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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (2,774)
  • 1990-1994  (3,563)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1945-1949
  • 1996  (2,774)
  • 1990  (3,563)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (2,774)
  • 1990-1994  (3,563)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1945-1949
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using Self-Assembled Monolayers to Understand the Interactions of Man-made Surfaces with Proteins and Cells (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 25 (1996), S. 55-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.000415
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Bridging the Protein Sequence-Structure Gap by Structure Predictions (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 25 (1996), S. 113-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.000553
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  • 3
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    Use of 19F NMR to Probe Protein Structure and Conformational Changes (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 25 (1996), S. 163-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.001115
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  • 4
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    Engineering the Gramicidin Channel (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 25 (1996), S. 231-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.001311
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  • 5
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    Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Class I Ribonucleotide Reductase (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 25 (1996), S. 259-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.001355
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  • 6
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    Antibodies as Tools to Study the Structure of Membrane Proteins: The Case of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 25 (1996), S. 197-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.001213
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  • 7
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    Activating Mutations of Rhodopsin and Other G Protein-Coupled Receptors (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 25 (1996), S. 287-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.001443
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  • 8
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    Computational Studies of Protein Folding (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 25 (1996), S. 315-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.001531
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  • 9
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    Modeling DNA in Aqueous Solutions: Theoretical and Computer Simulation Studies on the Ion Atmosphere of DNA (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 25 (1996), S. 367-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.002055
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Lipoxygenases: Structural Principles and Spectroscopy (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 25 (1996), S. 431-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.002243
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  • 11
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    Visualizing Protein-Nucleic Acid Interactions on a Large Scale with the Scanning Force Microscope (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 25 (1996), S. 395-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.002143
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    IMPORT AND ROUTING OF NUCLEUS-ENCODED CHLOROPLAST PROTEINS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Most chloroplast proteins are nuclear encoded, synthesized as larger precursor proteins in the cytosol, posttranslationally imported into the organelle, and routed to one of six different compartments. Import across the outer and inner envelope membranes into the stroma is the major means for entry of proteins destined for the stroma, the thylakoid membrane, and the thylakoid lumen. Recent investigations have identified several unique protein components of the envelope translocation machinery. These include two GTP-binding proteins that appear to participate in the early events of import and probably regulate precursor recognition and advancement into the translocon. Localization of imported precursor proteins to the thylakoid membrane and thylakoid lumen is accomplished by four distinct mechanisms; two are homologous to bacterial and endoplasmic reticulum protein transport systems, one appears unique, and the last may be a spontaneous mechanism. Thus chloroplast protein targeting is a unique and surprisingly complex process. The presence of GTP-binding proteins in the envelope translocation machinery indicates a different precursor recognition process than is present in mitochondria. Mechanisms for thylakoid protein localization are in part derived from the prokaryotic endosymbiont, but are more unusual and diverse than expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.1
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  • 13
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    Fc RECEPTORS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH IMMUNOGLOBULINS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 181-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Receptors for the Fc domain of immunoglobulins play an important role in immune defense. There are two well-defined functional classes of mammalian receptors. One class of receptors transports immunoglobulins across epithelial tissues to their main sites of action. This class includes the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), which transports immunoglobulin G (IgG), and the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), which transports immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM). Another class of receptors present on the surfaces of effector cells triggers various biological responses upon binding antibody-antigen complexes. Of these, the IgG receptors (FcgammaR) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptors (FcepsilonR) are the best characterized. The biological responses elicited include antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, release of inflammatory mediators, and regulation of lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. We summarize the current knowledge of the structures and functions of FcRn, pIgR, and the FcgammaR and FcepsilonRI proteins, concentrating on the interactions of the extracellular portions of these receptors with immunoglobulins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.181
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  • 14
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    PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS: A Nuclear Receptor Signaling Pathway in Lipid Physiology (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 335-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are lipid-activated transcription factors that belong to the steroid/thyroid/retinoic acid receptor superfamily. All their characterized target genes encode proteins that participate in lipid homeostasis. The recent finding that antidiabetic thiazolidinediones and adipogenic prostanoids are ligands of one of the PPARs reveals a novel signaling pathway that directly links these compounds to processes involved in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism including adipocyte differentiation. A detailed understanding of this pathway could designate PPARs as targets for the development of novel efficient treatments for several metabolic disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.335
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  • 15
