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  • Articles  (252)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Cotesia urabae ; Dolichogenidea eucalypti ; Uraba lugens ; Braconidae ; Noctuidae ; parasitoid ; gregariousness ; host acceptance ; host defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Behavioral interactions among Cotesia urabaeAustin and Allen, Dolichogenidea eucalyptiAustin and Allen (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and their host Uraba lugensWalker, the gum leaf skeletonizer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were observed at three host sizes over a 20-min period. These sizes were first instar (small, gregarious), fourth-fifth instar (mid, gregarious), sixth-seventh instar (large, solitary) larvae. Unlike C. urabae, D. eucalyptiused its legs to hold small larvae before ovipositor insertion. D. eucalyptialso visited patches of small larvae more frequently, proceeded less often through patches of mid larvae, and made significantly fewer ovipositions in mid and large larvae. Small larvae responded to both parasitoids by dispersing outward, while mid larvae responded to parasitoids by moving inward to form a denser group. Larvae reared or thrashed after each parasitoid visit, especially mid larvae, and some continued to do so for up to 2h after parasitoid departure. Mid and large larvae occasionally injured parasitoids by biting their appendages. By rearing or thrashing immediately prior to an encounter with a parasitoid, mid and large larvae decreased the likelihood of being parasitized by up to 50%.
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  • 2
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    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 277-287 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoid behavior ; heritable traits ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; allelochemical ; flight response ; host location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The heritable nature of differential responses by Microplitis croceipes(Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to airborne allelochemicals was investigated. Four isofemale lines were tested for three generations in a flight tunnel. Flight response was found to be strongly dependent on the familial origin, with two highly responsive lines being clearly differentiated from two less responsive ones. Each isofemale line could also be recognized by typical behaviors that suggested that M. croceipesfemales may inherit independent characters of sensory acuity to plant and to host chemicals and of learning ability.
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  • 3
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    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 85-104 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; Belonogaster petiolata ; rubbing behavior ; sternal gland ; ant predation ; defensive allomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the social wasp, Belonogaster petiolata,rub the secretion of van der Vecht's gland, located on their terminal gastral sternite, onto the nest pedicel. In bioassays, the secretion was repellent to two species of ants, while shortchain acids were effective releasers of rubbing behavior. Rubbing was associated with pedicel enlargement and departure from the nest in preemergence colonies. Its frequency was high where wasps were often exposed to ants and low where ants were rare or absent. Rubbing also decreased significantly from the pre-to the postemergence stage of the colony cycle. In both stages, subordinate foundresses rubbed more often than queens or workers. These observations support the hypothesis that rubbing behavior and the secretion of van der Vecht's gland function in chemical defense of the nest against ant predation. The general morphology of the gland in B. petiolataresembles that of the four other independent-founding polistine wasp genera.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: cotton bollworm ; Heliothis armigera ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; flight tunnel ; male behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six compounds were identified from gland extracts of the cotton bollworm, Heliothis armigera(Hubner): (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (Z)-9-hexa-decenal (Z9-16:Ald), hexadecanal, (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16:OH), (Z)-7-hexadecenal (Z7-16:Ald), and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (Z9-14:Ald). Each of the compounds that were identified was examined for its ability to elicit sexual responses from male moths in a flight tunnel. Males flew upwind to Z11-16:Ald alone, but greater levels of copulatory responses were evoked with the addition of 2.5% Z9-16:Ald to the Z11-16:Ald. Addition of hexadecanal to the binary mixture had no effect in raising the behavioral response of the males in the flight tunnel. The effect of Z7-16:Ald on male flight depended on the loading. The addition of 1% of this component to 2 mg of the binary mixture reduced levels of copulatory response, but the same addition (1 %) to 10 μg of the binary mixture increased copulatory response. The addition of 79-14:Ald or Z11-16:OH to the binary mixture reduced behavioral responses of males. High loadings of the binary mixture (200–2000 μg) were better than a low loading (10 μg) in eliciting response of males.
