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  • Articles  (17,126)
  • 1990-1994  (17,126)
  • 1990  (17,126)
  • Computer Science  (9,882)
  • Geography  (7,244)
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  • Articles  (17,126)
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  • 1990-1994  (17,126)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economic Stability and Economic Growth in Rural Communities: Dimensions Relevant to Local Employment Creation Strategy (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Approaches for analyzing employment stability with aggregated data for SICs in large regions or major metropolitan areas are misleading indicators of the impact of manufacturing growth in rural areas. Performance of moderate-sized individual establishments seriously impact total employment variation in small-employment-sized rural communities, requiring analysis of the determinants of employment stability of these establishments. Aggregate SIC performance and most conventional criteria for judging probable stability appear to provide very limited predictability for individual firm performance. However, manufacturing development appears generally to have desirable effects on community-wide employment stability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00530.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Producer Services Development and the Role of Telecommunications: A Case Study in Rural Washington (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Information-intensive producer services, which constitute one of the fastest growing components of the U.S. economy, have been identified as a potential contributor to economic development in rural areas. This issue is examined in a case study of a community in rural Washington State. The findings indicate that producer services have not been decentralizing to rural Washington, and that opportunities for producer services development in rural communities are limited because of the inaccessibility of markets, smaller pools of skilled labor, and the lack of agglomeration economies. Opportunities for producer services are greatest in large rural communities with high-quality telecommunications systems. Although the quality of telecommunications systems is important to the economic health of communities, advances in telecommunications can be a two-way street for rural America. While telecommunications improvements increase a rural community's access to information and make it possible for rural businesses to more easily serve non-local markets, they can also make it easier for firms located in urban areas to serve rural markets via branch offices or through the telecommunications system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00532.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Manufacturing Decline and Technology Lags in Nonmetropolitan Illinois (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Numerous studies have focused on national and regional manufacturing decline in the U.S., but far less attention has been placed on decline in substate areas. This oversight is troublesome because manufacturing decline in substate areas, particularly in the Midwest, has been severe and prolonged. This paper, therefore, examines the causes of manufacturing decline at the substate level. Specifically, I evaluate whether the impact of factors influencing decline varies according to the size and location of medium- and small-sized cities in Illinois. Survey data and loglinear modeling methods are used for the empirical analysis. The results indicate that the impact of technology lags in substate areas varies significantly by the size of cities. The effects of technology, the regional shift of manufacturing, and federal trade policies are influenced by the relative location of cities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00531.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Japanese Banking Presence in the United States and Its Regional Distribution (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The Japanese presence in U.S. banking markets is of particular significance. Japanese represent slightly over one-half of the total foreign banking presence in the U.S., concentrated in two states (California and New York). The growth of Japanese direct investment in the U.S. and the yen/dollar exchange rate appear to be the two most important economic factors influencing this rising Japanese banking presence. Japanese legislation liberalizing the flow of investment in and out of Japan, beginning in 1980, is a very important factor. Also, the International Banking Act of 1978 may be important in explaining the recent growth of Japanese bank branches in California.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00534.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Business Survival in Rural America: A Three-State Study (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Many economists expect that new business survival rates in rural areas ought to be low because of inherent disadvantages of rural economies (e.g. small markets). What little evidence there is in support of this expectation is based on data which is biased toward rural areas. Using unemployment insurance tax records (ES202) for Arkansas, Maine, and North Dakota, the authors calculate and analyze new firm survival rates. Results show that new business survival rates are as high in rural areas as they are in urban areas. Further, survival rates in different industrial sectors are comparable, even when level of urbanization is taken into account. The authors conclude that economists may be overstating the inviability of rural in relation to urban economies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00521.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards Modeling National Preference Formation for Regional Development Policy: Lessons from Developed and Less Developed Countries (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: National preferences for the development of regional and environmental policy are dependent on the competitive resolution of priorities emanating from four national centers of preference formation, namely: (a) national opinion leaders, (b) society at large, (c) state political institutions, and (d) the private business sector. The viability of national policies for regional development and environmental protection is assumed to be a function of the degree of systemic concordance among these four competing loci of preference formation. The paper explores differences between developed and developing countries in the formation of national preferences and analyzes the process by which competing preferences for regional development and environmental protection are ultimately resolved. It demonstrates that MDCs enjoy a high degree of harmony among their more autonomous centers of preference formation to achieve regional development goals, whereas LDCs are constrained by the dominant and coercive role of the state apparatus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00524.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Immigration Michael C. LeMay, ed. City Finance Helen F. Ladd and John Yinger. The Impact of Impact Assessment Robert V. Bartlett, ed. Status: Professional vs. Capitalist Tom Bottomore and Robert J. Bryn, eds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00527.