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    TRANSPORT VESICLE DOCKING: SNAREs and Associates (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 441-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Proteins that function in transport vesicle docking are being identified at a rapid rate. So-called v- and t-SNAREs form the core of a vesicle docking complex. Additional accessory proteins are required to protect SNAREs from promiscuous binding and to deprotect SNAREs under conditions in which transport vesicle docking should occur. Because access to SNAREs must be regulated, other proteins must also contain specificity determinants to accomplish delivery of transport vesicles to their distinct and specific membrane targets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.441
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  • 16
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    THE MAMMALIAN MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN GENE FAMILY (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 417-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Myosin is a highly conserved, ubiquitous protein found in all eukaryotic cells, where it provides the motor function for diverse movements such as cytokinesis, phagocytosis, and muscle contraction. All myosins contain an amino-terminal motor/head domain and a carboxy-terminal tail domain. Due to the extensive number of different molecules identified to date, myosins have been divided into seven distinct classes based on the properties of the head domain. One such class, class II myosins, consists of the conventional two-headed myosins that form filaments and are composed of two myosin heavy chain (MYH) subunits and four myosin light chain subunits. The MYH subunit contains the ATPase activity providing energy that is the driving force for contractile processes mentioned above, and numerous MYH isoforms exist in vertebrates to carry out this function. The MYHs involved in striated muscle contraction in mammals are the focus of the current review. The genetics, molecular biology, and biochemical properties of mammalian MYHs are discussed below. MYH gene expression patterns in developing and adult striated muscles are described in detail, as are studies of regulation of MYH genes in the heart. The discovery that mutant MYH isoforms have a causal role in the human disease familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) has implemented structure/function investigations of MYHs. The regulation of MYH genes expressed in skeletal muscle and the potential functional implications that distinct MYH isoforms may have on muscle physiology are addressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.417
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  • 17
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    RGD AND OTHER RECOGNITION SEQUENCES FOR INTEGRINS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 697-715 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Proteins that contain the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) attachment site, together with the integrins that serve as receptors for them, constitute a major recognition system for cell adhesion. The RGD sequence is the cell attachment site of a large number of adhesive extracellular matrix, blood, and cell surface proteins, and nearly half of the over 20 known integrins recognize this sequence in their adhesion protein ligands. Some other integrins bind to related sequences in their ligands. The integrin-binding activity of adhesion proteins can be reproduced by short synthetic peptides containing the RGD sequence. Such peptides promote cell adhesion when insolubilized onto a surface, and inhibit it when presented to cells in solution. Reagents that bind selectively to only one or a few of the RGD-directed integrins can be designed by cyclizing peptides with selected sequences around the RGD and by synthesizing RGD mimics. As the integrin-mediated cell attachment influences and regulates cell migration, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, the RGD peptides and mimics can be used to probe integrin functions in various biological systems. Drug design based on the RGD structure may provide new treatments for diseases such as thrombosis, osteoporosis, and cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.697
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  • 18
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    COROTATING AND TRANSIENT SOLAR WIND FLOWS IN THREE DIMENSIONS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 35-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two types of flows dominate the large-scale structure of the solar wind: corotating flows and transient disturbances. Corotating flows are associated with spatial variability in the coronal expansion and solar rotation, whereas transient disturbances are associated with episodic ejections of material into interplanetary space from coronal regions not previously participating in the solar wind expansion. Ulysses' recent epic journey over the poles of the Sun has provided new insights on the three-dimensional nature of both corotating flows and transient disturbances in the solar wind and their evolution with heliocentric distance and latitude. This paper provides a simple physical description of the origins and dynamics of both of these types of solar wind flows, highlighting new understanding gained from the unique Ulysses high-latitude observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.35
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  • 19
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    THE FU ORIONIS PHENOMENON1 (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 207-240 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We summarize the properties of FU Orionis variables, and show how accretion disk models simply explain many peculiarities of these objects. FU Ori systems demonstrate that disk accretion in early stellar evolution is highly episodic, varying from ~ 10-7 yr-1 in the low (T Tauri) state to 10-4 yr-1 in the high (FU Ori) state. This variability in mass accretion is matched by a corresponding variability in mass ejection, with mass loss rates reaching ~ 10-1 of the mass accretion rates in outburst. It appears that the FU Ori phenomenon is restricted to early phases of stellar evolution, probably with infall still occuring to the disk, which may help drive repetitive outbursts. Thermal instabilities are a promising way to produce FU Ori disk outbursts, although many uncertainties remain in the theory; triggering by interactions with companion stars on eccentric orbits may also play a role.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.207
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  • 20
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    CHARGED DUST DYNAMICS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 383-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In most space environments, dust particles are exposed to plasmas and UV radiation and, consequently, carry electrostatic charges. Their motion is influenced by electric and magnetic fields in addition to gravity, drag, and radiation pressure. On the surface of the Moon, in planetary rings, or at comets, for example, electromagnetic forces can shape the spatial and size distribution of micron-sized charged dust particles. The dynamics of small charged dust particles can be surprisingly complex, leading to levitation, rapid transport, energization and ejection, capture, and the formation of new planetary rings. This review briefly discusses the most important processes that determine the charge state of dust particles immersed in plasmas and the resulting dynamics on exposed dusty surfaces and in planetary magnetospheres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.383
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  • 21
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    INTERSTELLAR ABUNDANCES FROM ABSORPTION-LINE OBSERVATIONS WITH THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 279-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has yielded precision abundance results for a range of interstellar environments, including gas in the local medium, in the warm neutral medium, in cold diffuse clouds, and in distant halo clouds. Through GHRS studies, investigators have determined the abundances of elements such as C, N, O, Mg, Si, S, and Fe in individual interstellar clouds. These studies have provided new information about the composition of interstellar dust grains, the origin of the Galactic high-velocity cloud system, and the processes that transport gas between the disk and the halo. Precision measurements of the interstellar D to H ratio and of the abundances of r- and s-process elements have also provided fiducial reference values for cosmological and stellar evolutionary observations and theoretical models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.279
