds. I examine the roles played by a variety of hydrographic features, including steep flow gradients (fronts) and water column stratification, in determining the abundance or availability of avian prey. The ice edge/marginal ice zone is a frontal area of particular interest in polar regions. In most oceanic systems we have examples of avian use of a feature, hut only poor information on the importance of the feature for supporting the population as a whole. I review recent studies of the spatial and numerical concordance of marine birds and their prey, and find that these studies have yielded mixed results, with correlations stronger for piscivorous birds, particularly murres foraging on capelin, than for planktivores. Review of investigations of multispecies interactions during foraging shows that flock foraging has both beneficial and negative aspects. Interspecific facilitation of foraging occurs in numerous interactions involving both other species of birds and marine mammals. However, co-occurrence of predators may occur because both seek the same prey, and caution must be used in assessing mutualistic interactions between predatory species.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Amazing organogenic deposits were encountered within the terminal moraine zone of Renardbreen, north-western part of Wedel Jarlsberg Land. Pollen analyses and ,14C dating locate the deposits at the Middle Late Subatlantic transition. The position of these deposits indicates possible glacial advances 3,500-2,000 years BP and during the Little Ice Age, respectively. Remnants of human activity at least as old as the 9th century were also found within organogenic deposits.
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  • 111
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: This note describes the occurrence, petrography, and bulk rock chemistry of the basalt recently found in northeastern Ny Friesland.
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  • 112
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Light-photosynthesis curves for 9 species of benthic algae from the Hornsund fiord were determined. As a result of adaptation to the conditions in the Arctic, benthic algae from Spitsbergen have a low requirement of light. Saturation and compensation points are low and within a range typical for shadow-tolerant plants.The values for gas exchange rates indicate that Arctic algae have lower photosynthctic capacity than temperate species.
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  • 113
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 114
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Temperature conditions in the Barents Sea are determined by the quality and quantity of the inflowing Atlantic water from the west and by processes taking part in the Barents Sea itself, in particular as a consequence of winter cooling and ice formation. The field of inflow to the Barents Sea during the period 1977-1987 has been studied. The surface winter temperatures within the Barents Sea vary in parallel with variations in the deeper layers of the inflowing water masses, whereas the surface temperatures in summer have a different variation pattern which is most likely dependent on the summer heating process.
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  • 115
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 116
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper, we present a formalism called feature grammar and its application to several problems of semantic analysis. Our extension concerns the structure of the feature value sets, which can be complex, and the definition of unification, which is dependent on this structure. Moreover, we introduce generation rules for feature symbols in order to determine well-formed symbols, which form the alphabet of a formal language for natural language analysis.
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  • 117
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper, we present an extension to PROLOG we call DISLOG which is designed to deal with relations between non-contiguous elements in a structure. This extension turns out to be well suited for syntactic analysis of natural and artificial languages. It is also well adapted to express traversal constraints in applications such as planning and expert systems and deductive systems involving, for example, temporal reasoning, DISLOG belongs to the constrained logic programming paradigm and turns out to be more declarative, transparent, and simple than PROLOG to deal with longdistance relations.
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  • 118
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Cartographic map overlay is the process of superimposing two maps into one to convey information in spatial correlation. A map refers to one in vector representation: a two-dimensional spatial data structure of nodes, chains, and polygons. We present a map overlay system developed in Prolog. The system adopts a relational approach to data structuring. We represent geometric entities and their relationships as facts, and encode geometry algorithms in the rules. Set-based operations perform data processing. To speed up the search for chain intersections, a uniform rectangular grid is imposed over the object space for spatial sorting by distribution. We sort out potentially intersecting edge segments to those occupying some common grid cell. Each bucket, if non-empty, is implemented as a Prolog fact identifying the grid cell for random access. Geometric intersections are calculated using exact rational arithmetic implemented in Prolog. Numerical accuracy is preserved and we can identify all the special cases of tangent conditions. We can then guarantee topological consistency, and stability in the process of map overlay is therefore achieved.
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  • 119
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A synergism has begun to surface from the artificial intelligence (AI) and engineering communities: an effort to apply AI techniques to engineering problem-solving activities, and to study problems arisen from various engineering fields as a way to develop AI theories and methodologies. This paper first discusses the needs of such a synergical approach and identifies in a broad perspective some AI techniques currently being applied to engineering. It then describes a system, called KREATOR, which applies qualitative reasoning, a subfield of AI, to computer-aided design (CAD). The key observation is that an engineer designer's qualitative knowledge can offer a good basis for the reasoning of device behaviors. Such knowledge, however, is not captured by conventional CAD systems for lack of good representations. KREATOR is a knowledge capturing scheme that allows the designers to record their qualitative knowledge of how mechanical devices behave, KREATOR then automatically generates qualitative simulations.
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  • 120
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Allen gives an algebra for representing qualitative temporal information about the relationships between pairs of intervals. In this paper, we address a fundamental reasoning task that arises in applications of the algebra: Given (possibly indefinite) knowledge about the relationships between intervals, find all feasible relationships between two intervals. We call this the minimal labels problem. Finding the minimal labels can be viewed as computing the deductive consequences of our knowledge. Determining exact solutions to this problem has been shown to be (almost assuredly) intractable. Allen gives an approximation algorithm based on constraint propagation. We present new approximation algorithms; determine analytically under what conditions the algorithms are exact; and examine, through some computational experiments, the quality of the approximate solutions produced by the algorithms. We also give a simple test for predicting when the approximation algorithms will and will not produce good quality approximations. Finally, we survey three example applications of the interval algebra chosen from the literature to show where the results of this paper could be useful.