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diverse Retail Structure and Christaller's Separation Principle in Medium-Sized Metropolitan Areas (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Standardized features dominate the retail landscape of the United States and are the physical components of retail districts. This study tests the hypothesis that standardized building blocks have failed to produce the same retail structure in all metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Ninety-two medium-sized MS As are analyzed to determine if the arrangement and strength of their retail districts differ. The relationship between functional and spatial aspects of retail structure in central place theory provides a basis for testing the hypothesis of diversity. Christaller's separation principle provides a plausible conceptual framework for diverse retail structure if each MSA is analyzed as an isolated region. Five types of retail structure are analyzed using data obtained from the Census of Population and the Census of Retail Trade. The types are identified by performing a serial iterative partition cluster procedure on prioritized metropolitan sales variables. The statistical significance of the types is tested with Mann-Whitney U-tests of functional variables not used in the cluster analysis. Verification confirms five distinctive types. Monocentric and polycentric retail structures exist but decentralized retail structure is even more common in medium-sized MSAs. The distribution of types of retail structure follows regional pattern that indicate historical and political factors as contributing causes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00514.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modified Static I-O Framework Using the Concept of Labour Equivalence (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The paper introduces the concept of labour equivalence and determines the index of the intensity of labour use in its terms. The measure thus defined is shown to be analogous to the predefined labour multiplier with the necessary incorporation of prices and wages. The explicit inclusion of price-wage parameters gives it the advantage of being a more efficient planning tool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00517.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Industrial Change International G J.R. Linge and G.A. van der Knaap, eds., Labor, Environment and Industrial Change. Internal Colonies C. Matthew Snipp, ed. Public Policy Impacts on American Indian Economic Development. Do People Choose in Government Service Markets? The Competitive City: The Political Economy of Suburbia. Stimulating Business-The State as EntrepreneurPeter K. Eisinger. The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State: State and Local Economic Development Policy in the United States. Alternative Service Delivery: One View John A. Rehfuss. Contracting Out in Government: A Guide to Working with Outside Contractors to Supply Public Services. Alternative Service Delivery: Another View Lawrence K. Finley ed., Public Sector Privatization: Alternative Approaches to Service Delivery. Changes: United States and Australia Lay James Gibson and Robert J. Stimson eds., Regional Structural Change: Experience and Prospects in Two Mature Economies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00520.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shift-Share Analysis and the Potential for Predicting Regional Growth Patterns: Some Evidence for the Region of Quebec, Canada (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to explain changes in regional attractiveness as measured by the competitive component of the shift-share model. This is done by applying the shift-share model to the manufacturing sector in the province of Quebec and using time series data for twenty two-digit industries as the basis of analysis. The study concludes that shift-share is useful for analyzing historical employment patterns and identifying their causes through regression analysis. However, the inherent structural instability limits the predictive potential of the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00506.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Trends in Urban Change Examined Michael G. H. McGeary and Laurence E. Lynn, Jr. eds., Urban Change and Poverry. Swedes and Norwegians Briant Lindsay Lowell. Scandinavian Exodus: Demography and Social Development of 19th Century Rural Communities. Environmental Management Joseph M. Petulla. Environmental Protection in the United States: Industries, Agencies, Environmentalists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00512.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Environmental Watchdogs James A. Tober. Native Americans C. Matthew Who Owns the Subsurface? Ronald T. Libby. Middle East Michael Bar-Zohar. A Green World S. Frederick
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00536.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effects of Universities on Local Retail, Service, and F.I.R.E. Employment: Some Cross-Sectional Evidence (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the question of whether the traditional view of a complementary relationship between universities and local businesses is still appropriate or whether auxiliary activities and other competitive elements have changed this relationship. Cross-sectional data on over 3100 counties and 3300 institutions are used to analyze the effects of university enrollment and auxiliary activities on county-level employment in the retail, financial, and service sectors. Findings indicate that the negative effects of university auxiliary activities are confined to relatively small counties, are small in magnitude, and are more than offset by the positive effects of spending by universities and students. The overall impact is positive, is more pronounced in more populous counties, and has increased over time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00522.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional Development Within National Industrial Policies: An Analysis of the British Coal Industry (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Three variations in regional policy distinguish the conduct of the nationalized British coal industry—social industry, state industry, and state commerce. Each variation takes a distinct approach to natural and human resource development in chronically depressed regions such as the peripheral coal fields in Britain or the Appalachian coal fields in the United States. Central to the variation are recognition of the factor of decline that E. F. Schumacher analyzed in the 1950s and the mitigation of social welfare consequences of shifts in production and investment. Schumacher's analysis raised policy issues of social welfare, resource development, and energy. These emerged again in the British coalminers'strike of 1984–85. Broad issues like these are likely to surface in regions where employment is concentrated in a declining industry facing new and severe competition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00533.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Annexation Rates and Institutional Constraints (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper analyzes the Sengstock typology of annexation laws for predictive power. Cities were found to annex at different rates when categorized according to the Sengstock typology. Cities allowed to annex land areas under municipal determination provisions were found to annex at higher rates than cities that annexed under predominantly under other types of laws. Cities that annexed under judicial determination provisions were found to annex land areas at lower rates than cities that annexed under other types of laws.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00535.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Changes in U.S. and Southern Economics Department Rankings over Time (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Rankings of economics departments nationwide and in the South are calculated using numbers of pages published in three of the most highly ranked journals for the periods 1978–83, 1983–88, and 1978–88. Changes in the rankings between the 1978–83 and 1983–88 time periods are examined, and the results are compared to those obtained in previous studies. While the Spearman rank correlation coefficient between our nationwide 1978–83 and 1983–88 rankings is .80, there are a number of cases of substantial movements by individual schools either up or down in the rankings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00523.