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  • 22
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    THE GALACTIC CENTER ENVIRONMENT (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 645-701 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The central half kiloparsec region of our Galaxy harbors a variety of phenomena unique to the central environment. This review discusses the observed structure and activity of the interstellar medium in this region in terms of its inevitable inflow toward the center of the Galactic gravitational potential well. A number of dissipative processes lead to a strong concentration of gas into a "Central Molecular Zone" of about 200-pc radius, in which the molecular medium is characterized by large densities, large velocity dispersions, high temperatures, and apparently strong magnetic fields. The physical state of the gas and the resultant star formation processes occurring in this environment are therefore quite unlike those occurring in the large-scale disk. Gas not consumed by star formation either enters a hot X ray-emitting halo and is lost as a thermally driven galactic wind or continues moving inward, probably discontinuously, through the domain of the few parsec-sized circumnuclear disks and eventually into the central parsec. There, the central radio source SgrA* currently accepts only a tiny fraction of the inflowing material, likely as a result of a limit cycle wherein the continual inflow of matter provokes star formation, which in turn can temporarily halt the inflow via mass-outflow winds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.645
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  • 23
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    LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 749-792 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract At luminosities above 1011 , infrared galaxies become the dominant population of extragalactic objects in the local Universe (z〈 0.3), being more numerous than optically selected starburst and Seyfert galaxies and quasi-stellar objects at comparable bolometric luminosity. The trigger for the intense infrared emission appears to be the strong interaction/merger of molecular gas-rich spirals, and the bulk of the infrared luminosity for all but the most luminous objects is due to dust heating from an intense starburst within giant molecular clouds. At the highest luminosities (Lir〉 1012 ), nearly all objects appear to be advanced mergers powered by a mixture of circumnuclear starburst and active galactic nucleus energy sources, both of which are fueled by an enormous concentration of molecular gas that has been funneled into the merger nucleus. These ultraluminous infrared galaxies may represent an important stage in the formation of quasi-stellar objects and powerful radio galaxies. They may also represent a primary stage in the formation of elliptical galaxy cores, the formation of globular clusters, and the metal enrichment of the intergalactic medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.749
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  • 24
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    Vorticity, Free Surface, and Surfactants (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 28 (1996), S. 83-128 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.000503
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  • 25
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    Numerical Models for Two-Phase Turbulent Flows (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 28 (1996), S. 11-43 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.000303
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  • 26
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    Pore-Scale Prototypes of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 28 (1996), S. 187-213 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.001155
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    Modeling the Oceanic General Circulation (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 28 (1996), S. 215-248 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.001243
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  • 28
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    Fluid Phenomena in Scramjet Combustion Systems (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 28 (1996), S. 323-360 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.001543
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  • 29
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    Vortext Dynamics in the Cylinder Wake (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 28 (1996), S. 477-539 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.002401
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    G. W. Beadle (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.000245
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    Genetics of Response to Slow Virus (Prion) Infection (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 115-132 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.000555
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    Control of Mitochondrial Gene Expression in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 91-108 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.000515
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    The LDL Receptor Locus in Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Mutational Analysis of a Membrane Protein (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 133-170 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.001025
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    Generation of Diversity in Retroviruses (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 409-443 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.002205
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    Regulated mRNA Stability (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 519-541 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.002511
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    The Comparative Radiation Genetics of Humans and Mice (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 327-362 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    Genetics of Early Neurogenesis in Drosophila Melanogaster (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 387-407 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.002131
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    Integration Specificity of Retrotransposons and Retroviruses (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 491-518 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.002423
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    UBIQUITIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN DEGRADATION (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 30 (1996), S. 405-439 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A growing number of cellular regulatory mechanisms are being linked to protein modification by the polypeptide ubiquitin. These include key transitions in the cell cycle, class I antigen processing, signal transduction pathways, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. In most, but not all, of these examples, ubiquitination of a protein leads to its degradation by the 26S proteasome. Following attachment of ubiquitin to a substrate and binding of the ubiquitinated protein to the proteasome, the bound substrate must be unfolded (and eventually deubiquitinated) and translocated through a narrow set of channels that leads to the proteasome interior, where the polypeptide is cleaved into short peptides. Protein ubiquitination and deubiquitination are both mediated by large enzyme families, and the proteasome itself comprises a family of related but functionally distinct particles. This diversity underlies both the high substrate specificity of the ubiquitin system and the variety of regulatory mechanisms that it serves.
