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  • Articles  (2,214)
  • Springer  (2,214)
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  • 1990  (1,195)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (2,214)
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  • Articles  (2,214)
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  • 1990-1994  (1,195)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comments on “Fault prediction for analog circuits” (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 501-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189338
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply to comments on “Fault prediction for analog circuits” (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 503-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189339
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further comments on “Fault prediction for analog circuits” (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 505-505 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189340
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Symmetric matrices associated with a nonnegative matrix (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract For ann-by-n nonnegative matrixP, we consider the entrywise harmonic meanH, geometric meanG, and arithmetic meanA, ofP and PT. Simple proofs are given for the inequalities ρ(H)≤ρ(G)≤ p(P)≤ ρ(A), and attention is focused upon characterization of the case of equality in each of these six inequalities. In caseP is irreducible, ρ(G)=p(P) exactly whenP is diagonally similar to a symmetric matrix, and several other equivalent conditions for diagonal symmetrizability ofP are collected together here. Other conditions which arise involve further variations upon symmetry, and may be viewed as algebraic descriptions of various features of symmetry. A tool of interest is a slight variation upon a recent characterization of the Perron root.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01236450
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shorted matrices in star and related orderings (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 197-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new class of shorted operators is considered. The shorted operator has an intimate relationship with electrical networks and has been extensively studied. In this work we consider the class of matrices with row and column spans in specified linear subspaces and dominated in a given partial order by a matrixA. If this class of matrices has an unique maximal element under the partial order, then this maximal element is called the shorted matrix ofA relative to the given linear subspaces and the relevant partial order. We study the shorted matrix under the star order of Drazin, the minus order, and also under partial orders induced by the minimum norm and least squares g-inverses. The parallel sum of matrices is intimately related to the shorted matrix and results are given for parallel addition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01236452
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An alternate variational characterization of matrix Riccati equation solutions (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 223-228 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new variational characterization of the solution of a matrix Riccati equation is presented. The characterization is given as the maximum Hermitian matrix that makes a certain compound matrix Hermitian positive semidefinite. The shorted operator (Schur complement) applied to the compound matrix produces the Riccati equation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01236454
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eigenstructure methods for direction finding with sensor gain and phase uncertainties (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 271-300 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An eigenstructure-based method for direction finding in the presence of sensor gain and phase uncertainties is presented. The method provides estimates of the Directions of Arrival (DOA) of all the radiating sources as well as calibration of the gain and phase of each sensor in the observing array. The technique is not limited to a specific array configuration and can be implemented in a'ny eigenstructure-based DOA system to improve its performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201215
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Analysis of systems subject to parameter uncertainties: Application of interval analysis (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 319-341 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of system parameter uncertainties on system performance are always of great concern to the system designer. It is desirable to knowa priori estimates of the system response, subject to parameter uncertainties. In the following we propose using interval analysis techniques to establish estimates of system performance (e.g., envelopes of time response and frequency response). The results which we obtain constitute generalizations of existing work. Specifically, existing results address systems which are described by linear ordinary differential equations which are endowed with a single parameter belonging to an interval. In the present results we address systems described by linear or nonlinear ordinary difference equations endowed with more than one parameter belonging to intervals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201217
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some results on robust stability of general input-output systems (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 343-364 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We consider general input-output systems governed by nonlinear operator equations that relate the system's input, state, and output. The systems under consideration need not be of a feedback type. Assuming that the governing equations depend on a parameterA in a linear space that is allowed to vary in a vicinity Nr(A0) of a “nominal” valueA 0, we study conditions under which the system is stable for each A∈Nr (A0), i.e., when the system is robust. By stability we essentially mean that the input-output map is continuous. Depending on the type of continuity used, two concepts of robustness are introduced. The main theorem shows that a certain generalized monotonicity condition imposed on the nominal system combined with a Lipschitz-like condition imposed on the perturbed system guarantees robustness. Moreover, several particular cases of the governing equations are investigated. As examples, we consider (1) a singular system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (a semistate equation), (2) a feedback system, and (3) a feedback, feedforward system. At the end of this paper some extensions and modifications of the presented theory are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201218
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On a geometrical interpretation of differential-algebraic equations (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 367-382 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The subject of this paper is the relation of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) to vector fields on manifolds. For that reason, we introduce the notion of a regular DAE as a DAE to which a vector field uniquely corresponds. Furthermore, a technique is described which yields a family of manifolds for a given DAE. This socalled family of constraint manifolds allows in turn the formulation of sufficient conditions for the regularity of a DAE, and the definition of the index of a regular DAE. We also state a method for the reduction of higher-index DAEs to lower-index ones that can be solved without introducing additional constants of integration. Finally, the notion of realizability of a given vector field by a regular DAE is introduced, and it is shown that any vector field can be realized by a regular DAE. Throughout this paper the problem of path-tracing is discussed as an illustration of the mathematical phenomena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189332
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability regions for second-order fixed-point digital filters in coupled form (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 409-420 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the asymmetry parameterk on the extent and form of the stability region for second-order fixed-point coupled-form digital filters is analyzed. In particular, by extending the results of a previous paper by the same authors, the stability regions for filters with roundoff quantizers are first shown. Then, the corresponding results for filters with either two or four value-truncation quantizers are derived. It turns out that the shape of the stability areas is rather odd because of the asymmetry of the quantization characteristic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189334
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discrete-timep-powers and stability (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 435-448 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Iterated-integral operators calledp-powers arise in the theory of representations of nonlinear systems. In a recent paper, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for such operators to be stable in a standard sense, and it is shown that a well-known sufficient condition is not necessary for allp ≥ 2. Here corresponding results are given for discrete-time cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189336
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Application of signal subspace approach to high-resolution narrowband array processing (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 421-433 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The paper first briefly reviews some subspace techniques for high-resolution array processing. It is shown that existing high-resolution techniques like the MUSIC algorithm are based on visual inspection of the spatial spectrum. It is not a scientifically valid means of assessing resolution of a spectrum estimator. The paper then proposes a technique based on a combination of optimal processing and signal subspace extraction for high-resolution array processing. Numerical results show that the proposed technique not only achieves superresolution of the spectrum, but also provides power estimates of the arrivals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189335