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  • 5
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    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 241-250 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: antipredator behavior ; prey caching ; Ammophila ; Formica ; foraging behavior ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many solitary ground-nesting wasps in the families Pompilidae and Sphecidae excavate nests after capturing prey for provisions. These wasps generally cache their immobilized prey temporarily during nest excavation, frequently by suspending the prey in a plant (”aerial caching”). Here I test the hypothesis that aerial caching by Ammophila spp. wasps (Sphecidae) functions to reduce prey theft by generalist predators, Formica spp. ants. Foraging ants removed baits placed on the ground more rapidly than baits suspended in plants; mean half-lives for ground and aerial baits were 14.5 and 145.7 min, respectively (mean values for experiments 1–3). Ant foraging activity decreased during the midday. Ant interference with nesting activities of Ammophila spp. also decreased during the midday, paralleling observed fluctuations in ant foraging activity.
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  • 6
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    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 359-379 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: ant ; aggression ; kin discrimination ; Rhytidoponera confusa ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Significant variation in aggressiveness and kin discrimination ability occurs between different laboratory colonies of the ant Rhytidoponera confusa.Different colonies show consistently high (or low) levels of aggression toward nonnestmates over 4–19 weeks. Earlier studies excluded colony size and the natural presence or absence of the queen in colonies and differences in hunger as possible sources of variation. The present study excluded the number of larvae in colonies and the time of the light period of the light cycle when recognition tests were carried out. Highly significant variation occurs between the kin discrimination ability of individual workers in any particular colony. Approximately 28% of the workers in colonies of R. confusashowed very poor kin discrimination. Much of the colony's kin discrimination is carried out by a small number of highly aggressive workers.
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  • 7
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Encapsulation ; evolutionary relationships ; host suitability ; parasitization ; parasitoid complexes ; Diadegma armillata ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur la valeur de 8 représentants européens du genre Yponomeuta (Lep., Yponomeutidae) comme hôtes pour Diadegma armillata (Hym., Ichneumonidae). La présence, l'état du parasitoïde, le nombre de chenilles contenant un hyménoptère et la mortalité des chenilles on été examinés par dissection et par élevage des chenilles attaquées en conditions contrôlées. Pour examiner si la mortalité des chenilles saines et parasitées diffèrent, des chenilles non contaminées par l'ichneumonide ont été utilisées comme témoins. De plus, des chenilles provenant de différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne ont été disséquées pour connaître leur taux de parasitisme par D. armillata. La valeur des diverses espèces diffère considérablement. Les dissections montrent que cela provient de différentes aptitudes à l'encapsulation des œufs du parasite. La comparaison des taux observés par la dissection des chenilles des différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne montre une surprenante uniformité pour les populations d'origines géographiques différentes. Les observations sur l'encapsulation par les différentes espèces d'yponomeutes correspondent assez bien aux différences observées parmi les divers complexes parasitaires dans lesquels D. armillata intervient. Certains éléments montrent cependant que le taux d'attaques victorieuses (sans tenir compte d'une éventuelle encapsulation ultérieure) contribue aussi aux différences observées entre les complexes parasitaires. Le classement des espèces d'yponomeutes en 3 catégories, d'après leur valeur comme hôte, montre un remarquable parallélisme avec les relations phylogéniques mises en évidence par analyse des allozymes: les espèces présentant une forte proportion d'encapsulation sont celles qui ont divergé précocement au cours de l'évolution du genre, tandis que les espèces ayant divergé le plus récemment présentent un pourcentage intermédiaire ou sont incapables d'encapsuler les œufs de D. armillata.
    Notes: Abstract The suitability as a host of Diadegma armillata (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) was determined for eight West-European representatives of the genus Yponomeuta Latreille (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae) by dissecting and rearing parasitized larvae under controlled conditions. The suitability of the various species differed considerably, and dissection showed that this was mainly due to the ability of the host species to encapsulate the parasitoid eggs. Encapsulation by Yponomeuta-species corresponded fairly well to the differences between the parasitoid complexes concerning D. armillata. Classifying the Yponomeuta-species into three categories according to their suitability, showed a remarkable parallelism with the phylogenetic relationships as determined by allozyme comparison: species showing high encapsulation rates are those that have diverged early in the evolution of the genus, whereas the more recently evolved species showed an intermediate percentage or were not able to encapsulate eggs of D. armillata.
