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  • Organic Chemistry  (891)
  • Humans
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  • 1990-1994  (1,399)
  • 1990  (1,399)
  • 1
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    Slow going for blood substitutes (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pool, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1655-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270476" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Blood Substitutes/adverse effects ; Hemoglobins/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    A mechanism for social selection and successful altruism (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-21
    Description: Within the framework of neo-Darwinism, with its focus on fitness, it has been hard to account for altruism behavior that reduces the fitness of the altruist but increases average fitness in society. Many population biologists argue that, except for altruism to close relatives, human behavior that appears to be altruistic amounts to reciprocal altruism, behavior undertaken with an expectation of reciprocation, hence incurring no net cost to fitness. Herein is proposed a simple and robust mechanism, based on human docility and bounded rationality that can account for the evolutionary success of genuinely altruistic behavior. Because docility-receptivity to social influence-contributes greatly to fitness in the human species, it will be positively selected. As a consequence, society can impose a "tax" on the gross benefits gained by individuals from docility by inducing docile individuals to engage in altruistic behaviors. Limits on rationality in the face of environmental complexity prevent the individual from avoiding this "tax." An upper bound is imposed on altruism by the condition that there must remain a net fitness advantage for docile behavior after the cost to the individual of altruism has been deducted.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simon, H A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1665-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270480" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altruism ; Economics ; Humans ; Learning ; Models, Psychological ; Politics ; Selection, Genetic ; *Social Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Breast cancer: two steps closer to understanding (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wright, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1659.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270478" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis/*genetics/prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; Risk Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Pinning down sequencing costs (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1663.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270479" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cost Control ; DNA/*genetics ; Government Agencies ; Human Genome Project/*economics ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Dominant negative regulation of the mouse alpha-fetoprotein gene in adult liver (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-21
    Description: Transcription of the mouse alpha-fetoprotein gene is activated in the developing fetal liver and gut and repressed in both tissues shortly after birth. With germline transformation in mice, a cis-acting element was identified upstream of the transcription initiation site of the alpha-fetoprotein gene that was responsible for repression of the gene in adult liver. This negative element acts as a repressor in a position-dependent manner.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vacher, J -- Tilghman, S M -- CA44976/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1732-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1702902" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Chromosome Deletion ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Fetus ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta ; Liver/growth & development/*metabolism ; Mice ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; alpha-Fetoproteins/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    A new arbovirus from Aedes albopictus, an Asian mosquito established in the United States (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-21
    Description: Ten strains of a new arbovirus belonging to the Bunyamwera group (Bunyaviridae) were recovered from field-collected Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in Potosi, Missouri. This evidence indicates that this species may serve as an arbovirus vector in the United States. The urban-suburban distribution, aggressive biting behavior, and broad viral susceptibility of Ae. albopictus may lead to the transmission of viruses of known public health importance and perhaps of viruses hitherto not transmitted to humans because of the feeding pattern of their usual vectors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Francy, D B -- Karabatsos, N -- Wesson, D M -- Moore, C G Jr -- Lazuick, J S -- Niebylski, M L -- Tsai, T F -- Craig, G B Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1738-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, U.S. Public Health Service, Fort Collins, CO 80522.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270489" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; Arboviruses/*isolation & purification ; Asia ; Humans ; Insect Vectors ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Characterization of "peak E," a novel amino acid associated with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-21