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A methodology for designing, modifying, and implementing Fourier transform algorithms on various architectures (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 449-500 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Fourier transform algorithms are described using tensor (Kronecker) products and an associated class of permutations. Algebraic properties of tensor products and the related permutations are used to derive variants of the Cooley-Tukey fast Fourier transform algorithm. These algorithms can be implemented by translating tensor products and permutations to programming constructs. An implementation can be matched to a specific computer architecture by selecting the appropriate variant. This methodology is carried out for the Cray X-MP and the AT&T DSP32.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189337
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Call for papers (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. i 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01187718
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    A distribution-free technique to estimate the order of markovian dependence using entropy (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 31-54 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A model-order determination procedure for time series is described which is based on computing the differential entropy of the time series' multivariate amplitude probability density. The procedure, termed the differential entropy method, applies to linear and nonlinear models for the time series. Simulations were performed to determine the performance characteristics of the differential entropy method on first-order autoregressive models with Gaussian and non-Gaussian inputs and on a first-order nonlinear model. It produces accurate model-order estimates for the linear model once the correlation coefficient becomes large enough. The threshold for accurate estimates is dependent on the amplitude distribution of the model's input. This technique estimates the model order of data having nonlinear dependence structure more accurately than thead hoc application of the AIC and MDL methods. Extension of the method to higher-order models is described, but, because of computation complexity issues, the differential entropy method is best used for estimating small model orders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01187720
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the design of a multiplexer with a common junction (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 75-97 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two sets of formulas for scattering parameters are presented for multiplexers having parallel and series configurations with a common junction. A new general design approach is developed for multiplexers having any response types and any number of channel filters of arbitrary degree, bandwidth, and interchannel spacing. By using these formulas and computer optimization techniques for all the element values in the channel filters, the design process results in a good match at the common input port over the transmission frequency band. Several examples including a contiguous multiplexer are given to demonstrate the design procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01187722
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  • 18
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    Editorial (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 125-126 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01236444
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    On the design and realization of a class of uniform single rate FIR DFT filter banks (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 99-121 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present a computationally efficient realization of single rate uniform FIR filter banks for audio and spectral analysis applications. The channel filters in the analysis bank are represented as modulated versions of a prototype narrowband lowpass FIR filter. Using the IFIR filter design technique [23], [24], this prototype lowpass filter can be designed very efficiently as a cascade of two subfilters. The IFIR filter design is extended for the two-branch realization of uniform filter banks with overlapping channels. A generalized structure is presented which can be used for bothodd andeven stacking arrangements of the channels. The shaping filter structures for the two branches are realized from a single delay line and a single set of filter coefficients, thus conserving the total number of multipliers and delays in the overall realization. The postfilter structure, in conjunction with the Generalized DFT matrices, performs the channel selection. The Generalized DFT matrices are used to provide the necessary modulation for the postfilter coefficients so that the appropriate passbands are selected for each channel of the analysis bank. This leads to a polyphase network realization of the postfilter structure. We derive conditions so that the original input signal can be exactly reconstructed from the channel signals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01187723
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    The conductivity of checkerboards treated by conjugate functions (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 129-133 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The flow of electrical current in a conducting plate is defined by an electrical potentialu(x, y) and a stream functionv(x, y) whose level lines are the lines of flow. If the plate has unit conductivity, thenu andv satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations and (u, v) is termed a conjugate pair. Then (v, -u) is also a conjugate pair and sou andv play dual roles. However, suppose that the conductivity of the plate is not constant but periodic, such as an infinite checkerboard of tiny black and white squares. This poses the problem of determining the effective conductivity of the checkerboard in the large. By using generalized Cauchy-Riemann equations and duality the effective conductivity of the checkerboard is shown to be the geometric mean of the conductivities of black and white.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01236446
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  • 21
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    Shorts of block operators and infinite networks—A note on the shorted operator: II (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 161-170 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Let Aij i, j=1, 2,..., be operators on a Hilbert spaceX, such that the compound operatorA ∞=A ij i, j=1 ∞ induces a bounded positive operator onl 2(X). We show that S(A ∞, theshorted operator (orgeneralized Schur complement), of A∞ can be obtained as the limits of shorts of the operators An, where An is the truncated version ofA ∞, thenA n=A ij i, j=1 n . We use these results to study the short-circuit approximations to infinite networks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01236449
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  • 22
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    Applications of lattice theory to graph decomposition (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 181-195 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the set of multitree classes equipped with a partial order is a lattice called a multitree lattice. This multitree lattice in fact is a geometric lattice. Since there is a one-to-one correspondence between a multitree class and an element of the multitree lattice, the trees of a composite of subgraphs can be generated without duplications by the set union of the Cartesian products of the multitree classes of the subgraphs, which form a maximal independent set.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01236451
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  • 23
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    Parallel sums and norm convergence (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 213-222 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract LetA andB be the impedance operators of two resistive Hilbert ports. Then theparallel sum ofA andB, denotedA: B, is defined to be the joint impedance of the parallel interconnection ofA andB. We survey some results about the norm convergence of limɛ↓0(A+ɛI): (B+ɛI). By means of several new examples, we investigate the relation between such norm convergence and range inclusion conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01236453
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  • 24
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    Infinite networks and quadratic optimal control (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 229-238 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A discrete-time quadratic optimal control problem is shown to be equivalent to an infinite cascade ofn-port electrical networks. Both problems can be expressed as a generalized Schur complement (or shorted operator) of a block tridiagonal operator. Using Maxwell's principle for resistive networks, a variational formulation of the cascade limit ofn-port networks is given. For one special case a formula for the solution of the quadratic control problem is given in terms of the geometric mean of operators.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01236455
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  • 25
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    Derivation of an adaptive algorithm for IIR digital systems realized by power-wave digital filters (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 241-269 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new efficient algorithm for adjusting the coefficients of an adaptive infinite impulse response power-wave digital filter in order to estimate the discrete-time signal y(k) as the recursively filtered version of the signalx(k). To do this, eight different prediction errors are defined which can be computed recursively with respect to model order and time, which leads to similar recursions as for the lattice algorithm [1], where autoregressive processes are considered. These recursions can be implemented as a digital filter which can be separated in ananalysis and asynthesis part, where the latter can be interpreted as a power-wave digital filter [2], [3], [13]. Hence, the stability of this adaptive network is always guaranteed [4]. Furthermore, it is shown that the proposed algorithm can be considered as an extension of the Levinson algorithm [7] for the efficient inversion of a special class of matrices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201214
