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  • Articles  (29,606)
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  • 2015-2019
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  • Articles  (29,606)
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  • 2020-2022  (5)
  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1985-1989  (29,601)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of media components during bioreactor sterilization: definition and importance of R0 (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 247-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Sterilization ; Bioreactor ; Media ; R0 ; F0
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Sterilization of bioreactor media, to destroy viability of the indigenous microbial population, is normally accomplished by autoclaving, or heating with pressurized steam. However, simultaneous chemical changes in media can also be expected to result from the high temperatures. A kinetic procedure involving on-line computer calculation of heat input, designated asF 0 values, was previously developed to estimate sterility achievement. A similar kinetic procedure, based on a general purpose Arrhenius ‘pseudo’ rate equation and designated asR 0 values, has now been designed to evaluate, and control the effects of temperature and heating time on chemical reactions occurring in the media. Data are presented indicating thatR 0 may be a useful parameter for reducing variability in culture metabolism and ‘scale-up’ when these variations result from different nutrient concentrations produced by non-standard heating during media sterilization in stirred bioreactors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574082
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Altered bacterial culture density following exposure to aflatoxins (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 275-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Aflatoxin ; Bioassay ; Cell growht ; Bacterium ; Density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Eight species of bacteria were incubated in culture media containing 10 μg/ml aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), or aflatoxin G2 (AFG2). Their culture density at 20°C was determined at four and eight days (d) after inoculation. In all species of bacteria studied (Bacillus cereus, Proteus mirabilis, Erysipylothrix rusiopathie (insidiosa), Streptococcus fecalis, Staphylococcus epidermis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus spp., andEscherichia coli), AFB1, AFB2 and AFG2 substantially decreased culture sizes at 4 d, but not at 8 d. InB. cereus andP. mirabilis, culture sizes were increased by AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2 at 8 d post inoculation. These results indicate that AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2 suppressed initial growth of these species in vitro, while later growth in some species was either unaltered or enhanced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577350
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Germanium toxicity in selected bacterial and yeast strains (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 299-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Bioaccumulation ; Germanium ; Sensitivity ; Tolerance ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The toxicity of germanium dioxide (GeO2) to 21 bacterial and 13 yeast strains was investigated in liquid broth medium to obtain information on strains tolerant to high (1 to 2 mg/ml) GeO2 concentrations.Arthrobacter sp. NRC 32005,enterobacter aerogenes NRC 2926,Klebsiella aerogenes NCTC 418 andPseudomonas putida NRC 5019 were tolerant to 1 mg/ml GeO2.Bacillus sp. RC607 was able to grow in the presence of 2 mg/ml GeO2 at pH 10 in broth culture. The yeastsCandida guilliermondii, Candida shehatae andPachysolen tannophilus were the most sensitive to GeO2 as evidenced by their diminished growth rates at a GeO2 concentration as low as 0.1 mg/ml. None of the yeast strains tested exhibited growth in the presence of 1 mg/ml GeO2. The high pH of the medium containing germanium may be partially responsible for the growth inhibition of the yeast cultures. Select bacterial cultures previously exposed to 1 mg/ml GeO2 could tolerate and grow better at 2 mg/ml GeO2, suggesting the existence of very efficient adaptive mechanisms. The pH of the medium could modulate GeO2 tolerance and this effect was found to be strain-dependent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577353
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protoplast formation, L-colony growth, and regeneration ofClostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-592 and B-593 andClostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 10132 (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 325-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Clostridium genetics ; Clostridium beijerinckii ; Clostridium acetobutylicum ; Protoplast regeneration ; L-colony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Protocols for protoplast formation, L-colony cultivation, and regeneration ofClostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-592, B-593 andC. acetobutylicum ATCC 10132 were developed. Two osmotically reinforced media were formulated. Protoplasts of B-592, B-593, and ATCC 10132 grew as cell wall-deficient forms (L-colonies) when plated on the first medium (BLM) and continued to do so through at least 3 passages on this medium. The second (BRM) permitted the L-colonies to regenerate cell walls after transfer to this medium. TransferredC. beijerinckii B-592 L-colonies reverted to bacillary colonies at a frequency of 25%. Likewise, L-colonies of B-593 andC. acetobutylicum ATCC 10132 could be regenerated at frequencies of 7.0 and 8.6%, respectively. Thus, these procedures are suitable for genetic engineering of these industrial microorganisms using protoplast manipulation techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577356