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  • 121
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper presents a description of the application of an attributed graph based approach to the synthesis of a geometric world model for use in navigation by a mobile robot. Our aim is to develop the theoretical aspects of graph synthesis for mobile robot world knowledge acquisition, and to demonstrate the validity of the approach with a simulation before implementation on the rover. A boundary representation of free space consisting of directed line segments organized into a directed attributed graph is used. The synthesis problem can be considered as having two parts: matching of a local model with a global model and the construction of a new global model. Structural and geometric local and global constraints are used to limit and direct the search for valid graph mappings. The constraints are the source of rules for matching primitives and graphs and are used in the process of constructing a new world model graph. An algorithm for graph synthesis is implemented in a software simulation for testing and experimentation.
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  • 122
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 10 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 123
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 10 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 124
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 10 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 125
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 10 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
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    Topics: Geography
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  • 126
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 10 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
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    Topics: Geography
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  • 127
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 10 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 128
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 10 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
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    Topics: Geography
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  • 129
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 10 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
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    Topics: Geography
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  • 130
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 369-381 
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 131
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 517-529 
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 132
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: By 1980, the Brasilian steel industry had grown to be the eighth largest among the market economies. It is a largely state-owned industry, much of the expansion of which has been funded by international capital. The pattern of development has not been externally imposed, however, but rather reflects the changing balance of class forces within Brasil as policies oscillate between nationalist, populist limits on foreign investment and open, pro-development strategies that rely on foreign investment. Both policies develop their own contradictions, that are reflected in frequent military interventions.
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  • 133
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Christopher J. Smith and John A. Giggs (Eds.) Location and Stigma: Contemporary Perspectives on Mental Health and Mental Health Care. S. Corbridge, Capitalist World Development: A Critique of Radical Development Geography.
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  • 134
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
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    Topics: Geography
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  • 135
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Analyses seriously considering the importance of gender in the process of restructuring have been scarce, yet altered gender relations have been integral to these changes at all geographical scales. Vital interconnections exist between a restructuring capitalism and a reconstituting patriarchy. Initially, I clarify the concepts and the feminist politics which inform the analysis, and then I situate the Australian textile industry in a global context of new divisions of labour and capital. Connecting these global changes to a particular national economy provides the necessary background to understanding the transformations which have occurred in one textile plant in Geelong, Victoria over the last twenty years. At all scales, patriarchy and capitalism have interconnected in such a way as to ensure that renewed profitability and reasserted male authority are linked during restructuring. Restoration of capital accumulation in the Australian textile industry has thus been built on a redefined but also reaffirmed patriarchal economy.
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  • 136
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This paper examines the forces underlying the development and form of the Brasilian steel industry since the 1930s. Foreign direct investment has been limited by Brasilian nationalist policies and by higher costs of steel production, but large scale, integrated plants could not be built by private capital due to insufficient resources. Thus the Brasilian steel industry combines large scale state owned plants (financed by foreign capital) and smaller scale privately owned plants. The operations of the plants are coordinated to reduce market uncertainty, permit the steel sector to advocate its own expansion plans, and delimit the spheres of public and private capital while excluding foreign commodity and productive capital. Even so, in the 1980s the steel industry in Brasil has faced a crisis of declining local demand, prompting a rapid expansion of exports.
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  • 137
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
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  • 138
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
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  • 139
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
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  • 140
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
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  • 141
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
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  • 142
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: The build up of individual and collective linguistic repertoires is inseparable from situated practices and power relations. Place-to-place variations in gendered consciousness, the consciousness of gender, and female subordination cannot be pried apart from place-to-place variations in the language out of which gender is constituted and to which gendered practices and unequal gender relations contribute. In the course of local transformation, whereby local traditions and practices are eased out or crushed by exogenous powers, women as well as men are apt to become involved in the contestation of meanings and other forms of linguistic struggle.
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  • 143
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Many Marxist geographers are involved in the current attempt within human geography to create nonessentialist forms of social explanation. This project has been carried forward with great, though uneven, success. I argue that the concept of ‘theory’ is an area of our discourse where essentialism tenaciously persists. I explore some essentialist meanings of ‘theory’ in Marxist geography and offer a nonessentialist alternative meaning, embedded within an explicitly nonessentialist Marxism.
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  • 144
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography
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  • 145
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Current debate surrounding Fordism and flexible accumulation centers on explaining their transition and the implications for capital and labor. This article disagrees with the argument that technology and capital competition are the basis for transition and focuses instead on the labor process. Using a case study of the French automobile industry since the Second World War, the analysis examines the transition in production and the link between spatial organization and the labor process. Contradictions in the current phase of capitalist production are apparent in the divergent trends towards international dispersal and regional integration of automobile production, and the deepening social divisions of labor.
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  • 146
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Malthusians maintain that rapid population growth aggravates poverty, while Marxists contend that social formations determine its nature and extent. Each perspective is incomplete, however, since it ignores the insights of the other. Latin American states, characterized by dependent capitalist formations and dominated by ruling elites, are generally incapable of solving the problems of population and poverty. Since population growth under dependent capitalism weakens labor's bargaining position against capital, reduced population growth is emphasized as a labor empowerment strategy the poor can implement on their own to improve their socioeconomic conditions.
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  • 147
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
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    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Little, J., Peake, L. and Richardson, P. (Eds.) Women in Cities: Gender and the Urban Environment. Agnew, J., and Duncan, J. (Eds.), The Power of Place: bringing together geographical and sociological imaginations. Wood, S. (Ed.) The transformation of work? Skill, flexibility and the labour process. Hall, P. and Preston, P. The Carrier Wave: New Information Technology and the Geography of Innovation 1846–2003.