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  • 26
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    The use of the homogeneous form in the study of singular systems (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 301-317 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this paper is to present an algebraic theory for analyzing the infinite structures of singular systems. The key concept used in the development is the so-called homogeneous form for polynomial and rational matrices, which can be seen as a generalization of the well-known notion of homogeneous form for matrix pencils. We show how familiar concepts such as matrix fraction description, infinite poles and zeros, irreducibility, and cancellation at infinity appear naturally in this framework. The characterizations for some of these concepts are derived in terms of homogeneous forms. Considering singular systems to be alternative representations for (possibly nonproper) rational matrices, we are able to relate the fundamental concepts of controllability and reconstructibility for singular systems to the concept of complete coprimeness for rational matrices, and to relate the concept of minimal order of singular systems to the concept of the McMillan degree of rational matrices. As an important result, the equivalence relations among the concepts of joint controllability and reconstructibility, minimal order, and complete irreducibility are established. Moreover, we show that for any rational matrix factorized in matrix fraction description, the determinantal degree of the denominator matrix is the McMillan degree of the rational matrix if and only if the matrix fraction description is completely irreducible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201216
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  • 27
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    Three-dimensional rotated digital filters: Design, stability, and applications (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 383-408 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Three-dimensional (3-D) signal processing offers many advantages over two-dimensional (2-D) processing, because it preserves 3-D correlations. In this paper the design and the stability of 3-D rotated filters are considered. These filters are designed by rotating a one-dimensional (1-D) digital filter in 3-D space. The rotated filters are valuable in the design of various 3-D filters which possess prescribed spectral specifications. An efficient algorithm for the design of 3-D lowpass (LP) digital filters, with approximately spherically symmetric magnitude responses, is introduced. To achieve the desirable spectral characteristics, a number of 3-D rotated filters is cascaded. The stability of the spherically symmetric filters designed is considered, and stable realizations are proposed. The relation between the cut-off isopotential sphere of the 3-D filter and the cut-off frequency of the 1-D filter employed in the design, is derived. Finally, configurations that result in highpass (HP) and bandpass (BP) filters are proposed. Examples of LP, HP, and BP filters, designed on the basis of the method proposed, are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189333
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  • 28
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    On the design of Butterworth or Chebyshev broad-band impedance-matching ladder networks (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 55-73 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents explicit expressions for the maximum dc gain and the maximum allowable series inductance. The results are surprisingly simple, and can be used to decide whether or not a given RLC load can be matched to a resistive generator by a ladder network and yield a Butterworth or Chebyshev transducer power-gain characteristic of arbitrary order. Two examples are given to show the design procedure. The significance of these results is that they avoid the unnecessary use of Darlington type-C sections and circumvent the need to solve nonlinear equations or use design curves, thereby reducing the design to simple arithmetic.
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    Frequency analysis of time-varying periodic linear systems by using modulop transforms and its applications to the computer-aided analysis of switched networks (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 3-29 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces a theory of modulop Laplace andZ-transforms which can adequately analyze any time-varying periodically switching system in frequency domain, in particular, switched-capacitor SC networks with nonideal operational amplifiers. Formulae for inverse and direct modulop transforms are included. Since the regular Laplace andZ-transform fail to be adequate for a nonideal sampled system, this new tool can be effectively used instead. An extremely efficient and fast program is developed based on the general theory. This program has been used by the author for the analysis of SC networks with nonideal operational amplifiers and requires less time for calculations compared with conventional time-domain methods. Furthermore, closed-form solutions for the nonideal transfer functions are given. The presented algorithm permits us to calculate the transfer function in partial fraction form and thus stability can be verified immediately.
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    Call for papers (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. ii 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01236443
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    Preface (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 127-128 
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    Solid holed torus knot oscillators (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 135-145 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we develop oscillators whose outputs are solid holed torus knots in real three-dimensional space. Here solid holed knots are closed trajectories on the solid holed torus where the solid holed torus is formed by three perpendicular circles revolved around one another. An electronic circuit is presented that can generate any desired solid holed torus knot.
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    Theory and application of Pascal-Sierpinski gasket fractals (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 147-159 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Notes: Abstract Some combinatorial parameters of Sierpinski gasket (SG) are presented. The more general Pascal-Sierpinski gaskets (PSG) provide a convenient vehicle for the study of resistance in fractal lattices. The combination of the wye-delta (Y-Δ) transformations and selected multiple tracer edges provide a powerful new tool. Connections are made to modeling transport networks: diffusion processes with barriers, random walks, and relaxation phenomena.
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    Discrete spectral index method for rib waveguide analysis (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 555-560 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown in this paper that the analysis of rib waveguides by the spectral index method (Sl) is made easier and more convenient by using discrete Fourier series throughout. This produces total agreement with Sl and also enables extremely fast calculations of overlap integrals.
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    Simulations and experiments of mode-locking of semiconductor lasers: pulse evolution, frequency detuning, and bias dependence (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 561-570 
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    Notes: Abstract Simulations of a mode-locked diode laser based on a travelling-wave rate-equation model have been compared with experiments. The pulse measurement technique involved a conventional intensity autocorrelator together with an internally generated second-harmonic emission measurement set-up. The latter is ideal for systematic relative measurements. For the first time, pulse evolution as a function of the number of round-trips was measured. Short optical pulses were obtained after approximately 40 round-trips. The experimental and simulated detuning range was about 1 MHz and the d.c. bias dependence was investigated.
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    Reflection losses of a multidisc diode-pumped Nd: YAG laser (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S23 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on the alignment requirements of a scalable multidisc laser with respect to the internal reflection losses of the resonator. Considering the polarization state of the mode, these losses are generated due to a polarization mismatch at the disc surfaces. Measurements of the polarization of the output beam from a laser containing tilted discs were compared with computer simulations. The losses were calculated for resonators containing discs deviating slightly from the ideal orientation in a random manner, in order to predict the alignment requirements for a multidisc system. Results for variable numbers of discs and angular deviations are presented.
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    High-power solid-state lasers with unstable resonators (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S39 
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    Notes: Abstract The thermal lensing properties of stable and unstable resonators are compared and rules are given for the design of optimized unstable resonators containing a focusing rod. Experimental verification with a high-power Nd: YAG system proved that for unstable resonators the restricting relationship between beam quality and output power no longer holds. Careful resonator design enables high output power to be extracted with unstable resonators without destroying the output couplers.