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    PARALOGOUS HOX GENES:Function and Regulation (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 30 (1996), S. 529-556 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Hox homeobox gene family plays a pivotal role in regulating patterning and axial morphogenesis in vertebrates. Molecular characterization of the four Hox clusters has shown that they are evolutionarily related with respect to sequence, organization, and expression, suggesting they arose by duplication and divergence. Transgenic analysis has clearly demonstrated the functional roles of individual genes in a broad range of embryonic tissues, and in compound mutants has addressed the issues of cooperativity and redundancy. There is an emerging picture of the cis-regulatory elements underlying Hox expression, and for the 3' members of the clusters there is a considerable degree of conservation between paralogous genes with respect to their functional roles and regulatory control.
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    GENOME DOWNSIZING DURING CILIATE DEVELOPMENT:Nuclear Division of Labor through Chromosome Restructuring (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 30 (1996), S. 557-578 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ciliated protozoa divide the labor of germline and somatic genetic functions between two distinct nuclei. The development of the somatic (macro-) nucleus from the germinal (micro-) nucleus occurs during sexual reproduction and involves large-scale, genetic reorganization including site-specific chromosome breakage and DNA deletion. This intriguing process has been extensively studied in Tetrahymena thermophila. Characterization of cis-acting sequences, putative protein factors, and possible reaction intermediates has begun to shed light on the underlying mechanisms of genome rearrangement. This article summarizes the current understanding of this phenomenon and discusses its origin and biological function. We postulate that ciliate nuclear restructuring serves to segregate the two essential functions of chromosomes: the transmission and expression of genetic information.
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    Circular Oligonucleotides: New Concepts in Oligonucleotide Design (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 25 (1996), S. 1-28 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.000245
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    The Dynamics of Water-Protein Interactions (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 25 (1996), S. 29-53 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.000333
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    Antigen-Mediated IGE Receptor Aggregation and Signaling: A Window on Cell Surface Structure and Dynamics (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 25 (1996), S. 79-112 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.000455
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    The Sugar Kinase/Heat Shock Protein 70/Actin Superfamily: Implications of Conserved Structure for Mechanism (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 25 (1996), S. 137-162 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.001033
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    Protein Function in the Crystal (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 25 (1996), S. 343-365 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.002015
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    SIGNAL-MEDIATED SORTING OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS BETWEEN THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND THE GOLGI APPARATUS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 27-54 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Each organelle of the secretory pathway is required to selectively allow transit of newly synthesized secretory and plasma membrane proteins and also to maintain a unique set of resident proteins that define its structural and functional properties. In the case of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), residency is achieved in two ways: (a) prevention of residents from entering newly forming transport vesicles and (b) retrieval of those residents that escape. The latter mechanism is directed by discrete retrieval motifs: Soluble proteins have a H/KDEL sequence at their carboxy-terminus; membrane proteins have a dibasic motif, either di-lysine or di-arginine, located close to the terminus of their cytoplasmic domain. Recently it was found that di-lysine motifs bind the complex of cytosolic coat proteins, COP I, and that this interaction functions in the retrieval of proteins from the Golgi to the ER. Also discussed are the potential roles this interaction may have in vesicular trafficking.
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    CYTOKINE RECEPTOR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND THE CONTROL OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELL DEVELOPMENT (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 91-128 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cytokine receptor superfamily is characterized by structural motifs in the exoplasmic domain and by the absence of catalytic activity in the cytosolic segment. Activated by ligand-triggered multimerization, these receptors in turn activate a number of cytosolic signal transduction proteins, including protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, and affect an array of cellular functions that include proliferation and differentiation. Molecular study of these receptors is revealing the roles they play in the control of normal hematopoiesis and in the development of disease.
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    CROSS-TALK BETWEEN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS AND THEIR HOST CELLS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 221-255 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A taxonomically diverse group of bacterial pathogens have evolved a variety of strategies to subvert host-cellular functions to their advantage. This often involves two-way biochemical interactions leading to responses in both the pathogen and host cell. Central to this interaction is the function of a specialized protein secretion system that directs the export and/or translocation into the host cells of a number of bacterial proteins that can induce or interfere with host-cell signal transduction pathways. The understanding of these bacterial/host-cell interactions will not only lead to novel therapeutic approaches but will also result in a better understanding of a variety of basic aspects of cell physiology and immunology.