    Description: Epidemiologic studies strongly associate eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) with ingestion of tryptophan containing a contaminant ("peak E"). Prior reports have suggested that peak E is the di-tryptophan N alpha-animal of acetaldehyde. Spectral and chemical studies now demonstrate that peak E is 1,1'-ethylidenebis[tryptophan]. This novel amino acid may be the etiological agent responsible for EMS, or it may be a marker of a still unidentified causal agent.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayeno, A N -- Lin, F -- Foote, C S -- Loegering, D A -- Ames, M M -- Hedberg, C W -- Gleich, G J -- AI 07047/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 09728/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 15233/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1707-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270484" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Eosinophilia/*chemically induced ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; *Muscles ; Pain/*chemically induced ; Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment ; Syndrome ; Tryptophan/*analogs & derivatives/isolation & purification/*toxicity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Inheritance of proliferative breast disease in breast cancer kindreds (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-21
    Description: Previous studies have emphasized that genetic susceptibility to breast cancer is rare and is expressed primarily as premenopausal breast cancer, bilateral breast cancer, or both. Proliferative breast disease (PBD) is a significant risk factor for the development of breast cancer and appears to be a precursor lesion. PBD and breast cancer were studied in 103 women from 20 kindreds that were selected for the presence of two first degree relatives with breast cancer and in 31 control women. Physical examination, screening mammography, and four-quadrant fine-needle breast aspirates were performed. Cytologic analysis of breast aspirates revealed PBD in 35% of clinically normal female first degree relatives of breast cancer cases and in 13% of controls. Genetic analysis suggests that genetic susceptibility causes both PBD and breast cancer in these kindreds. This study supports the hypothesis that this susceptibility is responsible for a considerable portion of breast cancer, including unilateral and postmenopausal breast cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Skolnick, M H -- Cannon-Albright, L A -- Goldgar, D E -- Ward, J H -- Marshall, C J -- Schumann, G B -- Hogle, H -- McWhorter, W P -- Wright, E C -- Tran, T D -- CA-28854/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA-42014/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA-48711/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1715-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Utah Regional Cancer Center, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City 84132.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270486" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Breast Diseases/*genetics/pathology ; Breast Neoplasms/*genetics/pathology ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Menopause ; Middle Aged ; Pedigree
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 9
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    Zinc mediation of the binding of human growth hormone to the human prolactin receptor (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-21
    Description: Human growth hormone (hGH) elicits a diverse set of biological activities including lactation that derives from binding to the prolactin (PRL) receptor. The binding affinity of hGH for the extracellular binding domain of the hPRL receptor (hPRLbp) was increased about 8000-fold by addition of 50 micromolar ZnCl2. Zinc was not required for binding of hGH to the hGH binding protein (hGHbp) or for binding of hPRL to the hPRLbp. Other divalent metal ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, and Co2+) at physiological concentrations did not support such strong binding. Scatchard analysis indicated a stoichiometry of one Zn2+ per hGH.hPRLbp complex. Mutational analysis showed that a cluster of three residues (His18, His21, and Glu174) in hGH and His188 from the hPRLbp (conserved in all PRL receptors but not GH receptors) are probable Zn2+ ligands. This polypeptide hormone.receptor "zinc sandwich" provides a molecular mechanism to explain why nonprimate GHs are not lactogenic and offers a molecular link between zinc deficiency and its association with altered functions of hGH.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cunningham, B C -- Bass, S -- Fuh, G -- Wells, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1709-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270485" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Chlorides/*pharmacology ; Growth Hormone/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Plasmids ; Protein Conformation ; Receptors, Prolactin/drug effects/genetics/*metabolism ; Restriction Mapping ; Zinc/metabolism/*pharmacology ; *Zinc Compounds
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Induction by antigen of intrathymic apoptosis of CD4+CD8+TCRlo thymocytes in vivo (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-21
    Description: In order to examine the mechanisms by which clonal deletion of autoreactive T cells occurs, a peptide antigen was used to induce deletion of antigen-reactive thymocytes in vivo. Mice transgenic for a T cell receptor (TCR) that reacts to this peptide contain thymocytes that progress from the immature to the mature phenotype. Intraperitoneal administration of the peptide antigen to transgenic mice results in a rapid deletion of the immature CD4+ CD8+ TCRlo thymocytes. Apoptosis of cortical thymocytes can be seen within 20 hours of treatment. These results provide direct evidence for the in vivo role of apoptosis in the development of antigen-induced tolerance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Murphy, K M -- Heimberger, A B -- Loh, D Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1720-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2125367" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, CD4/*immunology ; Antigens, CD8 ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microscopy, Electron ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Ovalbumin/immunology ; Phagocytosis ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology/ultrastructure ; Thymus Gland/cytology/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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