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    Energy transfer from Cr3+ multisites to Tm3+ multisites in yttrium aluminium garnet (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S123 
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    Notes: Abstract Multisite energy transfer from Cr3+ to Tm3+ was studied using low-temperature high-resolution laser spectroscopy. Selective excitation routes for Tm3+ sites were demonstrated using excitation and emission spectroscopy, and were confirmed by lifetime measurements.
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    Spectroscopic characteristics of YSGG:Cr,Ho, YSGG:Cr, Tm and YSGG:Cr,Tm,Ho (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S133 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper some spectroscopic properties of Y3Sc2Ga3O12 (YSGG):Cr,Ho, YSGG:Cr,Tm and YSGG:Cr,Tm,Ho are presented. The three lowest energetic manifolds of Ho3+ and Tm3+ in YSGG have been determined at 10 K. Time-resolved fluorescence build-up and decay of the laser active ions was measured in three crystals with different dopant concentrations. The transitions investigated were5I7 →5I8 for Ho3+ near 2000 nm and3H4 →3H6 for Tm3+ near 1800 nm. The data found on time-resolved fluorescence and energy level positions are useful for the discussion of the energy transfer characteristics of the system.
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    Optical characterization of tunable solid-state laser gain media (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S167 
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    Notes: Abstract The transition metal ions are optical centres that promise tunable laser operation at room temperature over much of the visible and near-infrared regions. This review presents the essential characteristics used in optical assessment of possible laser-active solids and some of the theory required to understand the experimental results. Also presented is a survey of the main features of the optical absorption-emission cycle, luminescence decay profiles, optical bandshapes and excited-state absorption for Ti3+, Cr3+ and Co2+ ions in (essentially) octahedral environments. Finally, materials characteristics (for example, radiative against non-radiative decay, excited-state absorption and disorder) that limit laser performance are discussed.
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    Spectroscopy of multisites Cr3+ and Nd3+ in yttrium aluminium garnet (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S227 
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    Notes: Abstract Cr3+ and Nd3+ non-equivalent crystal field sites were observed. By use of a high-resolution dye laser,2E and4A2 splittings, zero-phonon4A2 →2E,2T1,4T2 transitions and vibronic levels of2E doublets of Cr3+ non-equivalent centres were recorded. Energy transfers from Cr3+ multisites to Nd3+ were studied by site-selective spectroscopy and fluorescence decays.
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    GSAG and YSAG: a study on isomorphism and crystal growth (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S269 
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    Notes: Abstract The composition of gadolinium-scandium-aluminium (GSAG) and yttrium-scandium-aluminium (YSAG) garnet crystals grown by the Czochralski method and by floating zone melting was analysed. It is shown that Sc3+ and Al3+ ions in GSAG and Y3+, Sc3+ and Al3+ ions in YSAG can simultaneously occupy two types of sites in the lattice. The congruent melting composition of GSAG is {Gd2.88Sc0.12} [Sc1.77Al0.23] (Al3)O12. The homogeneity range of GSAG is rather narrow. In the Y2O3-Sc2O3-Al2O3 system a wide range of garnet-structured solid solutions exist. However, there is no ternary garnet that melts congruently. Distribution coefficients of components in YSAG are slightly varied from unity in the whole concentration range, and as the melt composition approaches YAG they tend to unity. Cr3+ and Nd3+ distribution coefficients in GSAG and YSAG are presented.
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    Dye laser pulse shortening and stabilization by Q-switching (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 375-384 
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    Notes: Abstract The properties of passive Q-switched short-cavity dye lasers (SCDL) and passive Q-switched distributed-feedback dye lasers (DFDL) are investigated theoretically by using rate-equation models. The calculations, in agreement with experimental results, predict a significant decrease of the pulse energy fluctuation and the pulse duration of both the SCDL and DFDL, when passive Q-switching is used.
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    Calendar of events (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 390-390 
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    Non-linear filtering of soliton pulses in dual-core fibres (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 427-431 
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    Notes: Abstract A new method is suggested for the formation of a single high-contrast soliton light pulse and of a train of solitons with the help of dual-core fibres.
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    Competitive relaxation of the lumped-distributed feedback intensity in dye lasers (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 443-452 
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    Notes: Abstract Relaxation oscillations of intensity in lumped-distributed feedback dye lasers are observed. These are caused by a competition between distributed feedback (DFB) and a feedback caused by an external mirror cavity. The effect is interpreted in terms of rate equations which include the time delay of radiation reflected from external mirrors relative to radiation due to periodic structure.
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    Theory of a ‘time telescope’ (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 473-479 
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    Notes: Abstract An analysis of an optical system for the magnification of ultrashort light pulses is presented. It consists of a series of time dispersive elements and acts as a pair of lenses (telescope) in time. Such a device would permit a direct measurement of the intensity profiles and durations of picosecond and femtosecond pulses instead of using autocorrelation estimations.
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    Transverse interactions in 2-D feedback non-linear optical systems (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 501-515 
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    Notes: Abstract The new dynamic phenomena in 2-D feedback non-linear optical systems are investigated theoretically. Typical numerical results for phase-switching waves and suppression of phase distortions phenomenon are shown.
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    Influence of intrapulse raman scattering on the modulational instability in optical fibres (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 529-533 
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    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the intrapulse Raman scattering (IRS) influence on the modulational instability in optical fibres is presented. The extrema of the spatial growth rates are analytically determined in two characteristic regions of instability. These results may help the analysis of femtosecond pulse propagation.
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    Book Review (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 571-572 
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    The beam propagation method: An analysis of its applicability (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 186-186 
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    Mechanical and hydrogen characteristics of hermetically coated optical fibre (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 227-237 
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    Notes: Abstract Corning's hermetically coated fibre has been evaluated for mechanical and hydrogen performance under severe test conditions using large sample sizes. The results indicate that the carbon coating is truly hermetic, and that it provides an effective barrier for preventing hydrogen and water from reaching the glass surface. As a result the hermetically coated fibre possesses superior resistance to fatigue and hydrogen permeation over standard fibre. These attributes make this hermetically coated fibre and excellent candidate for use in terrestrial communication and undersea cables, as well as in other special applications where a harsh environment is present.