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    MITOTIC CHROMOSOME CONDENSATION (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 305-333 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this chapter, we review the structure and composition of interphase and mitotic chromosomes. We discuss how these observations support the model that mitotic condensation is a deterministic process leading to the invariant folding of a given chromosome. The structural studies have also placed constraints on the mechanism of condensation and defined several activities needed to mediate condensation. In the context of these activities and structural information, we present our current understanding of the role of cis sites, histones, topoisomerase II, and SMC proteins in condensation. We conclude by using our current knowledge of mitotic condensation to address the differences in chromosome condensation observed from bacteria to humans and to explore the relevance of this process to other processes such as gene expression.
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    FOCAL ADHESIONS, CONTRACTILITY, AND SIGNALING (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 463-519 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Focal adhesions are sites of tight adhesion to the underlying extracellular matrix developed by cells in culture. They provide a structural link between the actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix and are regions of signal transduction that relate to growth control. The assembly of focal adhesions is regulated by the GTP-binding protein Rho. Rho stimulates contractility which, in cells that are tightly adherent to the substrate, generates isometric tension. In turn, this leads to the bundling of actin filaments and the aggregation of integrins (extracellular matrix receptors) in the plane of the membrane. The aggregation of integrins activates the focal adhesion kinase and leads to the assembly of a multicomponent signaling complex.
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    STRUCTURE-FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF THE MOTOR DOMAIN OF MYOSIN (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 543-573 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Motor proteins perform a wide variety of functions in all eukaryotic cells. Recent advances in the structural and mutagenic analysis of the myosin motor has led to insights into how these motors transduce chemical energy into mechanical work. This review focuses on the analysis of the effects of myosin mutations from a variety of organisms on the in vivo and in vitro properties of this ubiquitous motor and illustrates the positions of these mutations on the high-resolution three-dimensional structure of the myosin motor domain.
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    Machine Learning (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 255-306 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001351
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    Ultradependable Architectures (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 503-515 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002443
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    Spoken Language Systems (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 481-501 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002405
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    Reasoning Under Uncertainty (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 37-72 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.000345
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    A Survey of Distributed File Systems (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 73-104 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.000445
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    Number-Theoretic Algorithms (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 119-172 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001003
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    THE DESIRE TO UNDERSTAND THE WORLD (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 1-34 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.1
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    SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS AS DIAGNOSTICS OF SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 75-109 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the past decade a number of observational and theoretical studies have appeared that address the problem of how both the physical conditions in subsurface layers of the Sun and the nature of the magnetic flux tubes of active regions are reflected in the structure and behavior of these regions at the surface. This review discusses work in this area. Many characteristics of plages and sunspot groups are shown to be related to the conditions encountered by the region flux tube as it rises through the convective zone of the Sun to the surface. Size distributions, rotation and meridional flow rates and their covariances, and characteristics of growth and decay are among the factors that have been shown to depend on the nature of the source magnetic flux tube and the physical effects, such as the Coriolis force and magnetic tension, that act deep in the convection zone.
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    GEMINGA: Its Phenomenology, Its Fraternity, and Its Physics (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 331-381 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.331
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    GRAVITATIONAL MICROLENSING IN THE LOCAL GROUP (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 419-459 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The status of searches for gravitational microlensing events of the stars in our galaxy and in other galaxies of the Local Group, the interpretation of the results, some theory, and prospects for the future are reviewed. The searches have already unveiled ~ 100 events, at least two of them caused by binaries, and have already proven to be useful for studies of the Galactic structure. The events detected so far are probably attributable to the effects of ordinary stars, and possibly to substellar brown dwarfs; however, a firm conclusion cannot be reached yet because the analysis published to date is based on a total of only 16 events. The current searches, soon to be upgraded, will probably allow determination of the mass function of stars and brown dwarfs in the next few years; these efforts will also provide good statistical information about binary systems, in particular their mass ratios. They may also reveal the nature of dark matter and allow us to detect planets and planetary mass objects.
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    THE AGE OF THE GALACTIC GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEM (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 461-510 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A careful assessment of current uncertainties in stellar physics (opacities, nuclear reaction rates, equation of state effects, diffusion, rotation, and mass loss), in the chemistry of globular cluster (GC) stars, and in the cluster distance scale, suggests that the most metal-poor (presumably the oldest) of the Galaxy's GCs have ages near 15 Gyr. Ages below 12 Gyr or above 20 Gyr appear to be highly unlikely. If these = 2 sigma limits are increased by ~ 1 Gyr to account for the formation time of the globulars, and if standard Friedmann cosmologies with the cosmological constant set to zero are assumed, then the GC constraint on the present age of the Universe (t0〉= 13 Gyr) implies that the Hubble constant H0〈= 51 km s-1 Mpc-1 if the density parameter Omega = 1 or 〈= 62 km s-1 Mpc-1 if Omega = 0.3.