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  • 8
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 47-57 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Campoletis sonorensis ; parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Heliothis virescens ; cotton ; potential host community location ; host location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les comportements d'évaluation de l'effectif d'hôtes potentiels et de la position des hôtes par C. sonorensis (Hyméno.: Iccheumonidae) ont été quantifiés pour déterminer les séquences significatives des événements comportementaux. La localisation de la colonie potentielle d'hôtes est apparue comme une séquence régulière des événements comportementaux. Une fois que le parasitoïde a localisé une colonie potentielle, on a constaté que la recherche au hasard des hôtes se poursuit jusqu'à ce qu'il ait la démonstration qu'il s'agit d'une plante attaquée. La localisation par le parasitoïde d'un hôte certain a consitué une autre séquence régulière des événements comportementaux terminant la localisation de l'hôte. L'influence de pieds de coton intacts, de pieds abîmés mécaniquement et de pieds occupés par des chenilles du 3ème stade de l'hôte et de plantes dont les chenilles ont été retirées juste avant l'expérience a été déterminée en modifiant la composition du complexe hôte/plante. Des femelles naïves de C. sonorensis ont montré en présence de pieds de coton intacts apparemment toutes les séquences comportementales de vol impliquées dans la localisation d'une colonie potentielle d'hôtes. Une fois que le parasitoïde a atteint la colonie potentielle d'hôtes, la présence de dégâts de l'hôte n'a pas modifié le temps passé sur la plante, mais a modifié le temps consacré à la prospection.
    Notes: Abstract Wind tunnel flight behavior of inexperienced female Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae) in response to its larval host Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) feeding on the host plant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is described. The flight behavioral sequence was determined by quantification of frequencies of observed behaviors and probabilities of first-order behavioral transitions. Comparison of inexperienced C. sonorensis flights to undamaged and damaged cotton indicated that stimuli from undamaged plants alone are adequate to elicit the complete flight behavioral sequence observed in response to H. virescens feeding on cotton. Parasitoid foraging behavior was also analyzed after landing on the stimulus. This behavior appeared to be random in its initial stages, but became sequential after location of evidence of a host. Analysis of foraging on undamaged and 3 treatments of damaged cotton resulted in the determination that parasitoids tend to remain on damaged plants longer than undamaged plants although no significant difference was detected. C. sonorensis spent a greater percentage of their time foraging on host damaged plants than on undamaged plants.
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  • 9
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 69-78 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Noctuidae ; Heliothis zea ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; tannin ; food utilization ; sericea lespedeza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de la consommation de phénotypes de la légumineuse S. lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) (Dumont) (G. Don) dont les teneurs en tanin diffèrent, ont été examinés sur 2 insectes généralistes; Heliothis zea Boddie et Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lep.: Noctuidae). Le feuillage de phénotypes à teneur élevée ou basse en tanin n'a pas affecté considérablement la croissance et le développement des 2 espèces, quand il a été incorporé dans un régime méridique, sauf aux fortes concentrations où un régime contenant le phénotype riche en tanin a réduit le poids larvaire et retardé la nymphose des 2 espèces. Le feuillage frais de S. lespedeza avec différentes teneurs en tanin n'a pas nui au développement et à la croissance larvaire de S. frugiperda. Tous les phénotypes ont constitué un hôte désavantageux pour H. zea dont toutes les chenilles sont mortes avant la nymphose. Les poids initiaux des chenilles de H. zea ne différaient pas significativement suivant la pauvreté ou la richesse en tanin des phénotypes. A l'exception d'un phénotype pauvre en tanin ayant une plus grande efficacité de transformation lors de la digestion, la teneur en tanin du feuillage a eu peu d'effet sur l'assimilation du repas, son utilisation, les taux de consommation et le développement larvaire des stades 6 et 7 des chenilles d'H. zea. Les chenilles néonates de H. zea n'ont présenté aucune préférence significative pour l'un des phénotypes. Par conséquent, la teneur en tanin de S. lespedeza a eu relativement peu d'effet sur la croissance et le développement de ces deux généralistes défoliateurs, ce qui suggère que les phénotypes de S. lespedeza pauvres en tanin ne sont pas nettement plus susceptibles de défoliation par ces espèces. Les faibles performances de H. zea sur tous les phénotypes de S. lespedeza suggèrent que cette plante peut contenir des facteurs autres que les tanins qui inhibent la croissance et le développement de cette espèce ou que S. lespedeza manque de certains éléments nécessaires au développement de H. zea.