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    Performance of a c.w. Rhodamine 6G dye laser passively mode-locked by a new styryl dye (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 293-296 
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    Induced probe-beam modulation and resonatorless optical bistability in semiconductor (CdSxSe1−x)-doped glass (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 335-341 
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    Notes: Abstract Induced probe-beam modulation in semiconductor-doped glass was observed. The dephasing between pump and probe modulation is dependent on the pump power, the modulation frequency and the selenium concentration. At room temperature, with a proper choice of these parameters, the dephasing can change from 0° (laser-induced clearing) to −180° (laser-induced darkening). A slow switching behaviour and optical bistability without external feedback are also reported.
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    Two-photon absorption and resonant non-phase-matched second-harmonic generation in CdSe (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 351-367 
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    Notes: Abstract Exciting a hexagonal CdSe crystal with picosecond Nd: glass laser pulses, two-photon absorption and resonant non-phase-matched second-harmonic generation occur simultaneously. Using different crystal orientations, all components of the secondharmonic susceptibility tensor (non-vanishing components ared 31,d 33 andd 15) and some components of the two-photon absorption susceptibility tensor χ ijkl (3)′′ (−ωL; ωL, ωL, −ωL) are determined.
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    Silica waveguides on silicon and their application to integrated-optic components (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 391-416 
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    Notes: Abstract A marriage of optical fibre fabrication technology and LSI microfabrication technology gave birth to fibre-matched silica waveguides on silicon: thick glass layers of high-silica-content glass are deposited on silicon by flame hydrolysis, a method originally developed for fibre preform fabrication. Silica channel waveguides are then formed by photolithographic pattern definition processes followed by reactive ion etching. This ‘high silica (HiS) technology’ offers the possibility of integrating a number of passive functions on a single silicon chip, as well as the possibility of the hybrid integration of both active and passive devices on silicon. This paper reviews the NTT HiS technology and its application to integrated-optic components such as optical beam splitters, optical switches, wavelength-division multi/demultiplexers and optical frequency-division multi/demultiplexers. The clear and simple waveguide structures produced by the HiS technology make it possible to design and fabricate these components with high precision and excellent reproducibility.
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    Simultaneous diffraction of two finite waves at non-uniform dynamic volume reflection gratings (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 433-441 
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    Notes: Abstract Based on the two-dimensional coupled-wave theory, the simultaneous diffraction of two finite waves with non-constant amplitude distribution at a finite non-uniform dynamic volume reflection grating is described. A coupled differential equation is derived and solved numerically with the aid of a two-dimensional Runge-Kutta method. The results for the chosen example of a planar volume reflection grating both for pure phase and absorption gratings show the dependence of the fidelity and diffraction efficiency on the normalized parameter grating strength, on the phase shift with respect to the interference pattern of the read-out waves and on the absorption modulation. In contrast to the transmission grating, a high fidelity of the enhanced beam can be achieved for reflection gratings. The numerical results are compared with the solution of the one-dimensional theory.
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    Prismatic pulse compression: beam deviations and geometrical perturbations (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 467-471 
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    Notes: Abstract A generalized multiple-prism dispersion theory is utilized to provide a numerical description of dispersive behaviour in prismatic arrays designed for laser pulse compression. In addition, there is an assessment of the effect on overall dispersion caused by either beam deviations or by geometrical perturbations of the prisms.
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    Non-linear refractive index of silicon and GaAs induced by free-carrier generation (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 485-489 
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    Notes: Abstract The practicality is demonstrated of two-exposure picosecond holographic interferometry to study the real part of the non-linear susceptibility of semiconductors resulting from free-carrier generation. The interference patterns are recorded in the near IR spectral range and no special treatment of the sample is required. Good correspondence is established of the data obtained to the model of plasma-induced refractive index (Drude relationship).
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    Optical isolators using Bi-substituted rare-earth iron garnet films (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 517-528 
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    Notes: Abstract Using Bi-substituted rare-earth iron garnet film, (GdBi)3 (FeAlGa)5O12 or (YbTbBi)3 Fe5O12, grown by liquid phase epitaxy technique, we have fabricated a compact, low cost and high performance optical isolator for near-infrared wavelength region, in comparison with conventional isolator using yttrium iron garnet (YIG) single crystal as Faraday rotator. Typical insertion loss and isolation of developed isolators are 0.6 dB and 35 dB respectively at λ=1.31 μm and the size is 6ϕ×6 mm. The isolators, which could be used in the wavelength range of 1.31 to 1.55 μm, are also fabricated with insertion loss of less than 1.1 dB and isolation of more than 35 dB.
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    Editorial (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. v 
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    Ground-state depleted solid-state lasers: principles, characteristics and scaling (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S1 
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    Notes: Abstract A novel class of rare-earth-doped solid-state lasers is described. The ground-state depleted laser is pumped by an intense (more than tens of kW cm−2) narrow-band (less than a few nm) laser source and is characterized by: (1) an unusually low laser ion doping density (5 to 10×1018ion cm−3), (2) an unusually large fractional excited population inversion density (4 to 8×1018 ion cm−3, or 〉75%), (3) a gain element that is optically thick at the pump wavelength and (4) a gain element that has a substantially uniform gain distribution due to a bleaching of the pump transition at the pump intensity utilized. These features enable efficient room-temperature operation of rare-earth-ion laser transitions terminating on the ground manifold. The relationships between laser parameters (cross-sections, saturation fluences and fluxes, bleaching wave velocities, etc.) are given and laser performance scaling relationships are presented and discussed.
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    Non-linear population processes of Er3+ laser levels in chromium-doped garnet crystals (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S61 
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    Notes: Abstract In garnets doped with chromium and rare-earth ions, the processes of energy transfer, including upconversion, were investigated. Their influence on laser properties is established.
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    Spectroscopic and laser properties of Cr3+:Yb3+:Er3+: fluoride phosphate glass (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S107 
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    Notes: Abstract Sensitization of the fluorescence of Er3+ in fluoride phosphate glass containing up to 20 mol% phosphates by codoping with Cr3+ and Yb3+ is shown. The low order of ligand field strength for Cr3+ (Dq/B=2.04) results in broad Cr3+ fluorescence overlapping the Yb3+ absorption. The electronic energy transfer efficiency approaches 100%. Deviations of donor decay from the Förster law are interpreted in terms of the inhomogeneously acceptor distribution. The electronic energy transfer efficiency of Yb3+ → Er3+ reaches a maximum value of 75% for glasses containing 20 mol% phosphates. The transfer is shown to be migrationally accelerated by means of GAF-LAF-FB theory. From Judd-Ofelt parameters a stimulated emission cross-section for the transition4I13/2 →4I15/2 of Er3+ of 6.2×10−20 cm2 is derived. The c.w. laser action of Er3+ by Cr3+ excitation and double-step energy transfer is shown. The output is tuned continuously from 1536 to 1596 nm. Flashlamp pumping is also shown.