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    CIRCUMSTELLAR PHOTOCHEMISTRY (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 241-277 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The cooling flows or winds from evolved stars are ideal for the formation of molecules and dust. The main location of molecular synthesis is the outer circumstellar envelope, where UV radiation from the interstellar medium penetrates the envelope and, by photodissociating parent molecules, produces the high-energy radicals and ions that activate gas-phase neutral and ion-molecule chemistry. After introducing relevant observational results and theoretical ideas, the salient aspects of the photochemical model are described. The primary application is to the nearby C star, IRC + 10216, where 50 or more circumstellar molecules have been detected. Recent interferometer maps, with resolution approaching 1'', provide the means to verify the main ideas of the model and to indicate directions for its improvement.
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    THEORY OF ACCRETION DISKS II: Application to Observed Systems (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 703-747 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Accretion disks are important for many astrophysical phenomena, including galactic nuclei, interacting binary stars, and young stellar objects. The central issue in the theory of accretion disks is to identify the dominant mechanisms that regulate angular momentum transfer and mass flow in a variety of contexts. In the first part of this review, we described some recent advances in the study of the physical processes that may be present in accretion disks. Concurrent with these theoretical developments, the arrival of high-resolution astronomical instruments has led to explosive progress on the observational side. In many cases, the study of accretion disks has evolved from their inferred presence based on circumstantial evidence to direct imaging and detailed spectral analyses. Here, we summarize the theoretical interpretation of these data. We review the constraints that may be imposed on the efficiency and nature of angular momentum transfer processes in a variety of astrophysical contexts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.703
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    Note on the History of the Reynolds Number (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 22 (1990), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.22.010190.000245
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    Boundary Layers in the General Ocean Circulation (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 22 (1990), S. 111-140 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.22.010190.000551
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    Parametrically Forced Surface Waves (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 22 (1990), S. 143-165 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.22.010190.001043
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    Panel Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 22 (1990), S. 255-274 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Mixing, Chaotic Advection, and Turbulence (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 22 (1990), S. 207-254 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Plasma Turbulence (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 22 (1990), S. 317-347 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.22.010190.001533
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    Scientific Methods in Yacht Design (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 22 (1990), S. 349-385 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Optical Rheometry (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 22 (1990), S. 387-417 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.22.010190.002131
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    Aerothermodynamics and Transition in High-Speed Wind Tunnels at Nasa Langley (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 22 (1990), S. 419-439 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.22.010190.002223
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    Recalling the Vth Volta Congress: High Speeds in Aviation (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 28 (1996), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.000245
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    Linear Stability Theory Applied to Boundary Layers (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 28 (1996), S. 389-428 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Atmospheric Lee Waves (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 28 (1996), S. 429-476 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.002241
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    Genetics of Extracellular Protein Secretion by Gram-Negative Bacteria (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 67-90 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.000435
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    Molecular Genetics of Polyketides and its Comparison to Fatty Acid Biosynthesis (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 37-62 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.000345
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    Frameshift Mutation: Determinants of Specificity (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 189-211 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.001201
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    Bacterial Cell Division (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 249-274 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.001341
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    Phage T4 Introns: Self-Splicing and Mobility (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 363-385 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    Cell-Specific Gene Expression in Plants (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 275-303 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.001423
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    Genetics of Atherosclerosis (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 171-187 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.001131
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    Genetic Analysis of Protein Export in Escherichia Coli (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 215-248 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.001243
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    Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Drosophila P Element Transposition (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 24 (1990), S. 543-576 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.002551
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    PARENTAL IMPRINTING AND HUMAN DISEASE (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 30 (1996), S. 173-195 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Parental imprinting is a process that results in allele-specific differences in transcription, DNA methylation, and DNA replication timing. Imprinting plays an important role in development, and its deregulation can cause certain defined disease states. Absence of a paternal contribution to chromosome 15q11-q13, due to hemizygous deletion or uniparental disomy, results in the Prader-Willi syndrome. The absence of a normal maternal copy of the same region causes Angelman syndrome. The Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is associated with the failure of normal biparental inheritance of chromosome 11p15, and loss of imprinting is observed in several cancers including Wilms' tumor. The study of the molecular basis of abnormal imprinting in these disorders will facilitate the identification and characterization of other imprinted human disease loci.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.30.1.173