    Notes: Abstract The biological impact of consumption of sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don) genotypes varying in tannin content was examined for two generalist insect herbivores, Heliothis zea Boddie and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Foliage of high- and lowtannin genotypes did not substantially affect the growth and development of either species when incorporated into meridic diet except at large concentrations where a diet containing high tanin genotypes reduced larval weight and delayed pupation of both species. Fresh foliage of sericea lespedeza with varying levels of tannin did not adversely affect larval growth and development of S. frugiperda. All genotypes were a poor host for H. zea in that most larvae died before pupation. Initial larval weight of H. zea was not consistently different between high- and low-tannin genotypes. Except for one low-tannin genotype having a greater efficiency of conversion of digested diet than the other genotypes, foliage tannin content had little effect on diet assimilation and utilization and larval developmental and consumption rates of stages 6 and 7 H. zea larvae. H. zea neonates also did not show a significant preference for any genotypes. Therefore, tannin content of sericea lespedeza had relatively little effect on the growth and development of these generalist insect defoliators which suggests that low-tannin genotypes of sericea lespedeza will not be substantially more susceptible to defoliation by these species. The poor performance of H. zea on all L. cuneata genotypes suggests that the plant may contain factors other than tannin that inhibit the growth and development of this species or that sericea lespedeza lacks essential nutrients for proper development of H. zea.
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  • 10
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 23-30 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; sex pheromone ; calling behaviour ; calling posture ; diel periodicity of calling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La périodicité quotidienne de l'appel et les effets de l'âge et de la photopériode ont été examinés sur des femelles vierges deMamestra brassicae (Lépido., Noctuidae). Aucun appel n'a été observé pendant la première scotophase; la plupart des femelles appelaient pour la première fois pendant les 2e et 3e scotophases après l'émergence, quelle que fût la photopériode. Les papillons conservés à 16 J/8 N ont commencé à appeler beaucoup plus tard que ceux dont la photopériode était 18 J/6 N. En vieillissant, les papillons appelaient significativement de plus en plus tôt. Avec 16 J/8 N, la moyenne du moment du début de l'appel a diminué de la scotophase 2 à la scotophase 3, après laquelle il s'est stabilisé autour de 260 min après le début de la scotophase. Avec 18 J/6 N, le moment du début de l'appel a diminué jusqu'à la scotophase 4, et s'est stabilisé ensuite autour de 130 min après le début de l'obscurité.
    Notes: Abstract Die periodicity of calling and the effect of age and photoperiod on calling behaviour were studied in virgin females of the cabbage moth,mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). No calling activity was observed during the first scotophase. Most females called for the first time during the 2nd or 3rd scotophase after emergence, regardless of the photoperiod. Moths maintained under 16L: 8D started calling significantly later in the scotophase than those maintained under 18L: 6D. With increasing age, moths initiated calling significantly earlier. Under the 16L: 8D photoregime, the mean onset calling time decreased from scotophases 2 to 3, after which it stabilized around ca. 260 min after the start of the scotophase. With 18L: 6D, the onset of calling decreased until scotophase 4, and subsequently stabilized around ca. 130 min after lights off.
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