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  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994  (7,244)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994  (7,244)
  • 1930-1934
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Approaches for analyzing employment stability with aggregated data for SICs in large regions or major metropolitan areas are misleading indicators of the impact of manufacturing growth in rural areas. Performance of moderate-sized individual establishments seriously impact total employment variation in small-employment-sized rural communities, requiring analysis of the determinants of employment stability of these establishments. Aggregate SIC performance and most conventional criteria for judging probable stability appear to provide very limited predictability for individual firm performance. However, manufacturing development appears generally to have desirable effects on community-wide employment stability.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Information-intensive producer services, which constitute one of the fastest growing components of the U.S. economy, have been identified as a potential contributor to economic development in rural areas. This issue is examined in a case study of a community in rural Washington State. The findings indicate that producer services have not been decentralizing to rural Washington, and that opportunities for producer services development in rural communities are limited because of the inaccessibility of markets, smaller pools of skilled labor, and the lack of agglomeration economies. Opportunities for producer services are greatest in large rural communities with high-quality telecommunications systems. Although the quality of telecommunications systems is important to the economic health of communities, advances in telecommunications can be a two-way street for rural America. While telecommunications improvements increase a rural community's access to information and make it possible for rural businesses to more easily serve non-local markets, they can also make it easier for firms located in urban areas to serve rural markets via branch offices or through the telecommunications system.
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  • 3
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Numerous studies have focused on national and regional manufacturing decline in the U.S., but far less attention has been placed on decline in substate areas. This oversight is troublesome because manufacturing decline in substate areas, particularly in the Midwest, has been severe and prolonged. This paper, therefore, examines the causes of manufacturing decline at the substate level. Specifically, I evaluate whether the impact of factors influencing decline varies according to the size and location of medium- and small-sized cities in Illinois. Survey data and loglinear modeling methods are used for the empirical analysis. The results indicate that the impact of technology lags in substate areas varies significantly by the size of cities. The effects of technology, the regional shift of manufacturing, and federal trade policies are influenced by the relative location of cities.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The Japanese presence in U.S. banking markets is of particular significance. Japanese represent slightly over one-half of the total foreign banking presence in the U.S., concentrated in two states (California and New York). The growth of Japanese direct investment in the U.S. and the yen/dollar exchange rate appear to be the two most important economic factors influencing this rising Japanese banking presence. Japanese legislation liberalizing the flow of investment in and out of Japan, beginning in 1980, is a very important factor. Also, the International Banking Act of 1978 may be important in explaining the recent growth of Japanese bank branches in California.
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  • 5
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Many economists expect that new business survival rates in rural areas ought to be low because of inherent disadvantages of rural economies (e.g. small markets). What little evidence there is in support of this expectation is based on data which is biased toward rural areas. Using unemployment insurance tax records (ES202) for Arkansas, Maine, and North Dakota, the authors calculate and analyze new firm survival rates. Results show that new business survival rates are as high in rural areas as they are in urban areas. Further, survival rates in different industrial sectors are comparable, even when level of urbanization is taken into account. The authors conclude that economists may be overstating the inviability of rural in relation to urban economies.
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  • 6
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: National preferences for the development of regional and environmental policy are dependent on the competitive resolution of priorities emanating from four national centers of preference formation, namely: (a) national opinion leaders, (b) society at large, (c) state political institutions, and (d) the private business sector. The viability of national policies for regional development and environmental protection is assumed to be a function of the degree of systemic concordance among these four competing loci of preference formation. The paper explores differences between developed and developing countries in the formation of national preferences and analyzes the process by which competing preferences for regional development and environmental protection are ultimately resolved. It demonstrates that MDCs enjoy a high degree of harmony among their more autonomous centers of preference formation to achieve regional development goals, whereas LDCs are constrained by the dominant and coercive role of the state apparatus.
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  • 7
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Immigration Michael C. LeMay, ed. City Finance Helen F. Ladd and John Yinger. The Impact of Impact Assessment Robert V. Bartlett, ed. Status: Professional vs. Capitalist Tom Bottomore and Robert J. Bryn, eds.