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    STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND REPLICATION OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE TELOMERES (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 30 (1996), S. 141-172 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A combination of classical genetic, biochemical, and molecular biological approaches have generated a rather detailed understanding of the structure and function of Saccharomyces telomeres. Yeast telomeres are essential to allow the cell to distinguish intact from broken chromosomes, to protect the end of the chromosome from degradation, and to facilitate the replication of the very end of the chromosome. In addition, yeast telomeres are a specialized site for gene expression in that the transcription of genes placed near them is reversibly repressed. A surprisingly large number of genes have been identified that influence either telomere structure or telomere function (or both), although in many cases the mechanism of action of these genes is poorly understood. This article reviews the recent literature on telomere biology and highlights areas for future research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.30.1.141
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    GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE MITOTIC SPINDLE (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 30 (1996), S. 7-33 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Much of our understanding of the molecular basis of mitotic spindle function has been achieved within the past decade. Studies utilizing genetically tractable organisms have made important contributions to this field and these studies form the basis of this review. We focus upon three areas of spindle research: spindle poles, centromeres, and spindle motors. The structure and duplication mechanisms of spindle poles are considered as well as their roles in organizing spindle microtubules. Centromeres vary considerably in their size and complexity. We describe recent progress in our understanding of the relatively simple centromeres of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the complex centromeres that are more typical of eukaryotic cells. Microtubule-based motor proteins that generate the characteristic spindle movements have been identified in recent years and can be grouped into families defined by conserved primary sequence and mitotic function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.30.1.7
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    THE CYTOSKELETON AND DISEASE:Genetic Disorders of Intermediate Filaments (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 30 (1996), S. 197-231 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Specialized cytoskeletons play many fascinating roles, including mechanical integrity and wound-healing in epidermal cells, cell polarity in simple epithelia, contraction in muscle cells, hearing and balance in the inner ear cells, axonal transport in neurons, and neuromuscular junction formation between muscle cells and motor neurons. These varied functions are dependent upon cytoplasmic networks of actin microfilaments (6 nm), intermediate filaments (10 nm) and microtubules (23 nm), and their many associated proteins. In this chapter, I review what is known about the cytoskeletons of intermediate filaments and their associated proteins. I focus largely on epidermal cells, which devote most of their protein-synthesizing machinery to producing an extensive intermediate filament network composed of keratin. Recent studies have shown that many of the devastating human disorders that arise from degeneration of this cell type have as their underlying basis either defects in the genes encoding keratins or abnormalities in keratin IF networks. I discuss what we know about the functions of IFs, and how the link to genetic disease has enhanced this understanding.
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    MAMMALS THAT BREAK THE RULES:Genetics of Marsupials and Monotremes (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 30 (1996), S. 233-260 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Marsupials and monotremes, the mammals most distantly related to placental mammals, share essentially the same genome but show major variations in chromosome organization and function. Rules established for the mammalian genome by studies of human and mouse do not always apply to these distantly related mammals, and we must make new and more general laws. Some examples are contradictions to our assumption of frequent genome reshuffling in vertebrate evolution, Ohno's Law of X chromosome conservation, the Lyon Hypothesis of X chromosome inactivation, sex chromosome pairing, several explanations of Haldane's Rule, and the theory that the mammalian Y chromosome contains a male-specific gene with a direct dominant action on sex determination. Significantly, it is not always the marsupials and monotremes (usually considered the weird mammals) that are exceptional. In many features, it appears that humans and, particularly, mice are the weird mammals that break more general mammalian, or even vertebrate rules.
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    MOLECULAR GENETICS OF SPORULATION IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 30 (1996), S. 297-341 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The process of sporulation in the bacterium Bacillus subtilis proceeds through a well-defined series of morphological stages that involve the conversion of a growing cell into a two-cell-chamber sporangium within which a spore is produced. Over 125 genes are involved in this process, the transcription of which is temporally and spatially controlled by four DNA-binding proteins and five RNA polymerase sigma factors. Through a combination of genetic, biochemical, and cell biological approaches, regulatory networks have been elucidated that explicitly link the activation of these sigma factors to landmark events in the course of morphogenesis and to each other through pathways of intercellular communication. Signals targeting proteins to specific subcellular localizations and governing the assembly of macromolecular structures have been uncovered but their nature remains to be determined.
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    TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE MUTATIONS IN MICE (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 30 (1996), S. 603-636 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Over the past several years, a number of human tumor suppressor genes have been cloned and characterized. Germline mutations in tumor suppressor genes strongly predispose to cancer, and they are also mutated somatically in sporadic forms of the disease. In order to create animal models for the familial cancer syndromes caused by inherited mutations in these genes as well as to determine their role in embryogenesis, the homologues of several members of this class have been mutated in the mouse. The initial characterization of the heterozygous and homozygous phenotypes caused by these mutations has led to important insights into the mechanisms by which tumor suppressor genes participate in normal development and how their loss contributes to tumorigenesis.