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Changing Regional Structure of the U.S. Economy (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper utilizes newly available industry-specific historical measures of Gross Regional Product to highlight the changing regional structure of the U.S. economy between 1963 and 1986. During this period, the percentage of U.S. output produced in the eight different regions changed significantly. The largest changes occurred in the Great Lakes (−3.65 percent), Mideast (−3.32 percent), and Southeast (+3.64 percent).Four major industry sectors (Agriculture, Mining, Construction, and Government) declined in relative importance in all eight regions. Five major industry sectors (TCPU, Retail Trade, Wholesale Trade, FIRE, and Services) expanded in relative importance. Somewhat surprisingly, Manufacturing output expanded for the U.S. as a whole and for six of the eight regions. The perception of decline in the relative importance of manufacturing in the U.S. is clearly based on the dramatic declines in the once dominant manufacturing base of the Mideast and Great Lakes regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00525.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Manufacturing Output Indexes for a Metropolitan Area: A Look at New Economic Indicators (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to construct monthly manufacturing output indexes for a metropolitan area, employing a method used by the Federal Reserve Banks to construct regional manufacturing indexes. The Tulsa metropolitan area is the region considered. The index of total manufacturing output is included in a vector autoregression model of the Tulsa economy. The results indicate that the linkages between manufacturing activity and non-manufacturing employment differ from the linkages between employment in those sectors, and that since the early 1980s both sectors have become less sensitive to changes in the price of oil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00526.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Highway Accessibility, Location Rents, and the Efficiency of Metropolitan Area Tax Base Sharing (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: One solution that has been proposed for the fiscal disparities in fragmented metropolitan areas is the sharing of taxes generated by commercial and industrial property. A criticism of this proposal is that it distorts the efficient pattern of business locations resulting when an implicit market for business locations is allowed to develop through the independent fiscal behavior of communities and the optimizing location behavior of businesses. Critics recognize that the efficiency argument against sharing a metropolitan area's business tax base must be qualified to the extent that local governments possess location advantages which enable them to extract rents from business firms. This paper presents an empirical analysis which permits a partition of the local property tax payments from industrial firms into accessibility location rents and compensation payments to the community for the negative externalities of industrial development. The empirical analysis suggests that approximately 40 percent of the industrial taxes received by communities in this analysis represents accessibility location rents. It is concluded that these receipts could be redistributed through a metropolitan area tax base sharing program without affecting the efficiency of the implicit market for business locations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00516.x
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  • 21
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    Comment (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: What follows is a comment on Noel D. Uri's “The Structure of Agricultural Unemployment in the United States,” published in Growth and Change in Summer 1989. Uri's reply appears after the comment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00518.x
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  • 22
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    Pareto-Efficiency and the Provision of Public Goods Within a Rural Setting (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The ability of small rural governments to provide local public goods in a Pareto-efficient manner is examined. A test developed by Brueckner (1982) is used to examine the efficiency of a sample of town governments in rural Maine. The empirical results suggest that local property values are maximized, which implies that local public goods are provided in a Pareto-efficient manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00508.x
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  • 23
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    Public Policy and Land Conversion: Lessening Urban Growth Pressure in River Corridors (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Year in and year out, flooding causes greater dollar losses than any other natural hazard. To cope with that problem, more than 17,000 communities across the US have adopted riverine floodplain management programs to reduce the amount of urban development at risk from flooding and flood-related damage. This article examines the extent to which floodplain management programs influence the investment and predevelopment decisions of owners of vacant floodplain land in ten selected cities. Such public programs are found to alleviate investment and development pressure in flood hazard areas. Community-wide factors such as the availability of non-floodplain buildable land, however, can magnify or depress this effect of public policy on investment activity. Further, landowner perceptions of the flood hazard itself have an important influence on anticipated property appreciation and investment activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00509.x
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  • 24
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    Forecasting Housing Investment in Developing Countries (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper we estimate alternative models of the growth rate of real housing investment for Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S. Pure time series models generally provide superior fit to these growth rate data both within and out of the sample period. These time series models are then used to forecast investment growth rates in other countries. The results indicate that such time series models can be used to provide reasonable accurate forecasts for other countries.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00510.x
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  • 25
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    Machine Learning (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 255-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001351
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  • 26
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    Ultradependable Architectures (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 503-515 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002443
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  • 27
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    Spoken Language Systems (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 481-501 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002405
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  • 28
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    Reasoning Under Uncertainty (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 37-72 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.000345
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    A Survey of Distributed File Systems (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 73-104 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.000445
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    Number-Theoretic Algorithms (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 119-172 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001003
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    Channel Routing for Integrated Circuits (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 307-365 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001515
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    Reflections on Computer Science (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 1-12 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Supercomputers (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 13-36 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.000305