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
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    Antipode 22 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography
    Notes: From the mid-1970s onwards, many southern European regions experienced a pattern of decentralized development and growth. This pattern has been largely explained by theories of “local” or “endogenous” development which became the new catch-phrases during a period of great financial difficulties. Despite logical improvements and the use of some radical rhetoric, local development approaches based on rationalization of existing cases (especially in Third Italian regions) suffer both in their theory and practice from the same inherent limitations of two decades ago. The paper argues for an alternative interpretation of local development characteristics in Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece, discussing the political implications of proposed policies.
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    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The paper describes the modeling of a user's conceptual knowledge in the general user modeling shell system BGP-MS. On the one hand, BGP-MS is a workbench for the develment of a user model in a particular application domain. It supports the definition of the architecture of the individual user model, and of the architecture and the contents of user stereotypes. A rich representation language for conceptual knowledge, a partition mechanism, and flexible graphics-based interfaces are at the disposal of the user model developer. On the other hand, BGP-MS is a runtime user modeling tool aimed at fulfilling central tasks of a user modeling component in an application system. In this mode, the system offers a functional interface for accessing and updating the model of the current user, as well as basic domain-independent inference mechanisms, support for inferences defined by the developer, and a customizable stereotype management utility. The usefulness of BGP-MS will be demonstrated by illustrating how it can support the user modeling of various recently developed application systems.
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    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper presents a logical formalism for representing and reasoning with statistical knowledge. One of the key features of the formalism is its ability to deal with qualitative statistical information. It is argued that statistical knowledge, especially that of a qualitative nature, is an important component of our world knowledge and that such knowledge is used in many different reasoning tasks. The work is further motivated by the observation that previous formalisms for representing probabilistic information are inadequate for representing statistical knowledge. The representation mechanism takes the form of a logic that is capable of representing a wide variety of statistical knowledge, and that possesses an intuitive formal semantics based on the simple notions of sets of objects and probabilities defined over those sets. Furthermore, a proof theory is developed and is shown to be sound and complete. The formalism offers a perspicuous and powerful representational tool for statistical knowledge, and a proof theory which provides a formal specification for a wide class of deductive inferences. The specification provided by the proof theory subsumes most probabilistic inference procedures previously developed in AI. The formalism also subsumes ordinary first-order logic, offering a smooth integration of logical and statistical knowledge.
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    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: While there has been recent interest in research on planning and reasoning about actions, nearly all research results have been theoretical. We know of no previous examples of a planning system that has made a significant impact on a problem of practical importance. One of the primary goals during the development of the SIPE-2 planning system has been the balancing of efficiency with expressiveness and flexibility. With a major new extension, SIPE-2 has begun to address practical problems. This paper describes this new extension and the new applications of the planner. One of these applications is the problem of producing products from raw materials on process lines under production and resource constraints. This is a problem of commercial importance and SiPE-2's application to it is described in some detail.
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  • 153
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The intrinsic accuracy of an inductive problem is the accuracy achieved by exhaustive table look-up. Intrinsic accuracy is the upper bound for any inductive method. Hard concepts are concepts that have high intrinsic accuracy, but which cannot be learned effectively with traditional inductive methods. To learn hard concepts, we must use constructive induction - methods that create new features. We use measures of concept dispersion to explore (conceptually and empirically) the inherent weaknesses of traditional inductive approaches. These structural defects are buried in the design of the algorithms and prevent the learning of hard concepts. After studying some examples of successful and unsuccessful feature construction (“success” being defined here in terms of accuracy), we introduce a single measure of inductive difficulty that we call variation. We argue for a specific approach to constructive induction that reduces variation by incorporating various kinds of domain knowledge. All of these kinds of domain knowledge boil down to utility invariants, i.e., transformations that group together non-contiguous portions of feature space having similar class-membership values. Utility invariants manifest themselves in various ways: in some cases they exist in the user's stock of domain knowledge, in other cases they may be discovered via methods we describe.
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  • 154
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    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Many existing inductive learning systems have been developed under the assumption that the learning tasks are performed in a noise-free environment. To cope with most real-world problems, it is important that a learning system be equipped with the capability to handle uncertainty. In this paper, we first identify the various sources of uncertainty that may be encountered in a noisy problem domain. Next, we present a method for the efficient acquisition of classification rules from training instances which may contain inconsistent, incorrect, or missing information. This algorithm consists of three phases: (i) the detection of inherent patterns in a set of noisy training data; (ii) the construction of classification rules based on these patterns; and (iii) the use of these rules to predict the class membership of an object. The method has been implemented in a system known as APACS (automatic pattern analysis and classification system). This system has been tested using both real-life and simulated data, and its performance is found to be superior to many existing systems in terms of efficiency and classification accuracy. Being able to handle uncertainty in the learning process, the proposed algorithm can be employed for applications in real-world problem domains involving noisy data.
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  • 155
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    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: McAllester's conspiracy numbers algorithm is an exciting new approach to minimax search that builds trees to variable depth without application-dependent knowledge. The likelihood of the root taking on a value is expressed by its conspiracy number: the minimum number of leaf nodes that must change their value to cause the root to change to that value. This paper describes experiences with the algorithm, using both random and application-generated trees. Experiments suggest that more emphasis on breadth, rather than depth, can lead to significant performance improvements. New enhancements to the algorithm are capable of solving 41% more problems than McAllester's original proposal.