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  • 8
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Standardized features dominate the retail landscape of the United States and are the physical components of retail districts. This study tests the hypothesis that standardized building blocks have failed to produce the same retail structure in all metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Ninety-two medium-sized MS As are analyzed to determine if the arrangement and strength of their retail districts differ. The relationship between functional and spatial aspects of retail structure in central place theory provides a basis for testing the hypothesis of diversity. Christaller's separation principle provides a plausible conceptual framework for diverse retail structure if each MSA is analyzed as an isolated region. Five types of retail structure are analyzed using data obtained from the Census of Population and the Census of Retail Trade. The types are identified by performing a serial iterative partition cluster procedure on prioritized metropolitan sales variables. The statistical significance of the types is tested with Mann-Whitney U-tests of functional variables not used in the cluster analysis. Verification confirms five distinctive types. Monocentric and polycentric retail structures exist but decentralized retail structure is even more common in medium-sized MSAs. The distribution of types of retail structure follows regional pattern that indicate historical and political factors as contributing causes.
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  • 9
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The paper introduces the concept of labour equivalence and determines the index of the intensity of labour use in its terms. The measure thus defined is shown to be analogous to the predefined labour multiplier with the necessary incorporation of prices and wages. The explicit inclusion of price-wage parameters gives it the advantage of being a more efficient planning tool.
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  • 10
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Industrial Change International G J.R. Linge and G.A. van der Knaap, eds., Labor, Environment and Industrial Change. Internal Colonies C. Matthew Snipp, ed. Public Policy Impacts on American Indian Economic Development. Do People Choose in Government Service Markets? The Competitive City: The Political Economy of Suburbia. Stimulating Business-The State as EntrepreneurPeter K. Eisinger. The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State: State and Local Economic Development Policy in the United States. Alternative Service Delivery: One View John A. Rehfuss. Contracting Out in Government: A Guide to Working with Outside Contractors to Supply Public Services. Alternative Service Delivery: Another View Lawrence K. Finley ed., Public Sector Privatization: Alternative Approaches to Service Delivery. Changes: United States and Australia Lay James Gibson and Robert J. Stimson eds., Regional Structural Change: Experience and Prospects in Two Mature Economies.
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  • 11
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to explain changes in regional attractiveness as measured by the competitive component of the shift-share model. This is done by applying the shift-share model to the manufacturing sector in the province of Quebec and using time series data for twenty two-digit industries as the basis of analysis. The study concludes that shift-share is useful for analyzing historical employment patterns and identifying their causes through regression analysis. However, the inherent structural instability limits the predictive potential of the model.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Trends in Urban Change Examined Michael G. H. McGeary and Laurence E. Lynn, Jr. eds., Urban Change and Poverry. Swedes and Norwegians Briant Lindsay Lowell. Scandinavian Exodus: Demography and Social Development of 19th Century Rural Communities. Environmental Management Joseph M. Petulla. Environmental Protection in the United States: Industries, Agencies, Environmentalists.
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  • 13
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Environmental Watchdogs James A. Tober. Native Americans C. Matthew Who Owns the Subsurface? Ronald T. Libby. Middle East Michael Bar-Zohar. A Green World S. Frederick
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  • 14
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the question of whether the traditional view of a complementary relationship between universities and local businesses is still appropriate or whether auxiliary activities and other competitive elements have changed this relationship. Cross-sectional data on over 3100 counties and 3300 institutions are used to analyze the effects of university enrollment and auxiliary activities on county-level employment in the retail, financial, and service sectors. Findings indicate that the negative effects of university auxiliary activities are confined to relatively small counties, are small in magnitude, and are more than offset by the positive effects of spending by universities and students. The overall impact is positive, is more pronounced in more populous counties, and has increased over time.
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Three variations in regional policy distinguish the conduct of the nationalized British coal industry—social industry, state industry, and state commerce. Each variation takes a distinct approach to natural and human resource development in chronically depressed regions such as the peripheral coal fields in Britain or the Appalachian coal fields in the United States. Central to the variation are recognition of the factor of decline that E. F. Schumacher analyzed in the 1950s and the mitigation of social welfare consequences of shifts in production and investment. Schumacher's analysis raised policy issues of social welfare, resource development, and energy. These emerged again in the British coalminers'strike of 1984–85. Broad issues like these are likely to surface in regions where employment is concentrated in a declining industry facing new and severe competition.
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper analyzes the Sengstock typology of annexation laws for predictive power. Cities were found to annex at different rates when categorized according to the Sengstock typology. Cities allowed to annex land areas under municipal determination provisions were found to annex at higher rates than cities that annexed under predominantly under other types of laws. Cities that annexed under judicial determination provisions were found to annex land areas at lower rates than cities that annexed under other types of laws.