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    Complexity Classes (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 105-117 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.000541
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    Instruction Scheduling for Superscalar Architectures (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 173-201 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001133
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    Coordinated Problem Solvers (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 203-253 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001223
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    Intelligent Training Systems (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 383-394 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002123
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    Knowledge-Based Systems (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 395-416 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002143
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    Natural Language Processing (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 435-452 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Machine Learning (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 417-433 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002221
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    Prototyping (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 453-465 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002321
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    Robotics: A Long Range Plan to Maximize National Capabilities (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 467-479 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002343
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    EDITORIAL POLICY STATEMENT (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00529.x
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    Thanks to Manuscript Reviewers (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00528.x
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    The Impact of Stadium and Professional Sports on Metropolitan Area Development (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: More and more cities are being encouraged to subsidize sports stadiums as an economic development tool. In this paper regression analysis using census data on nine different metropolitan areas is employed to evaluate the impact of stadiums and professional sports teams on area development. Previous attempts to estimate the effectiveness of sports-based development have used assumption-driven trade multiplier models. The evidence presented here is that the presence of a new or renovated stadium has an uncertain impact on the levels of personal income and possibly a negative impact on local development relative to the region. These results should serve as a caution to those who assume or assert a large positive stadium impact.
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    Analysis of Local Sales Taxation in Rural Areas: An Oklahoma Case Study (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This study examines the impact of tax rates and tax rate differentials in a trade area on local sales tax revenues. Sales data for FY 1986 were analyzed for the 75 nonmetropolitan communities in Oklahoma with populations between 2,500 and 50,000. Multiple regression techniques were used to estimate local tax revenues as a function of tax rates, tax rate differential and local community economic and locational attributes.The results indicate that the tax rate differential was not significantly related to local revenue collection in the overall sample, but that the differential was significant for rural communities with relatively higher tax rates. Tax rate, income, service sector employment and a gravity factor were also significant influences on local sales tax revenues. These results imply that, because of the unique characteristics of rural retail markets and the dominance of rural trade centers, these rural trade center cities are able to raise local tax rates and effectively export tax burden to nonresidents without significantly affecting their retail sales when the tax differential is not a large one.
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    Reply To Comment (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00519.x
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    An Interregional Perspective on Aggregation Bias and Information Loss in Input-output Analysis (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper extends previous theorems concerning aggregation bias in single-region and national input-output models to interregional input-output (IRIO) models. The results indicate that the conditions for zero aggregation bias are more stringent in input-output models involving multiple regions. In addition, the paper derives the relationship between the information content of IRIO and national input-output accounts. The results confirm the conventional wisdom that the information content of multiple region input-output models of the U.S. economy contain more information than national input-output models.
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    Lotto Sales Stagnation: Product Maturity or Small Jackpots? (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: New York State lotto data are examined to determine whether the sales slowdown experienced by many state lotteries between 1985 and 1987 was due to a decline in interest by bettors or to a scarcity of large jackpots. Regression analysis shows that lotto sales accelerate as jackpots grow. Rising bettor participation causes fewer rollovers and smaller jackpots; this was the primary cause of the sales slowdown in New York. Increasing the odds against winning generates larger prizes and sales growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 50
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    DO PRODUCER SERVICES INDUCE REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT? (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Goods production and services have become increasingly integrated within a flexible, information-oriented system of production organization. In this context, it is argued here that producer services–carried out both within manufacturing firms and by “independent” enterprises–play a pivotal role in expanding the division of labor, productivity, and per capita income. This proposition is supported by results of an empirical analysis of metropolitan areas in major U.S. regions and in the nation as a whole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    SERIAL CORRELATION IN MULTIREGIONAL MIGRATION MODELS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper, we outline the specification and estimation of a time series of multiregional net-migration equations subject to first-order serial correlation. We show that the necessary nonstochastic adding-up constraint, which requires that net migration in the system sum to zero, imposes restrictions on the serial-correlation coefficients. We estimate equations under these restrictions using data for the ten Canadian provinces for the period 1962-1985. The results confirm the significance of the serial-correlation coefficient and, hence, the importance of incorporating this correction in future time-series models of multiregional migration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1990.tb00118.x
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    THE PURE THEORY OF HOUSEHOLD LOCATION AN AXIOMATIC APPROACH (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper, I present an axiomatic basis for the neoclassical model of household location in a monocentric urban area. I generalize the existing framework and demonstrate that many of the conclusions derived using parametric models continue to hold even without the popularly assumed well-behaved utility and transportation cost functions.