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification and properties of xylanase fromAureobasidium (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 341-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Auerobasidium ; Color variants ; Xylanase ; Hemicellulase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The yeast-like fungusAureobasidium is a promising source of xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) with an exceptionally high specific activity. For enzyme production in volumes of several liters, xylose was the preferred carbon source and inducer. Xylanase in clarified cultures was concentrated by reversible adsorption to cation-exchange matrix to 5% of the initial volume, and recovered at nearly 2 million IU/1. Selective conditions permitted 97% recovery of xylanase with a 1.8-fold enrichment in specific activity, to 70% of purity. The predominant xylanase species (20 kDa) was subsequently purified to 〉99% of homogeneity by gel filtration chromatography. Purified enzyme exhibited an isoelectric point of 8.5, and specific activity of 2100 IU/mg under optimal conditions, determined to be pH 4.5 and 45°C. The activity of purified enzyme was specific for polymeric xylan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569536
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxic effects of tin compounds on microorganisms (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 375-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Toxicity ; Organotins ; Tin ; Methiltins ; Butyltins ; Tributyltin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Organotins are used for industrial and agricultural purposes and in antibiologic agents. They are significantly more toxic than inorganic tins, and eventually reach the environment where they can be toxic to a wide variety of organisms. Particular attention has been given to tributyltins which are highly toxic components of antifouling paints. Realization that the molecular species of organotin influences fate and effects of organotins led to development of sensitive methods for quantifying individual molecular species. Even though such methods are now available, little information has been obtained on the ability of microorganisms to bioaccumulate tin compounds. Trisubstituted alkyl and aryltins (R3Sn's) are more toxic than disubstituted compounds (R2Sn's) while monosubstituted organotins (RSn's) are still less toxic. R4Sn's are toxic only if they are metabolized to R3Sn's. Among trisubstituted compounds propyl-, butyl-, pentyl-, phenyl-, and cyclohexyl Sn's are generally the most toxic to microorganisms. Toxicity in the R3Sn series is related to total molecular surface area of the tin compound and to the octanol:water partition coefficient,K ow, which is a measure of hydrophobicity; a highK ow indicates greater hydrophobicity and predicts greater toxicity. Care must be taken when testing the toxicity of tin compounds, for a number of biological, physical and chemical factors can influence the apparent toxicity. Although little is known of the effects of tin compounds on microbial processes, a number of bacterial processes can be inhibited by organotins and all relate to membrane functions. They include effects on energy transduction, solute transport and retention and oxidation of substrates. Very little is known of how organotins exert their toxic effects on algae and fungi; Information on effects on chloroplasts and mitochondria stems principally from animal systems and from higher plants. Triorganotins act against chloroplasts and mitochondria by causing swelling, by acting as ionophores and by acting against ATPase, while diorganotins appear to act by binding to dithiol groups on enzymes and cofactors. Nucleic acids do not seem to be affected at environmentally relevant concentrations. Virtually nothing is known of the action of tin compounds on microbial enzymes, but resistant mutants are easy to obtain and should facilitate work to understand modes of microbial interaction with tin compounds and mechanisms of resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569539
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic characterization ofBacilli from food packaging paper and board machines (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 419-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Bacillus ; Paper and board machines ; Starch degrading enzymes ; Cellulase ; Proteases ; Slimicides ; Food packaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Aerobic spore-forming bacteria were found dominant in the microflora of food packaging paper and board. Twenty-five strains of bacteria belonging to the genusBacillus were isolated from these paper and board machines, papermaking chemicals, and final products of papermaking. Nineteen strains were analyzed for production of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, pullulanase, β-glucanase, carboxymethyl cellulase, and caseinase, and also for resistance towards industrial biocides. pH and temperature optima for the activity of the enzymes were determined. All strains were found to produce one or more of the enzymes studied. The amylolytic enzymes of most strains had high temperature optima for activity. Vegetative cells of all strains were found very resistant towards the different commercial slimicides used in paper and board mills. This property together with the ability to survive through the dry end of the machine to the final board and paper, and the production of enzymes degrading papermaking chemicals makes these bacteria potentially harmful in paper and board mills.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569637