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  • 156
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    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Temporal reasoning is essential for many artificial intelligence applications. To date, most research has concentrated on temporal inference in isolation without considering the role it can play in a more general reasoning environment. This paper takes an efficient temporal reasoner and extends its inferential capabilities to handle both strict and nonstrict relations. The resulting temporal specialist is incorporated into a system intended for low-level reasoning in natural language understanding. The specialist assists the resolution-based theorem prover in function evaluation, literal evaluation, and generalized resolving and factoring. The combined system can do some proofs in just a few steps that would normally require many. An example from the fully operational hybrid system is included.Le raisonnement temporel est essentiel dans de nombreuses applications relatives àľ intelligence artificielle. Jusqu’à présent, la plupart des travaux de recherche ont porté sur ľ inférence temporelle dans ľ isolation sans tenir compte du rǒle qu'elle peut jouer dans un environnement de raisonnement plus général. Cet article traite ? un raisonneur temporel ef ficace dont les capacityés inférentielles ont été augmentée afin de pouvoir traiter les relations strides et non strides. Le spécialiste temporel qui en résulte est intégréà un système conçu pour le raisonnement bas-niveau en langage naturel. Le spécialiste assiste le démonstratur de théorèmes basé sur la résolution dans ľévaluation des fonctions, ľévaluation littérale et la fonction fadorielle généralisée. Le système combine peut vérifier des preuves en quelques étapes seulement au lieu ? un grand nombre. Un exemple ? un système hybride entièrement opérationnel est fourni. Mots clés: raisonnement temporel, methodes ? inférence spéciales, résolution de théories, représentation des connaissances.
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    Notes: Human discourse is fraught with rhetorical devices such as contradictions, illustrations, and analogies. These rhetorical devices carry important information which a listener uses to speed up the comprehension process. In this paper, we present a taxonomy of rhetorical devices commonly used in tutoring environment, and model the meaning of a class of rhetorical devices in terms of their anticipated effect on a listener's knowledge. These predictions are then used in planning computer-generated discourse. As a testbed for our ideas, a system called WISHFUL is being implemented to generate commentaries in the domain of high-school algebra within the framework of an intelligent tutoring system.
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A basic agent has been constructed which integrates limited natural language understanding and generation, temporal planning and reasoning, plan execution, simulated symbolic perception, episodic memory, and some general world knowledge. The agent is cast as a robot submarine operating in a two-dimensional simulated “Seaworld” about which it has only partial knowledge. It can communicate with people in a vocabulary of about 800 common English words using a medium coverage grammar. The agent maintains an episodic memory of events in its life and has a limited ability to reflect on those events. A person can make statements to the agent, ask it questions, and give it commands. In response to commands, a temporal task planner is invoked to synthesize a plan, which is then executed at an appropriate future time. A large variety of temporal references in natural language are interpreted with respect to agent time. The agent can form and retain compound future plans, and replan in response to new information or new commands. Natural language verbs are represented in a state transition semantics for compatibility with the planner. The agent is able to give terse answers to questions about its past experiences, present activities and perceptions, future intentions, and general knowledge. No other artificial intelligence artifact with this range of capabilities has previously been constructed.
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 10 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
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    Topics: Geography
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 10 (1990), S. 0 
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 10 (1990), S. 0 
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper gives an overview of the background and spatial implications for the completion of the European market. Special attention is given to technology and infrastructure policy. The paper also contains a simple chaos-type of model with fractal properties in order to explore some possible evolutionary patterns in such a dynamic multiregional-multinational system.
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The main objective of tins article is to discuss migration problems concerning regional differentiation and regional disparities in the E.C. countries, by adopting theoretical approaches and indicators for measuring the disparities in regional development policies. To test the relevance of the potentiality factors, the analysis studied the causes of regional disparities which are used in the E.C. studies as the most convenient approach. Turkish G.D.P. variations by regions arc examined using the quasiproduction function based on a Cobb-Douglas specification taking into account as a function of activity, infrastructure, industrial employment and agglomeration rates. The results show that these factors are significant for testing the potential theory for a developing area.
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper considers recent developments in econometrics that have helped to resolve the apparent dichotomy between time-series analysis and dynamic econometrics. In particular, the paper shows how the concepts of cointegration and error-correction models can be used in the estimation of dynamic regional multipliers. Using the results of a pilot study for Northern Ireland it is shown how the techniques provide a new method for estimating the economic base, and an encompassing approach to early conflicting results.
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
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    Notes: The impact of Regional Shopping Centres upon the retail hierarchy is a major consideration for all those with vested interests in the future of the town centre. However, at a time when the planning and polity system is weak, impact techniques are also ill-equipped to forecast how these new forms of retail development will interact with and impact upon the high street. A review of over fifty impact studies forwarded at the present round of inquiries has highlighted the weaknesses in the methodologies and revealed the need for greater theoretical rigour.
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The understanding and modelling of consumer shopping behaviour can increasingly only be fully realised by reference to market segments. Disaggregate choice modelling methods are able to take account of such behavioural heterogeneity, but are hampered by the poor quality of observed choice data on which they art calibrated. This paper shows how a segmented modelling strategy may be developed using stated preference data, and illustrates the methodology using the example of grocery shopping in Cardiff, South Glamorgan.
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
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    Notes: The paper examines housing market dynamics by means of qualitative models chosen from the elementary catastrophes listed in Thorn's Classification Theorem. The first model refers to the cusp catastrophe and hence contains cine state variable and two parameters; the second, the butterfly catastrophe, consists of one stale variable and four parameters. We present an empirical application of the model using aggregate data for Turin.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The aim of this paper is to construct a model of the market for new housing in Northern Ireland capable of forecasting the prospects of the housebuilding industry, and of simulating the effect of policy initiatives, Much of applied work on housing markets has concentrated on the equilibrating role of prices. In the market for new housing this effect is complicated by the physical lags involved in the supply side response. The paper develops a simple theoretical framework in which price adjusts to equilibrate demand and current supply. A reduced form price change equation is used to model any imbalance of current demand and housing completions. The model is estimated using data for Northern Ireland, and the implications of the results for the management of regional housing markets are discussed.