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Rankings of economics departments nationwide and in the South are calculated using numbers of pages published in three of the most highly ranked journals for the periods 1978–83, 1983–88, and 1978–88. Changes in the rankings between the 1978–83 and 1983–88 time periods are examined, and the results are compared to those obtained in previous studies. While the Spearman rank correlation coefficient between our nationwide 1978–83 and 1983–88 rankings is .80, there are a number of cases of substantial movements by individual schools either up or down in the rankings.
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper utilizes newly available industry-specific historical measures of Gross Regional Product to highlight the changing regional structure of the U.S. economy between 1963 and 1986. During this period, the percentage of U.S. output produced in the eight different regions changed significantly. The largest changes occurred in the Great Lakes (−3.65 percent), Mideast (−3.32 percent), and Southeast (+3.64 percent).Four major industry sectors (Agriculture, Mining, Construction, and Government) declined in relative importance in all eight regions. Five major industry sectors (TCPU, Retail Trade, Wholesale Trade, FIRE, and Services) expanded in relative importance. Somewhat surprisingly, Manufacturing output expanded for the U.S. as a whole and for six of the eight regions. The perception of decline in the relative importance of manufacturing in the U.S. is clearly based on the dramatic declines in the once dominant manufacturing base of the Mideast and Great Lakes regions.
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  • 19
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to construct monthly manufacturing output indexes for a metropolitan area, employing a method used by the Federal Reserve Banks to construct regional manufacturing indexes. The Tulsa metropolitan area is the region considered. The index of total manufacturing output is included in a vector autoregression model of the Tulsa economy. The results indicate that the linkages between manufacturing activity and non-manufacturing employment differ from the linkages between employment in those sectors, and that since the early 1980s both sectors have become less sensitive to changes in the price of oil.
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: One solution that has been proposed for the fiscal disparities in fragmented metropolitan areas is the sharing of taxes generated by commercial and industrial property. A criticism of this proposal is that it distorts the efficient pattern of business locations resulting when an implicit market for business locations is allowed to develop through the independent fiscal behavior of communities and the optimizing location behavior of businesses. Critics recognize that the efficiency argument against sharing a metropolitan area's business tax base must be qualified to the extent that local governments possess location advantages which enable them to extract rents from business firms. This paper presents an empirical analysis which permits a partition of the local property tax payments from industrial firms into accessibility location rents and compensation payments to the community for the negative externalities of industrial development. The empirical analysis suggests that approximately 40 percent of the industrial taxes received by communities in this analysis represents accessibility location rents. It is concluded that these receipts could be redistributed through a metropolitan area tax base sharing program without affecting the efficiency of the implicit market for business locations.
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  • 21
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: What follows is a comment on Noel D. Uri's “The Structure of Agricultural Unemployment in the United States,” published in Growth and Change in Summer 1989. Uri's reply appears after the comment.
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  • 22
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The ability of small rural governments to provide local public goods in a Pareto-efficient manner is examined. A test developed by Brueckner (1982) is used to examine the efficiency of a sample of town governments in rural Maine. The empirical results suggest that local property values are maximized, which implies that local public goods are provided in a Pareto-efficient manner.
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  • 23
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Year in and year out, flooding causes greater dollar losses than any other natural hazard. To cope with that problem, more than 17,000 communities across the US have adopted riverine floodplain management programs to reduce the amount of urban development at risk from flooding and flood-related damage. This article examines the extent to which floodplain management programs influence the investment and predevelopment decisions of owners of vacant floodplain land in ten selected cities. Such public programs are found to alleviate investment and development pressure in flood hazard areas. Community-wide factors such as the availability of non-floodplain buildable land, however, can magnify or depress this effect of public policy on investment activity. Further, landowner perceptions of the flood hazard itself have an important influence on anticipated property appreciation and investment activity.
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  • 24
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper we estimate alternative models of the growth rate of real housing investment for Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S. Pure time series models generally provide superior fit to these growth rate data both within and out of the sample period. These time series models are then used to forecast investment growth rates in other countries. The results indicate that such time series models can be used to provide reasonable accurate forecasts for other countries.
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  • 25
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 26
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 27
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: More and more cities are being encouraged to subsidize sports stadiums as an economic development tool. In this paper regression analysis using census data on nine different metropolitan areas is employed to evaluate the impact of stadiums and professional sports teams on area development. Previous attempts to estimate the effectiveness of sports-based development have used assumption-driven trade multiplier models. The evidence presented here is that the presence of a new or renovated stadium has an uncertain impact on the levels of personal income and possibly a negative impact on local development relative to the region. These results should serve as a caution to those who assume or assert a large positive stadium impact.