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    BOOKS RECEIVED (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1990.tb00125.x
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    FORECASTING METROPOLITAN EMPLOYMENT USING AN EXPORT-BASE ERROR-CORBECTION MODEL (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper shows that a time-series version of export-based location quotients, which decompose area employment into export and local components are co-integrated. Given the statistically established co-integrating relation between the time series for export and local employment, the Granger Representation Theorem tells us that an error-correction mechanism model is the appropriate time-series model specification. A set of forecasting experiments is carried out, in order to test whether the error-correction model produces better long-run forecasts that hold together in economically meaningful ways. Given the computer hardware and software that currently exist, the model developed here represents a simple, low-cost method for accurately forecasting local-area employment in the tradition of past work on export-base models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1990.tb00102.x
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    A TRANSLOG APPROACH TO CONSUMER SPATIAL BEHAVIOR (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: With the view that travel behavior stems from the principle of utility maximization, in this paper I present a spatial translog demand model that accounts for interdependence among travel alternatives and that handles varying elasticities of substitution for various destination pairs. Using simulation as the mode of inquiry, this model describes the effect of spatial size, spatial configuration, and spatial substitution on spatial interaction. In addition to indicating how varying spatial sizes and configurations affect the average trip length and the trip making pattern, the simulation results also point out the possible effect of having spatially dependent locations in the system. Competing destinations increase the attractiveness of nearby locations, and complementary destinations reduce the impeding effect of space. The model is primarily relevant to the demand for shopping trips.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    A NOTE ON TRANSPORTATION RATES AND LOCATION OF THE FIRM IN A TWO-DIMENSION, n-INPUT SPACE (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the theoretical implications of quantity-discounted transportation rates on the optimum location decision of the firm. It shows that the linearly homogeneous or homothetic production function is not a sufficient condition for the independence between the optimum location and the output level, unless (i) the elasticities of transportation rates with respect to quantity shipped are constant and identical, and (ii) the ratios of marginal products 60 the marginal transportation costs are equal for each input.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A Marginal Economy? East Anglian Breckland in the Later Middle Ages, by Mark Bailey. Peripheralisation and Industrial Change, edited by G. J. R. Linge. Recursive Methods in Economic Dynamics, by Nancy L. Stokey and Robert E. Lucas, Jr., with Edward C. Prescott. Facility Location Analysis: Theory and Applications, edited by François V. Louveaux, Martine Labbé, and Jacques-François Thisse. Expert Systems: Applications to Urban Planning, edited by Tschangho John Kim, Lyna L. Wiggins, and Jeff R. Wright. Modelling Urban Housing Market Dynamics, by L. J. G. Van Wissen and Annamarie Rima. Choice and Allocation Models for the Housing Market, by Jan Rouwendal. The Economic Value of Visibility, edited by George Tolley and Robert Fabian. Benefit-Cost Analysis: A Political Economy Approach, by A. Allan Schmid. Regional Economic Modeling in Theory and in Practice, by Curtis C. Harris, Jr. and Mehrzad Nadji. Integrated Multiregion Models for Policy Analysis: An Australian Perspective, by Christine Smith. Information Technology: Social and Spatial Perspectives, edited by Isao Orishimo, Geoffrey J. D. Hewings, and Peter Nijkamp.