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    Papers in regional science 68 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Given the dynamic nature of the Pacific Kim, the Pacific Regional Science Conference Organization (PRSCO) has a unique opportunity to both grow with the region and contribute solutions to the problems which conic with growth. This paper first examines some of the economic attributes of the Pacific Region and then explores some of the challenges and opportunities fated by PRSCO.
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    Papers in regional science 68 (1990), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper analyses the impact of informatics development on the urban residential-location, consumption and working-hour-allocation behaviour of the coining information-oriented society. The analysis focuses on the repercussions through the interaction of the land and labour markets. The labour market is spatially separated into the ‘home work’ market in the city suburbs and the ‘office work’ market in the CBD. But, these work places are tightly connected with each other by highly developed communication technology. The time-allocation as well as money-expenditure constraint is systematically built up on a traditional residential location model of the von Thunen-Alonso type. The wage rates and the bid rent function for the land are both solutions of the equilibrium model of land and labour markets. The impacts are examined using the comparative statics analyses which have been developed for the economic-agent equilibrium conditions of the firm and household.
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    Papers in regional science 68 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The classical “Harris-Wilson” model of urban retail activity location is extended to include endogenous zonal retail prices, as well as endogenous travel costs. Illustrative equilibrium con figurations of the activity/travel system are obtained through numerical experiments, under a variety of situations. Sudden changes in the spatial patterns of retail activity and interzonal shopping travel are shown to be induced by continuous variations in the values of the model's parameters. New sources of discontinuity are also identified, such as random fluctuations in the values of the exogenous variables, including residential population, link capacities and nonretail travel. Several directions for further theoretical and operational development of the model are discussed in conclusion.
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    Notes: In this paper we explore the use of the Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) in a dynamic socio-economic environment. We prove the existence of adaptation laws which ensure that the error equation in MRAS for a dynamic input-output model is asymptotically stable. The resulting theorems are appraised through some numerical simulations.
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    Notes: A general equilibrium, linear programming model of urban land use formulated in the heritage of Edwin Mills is reformulated for dynamic solution. This multiperiod extension identities discontinuous land use as an optimal market strategy under reasonably general conditions of economic change. Information about future economic conditions is assumed to he complete, and capital is assumed to be replaceable at finite cost. As a result, land uses and export mixes adjust over time in response to exogenous shifts in export prices. It is noted that discontinuous land uses can constitute long-run outcomes, and a distinction is drawn between the assumptions associated with static and long-run perspectives.
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    Notes: This paper presents a multiregional simultaneous model of the U.S. manufacturing industry based on the supply-side paradigm, focusing on the behavior of the primary inputs, capital stock and labor force, across the nine Census Regions. The estimated structure shows that the regional investment sensitively responds to the marginal productivity of capital in the respective region relative to the national average, while the net interregional migration basically follows the relative regional wages. As an application, the model is used for evaluating the economic value of migration and analyzing the relationship between the overall national growth and interregional equalisation of income.
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    Notes: Migration data collected for periods of differing lengths will yield inconsistent population forecasts, inconsistent multiregional life tables, and alternative interpretations of mobility levels and migration patterns. In this paper, examples arc first given to illustrate the effects of migration interval choice on demographic variables. The moverstayer model and its generalizations are discussed in their role as models useful in achieving consistency. It is argued that in addition to the level of mobility, the geographic pattern of migration flows is also affected by the choice of interval width.
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    Notes: The paper uses Structural time series models to forecast the demand for tourism by nationality in coastal and city-dominated Spanish provinces. Intervention variables arc introduced lo take account of sudden shocks to tourism demand, such as the bombing of Libya and football's World Cup, The model demonstrates the considerable differences in demand by nationality, and in seasonably, which can occur at the sub-national level. The Structural model generally provided more accurate forecasts than Box-Jenkins models. The results indicate that, ceteris paribus, the tourism demand growth rates in the Spanish provinces considered are unlikely to revert to their previous high levels.
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper investigates the impact of regional labour market conditions and cost of living differentials on regional earnings in Britain. Unemployment duration is found to be of crucial importance when data from the General Household Surveys of 1975 and 1982 and the New earnings Surveys from 1970-86 are analysed. In particular, those with unemployment durations over 52 weeks appear 10 exert little downwards pressure on earnings. This has important implications for policy since the incidence of such long-term unemployment has been geographically concentrated in the less-prosperous regions of Britain.
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
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    Notes: A technique of analysis is presented that is designed to circumvent the problem of finding wasy to estimate parameters of spatially stochastic independent variables. It is based on 1) a type of second-order analysis that describes the spatial association among weighted observations, and 2) a screening procedure that removes most of the spatial dependence in the dependent variable. The approach is illustrated by a study of the incidence of certain crimes in 49 districts of Columbus, Ohio. It is concluded that spatial justaposition of observations plays a large role in regression analyses that are based on spatial series.
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    Notes: In sets of empirical data that can he described by a skewed distribution function such as the rank size, relationships exist among the total observations, the relative size of the largest observation, the number of categories, and the slope of the distribution We consider only one phenomenon, the distribution of urban population into urban centers of various sizes. The properties become the total urban population, the size of the largest center, the number of places, and the slope characterizing the distribution. We present an analytical model which defines these relationships for various sizes of urban populations and various slopes. Numerical examples demonstrate the results of the analysis. The advantages of using the Principal Axis to measure slope are discussed, and we demonstrate this method. The model shows clearly how the proportion of the urban population in the largest center declines and also how the number of smaller centers grows dramatically as total urban population increases. Implications are discussed for the nature of changes to be expected in those areas of the world where urbanization is still taking place, such as Asia, Latin America, and Africa.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper, we use the concepts product mid price competition to describe the early and late singes of the product cycle respectively. Central regions are expected to offer locational advantages to product competing production, while the opposite is true for price competing production. Based upon this expectation we develop hypotheses concerning the characteristics of product and price competition in central and peripheral regions with regard to productivity, employment, gross profit shares, and changes in such characteristics over time. Our empirical tests show that the differences between the periphery and the central regions with regard to product and price competition are in line with our expectations.