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    Fluorescence dynamics in the codoped systems YLiF4(Er3+, Tm3+, Ho3+) after 800 nm excitation (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S153 
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    Notes: Abstract A review is given of a detailed analysis of the fluorescence mechanisms occurring in codoped systems YLiF4(Er3+, Tm3+, Ho3+) after 800 nm laser excitation. The description of the excited-states dynamics is achieved with models based on rate equations and using lifetime data. The emission processes are shown to involve various non-radiative relaxations and energy transfers, and are studied as a function of different parameters such as laser excitation energy, temperature, density of excitation and rare-earth ion concentrations. A good understanding of the various excitation pathways between the impurity ions is obtained and their relative efficiencies are calculated.
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    The role of excited-state absorption in tunable solid-state lasers (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S199 
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    Notes: Abstract The lasing properties of tunable solid state lasers can be strongly influenced by Excited State Absorption (ESA). It is shown that the tuning behaviour of Cr:GSGG and Cr:LLGG is limited at short wavelengths due to the ESA transitions2E →2T2 (b),2T1 (b) and4T2 →4T1 (b), respectively. At long wavelengths the4T2 →4T1 (a) ESA transition narrows the tuning range largely. The reason is that both levels are Jahn-Teller split due to the centric chromium site resulting in a very broad ESA band. In Ti: YAIO3 strong ESA of the pumping wavelength into a charge transfer band occurs, which is caused by a Ti3+/Fe3+ complex centre. By this transition the pumping efficiency is diminished largely. It is believed that the lasing behaviour of Ti: YAIO3 can be improved considerably by growing of highest iron-free crystals.
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    Multisites Cr3+ in GGG and GSGG garnets (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S247 
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    Notes: Abstract The emission and excitation spectra of Cr3+ -doped Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) and Gd3Sc2Ga3O12 (GSGG) are explained in the light of multisite effects. The situation is particularly complicated in the case of GSGG, where the different sites have2E energy levels near each other which overlap with the4A2 →4T2 absorption bands. The spectra obtained under selective excitations are interpreted on the multisite assumption.
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    Frequency-tunable semiconductor lasers (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 1-15 
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    Notes: Abstract Recent advances in frequency-tunable semiconductor lasers are reviewed. They are classified into hybrid and monolithic tunable lasers. Monolithic tunable lasers based on distributed Bragg reflector or distributed feedback laser structures are most attractive for practical applications. The device structures and the tuning characteristics are described, with emphasis on the tuning range, spectral linewidth and frequency-switching time. Recent system experiments using monolithic tunable lasers in an optical communication area are also described.
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    Stimulated Brillouin scattering of Gaussian beams (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 33-36 
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    Notes: Abstract The characteristic of stimulated Brillouin scattering of Gaussian beams is analysed. The result displays distinct threshold and saturation of the beam, precisely in agreement with the recent experimental data reported by Aoki and Tajima.
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    Step discontinuities in dielectric waveguides (fibres) (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 65-75 
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    Notes: Abstract The scattering of surface modes by step discontinuities in dielectric waveguides (lightguides) is investigated by the Wiener-Hopf technique and the variational method. The simple analytical expressions for the scattering characteristics are derived both near and far from cut-off. The results are compared with those obtained by other methods.
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    Simultaneous emission on 10P and 10R branch lines from a hybrid CO2 laser (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 89-94 
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    Notes: Abstract The use of cavity length control to obtain multiline emission from a hybrid CO2 laser has been investigated. We have obtained simultaneous laser oscillation on up to four lines in the P and R branches of the 10 μm band by operating the c.w. section above the lasing threshold. For sub-threshold operation of the c.w. section the hybrid laser emission is restricted to the stronger 10P lines.
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    All-optical waveguide switching (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 95-122 
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    Notes: Abstract We present a tutorial review of all-optical switching in fibre and integrated optics waveguides. These switching devices require non-linear refractive index changes in single or coupled waveguides, and involve either the low-power guided modes of the structure or soliton-type waves guided, emitted or captured by waveguides. We discuss the physical principles involved in these all-optical switching schemes, material requirements, recent experiments and limitations. A representative rather than comprehensive list of references is provided.
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    Two-dimensional measurements of flow velocity in a microscopic region using two rotating gratings (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 143-156 
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    Notes: Abstract A two-dimensional vector velocimeter is proposed on the basis of the time-varying spatial filtering method using a rotating disc with two transmission gratings. The filtering characteristics of the spatial filter used in the velocimeter are studied theoretically. This velocimeter was applied to measure the velocity vector of flowing water in a small glass pipe. The experimental results show the usefulness of the present velocimeter for measurements of the flow velocity in a microscopic region.
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    Book reviews (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 183-185 
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    Femtosecond soliton attractors in fibres (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 175-178 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the attraction of femtosecond solitons in fibres is possible. Soliton attraction is calculated numerically, taking into account the fifth-order non-linearity in the refractive index of the fibre for the varying initial conditions. The role of the non-linear and dispersion higher-order effects and self-frequency shift in soliton attraction is also considered.
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    RACE project R1010 scenario for the implementation of coherent multichannel systems in the subscriber area of the European IBC network (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 535-554 
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    Notes: Abstract A scenario which illustrates the use of coherent multi-channel (CMD) techniques in different levels of evolution of the European Integrated Broadband Communication (IBC) network is developed. The scenario is based on experimental results obtained by engineered laboratory setups on CMC and subscriber systems. A detailed comparison between the CMC solution and a direct detection approach is presented, and the different levels of evolution from direct detection to CMC techniques are illustrated.
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    Group velocity difference effect on incoherent sum-frequency generation spectrum (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 123-130 
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    Notes: Abstract The spectral distribution of optical sum-frequency generation (SFG) by incoherent non-linear mixing of two chaotic beams with identical spectral width η is calculated theoretically in the first approximation of the iterative method including dispersion of the non-linear medium and the difference κ between the group velocity of the input beams. It is shown that for the same group velocities (κ=0) of the input beams in non-linear medium the resultant field has a spectral width narrower than η, and if a phase mismatch is present the spectral maximum of the resultant field is shifted towards lower or higher frequencies according to the sign of the phase mismatch. If the input beams have different group velocities (κ≠0) in the non-linear medium, then the spectral distribution of SFG is strongly dependent on η. For small η the spectral distribution of SFG is the same irrespective of κ. For large η the difference in group velocities broadens the spectrum of SFG and for very large differences in group velocity the SFG has a spectral width identical to that of the input beams.