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    SPATIAL DEPENDENCE AND SPATIAL STRUCTURAL INSTABILITY IN APPLIED REGRESSION ANALYSIS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The stability of regression coefficients over the observation set (“regional homogeneity”) is typically assessed by means of a Chow test or within a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) framework. When spatial error autocorrelation is present in cross-sectional equations the traditional tests are no longer applicable. I evaluate this both in formal terms as well as empirically. I introduce a taxonomy of spatial effects in models for structural instability, and discuss its implication for testing. I compare the performance of traditional tests, robust approaches, maximum-likelihood procedures and pretest techniques by means of a series of simple Monte Carlo experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1990.tb00092.x
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    THE SENSITIVITY OF INPUT-OUTPUT MULTIPLIERS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The present paper derives analytical expressions for the sensitivity of input-output multipliers to errors in the data. The effects on the simple output multipliers are investigated for additive errors, multiplicative errors in the columns, multiplicative errors in the rows, error rectangles, the error couple and the single error, and price changes. In contrast to earlier investigations, the results are not obtained from the Leontief inverse. The present approach focusses on the effects of errors on the eigenvector corresponding to the dominant eigenvalue. It is indicated how similar expressions may be derived for several other multipliers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1990.tb00095.x
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    A NOTE ON THE LOCATION OF MEDICAL FACILITIES (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this note, I present a method to estimate the desired distance between medical facilities. The survival rate of patients improves when the facility is larger, however larger facilities result in a longer driving distance to the facility which decreases the survival rate. I identify the desired distance between facilities for which the survival rate is maximized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    SELECTED TITLES FROM CURRENT JOURNALS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1990.tb00101.x
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    ADDITIVE-INTERACTION MODELS OF SPATIAL AGGLOMERATION (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A wide variety of existing models of spatial agglomeration postulate additive-interaction effects among agents. In this paper, a synthesis of such models is achieved by establishing certain mathematical equivalences between them. In particular, it is shown that Rockafellar's conjugacy theory of concave functions yields a symmetric one-to-one correspondence between three classes of existing models, here designated as spatial-accessibility models, endogenous-contact models, and fixed-contact models. These correspondences not only allow the transference of results between models, but also suggest new economic interpretations of each model in terms of its conjugate model. A series of examples are drawn from the literature to illustrate these results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    HEDONIC PRICES, IDENTIFICATION, AND THE DEMAND FOR PUBLIC SAFETY (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper, we use a two-stage intercity hedonic model to estimate household demand for public safety. This approach is shown to readily address the identification problem inherent in the hedonic model. Data from the 1980 Public Use Microdata Sample are used to estimate a willingness-to-pay function for the public-safety good. Income is found to be the primary determinant of willingness to pay. Indeed, the influence of income outweighs the combined impact of family life-cycle considerations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1990.tb00083.x
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    LEONTIEF TECHNOLOGY AND INPUT SUBSTITUTION: A COMMENT (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1990.tb00085.x
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    BOOKS RECEIVED (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1990.tb00089.x
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    Taking Issue revisited (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00133.x
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    Reversible logic grammars for natural language parsing and generation (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The use of a single grammar in natural language parsing and generation is most desirable for a variety of reasons, including efficiency, perspicuity, integrity, robustness, and a certain amount of elegance. These characteristics have been noted before by several researchers, but it was only recently that more serious attention started to be paid to the problem of creating a bidirectional system for natural language processing. In this paper we discuss a somewhat more radical version of the problem: given a parser for a language, can we reverse it so that it becomes an efficient generator for the same language? Furthermore, since both the parser and the generator are based upon the same grammar, are there any normalization conditions upon the form of the grammar that must be met in order to assure the maximum efficiency of the reversed program? Can other grammars be transformed into the normal form? We describe the results of an experiment with PROLOG-based logic grammar which has been derived from a substantial-coverage string grammar for English. We present an alogorithm for automated inversion of a unification parser into an efficient unification generator, using the collections of minimal sets of essential arguments for predicates. We discuss the scope of the present version of the algorithm and then point out several possible avenues for extension. We also outline a preliminary solution to the question of grammar's “normal form” and suggest a handful of normalizing transformations that can be used to enhance the efficiency of the generator. This research interacts closely with a Japanese-English machine translation project at New York University, for which the first implementation of the inversion algorithm has been prepared.
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    Reply to rejoinder (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Reply to rejoinder (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Probability and logic: a reply to Cheeseman (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Let many flowers bloom: a response to An inquiry into computer understanding (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00137.x
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    On the importance of evidence: a response to Halpern (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Halperri argues for alternative non-Bayesian approaches to uncertainty based on problems he perceives in the Bayesian approach. In particular, he argues for a distinction between degrees of belief and statistical statements (based on the concept of random sampling). In this response I show that there is no difference between these two concepts in the Bayesian framework, and that the replacement of variables by constants in probabilistic predicate calculus expressions is valid, despite Halpern's objections. The main reason for his rejection of the simpler approach is that he does not condition his belief statements on the evidence used to form these beliefs, and so gets into trouble when new evidence is received. This failure to properly take evidence into account invalidates most of his other criticisms. While I approve of his call for more formal rigor in representing Bayesian practice, his claim to have provided a semantics is misleading – what he has provided is not operational.
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    Formalizing planning knowledge for hierarchical planning (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A hierarchical planning system achieves efficiency by planning with the most important conditions first, and considering details later in the planning process. Few attempts have been made to formalize the structure of the planning knowledge for hierarchical planning. For a given domain, there is usually more than one way to define its planning knowledge. Some of the definitions can lead to efficient planning, while others may not. In this paper, we provide a set of restrictions which defines the relationships between a non-primitive action and its set of subactions. When satisfied, these restrictions guarantee improved efficiency for hierarchical planning. One important feature of these restrictions is that they are syntactic and therefore do not depend on the particular structure of any plan. Along with these restrictions, we also provide algorithms for preprocessing the planning knowledge of a hierarchical planner. When used during planning, the preprocessed operator hierarchies can enable a planner to significantly reduce its search space.