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  • 182
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper we consider a market where a heterogeneous population of individual actors demands units of various types of a heterogeneous good (for example, housing), It is assumed that allocation of the market does not take place completely by means of the price mechanism, either because prices are fixed, 0r because they can only vary within some limited range. Rationing is assumed to take place by preventing some actors from realising the alternative they have chosen.We will prove three existence theorems. First of all, we demonstrate the existence of a rationed equilibrium when all prices arc completely fixed. Second, we show the existence of a mixed equilibrium, that is, an equilibrium where demand and supply are matched partly by means of price adjustments and partly by means of quantity rationing. Third, we prove the existence of a mixed equilibrium in a situation where the rationing is allowed to vary over the different classes of consumers and over their present situation. This introduces the possibility of giving a preferential treatment to some groups of consumers. The second theorem is a generalization of the first and the third a generalization of the second.
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  • 183
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 26 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The objective is to develop techniques to evaluate how changes in basic data networks can improve accuracy of water supply forecasts for mountainous areas. The approach used was to first quantify how additional data would improve our knowledge of winter precipitation, and second to estimate how this knowledge translates, quantitatively, into improvement in forecast accuracy. A software system called DATANET was developed to analyze each specific gage network alternative. This system sets up a fine mesh of grid points over the basin. The long-term winter mean precipitation at each grid point is estimated using a simple atmospheric model of the orographic precipitation process. The mean runoff at each grid point is computed from the long-term mean precipitation estimate. The basic runoff model is calibrated to produce the observed long-term runoff. The error analysis is accomplished by comparing the error in forecasts based on the best possible estimate of precipitation using all available data with the error in the forecasts based on the best possible estimate of winter precipitation using only the gaged data. Different data network configurations of gage sites can be compared in terms of forecast errors.
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  • 184
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 26 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Outflow from the Sacramento-San Joaquin river system (Delta outflow) provides about 90 percent of the freshwater flow to San Francisco Bay. Because this river system also supplies most of the water used in California, some believed that annual freshwater flow to the Bay had declined by as much as 50 to 60 percent as water use increased. Consequently, we studied trends in actual Delta outflow and precipitation for the period 1921 to 1986, which is when Delta outflow data are available. We found that there has been no decrease in the annual Delta outflow over this period. In fact, a statistically significant increase in annual Delta outflow of 87 cfa/yr has occurred during the period 1921 to 1986. One reason that Delta outflow has increased is because precipitation has increased faster than water use. Other contributing factors include increased runoff from land use changes, water imports from other areas, and the redistribution of ground water. In addition, statistically significant seasonal trends in Delta outflow were found. Over the period 1921–1986 Delta outflow decreased in April and May and increased from July through November. Changes in other months were not statistically significant. These seasonal changes result primarily from the operation of upstream flood control and water development projects, which store water in the spring and release it in the summer and fall. These seasonal changes are also influenced by a climatic shift that has decreased spring snowmelt runoff and increased late summer through winter precipitation.
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  • 185
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 26 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Maryland officials have identified stormwater utilities as a potential method of financing programs to control nutrients in urban stormwater runoff that are proposed in Maryland's Chesapeake Bay Nutrient Reduction Plan. This paper reviews a number of issues related to the equity, efficiency and acceptability of user charge schemes. Overall, charges are found to be preferable to property taxes from both equity and efficiency perspectives. In addition, evidence suggests that elected officials will support creation of utilities. Obstacles to the implementation of utilities are identified.
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  • 186
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    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: As a part of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1984/85, geological mapping was performed in Gjelsvikfjella and western Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land. The northern part of Gjelsvikfjella is dominated by the Jutulsessen metasupracrustals which have been intruded by a major gabbroic body and several generations of dykes. To the south the metasupracrustals gradually transform into the Risemedet migmatites. In western Mühlig-Hofmannfjella the bedrock is dominated by the large Svarthamaren Charnockite batholith. The batholith is bordered by the Snøtoa metamorphic complex outcropping to the south and west in Mühlig-Hofmannfjella and it is characterized by a high content of partly assimilated country rock inclusions. Mineral paragenesis and geothermometry/geobarometry suggest a two-stage tectonothermal-igneous history with an initial intermediate pressure, upper amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism followed by high temperature transformations related to the charnockite intrusion. The age of the initial tectonothermal event is probably about 1,100 Ma. Geochronological work in the present study (Rb/Sr whole rock) gave an age of 500 ± 24 Ma for the Svarthamaren Charnockite, interpreted to record the age of crystallization. Late brittle faulting and undeformed dolerite dykes outcropping in Jutulsessen are believed to be related to Mesozoic crustal stretching in the Jutulstraumen-Pencksøkket Rift Zone to the west.