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    AH RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAYS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 55-89 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor has occupied the attention of toxicologists for over two decades. Interest arose from the early observation that this soluble protein played key roles in the adaptive metabolic response to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and in the toxic mechanism of halogenated dioxins and dibenzofurans. More recent investigations have provided a fairly clear picture of the primary adaptive signaling pathway, from agonist binding to the transcriptional activation of genes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics. Structure-activity studies have provided an understanding of the pharmacology of this receptor; recombinant DNA approaches have identified the enhancer sequences through which this factor regulates gene expression; and functional analysis of cloned cDNAs has allowed the characterization of the major signaling components in this pathway. Our objective is to review the Ah receptor's role in regulation of xenobiotic metabolism and use this model as a framework for understanding the less well-characterized mechanism of dioxin toxicity. In addition, it is hoped that this information can serve as a model for future efforts to understand an emerging superfamily of related signaling pathways that control biological responses to an array of environmental stimuli.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.55
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    ORGANIZING SPATIAL PATTERN IN LIMB DEVELOPMENT (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 161-180 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies on the development of the legs and wings of Drosophila have led to the conclusion that insect limb development is controlled by localized pattern organizing centers, analogous to those identified in vertebrate embryos. Genetic analysis has defined the events that lead to the formation of these organizing centers and has led to the identification of gene products that mediate organizer function. The possibility of homology between vertebrate and insect limbs is considered in light of recently reported similarities in patterns of gene expression and function.
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    GERM CELL DEVELOPMENT IN DROSOPHILA (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 365-391 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract More than 100 years have passed since Weismann first recognized the role of germ cells in the continuity of a species. Today, it remains unclear how a germ cell is initially set aside from somatic cells and how it chooses its unique developmental path. In this review, we address various aspects of germ cell development in Drosophila, such as germ cell determination, germ cell migration, gonad formation, sex determination, and gametogenesis. Many aspects of germ cell development, including the morphology of germ cells, their migratory behavior, as well as the processes of gonad formation and gametogenesis, show striking similarities among organisms. Considering the conservation of factors that regulate somatic development, it is likely that some aspects of germ cell development are shared not only on a morphological but also on the molecular level between Drosophila and other organisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.365
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    A CONSERVED SIGNALING PATHWAY: The Drosophila Toll-Dorsal Pathway (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 393-416 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Toll-Dorsal pathway in Drosophila and the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-NF-kappaB pathway in mammals are homologous signal transduction pathways that mediate several different biological responses. In Drosophila, genetic analysis of dorsal-ventral patterning of the embryo has defined the series of genes that mediate the Toll-Dorsal pathway. Binding of extracellular ligand activates the transmembrane receptor Toll, which requires the novel protein Tube to activate the cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase Pelle. Pelle activity controls the degradation of the Cactus protein, which is present in a cytoplasmic complex with the Dorsal protein. Once Cactus is degraded in response to signal, Dorsal is free to move into the nucleus where it regulates transcription of specific target genes. The Toll, tube, pelle, cactus, and dorsal genes also appear to be involved in Drosophila immune response. Because the IL-1R-NF-kappaB pathway plays a role in vertebrate innate immunity and because plant homologues of the Toll-Dorsal pathway are important in plant disease resistance, it is likely that this pathway arose before the divergence of plants and animals as a defense against pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.393
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    SIGNALING BY EXTRACELLULAR NUCLEOTIDES (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 519-541 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract ATP and other nucleotides can be released from cells through regulated pathways, or following the loss of plasma membrane integrity. Once outside the cell, these compounds take on new roles as intercellular signaling molecules that elicit a broad spectrum of physiological responses through the activation of numerous cell surface receptor subtypes. This review summarizes recent advances in the molecular characterization of ATP receptors and discusses roles for cloned receptors in established and novel physiological processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.519
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  • 99
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    VIRUS-CELL AND CELL-CELL FUSION1 (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 627-661 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Significant progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms of viral membrane fusion proteins; both those that function at low, as well as those that function at neutral, pH. For many viral fusion proteins evidence now suggests that a triggered conformational change that exposes a previously cryptic fusion peptide, along with a rearrangement of the fusion protein oligomer, allows the fusion peptide to gain access to the target bilayer and thus initiate the fusion reaction. Although the topologically equivalent process of cell-cell fusion is less well understood, several cell surface proteins, including members of the newly described ADAM gene family, have emerged as candidate adhesion/fusion proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.627
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  • 100
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    Channel Routing for Integrated Circuits (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 307-365 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001515
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