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    Optical power efficiency in coherent optical correlater systems (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 179-182 
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    Intensity-dependent coupling strengths in multigrating phase-conjugation using photorefractive crystals (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 167-174 
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    Notes: Abstract The intensity dependence of the unequal coupling parameters in degenerate four-wave mixing is considered when simultaneous operation of four index gratings is allowed. A simplified form of the theoretical model of Townsend and LaMacchia (J. Appl. Phys. 41 (1970) 5188) is used in the analysis. We employ the shooting and matching technique to obtain a numerical solution of the coupled-wave equations. An adverse effect on the reflectivity of phase conjugation is observed at an intermediate stage of the refractive index modulation.
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    Efficient non-linear optical fibres and their applications (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 187-212 
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    Notes: Abstract There seem to be three possible approaches to achieve efficient non-linear optical effects in fibres: the increase of optical intensity in fibres, the control of group velocity dispersion in fibres and the use of efficient non-linear optical materials for fibres. From this viewpoint, high-numerical-aperture single-mode fibres with high optical intensity, single-mode fibres with extremely small dispersion at the operating wavelength and LiNbO3 single-crystal fibres with efficient non-linear effects, are now being investigated. This paper describes the fabrication of these optical fibres, and their non-linear optical applications.
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    Polarization behaviour in lossy non-linear birefringent optical fibres (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 37-53 
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    Notes: Abstract We examine the non-linear polarization properties of birefringent optical fibres when the initial polarization state is linear. In particular, we look at non-linear interactions in lossy fibres, where the loss may be in one or both of the orthogonal polarization axes. Exact and useful simple approximate solutions are presented for the case of zero loss, and various approximations to the field and polarization evolution are given for cases of non-zero loss.
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    Mode-selection characteristic of the symmetrical three-section composite-cavity InGaAsP/InP semiconductor laser (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 77-81 
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    Notes: Abstract Simulation and experimental studies of the mode-selection, characteristic of the symmetrical three-section composite-cavity InGaAsP/InP semiconductor laser are reported. The mode-selection property of this laser is explained in terms of the wavelength-dependent effective reflectance. The effective reflectance has periodic variations with wavelength, the period being determined by the dimensions of the cavity. The modulation in the effective reflectance in symmetrical three-section structure lasers is about twice that in two-section structure lasers.
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    Chaos in phase-conjugate resonators as a multimodal mapping (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 157-165 
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    Notes: Abstract An optical phase-conjugate resonator, realized by a Kerr-like phase conjugator, and represented by a two-dimensional slowly varying envelope plane-wave model is driven to chaos using two laser pumps in standard four-wave mixing geometry. The relevant slowly varying envelope wave equations are reduced to a one-dimensional map for intracavity intensity and a quasi-periodic hop for its phase. One-dimensional multimodal Bessel mappings arising in this analysis are considered using elementary symbolic dynamic methods.
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    A single axial mode YAG: Nd laser with electronic linewidth narrowing (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S57 
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    Notes: Abstract Single axial mode operation of a YAG: Nd laser based on an unstable resonator with an additional branch and electronic control of the Q-switching has been realized and investigated. The use of the additional branch with a selecting etalon makes it possible to save the output characteristics of the laser with the unstable resonator when going to single axial mode operation.
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    Diode-pumped moving-disc laser: a new configuration for high average power generation (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S33 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we report a new geometry for diode laser pumping. We show that an efficient moving-disc laser can be designed which can operate at 20 kW of average power with existing diode laser technology.
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    Spectroscopic and laser properties of Er3+-doped monoclinic BaY2F8 single crystals (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S95 
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    Notes: Abstract The luminescence and absorption properties of Ba(Y1−x Er x )2F8 (x=0.001, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) and the Er3+-ion decay kinetics of luminescent transitions from three initial laser states, the4S3/2,4F.9/2 and4I11/2 manifolds, were measured. The crystal-field splitting schemes for allJ-manifolds which are involved in (J →J′)-luminescence transitions and stimulated emission parameters of Er3+ -ions in BaY2F8 were determined. A comparison of laser powers and efficiencies of BaY2F8 and Y3Al5O12, Lu3Al5O12 and LiYF4 single crystals doped with Er3+-ions shows the similar performance of these materials.
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    Upconversion-pumped population kinetics for4I13/2 and4I11/2 laser states of Er3+ ion in several host crystals (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S75 
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    Notes: Abstract Population kinetics of the upper4I11/2 and lower4I13/2 laser states of the Er3+ ion were studied experimentally and theoretically in (Er)BaY2F8, (Er)YLF, (Er)YSGG, (Er)CaF2 and (Er)YALO. Fluorescence from these states to the4I15/2 ground state was excited through upconversion simultaneously with the4I11/2 →4I13/2 lasing using 1.53 µm radiation from an erbium : glass laser for optical pumping. Lifetimes of both states are altered during lasing by co-operative energy transfer processes: the lifetime of the lower state τ1 is shortened and that of the upper state τ2 increased with the resultant ratio τ2/τ1〉1. After lasing the lifetime ratio returns to the ‘normal’ value τ2/τ1 〈1; that is, one obtained under weak ultraviolet excitation. Kinetic rate equations for the population density functions for both laser states were set up and solved by approximation in three time domains. It was assumed that only one co-operative energy transfer process operates in the laser crystals and determines the population inversion kinetics. Consistency relationships for comparison of the theoretical results with the experiment were developed. Only (Er)BaY2F8 spectral features showed close agreement with theory, resulting in a high score of 94% for the overall correlation in the consistency test, whereas all other crystals scored 〈50%. As a result of this high correlation, a close match between theoretical and experimental population decay curves was shown for (Er)BaY2F8. Most probably, more than one energy transfer process shapes the decay curves and determines the population inversion kinetics for the other laser crystals. (Er)YALO showed little lifetime change for the laser states, apparently due to inefficient co-operative energy transfer processes. As a result it probably lased in a self-terminating short-pulse mode.