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  • 187
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Bivalve, brachiopod and cirripede faunas from the latest Jurassic and Early Cretaceous Barents Sea boreholes 7320/3-U-l and 7425/9-U-l are systematically described and illustrated. Microfossils have also been studied and the cores arc dated on the basis of the fossil recovery. The bivalve Buchia whose zonal sequence has been used for correlation of boreal marine sections is the most important biostratigraphic marker group in the condensed Boreal Berriasian-Hauterivian intervals of these cores. A new species of cirripede Zeugmatolepas? borealis Collins sp. nov. and dinoflagellate cyst Muderongia aequicornusÅrhus sp. nov. are described.The Late Jurassic fine-grained elastics of core 7320/3-U-l are overlain by about 3 m of grey dolomitic limestone of Valanginian and Hauterivian age. The lowermost part of 7425/9-U-l is represented by a latest Volgian-earliest Berriasian fossiliferous greyish green marl. It is followed by a reddish brown fossilifcrous claystone of Berriasian and perhaps partly Valanginian age. Core 7425/9-U-l also contains a mainly Valanginian greyish green marly limestone which changes into a dark grey to black limestone of Early Barremian age in its upper part. The sedimentological change from condensation to dark grey clay deposition took place in the middle Barremian H. rude-fissicostatum ammonite Zone in 7425/9-U-l and probably slightly earlier in 7320/3-U-l. This was commenced at about the same time as deposition of the inaccurately and only indirectly dated fluvio-deltaic Festningen Sandstone Member on Spitsbergen. The dark claystone may thus be a distal equivalent to this sandstone unit.
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  • 188
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    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: New aeromagnetic data, K-Ar age determinations of dredged marine igneous rocks, as well as other geophysical evidence have shed light on the chronology, nature and evolution of the northern Iceland Plateau. Correspondence between seismic refraction profiles taken on the Jan Mayen Ridge and westward through Jan Mayen Island, suppressed aeromagnetic anomalies, earthquake surface wave studies, and ages of dredged igneous rocks suggest these strata may form an extended region of thickened crust, possibly of Caledonian age, extending westward toward the Kolbeinsey Ridge and northwest to the south wall of the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone.
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  • 189
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Traces of former glaciation were studied on Erdmannflya and Bohemanflya. Both peninsulas were probably completely covered by glaciers during the Late Weichselian and the final dcglaciation took place around years BP. Esmarkbreen readvanced shortly after 9,500 BP, probably a local and shortlasting event. Raised beaches occur to about 60 m above sea level, and date back to about 10,000 BP. Initial land emergence was rapid, about 3m/100 years. It seems to have been followed by a marine transgression between 8,500 and 7,500 BP, which resulted in a large and distinct beach bridge and marine abrasion cliffs about 10-12 m above present sea level. Mytilus edulis lived in the area between at least 9.000 and 5,000 BP. Five thousand years ago relative sea level probably stood 3-4 m higher than today. Relative sea level has remained close to present during the last centuries. Different positions of glacier fronts in this century have also been mapped.
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  • 190
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    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Eleven species of tardigrades in South Georgia, of which two are new to science, were found in samples collected at fifteen localities. The highest number of species was found in moss from a scree field. Twenty species of tardigrades are presently known from South Georgia, but the island remains insufficiently investigated. The species composition is similar to that of southern South America. The high number of cosmopolitan species makes the geographical distribution pattern of the South Georgian tardigrades more similar to that of macrolichens than to that of insects and vascular plants.
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  • 191
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    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Aerial strip surveys of polar bears in the Barents Sea were performed by helicopter in winter 1987. The number of bears within 100 m on each side of the helicopter was counted. A total of 263.6 km2 was surveyed and 21 bears were counted. Most of the bears were found in the southern part of the area, which indicates that the southwestern ice edge area in the Barents Sea is a very important winter habitat for polar bears.
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  • 192
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    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper introduces satellite remote sensing of sea-surface temperatures and ocean colour studies. The basic radiative transfer equations and available satellite sensor systems are presented. The final part of the paper focuses on temperature applications. Sea surface temperature data derived from available satellite data are presented and discussed.
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  • 193
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    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Oceanographic fronts are the sites of enhanced physical and biological activity, including locally concentrated feeding by marine birds. Two general hypotheses relating marine birds to fronts have been developed. The first is that enhanced primary production at fronts increases prey supply through increased animal growth, reproduction, or immigration. The second is that prey patches develop at fronts either through behavioural responses of prey to thermal or salinity gradients, or through interaction between prey behaviour and circulatory patterns. Several recent studies support the second hypothesis. The first hypothesis, that birds benefit from enhanced primary production at fronts, has yet to be evaluated. We need a better understanding of trophic mechanisms at fronts in order to determine (1) the proportion of daily energy requirements extracted by predators at fronts; (2) the proportion of natural mortality of prey populations at fronts; and (3) the probability of contact between seabirds and point source pollutants.
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  • 194
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    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The distribution of Brünnich's Guillemot in ice covered waters and near the marginal ice zone in the southern part of the Barents Sea was mapped from ship and helicopter in February/March 1987. High densities of Brünnich's Guillemot (up to 1,300 ind./km2) were found in ice leads. The density of birds was especially high over shallow banks where the sea depth was 40-80 m.A diel movement was also recorded. In the evening the birds left the leads and flew south. Next morning they returned to feed in the open leads. How far they migrated is uncertain, but possibly they flew down to the open sea or to leads close to the marginal ice zone. The migration may have been a means of avoiding to become trapped if leads closed after dark.
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  • 195
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: In 1988, first-year Herring Clupea harengus were the dominant prey fed to Puffin chicks on Hernyken, Røst. Puffins carrying food loads were observed at least 137 km from the colonies in July. In early August, two major feeding areas were located about 20 and 85-105 km off Røst. These long foraging ranges and an insufficient availability of food are thought to be the main reasons for the poor chick growth this year. No relationships were found between the distribution of Puffins observed at sea and survey station data on prey distribution, sea temperature or salinity, but this may have been due to inadequate sampling of these parameters. A recorded seasonal change in flight direction of adults returning to colony is discussed in relation to food quality and chick growth.