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  • 28
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This study examines the impact of tax rates and tax rate differentials in a trade area on local sales tax revenues. Sales data for FY 1986 were analyzed for the 75 nonmetropolitan communities in Oklahoma with populations between 2,500 and 50,000. Multiple regression techniques were used to estimate local tax revenues as a function of tax rates, tax rate differential and local community economic and locational attributes.The results indicate that the tax rate differential was not significantly related to local revenue collection in the overall sample, but that the differential was significant for rural communities with relatively higher tax rates. Tax rate, income, service sector employment and a gravity factor were also significant influences on local sales tax revenues. These results imply that, because of the unique characteristics of rural retail markets and the dominance of rural trade centers, these rural trade center cities are able to raise local tax rates and effectively export tax burden to nonresidents without significantly affecting their retail sales when the tax differential is not a large one.
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  • 29
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 30
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    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper extends previous theorems concerning aggregation bias in single-region and national input-output models to interregional input-output (IRIO) models. The results indicate that the conditions for zero aggregation bias are more stringent in input-output models involving multiple regions. In addition, the paper derives the relationship between the information content of IRIO and national input-output accounts. The results confirm the conventional wisdom that the information content of multiple region input-output models of the U.S. economy contain more information than national input-output models.
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  • 31
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    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: New York State lotto data are examined to determine whether the sales slowdown experienced by many state lotteries between 1985 and 1987 was due to a decline in interest by bettors or to a scarcity of large jackpots. Regression analysis shows that lotto sales accelerate as jackpots grow. Rising bettor participation causes fewer rollovers and smaller jackpots; this was the primary cause of the sales slowdown in New York. Increasing the odds against winning generates larger prizes and sales growth.
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  • 32
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Goods production and services have become increasingly integrated within a flexible, information-oriented system of production organization. In this context, it is argued here that producer services–carried out both within manufacturing firms and by “independent” enterprises–play a pivotal role in expanding the division of labor, productivity, and per capita income. This proposition is supported by results of an empirical analysis of metropolitan areas in major U.S. regions and in the nation as a whole.
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  • 33
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper, we outline the specification and estimation of a time series of multiregional net-migration equations subject to first-order serial correlation. We show that the necessary nonstochastic adding-up constraint, which requires that net migration in the system sum to zero, imposes restrictions on the serial-correlation coefficients. We estimate equations under these restrictions using data for the ten Canadian provinces for the period 1962-1985. The results confirm the significance of the serial-correlation coefficient and, hence, the importance of incorporating this correction in future time-series models of multiregional migration.
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  • 34
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper, I present an axiomatic basis for the neoclassical model of household location in a monocentric urban area. I generalize the existing framework and demonstrate that many of the conclusions derived using parametric models continue to hold even without the popularly assumed well-behaved utility and transportation cost functions.
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  • 35
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 36
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper shows that a time-series version of export-based location quotients, which decompose area employment into export and local components are co-integrated. Given the statistically established co-integrating relation between the time series for export and local employment, the Granger Representation Theorem tells us that an error-correction mechanism model is the appropriate time-series model specification. A set of forecasting experiments is carried out, in order to test whether the error-correction model produces better long-run forecasts that hold together in economically meaningful ways. Given the computer hardware and software that currently exist, the model developed here represents a simple, low-cost method for accurately forecasting local-area employment in the tradition of past work on export-base models.
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    Notes: With the view that travel behavior stems from the principle of utility maximization, in this paper I present a spatial translog demand model that accounts for interdependence among travel alternatives and that handles varying elasticities of substitution for various destination pairs. Using simulation as the mode of inquiry, this model describes the effect of spatial size, spatial configuration, and spatial substitution on spatial interaction. In addition to indicating how varying spatial sizes and configurations affect the average trip length and the trip making pattern, the simulation results also point out the possible effect of having spatially dependent locations in the system. Competing destinations increase the attractiveness of nearby locations, and complementary destinations reduce the impeding effect of space. The model is primarily relevant to the demand for shopping trips.
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    Notes: This paper examines the theoretical implications of quantity-discounted transportation rates on the optimum location decision of the firm. It shows that the linearly homogeneous or homothetic production function is not a sufficient condition for the independence between the optimum location and the output level, unless (i) the elasticities of transportation rates with respect to quantity shipped are constant and identical, and (ii) the ratios of marginal products 60 the marginal transportation costs are equal for each input.