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    Efficient room-temperature operation of Cr3+-sensitized, flashlamp-pumped, 2µm lasers (1990)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S141 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Utilizing the results of Cr3+ → Tm3+ transfer efficiency studies, we have demonstrated that yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) is the preferred host for room-temperature, flashlamp-pumped solid-state lasers operating in the 2.0 µm spectral range. We report data on two different sensitizer-activator combinations in YAG and yttrium scandium gallium garnet (YSGG) laser materials: one is doped with Cr:Tm:Ho and operates on the Ho3+ 5I7 →5I8 transition at 2.097 µm; the other is doped only with Cr:Tm, which lases on the Tm3+ 3F4 →3H6 transition at 2.014 µm. We have achieved a slope efficiency of 5.1% with the Cr:Tm:Ho:YAG laser, which is the highest slope efficiency yet reported for a room-temperature, flashlamp-pumped, 2 µm solid-state laser. We have measured thresholds as low as 38 J and output energies 〉1.5 J for that system. We also report the first room-temperature operation of an efficient flashlamp-pumped Cr:Tm:YAG laser at 2.014 µm. Thresholds as low as 43 J, output energies exceeding 2 J, and slope efficiencies as high as 4.5% have been achieved. This is an order of magnitude higher than the efficiency previously reported for a 2.01 µm Cr:Tm:YAG laser operated at cryogenic temperatures. These two efficient 2 µm laser systems (Cr:Tm:Ho:YAG and Cr:Tm:YAG) are discussed in terms of their potential for Q-switched operation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02089007
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  • 89
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    Excited-state absorption of Co2+ in MgF2 and KZnF3 (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S219 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report on measurements of excited-state absorption spectra and absolute cross-sections in Co2+-doped KZnF3 and MgF2 at room temperature in the near-infrared domain. The data are compared with the predictions of the single-configuration co-ordinate model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02089011
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  • 90
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    Flashlamp-pumped laser performance of LiCaAIF6:Cr3+ (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results of flashlamp pumping of the LiCaAIF6:Cr3+ (Cr:LiCAF) laser crystal are reported. We have so far obtained slope efficiencies as high as 1.55% in a close-coupled, diffusely reflecting cavity. Based on the measured insertion loss of the presently available material, we predict that an efficiency of about 4% will be obtained when low-loss material becomes available. This extrapolated efficiency is comparable with the performance of a high-quality alexandrite laser rod in the same apparatus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02089014
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  • 91
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    Multiport single-mode fibre splitters (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 453-465 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Currently, there is significant interest in multiport, single-mode fibre splitters as an alternative to concatenations of 2 × 2 port 3 dB splitters. This paper reviews recent developments in the area and suggests new configurations with potential commercial applications. Both the power-splitting properties and spectral response of each device are quantified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02113969
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  • 92
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    Announcement (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 22-22 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189707
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  • 93
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    Improved analysis of dispersion penalty in optical fibre systems (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 23-31 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Based on the model presented by Campbell [1], simple and convenient formulae are developed for calculating the dispersion penalty with consideration of the system pulse shaping, the laser diode spectrum and the different statistics of mode partition noise within and between baud periods. Numerical calculations show that they are good approximations of the complex expressions given by Campbell. Furthermore, we show that Ogawa's mode partition noise expressions in [2] should be corrected by a factor of about 2 and the wave shape at decision should be carefully designed to minimize the mode partition noise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189708
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  • 94
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    Experimental investigation of the transverse electric field in charge-coupled devices (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 55-63 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report a detailed experimental study of the transverse electric, field in charge-coupled devices. Using a gate-controlled photodiode structure, the effects of doping density, oxide thickness, gate length and gate voltage on the transverse electric field are examined and compared with theoretical calculations. It is found that the existing theoretical model tends to overestimate the transverse field in samples of high doping density and large gate length, or when the gate voltage difference is large.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189711
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  • 95
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    Laser oscillations on HgII transitions in a transverse HF discharge (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 83-88 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Laser oscillation in a mixture of helium and mercury on the HgII transitions (λ=615 and 794.5 nm) in a transverse high-frequency excitation is obtained. Two types of self-heated laser tubes are investigated. The optimal oscillation conditions are found. The peculiarities of the generated pulse and their dependence on the discharge conditions are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189714
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  • 96
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    Optical dispersive bistability in media with forced girotropy (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 131-142 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the results of an analysis concerning the course of optical dispersive bistability in media with forced girotropy (the Faraday effect) are presented. It is shown that radiation transmitted through a non-linear Fabry-Perot cavity reveals, apart from bistability of the intensity, bistable states of polarization. The elliptically polarized transmission radiation changes bistably not only the value of proportion of the semiaxes of the polarization ellipse and the orientation angle of its major semi-axis, but also the direction of the rotation of its electric vector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189949
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  • 97
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    Investigation into the birefringence and mechanical stresses in bow-tie fibres (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 279-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189432
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  • 98
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    Perturbation analysis of finitely clad optical waveguides and couplers (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 239-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In calculating the modal characteristics of a finitely clad optical waveguide, if the wavelength is much shorter than the core of the waveguide, then the cladding of the waveguide can be assumed to be infinite. On the other hand, if the wavelength is much longer than the core, the core can be ignored. These two approximations, although simple and accurate in the two respective extreme cases, do not provide adequate information in the transition region, where many tapered devices are operated. To overcome this a novel perturbation method is devised, in which these two approximations are combined in such a way that a result that is accurate in all cases can be obtained. Analytical expressions based on this method for describing the dispersion characteristics of finitely clad slab waveguides and circular step-index fibres are derived and compared with other conventional approximations. The combined use of this method and the coupled-mode theory for the analysis of optical couplers is also described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189430
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  • 99
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    Organic second-order non-linear optical materials and devices (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 297-318 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Organic second-order nonlinear materials are currently receiving considerable attention for fabrication of frequency mixing and electro-optic devices. In this paper the key concepts in the development of organic nonlinear materials and waveguide device design are introduced. The recent advances in nonlinear waveguides for frequency doubling and electro-optic devices are reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189214
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  • 100
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    All-optical fibre devices using polarization ellipse rotation (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 343-350 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In optical fibres with very low birefringence, non-linear polarization coupling occurs because of the well-known ellipse rotation induced by the Kerr effect. This may be of use of future all-optical signal-processing circuitry. In particular we propose that the self-induced polarization ellipse rotation be used for a new optical transistor and for optical switches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189217
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