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  • 196
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    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Correlations between guillemots (including Common Guillemots Uria aalge and Brünnich's Guillemots U. lomvia) and their prey (divided into five prey categories, capelin Mallotus villosus, herring Clupea harengus, polar cod Boreogadus saida, plankton, and a mixture of other prey species) at two depths (10-100 m and 100-200m) were estimated along an extended transect of 3,060 nautical miles (5,667 km) in the Barents Sea in April/May 1986. Spatial concordance was highest during daylight hours when the largest number of birds were seen on water (presumably feeding birds). Capelin was the single prey category which was most often associated with birds but no single prey category could alone explain the distribution of birds. Although only a small fraction of guillemots could be identified to species, there was some evidence that capelin were of greater importance to Common than to Brünnich's Guillemots. Overall correlation between birds and total prey density was statistically significant at the smallest scale of 5 nautical miles (n.m.). The removal of herring from the calculations increased the strength of the correlation. The depth at which prey was located had little effect on the distribution of birds. The correlation between birds and prey was scale dependent, and reached a maximum at 90 n.m., although there seemed to be some upper threshold in the coefficient at c. 40 n.m. Numerical concordance (including only 5 n.m. periods where both prey and birds were present) was significant at the 5 n.m. scale but was higher for high density than for low density prey patches. The results are discussed in relation to the few similar studies in other oceans and in relation to the severe reduction of important prey species in the Barents Sea.
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  • 197
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    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: All marine organisms exhibit some degree of spatial autocorrelation, which is the tendency for high (or low) densities to occur in proximity, rather than at random in the ocean. Autocorrelation occurs at scales ranging from the length of the organism to thousands of kilometres. Autocorrelation results from a wide variety of mechanisms, many of which act at characteristic scales. Consequently, some insight into causal mechanisms can be obtained from exploratory analysis of the scale and intensity of autocorrelation of abundance or behaviour, and the scale and intensity (coherence) of cross-correlation with environmental variables such as water temperature or prey abundance. This paper uses seabird counts along extended transects to illustrate standard measures of autocorrelation and cross-correlation. A brief discussion of exploratory and confirmatory analysis of autocorrelated data on marine birds follows.
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  • 198
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    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Recent field studies of Upper Proterozoic rocks in northern Wedel Jarlsberg Land, southwest Spitsbergen, have shed new light on the pre-Caledonian evolution of the region. A regional angular unconformity divides the greenschist-facies metasedimentary rocks into two distinct tectono-siratigraphic sequenees. The sub-unconformity (Nordbukta) sequence, exposed in the southwestern part of the study area, consists mainly of quartzites, phyllites and dolomites, and may be correlative with Proterozoic rocks exposed east of Recherchebreen (Magnethøgda sequence) and south of Torellbreen (Dcilegga sequence). The Nordbukta sequence was affected by large-scale recumbent folding during late (?) Proterozoic tectonism. Strata above the unconformity (Dunderbukta-Recherchefjorden sequence) include conglomerates, dolomites, green and black phyllites, meta-basalts and Vendian (?) diamictites, with laterally complex depositional relationships. The continuation of this sequence south of Torellbreen is the Sofiebogen Group in the Hornsund area. The apparent continuity of both sub- and supra-unconformity Proterozoic rocks across Recherchebreen and Torellbreen is not compatible with the hypothesis that a major late Devonian strike-slip terranc boundary lies beneath these glaciers.
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  • 199
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    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The Tertiary deformation in east Oscar II Land, Spitsbergen, is compressional and thin-skinned, and includes thrusts with ramp-flat geometry and associated fault-bend and fault-propagation folds. The thrust front in the Mediumfjellct-Lappdalen area consists of intensely deformed Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks thrust on top of subhorizontal Mesozoic rocks to the east. The thrust front represents a complex frontal ramp duplex in which most of the eastward displacement is transferred from sole thrusts in the Permian and probably Carboniferous strata to roof thrusts in the Triassic sequence. The internal geometries in the thrust front suggest a complex kinematic development involving not only simple 'piggy-back', in-sequencc thrusting, but also overstep as well as out-of-sequence thrusting. The position of the thrust front and across-strike variation in structural character in east Oscar II Land is interpreted to be controlled by lithological (facies) variations and/or pre-existing structures, at depth, possibly cxtensional faults associated with the Carboniferous graben system.
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  • 200
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    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Paleomagnetic measurements are reported from 11 piston cores, from the fiords and shelf of eastern Baffin Island, N.W.T., between latitudes 66 and 72 degrees north. The majority of the measurements arc from bioturbated, massive, or laminated mud, with some drop-stones and graded sand beds. Corrected radiocarbon dates on the acid-insoluble organic matter fraction, supplemented by AMS dates on in situbivalves, indicate that all cores extend into the early Holocene, and three extend into the latest Pleistocene Sedimentation rates averaged between 0.2m/ka and 1.4m/ka. Because of varying sedimentation rates, the depth scales are converted to 100 or 200 yr/sample time series. The results indicate a scries of geomagnetic secular oscillations with amplitudes in inclination of c. 10 degrees. A stacked record from four piston cores suggests seven major oscillations in inclination. Times when inclinations consistently exceeded 80° occurred c. 1,400, 4,500, and 8,000 B.P. The most characteristic oscillation occurred c.1,400 ± B.P., when inclinations were nearly vertical. Inclination errors are associated with gravity flows and/or with an increase in sand content, or changes in physical properties. In one core an interval of reverse polarity is attributed to a slump.
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