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    Notes: A Marginal Economy? East Anglian Breckland in the Later Middle Ages, by Mark Bailey. Peripheralisation and Industrial Change, edited by G. J. R. Linge. Recursive Methods in Economic Dynamics, by Nancy L. Stokey and Robert E. Lucas, Jr., with Edward C. Prescott. Facility Location Analysis: Theory and Applications, edited by François V. Louveaux, Martine Labbé, and Jacques-François Thisse. Expert Systems: Applications to Urban Planning, edited by Tschangho John Kim, Lyna L. Wiggins, and Jeff R. Wright. Modelling Urban Housing Market Dynamics, by L. J. G. Van Wissen and Annamarie Rima. Choice and Allocation Models for the Housing Market, by Jan Rouwendal. The Economic Value of Visibility, edited by George Tolley and Robert Fabian. Benefit-Cost Analysis: A Political Economy Approach, by A. Allan Schmid. Regional Economic Modeling in Theory and in Practice, by Curtis C. Harris, Jr. and Mehrzad Nadji. Integrated Multiregion Models for Policy Analysis: An Australian Perspective, by Christine Smith. Information Technology: Social and Spatial Perspectives, edited by Isao Orishimo, Geoffrey J. D. Hewings, and Peter Nijkamp.
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    Notes: The stability of regression coefficients over the observation set (“regional homogeneity”) is typically assessed by means of a Chow test or within a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) framework. When spatial error autocorrelation is present in cross-sectional equations the traditional tests are no longer applicable. I evaluate this both in formal terms as well as empirically. I introduce a taxonomy of spatial effects in models for structural instability, and discuss its implication for testing. I compare the performance of traditional tests, robust approaches, maximum-likelihood procedures and pretest techniques by means of a series of simple Monte Carlo experiments.
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    Notes: The present paper derives analytical expressions for the sensitivity of input-output multipliers to errors in the data. The effects on the simple output multipliers are investigated for additive errors, multiplicative errors in the columns, multiplicative errors in the rows, error rectangles, the error couple and the single error, and price changes. In contrast to earlier investigations, the results are not obtained from the Leontief inverse. The present approach focusses on the effects of errors on the eigenvector corresponding to the dominant eigenvalue. It is indicated how similar expressions may be derived for several other multipliers.
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    Notes: In this note, I present a method to estimate the desired distance between medical facilities. The survival rate of patients improves when the facility is larger, however larger facilities result in a longer driving distance to the facility which decreases the survival rate. I identify the desired distance between facilities for which the survival rate is maximized.
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    Notes: A wide variety of existing models of spatial agglomeration postulate additive-interaction effects among agents. In this paper, a synthesis of such models is achieved by establishing certain mathematical equivalences between them. In particular, it is shown that Rockafellar's conjugacy theory of concave functions yields a symmetric one-to-one correspondence between three classes of existing models, here designated as spatial-accessibility models, endogenous-contact models, and fixed-contact models. These correspondences not only allow the transference of results between models, but also suggest new economic interpretations of each model in terms of its conjugate model. A series of examples are drawn from the literature to illustrate these results.
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    Notes: In this paper, we use a two-stage intercity hedonic model to estimate household demand for public safety. This approach is shown to readily address the identification problem inherent in the hedonic model. Data from the 1980 Public Use Microdata Sample are used to estimate a willingness-to-pay function for the public-safety good. Income is found to be the primary determinant of willingness to pay. Indeed, the influence of income outweighs the combined impact of family life-cycle considerations.
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    Polar research 8 (1990), S. 0 
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    Notes: Large concentrations of Little Auks were recorded off central Norway in March and April 1988. Their pelagic distributional patterns may be related to the frontal system between Atlantic water and the coastal stream off central Norway. Peak densities of more than 1,000 Little Auks per km2 were recorded in two areas on the continental shelf, close to the frontal system. These densities were up to 500 times as high as those found in adjacent areas. A change in distribution with season was observed, suggesting a seasonal association with the front.
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    Notes: The historic data on the fisheries on Norwegian spring spawning herring and Barents Sea capelin show that the migration pattern and time of spawning have changed for these species. Furthermore, modern techniques like tagging, hydroacoustic abundance estimation and virtual population analysis have shown that the abundance, both of the adult and the immature parts of the population, fluctuates widely. Predators (other fish, seabirds, sea mammals) of pelagic fish must have experienced corresponding fluctuations in food availablilty.