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring genetically engineered microorganisms in freshwater microcosms (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 441-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: DNS hybridization ; Gene probe ; Environmental survival ; Pseudomonas cepacia AC1100 ; Alcaligenes A5
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effectiveness of gene probe methods for tracking genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) in the environment was tested by inoculating nutrient-supplemented freshwater microcosms withAlcaligenes A5 (a naturally occurring 4-chlorobiphenyl degrader) orPseudomonas cepacia AC1100 (a genetically engineered 2, 4, 5 T-degrader) and following the fates of the introduced bacterial populations. Colony hybridization of the viable heterotrophic bacterial populations and dot blot hybridization of DNA recovered from the total microcosm microbial communities showed persistence of bothAlcaligenes A5 andP. cepacia AC1100 in the microcosms in the presence and absence of the xenobiotic substrates that these organisms biodegrade. Although there was a gradual decline in the added populations, both of the bacterial populatins were still detected in the microcosms two months after their introduction into the microcosms. Addition of 2, 4, 5-T enhanced the survival ofP. cepacia AC1100 — and 4-chlorobiphenyl addition resulted in increased levels ofAlcaligenes A5. The results indicate that both organisms may persist for very long periods in freshwater habitats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569640
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanism of stabilization of actinomycete foams and the prevention of foaming under laboratory conditions (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 181-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Nocardia amarae ; Surface tension ; Hydrocarbon affinity ; Montmorillonite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cultures ofNocardia amarae give rise to cell-stabilized foams in a laboratory scale foaming apparatus. The organism produces a surfactant and the cells are very hydrophobic; factors which, in terms of froth flotation theory, are essential for foam production and transport of the cells from the aqueous to the bubble phase. The addition of montmorillonitic clay to the culture prior to foaming prevents foam stabilization. The results obtained suggest the formation of a salt-dependent, reversible, bacterium-montmorillonite complex which prevents transport of cells to the bubble phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574075
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of coal source and treatment upon indigenous microbial communities (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 195-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Coal leaching ; Desulfurization ; Thiobacilli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The leaching of six Eastern coals was investigated using experimental coal columns subjected to simulated leaching events. Measurements of CO2 assimilation and specific enrichment cultures indicated that the microbial communities of all leachates were dominated by iron- and sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria. Comparison of CO2 assimilation rates in leachates and core samples of leached coal indicated that most chemoautotrophs remained within coal columns during leaching. Mean numbers of chemoautotrophic bacteria in leachate samples were correlated with concentrations of dissolved iron and sulfate. Leachates from unwashed, run-of-mine coals contained more chemoautotrophs and more iron and sulfate than did leachates from washed, final product coals. After several leachings, the ratio of sulfur oxidizers to iron oxidizers tended to increase. These data suggest that the chemoautotrophic community of final product coals may be pyritelimited. Aerobic heterotrophs constituted a minor component of the microbial community in leachates from the six coals and their abundance and metabolic activity were apparently not influenced by the beneficiation history of the coal. Changes in rates of acetate metabolism may have been related to microbial succession within the heterotrophic community of coal columns. In all leachates, rates of tritiated methylthymidine assimilation were correlated with rates of acetate incorporation but not with CO2 assimilation, even though autotrophs dominated the microflora. Thus, thymidine assimilation rates appear to reflect activities or growth of mainly heterotrophic microorganisms in leachate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574077
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