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    TERRITORIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TRADITIONAL-POLITICAL ALLEGIANCE OF FRONTIER SETTLEMENTS IN AFRICA: THE EXAMPLE OF THE IFE-IJESA FRONTIER AREA IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 10 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1989.tb00001.x
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    On maintaining and updating expert systems (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: A mechanism for tracing the utilization of rules in expert systems during periods of practical usage is proposed. Statistics related to the utilization of each rule help the designer to re-evaluate the appropriateness of each rule, so that over-utilized rules may be expanded and unnecessary ones deleted. By incorporating such a mechanism, the efficiency of maintaining and updating expert systems is improved.
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    Expert system shells: very-high-level languages for Artificial Intelligence (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Expert system shells are discussed as very-high-level programming languages for knowledge engineering. Based on a category/domain distinction for expert systems the concept of expert system shells is explained using seven classifications. A proposal for a shell-development policy is sketched. The conclusions express concern about current over-emphasis on graphical interfaces.
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    Using knowledge-based systems for estimating risks inherent in a proposed KBS project (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This article describes the development of a knowledge-based system (KBS) for guiding both technical and non-technical managers in estimating the risks inherent in proposed KBS development projects. The work described here is part of an ongoing research project studying the use of KBS both to teach and to do KBS development. So far, as part of this research project, over the past two years close to 150 non-technical and technical full-time business managers have developed some 75 KBS prototypes in conjunction with an MBA course in strategic planning. Based on replies to a survey of this test group, 17% of the KBS developed were reportedly used at work, 14% led to promotions, pay raises, or new jobs, and 14% led to participation in other KBS development projects at work. All but two of the survey respondents reported that their work on the KBS development project led to a substantial increase in their job knowledge or performance. The KBS work described here extends research work described by Cullen and Bryman [1988], Slagle and Wick [1988], Cohen and Howe [1988], Dologite [1988, 1989], and Mockler [1989(A) and (B)].
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    Troubleshooting expert systems for industrial maintenance: pre-development guidelines (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The sophisticated nature of new production facilities means more complex maintenance units and costly breakdowns. For users of high tech machinery, the efficiency of their maintenance services is becoming an increasingly important factor, and for manufacturers, the maintainability of their equipment they sell is an element that has to be taken into account in their battle for market share. Troubleshooting Expert Systems (TES) are one possible means of improving maintenance capability and maintenance units. Surveying cases of success or failure that the authors have witnessed themselves or come across in the literature, they propose a checklist of seven questions to be considered at the outset of TES development, which deal with the human, managerial and organisational aspects of TES.
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    Diary (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00168.x
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    Books received for review (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00229.x
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    Applying systems analysis techniques to knowledge engineering (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper deals with the issue of knowledge elicitation for expert systems. Specifically, it looks at the requirements of the knowledge elicitation process and the suitability of structured methods from systems analysis to carry out part of the elicitation task. The techniques of data flow analysis, entity-relationship analysis and entity-life cycle analysis are used to structure the data associated with the expert task. The methods proposed lay emphasis on the definition of limited data sets at the boundary of the explicit knowledge base and the identification of status attributes to model the control of activation of ‘processes’ within the knowledge base. Attention is also paid to the relationship between the resulting logical model, and two popular methods of knowledge representation, namely, Production Systems and Frames.
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    Expert systems-based robot technology (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Despite their potential advantages, robots are not used much by industry andlor services. One of the major reasons for this situation is the limitations of robots, especially their lack of ‘intelligence”. Artificial intelligence and expert systems technologies can help in this case. This paper describes the potential contribution of expert systems to the decision making capabilities of robots and to decisions regarding robots. The major potential contribution of expert systems is in the automation of the error recovery process. Specifically, when something is going wrong in the robot itself or in its work environment, an automated corrective action is needed. Today's technology is capable of economically handling some of the activities in the process (e.g. interpretation of signals from sensors, diagnosis of what is wrong and suggestions for remedies). The AI technology is still not capable in most cases (at least in an economical manner) of actually restoring the robot's operations. The paper also gives examples of several experimental expert systems in the robotic field.
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    News (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00177.x
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    Recent publications (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Knowledge-Based Systems: Markets, Suppliers and Products, Tim Johnson et al.The European Market for Expert Systems, Artificial Intelligence Systems and Expert Systems Used in Medical Laboratory Applications
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    Books received for review (1990)
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    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    Uncertain reasoning using the Dempster-Shafer method: an application in forecasting and marketing management (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The intended purpose of this article is twofold: to study techniques for uncertainty management in expert systems, particularly the Dempster-Shafer theory of belief; and to use this method in the construction of an expert system for the field of forecasting and marketing management. Compared with the probabilistic approach, which can only deal with singleton possibilities, the Dempster-Shafer approach proves to be superior because it provides the ability to deal with sets of possibilities. Since market analysis and forecasting always have a strong element of uncertainty associated with them, and since, in general, we consider a combination of several different forecasting techniques for planning our marketing strategies, the Dempster-Shafer approach is particularly suitable. Here we present a short introduction to this theory, briefly discuss the domain of application (selection of forecasting techniques for marketing planning), discuss the interesting components of our expert system, and analyze our experiences in applying the theory to this domain.