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    Notes: In this paper I review recent, small-scale, process-oriented studies of the pelagic distribution of marine birds. I examine the roles played by a variety of hydrographic features, including steep flow gradients (fronts) and water column stratification, in determining the abundance or availability of avian prey. The ice edge/marginal ice zone is a frontal area of particular interest in polar regions. In most oceanic systems we have examples of avian use of a feature, hut only poor information on the importance of the feature for supporting the population as a whole. I review recent studies of the spatial and numerical concordance of marine birds and their prey, and find that these studies have yielded mixed results, with correlations stronger for piscivorous birds, particularly murres foraging on capelin, than for planktivores. Review of investigations of multispecies interactions during foraging shows that flock foraging has both beneficial and negative aspects. Interspecific facilitation of foraging occurs in numerous interactions involving both other species of birds and marine mammals. However, co-occurrence of predators may occur because both seek the same prey, and caution must be used in assessing mutualistic interactions between predatory species.
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    Notes: Amazing organogenic deposits were encountered within the terminal moraine zone of Renardbreen, north-western part of Wedel Jarlsberg Land. Pollen analyses and ,14C dating locate the deposits at the Middle Late Subatlantic transition. The position of these deposits indicates possible glacial advances 3,500-2,000 years BP and during the Little Ice Age, respectively. Remnants of human activity at least as old as the 9th century were also found within organogenic deposits.
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    Notes: This note describes the occurrence, petrography, and bulk rock chemistry of the basalt recently found in northeastern Ny Friesland.
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    Notes: Light-photosynthesis curves for 9 species of benthic algae from the Hornsund fiord were determined. As a result of adaptation to the conditions in the Arctic, benthic algae from Spitsbergen have a low requirement of light. Saturation and compensation points are low and within a range typical for shadow-tolerant plants.The values for gas exchange rates indicate that Arctic algae have lower photosynthctic capacity than temperate species.
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    Notes: Temperature conditions in the Barents Sea are determined by the quality and quantity of the inflowing Atlantic water from the west and by processes taking part in the Barents Sea itself, in particular as a consequence of winter cooling and ice formation. The field of inflow to the Barents Sea during the period 1977-1987 has been studied. The surface winter temperatures within the Barents Sea vary in parallel with variations in the deeper layers of the inflowing water masses, whereas the surface temperatures in summer have a different variation pattern which is most likely dependent on the summer heating process.
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    Notes: By 1980, the Brasilian steel industry had grown to be the eighth largest among the market economies. It is a largely state-owned industry, much of the expansion of which has been funded by international capital. The pattern of development has not been externally imposed, however, but rather reflects the changing balance of class forces within Brasil as policies oscillate between nationalist, populist limits on foreign investment and open, pro-development strategies that rely on foreign investment. Both policies develop their own contradictions, that are reflected in frequent military interventions.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Christopher J. Smith and John A. Giggs (Eds.) Location and Stigma: Contemporary Perspectives on Mental Health and Mental Health Care. S. Corbridge, Capitalist World Development: A Critique of Radical Development Geography.
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    Notes: Analyses seriously considering the importance of gender in the process of restructuring have been scarce, yet altered gender relations have been integral to these changes at all geographical scales. Vital interconnections exist between a restructuring capitalism and a reconstituting patriarchy. Initially, I clarify the concepts and the feminist politics which inform the analysis, and then I situate the Australian textile industry in a global context of new divisions of labour and capital. Connecting these global changes to a particular national economy provides the necessary background to understanding the transformations which have occurred in one textile plant in Geelong, Victoria over the last twenty years. At all scales, patriarchy and capitalism have interconnected in such a way as to ensure that renewed profitability and reasserted male authority are linked during restructuring. Restoration of capital accumulation in the Australian textile industry has thus been built on a redefined but also reaffirmed patriarchal economy.
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    Notes: This paper examines the forces underlying the development and form of the Brasilian steel industry since the 1930s. Foreign direct investment has been limited by Brasilian nationalist policies and by higher costs of steel production, but large scale, integrated plants could not be built by private capital due to insufficient resources. Thus the Brasilian steel industry combines large scale state owned plants (financed by foreign capital) and smaller scale privately owned plants. The operations of the plants are coordinated to reduce market uncertainty, permit the steel sector to advocate its own expansion plans, and delimit the spheres of public and private capital while excluding foreign commodity and productive capital. Even so, in the 1980s the steel industry in Brasil has faced a crisis of declining local demand, prompting a rapid expansion of exports.
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    Notes: The build up of individual and collective linguistic repertoires is inseparable from situated practices and power relations. Place-to-place variations in gendered consciousness, the consciousness of gender, and female subordination cannot be pried apart from place-to-place variations in the language out of which gender is constituted and to which gendered practices and unequal gender relations contribute. In the course of local transformation, whereby local traditions and practices are eased out or crushed by exogenous powers, women as well as men are apt to become involved in the contestation of meanings and other forms of linguistic struggle.
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    Notes: Many Marxist geographers are involved in the current attempt within human geography to create nonessentialist forms of social explanation. This project has been carried forward with great, though uneven, success. I argue that the concept of ‘theory’ is an area of our discourse where essentialism tenaciously persists. I explore some essentialist meanings of ‘theory’ in Marxist geography and offer a nonessentialist alternative meaning, embedded within an explicitly nonessentialist Marxism.
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    Notes: Current debate surrounding Fordism and flexible accumulation centers on explaining their transition and the implications for capital and labor. This article disagrees with the argument that technology and capital competition are the basis for transition and focuses instead on the labor process. Using a case study of the French automobile industry since the Second World War, the analysis examines the transition in production and the link between spatial organization and the labor process. Contradictions in the current phase of capitalist production are apparent in the divergent trends towards international dispersal and regional integration of automobile production, and the deepening social divisions of labor.
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    Notes: Malthusians maintain that rapid population growth aggravates poverty, while Marxists contend that social formations determine its nature and extent. Each perspective is incomplete, however, since it ignores the insights of the other. Latin American states, characterized by dependent capitalist formations and dominated by ruling elites, are generally incapable of solving the problems of population and poverty. Since population growth under dependent capitalism weakens labor's bargaining position against capital, reduced population growth is emphasized as a labor empowerment strategy the poor can implement on their own to improve their socioeconomic conditions.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Little, J., Peake, L. and Richardson, P. (Eds.) Women in Cities: Gender and the Urban Environment. Agnew, J., and Duncan, J. (Eds.), The Power of Place: bringing together geographical and sociological imaginations. Wood, S. (Ed.) The transformation of work? Skill, flexibility and the labour process. Hall, P. and Preston, P. The Carrier Wave: New Information Technology and the Geography of Innovation 1846–2003.
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    Topics: Geography
    Notes: From the mid-1970s onwards, many southern European regions experienced a pattern of decentralized development and growth. This pattern has been largely explained by theories of “local” or “endogenous” development which became the new catch-phrases during a period of great financial difficulties. Despite logical improvements and the use of some radical rhetoric, local development approaches based on rationalization of existing cases (especially in Third Italian regions) suffer both in their theory and practice from the same inherent limitations of two decades ago. The paper argues for an alternative interpretation of local development characteristics in Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece, discussing the political implications of proposed policies.
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  • 84
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 10 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 85
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 10 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 86
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 10 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 87
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 88
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper gives an overview of the background and spatial implications for the completion of the European market. Special attention is given to technology and infrastructure policy. The paper also contains a simple chaos-type of model with fractal properties in order to explore some possible evolutionary patterns in such a dynamic multiregional-multinational system.
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  • 89
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The main objective of tins article is to discuss migration problems concerning regional differentiation and regional disparities in the E.C. countries, by adopting theoretical approaches and indicators for measuring the disparities in regional development policies. To test the relevance of the potentiality factors, the analysis studied the causes of regional disparities which are used in the E.C. studies as the most convenient approach. Turkish G.D.P. variations by regions arc examined using the quasiproduction function based on a Cobb-Douglas specification taking into account as a function of activity, infrastructure, industrial employment and agglomeration rates. The results show that these factors are significant for testing the potential theory for a developing area.
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  • 90
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper considers recent developments in econometrics that have helped to resolve the apparent dichotomy between time-series analysis and dynamic econometrics. In particular, the paper shows how the concepts of cointegration and error-correction models can be used in the estimation of dynamic regional multipliers. Using the results of a pilot study for Northern Ireland it is shown how the techniques provide a new method for estimating the economic base, and an encompassing approach to early conflicting results.
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  • 91
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The impact of Regional Shopping Centres upon the retail hierarchy is a major consideration for all those with vested interests in the future of the town centre. However, at a time when the planning and polity system is weak, impact techniques are also ill-equipped to forecast how these new forms of retail development will interact with and impact upon the high street. A review of over fifty impact studies forwarded at the present round of inquiries has highlighted the weaknesses in the methodologies and revealed the need for greater theoretical rigour.