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    Choosing a problem — when is Artificial Intelligence appropriate for the retail industry? (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Current methodologies for choosing problems suitable for implementation as IKBS's are not appropriate for the retail industry, due to singularities of the domain. In particular, they exclude from consideration a kind of system which uses Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS) data to structure unstructured managerial perceptions, but several examples of these systems have been successfully implemented. Methodologies may be more domain specific than they were thought to be, and may hold back implementations to an artificially imposed level of difficulty. Nonetheless, analysis of the level of structure found in a problem is useful, as it points out possible trouble spots, and Fuzzy/Complex analysis was felt to be the most suitable methodology for retail due to its manufacturing origins, clarity of purpose, and flexibility.
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    Book Reviews (1990)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Expert Systems for Engineering Design, M.D. Rychener (ed.)
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    Evaluating expert systems (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Evaluation is crucial for improving expert system design and performance. This paper stresses the need for considering system evaluation throughout the development process. It highlights the importance of evaluating system usability and discusses key usability issues. A number of basic evaluation methods are described, including interviews, questionnaires, observation, system logging, user diaries, laboratory experiments and field trials. Finally, the paper looks at evaluating systems within organisations, and assessing other long term effects of expert systems.
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    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00236.x
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    Towards a methodology for evaluating expert systems (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Expert system evaluation comprises verification, validation and user acceptance testing. The nature of expert systems requires that they be evaluated carefully, and that detailed methodologies for their development be devised. This paper attempts to give practical guidance for the evaluation phase of expert system development. Empirical and logical evaluation methods are surveyed, and both types of method are applied in an evaluation case study. This case study provides insights as to the relative effectiveness of the methods, and demonstrates that empirical and logical testing are complementary to each other. The paper concludes that any evaluation methodology should incorporate both types of method, and presents prescriptions and an outline for such a methodology, which combines the methods for maximum effectiveness.
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    Development of the knowledge base of an expert system for civil rights investigation (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: A methodology that was successfully applied to the development of the knowledge base of a legal expert system is presented. The methodology consists of five distinct phases: model building, knowledge acquisition, knowledge integration, partitioning and external design. The phases are described in detail and illustrated with examples from the application area, which is civil rights complaint investigation.
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    The Paint Advisor (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The Paint Advisor is a knowledge-based system, linked to a database, which customers visiting the stores of HEMA, a chain store in The Netherlands, can interrogate to obtain advice on which of the company's paint products is appropriate to the decorative project they have in mind. It contains knowledge about paint products and the repair, removal and application of paint, and provides the customer with advice on the methods, materials and tools needed for a project, an estimate of its cost, evaluation of specific products and a display of all the relevant product data. As well as providing a technical description of the system, this paper explores the strategy behind the development of the system, and describes the procedures followed to ascertain user requirements.
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    The Traffic Information Collator (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    NEWS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00240.x
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acquaint (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Acquaint is an expert system shell developed for IBM-compatible personal computers by Lithp Systems BV. Acquaint costs $5000. Lithp Systems can be contacted at Waterlandlaan 120,1441 RW Purmerend, The Netherlands (Tel: +31 (0)2990/38153). The 3.25 inch version is reviewed in this article. It was run on an IBM PS/2 model 80, with 6 Mb RAM, a 40 Mb hard disk drive and a black and white monitor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00238.x
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Books received for review (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00242.x
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dairy (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00243.x
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acquiring and representing strategic knowledge in the diagnosis domain (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Techniques for acquiring and representing strategic knowledge for guiding diagnostic processes are presented. In a diagnostic expert system, strategic knowledge can be represented either by a specific knowledge base or it can be ‘embedded’ into the inference engine. We decided for the former; so that knowledge can be acquired or modified without affecting the problem solving paradigm. Strategic knowledge is acquired by expert interview in a straightforward way: on the basis of simple information provided by the expert, an internal sophisticated representation is automatically generated. The techniques are not restricted to a particular problem-solving paradigm or application. However, in order to prove the effectiveness of our approach, a problem solving paradigm is also presented. The paradigms adopted in diagnosis must face two problems: the selection of the ‘right’ hypothesis (fault) to pursue and the selection of the ‘right’ observation (measurement) to be executed. We present some criteria for selecting hypotheses and observations. Our proposal is suitable for domains where the measurements to localise the fault do not always provide certainty but only a ‘degree of belief’ about the presence of the fault. As a consequence, the problem of selecting the right measurement is solved by appropriate criteria and heuristic reasoning. Moreover, we do not consider ‘right’ as a predefined concept: actually, it is based on the information provided by the expert. So he can define this concept on the basis of his own judgment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00223.x
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NEWS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00227.x
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