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  • 92
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The understanding and modelling of consumer shopping behaviour can increasingly only be fully realised by reference to market segments. Disaggregate choice modelling methods are able to take account of such behavioural heterogeneity, but are hampered by the poor quality of observed choice data on which they art calibrated. This paper shows how a segmented modelling strategy may be developed using stated preference data, and illustrates the methodology using the example of grocery shopping in Cardiff, South Glamorgan.
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  • 93
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The paper examines housing market dynamics by means of qualitative models chosen from the elementary catastrophes listed in Thorn's Classification Theorem. The first model refers to the cusp catastrophe and hence contains cine state variable and two parameters; the second, the butterfly catastrophe, consists of one stale variable and four parameters. We present an empirical application of the model using aggregate data for Turin.
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  • 94
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    Papers in regional science 69 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The aim of this paper is to construct a model of the market for new housing in Northern Ireland capable of forecasting the prospects of the housebuilding industry, and of simulating the effect of policy initiatives, Much of applied work on housing markets has concentrated on the equilibrating role of prices. In the market for new housing this effect is complicated by the physical lags involved in the supply side response. The paper develops a simple theoretical framework in which price adjusts to equilibrate demand and current supply. A reduced form price change equation is used to model any imbalance of current demand and housing completions. The model is estimated using data for Northern Ireland, and the implications of the results for the management of regional housing markets are discussed.
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  • 95
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    Papers in regional science 68 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Given the dynamic nature of the Pacific Kim, the Pacific Regional Science Conference Organization (PRSCO) has a unique opportunity to both grow with the region and contribute solutions to the problems which conic with growth. This paper first examines some of the economic attributes of the Pacific Region and then explores some of the challenges and opportunities fated by PRSCO.
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  • 96
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    Papers in regional science 68 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper analyses the impact of informatics development on the urban residential-location, consumption and working-hour-allocation behaviour of the coining information-oriented society. The analysis focuses on the repercussions through the interaction of the land and labour markets. The labour market is spatially separated into the ‘home work’ market in the city suburbs and the ‘office work’ market in the CBD. But, these work places are tightly connected with each other by highly developed communication technology. The time-allocation as well as money-expenditure constraint is systematically built up on a traditional residential location model of the von Thunen-Alonso type. The wage rates and the bid rent function for the land are both solutions of the equilibrium model of land and labour markets. The impacts are examined using the comparative statics analyses which have been developed for the economic-agent equilibrium conditions of the firm and household.
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  • 97
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    Papers in regional science 68 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The classical “Harris-Wilson” model of urban retail activity location is extended to include endogenous zonal retail prices, as well as endogenous travel costs. Illustrative equilibrium con figurations of the activity/travel system are obtained through numerical experiments, under a variety of situations. Sudden changes in the spatial patterns of retail activity and interzonal shopping travel are shown to be induced by continuous variations in the values of the model's parameters. New sources of discontinuity are also identified, such as random fluctuations in the values of the exogenous variables, including residential population, link capacities and nonretail travel. Several directions for further theoretical and operational development of the model are discussed in conclusion.
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  • 98
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    Papers in regional science 68 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper we explore the use of the Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) in a dynamic socio-economic environment. We prove the existence of adaptation laws which ensure that the error equation in MRAS for a dynamic input-output model is asymptotically stable. The resulting theorems are appraised through some numerical simulations.
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  • 99
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    Papers in regional science 68 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A general equilibrium, linear programming model of urban land use formulated in the heritage of Edwin Mills is reformulated for dynamic solution. This multiperiod extension identities discontinuous land use as an optimal market strategy under reasonably general conditions of economic change. Information about future economic conditions is assumed to he complete, and capital is assumed to be replaceable at finite cost. As a result, land uses and export mixes adjust over time in response to exogenous shifts in export prices. It is noted that discontinuous land uses can constitute long-run outcomes, and a distinction is drawn between the assumptions associated with static and long-run perspectives.
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  • 100
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    Papers in regional science 68 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper presents a multiregional simultaneous model of the U.S. manufacturing industry based on the supply-side paradigm, focusing on the behavior of the primary inputs, capital stock and labor force, across the nine Census Regions. The estimated structure shows that the regional investment sensitively responds to the marginal productivity of capital in the respective region relative to the national average, while the net interregional migration basically follows the relative regional wages. As an application, the model is used for evaluating the economic value of migration and analyzing the relationship between the overall national growth and interregional equalisation of income.
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