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  • Articles  (136)
  • Engineering General  (126)
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  • 1985-1989  (136)
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  • 1950-1954
  • 1988  (136)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (136)
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  • Articles  (136)
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  • 1985-1989  (136)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 29 (1988), S. 487-497 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Alloy ; oxidation ; platinum ; palladium ; rhodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The surfaces of Pt-45Pd-10Rh foils oxidized over the range 875–1075 K in a 20% O2-Ar mixture at atmospheric pressure were examined by Auger electron, X-ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopy. The composition of the oxide formed on the surface was found to vary with temperature from predominantly PdO at 875 K to PdRhO2 at 1075 K. Only a few atomic percent Pt was observed, present in both the metallic and (apparently) +1 oxidation states at 875 K and in the metallic state at 1075 K. The formation of PdRhO2 (and no Rh2O3) at 1075 K was found to persist upon reoxidation following a low-temperature reduction cycle in which the increased Rh concentration on the surface was retained. An oxidation-induced Rh enrichment of the surface of the alloy foil beyond 50 at. % does not appear likely within the temperature/pressure regime investigated.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 29 (1988), S. 75-102 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Ni-Cr-Al Alloys ; oxidation ; diffusional transport ; breakaway oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The cyclic oxidation behavior of several cast γ+β, Ni-Cr-Al(Y, Zr) alloys and one LPPS γ+β, Ni-Co-Cr-Al(Y) alloy was examined (γ, fcc; β, NiAl structure). Cyclic oxidation was performed by cycling between 1200°C and approximately 70°C. Oxide morphologies and microstructural changes during cyclic oxidation were noted. Recession of the high-Al β phase was nonparabolic with time. Kirkendall porosity resulting from diffusional transport within the alloy was observed in the near-surface γ-phase layer of one alloy. Concentration profiles for Ni, Cr, and Al were measured in the γ-phase layer after various cyclic oxidation exposures. It was observed that cyclic oxidation results in a decreasing Al concentration at the oxide-metal interface due to a high demand for Al (a high rate of Al consumption) associated with oxide scale cracking and spalling. In addition, diffusion paths plotted on the ternary phase diagram shifted to higher Ni concentrations with increasing cyclic oxidation exposures. The alloy with the highest rate of Al consumption, and highest Al content, underwent breakaway oxidation after 500 1-hr cycles at 1200°C. Breakaway oxidation occurred when the Al concentration at the oxide-metal interface approached zero. The relationship between the Al transport in the alloy and breakaway oxidation is discussed.
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  • 3
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    Oxidation of metals 29 (1988), S. 225-238 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Nickel ; SO2 ; oxidation ; sulfidation ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of nickel with SO2 has been studied. The composition and morphology of the scale formed in sulfur dioxide (1.013×105 Pa) at 600°C and the transport phenomena occurring in the growing scale have been investigated. The experimental methods consisted of metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. The transport phenomena have been studied by the marker method and with the use of a35S radioisotope. The scale was composed of a NiO and Ni3S2 mixture and grew by the outward diffusion of nickel and inward transport of SO2 molecules through the discontinuities of the scale. It has been shown that outward transport of sulfur originating from grains of sulfide occurs.
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  • 4
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    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 259-266 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; adhesion ; growth mechanisms ; sulfur ; impurities ; segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The results of studies involving both alumina and chromia formers have demonstrated that segregation of low levels of indigenous impurity elements commonly found in metals and alloys can segregate to the scale-metal interface. Such segregation markedly affects protective-oxide-scale adherence to produce scale exfoliation. The most important element to cause exfoliation effects is sulfur, which is not uncommonly present in metals and alloys to levels of ∼50 ppm. The reduction of such sulfur to the 1–2 ppm range strongly increases oxide scale adherence without requiring additions of “active” elements, such as yttrium. The results of experiments that led to this conclusion are reiterated.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 329-343 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-S-O ; Co-S-O ; oxidation ; sulfidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The equilibrium oxygen potentials of the two-phase equilibria Fe3O4/Fe1−xS, Co1−xS/Co3S4, Co3S4/CoS2, Co1−xS/CoO, and CoO/CoSO4 were measured as a function of temperature. A solid-state emf technique using calcia-stabilized zirconia (CSZ) solid electrolyte was used. These equilibria were studied atP SO2≃1 atm; the equilibrium Co1−xS/CoO was also studied atP SO2≃0.1 atm. Two emf cell designs were used for the measurements atP SO2≃1 atm andP SO2≃1 and 0.1 atm, respectively. The homogeneity range of FeS in equilibrium with Fe3O4 and that of Co1−xS in equilibrium with CoO at ∼ 1073 K andP SO2≃1 atm were measured by electron microprobe analysis.
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  • 6
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    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 267-269 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; adhesion ; impurities ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
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    Oxidation of metals 29 (1988), S. 153-167 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: zirconium ; oxidation ; parabolic kinetics ; linear kinetics ; cubic kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A model is proposed to describe parabolic followed by linear oxidation kinetics of zirconium and zircaloy. The one-dimensional description presented here for parabolic kinetics considers the superficial oxide layer as formed by a succession of diffusion layers of crystalline oxide alternating with short-circuit paths for diffusion. Within this framework, the parabolic-linear transition can be viewed as the result of the rupture of the thin diffusion laters, leaving behind long channels connecting the oxidizing environment with the diffusion region adjacent to the oxide-metal interface. These channels represent easy paths for oxygen diffusion. This model unifies the description of parabolic oxidation of Zr with that of linear kinetics and can be also connected with the description of cubic oxidation kinetics. The latter can be thought of as the result of a recrystallization process where the oxidation rate diminishes more than during a parabolic regime as time progresses due to the growing influence of volume diffusion.
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  • 8
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    Oxidation of metals 29 (1988), S. 409-418 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Microstructure ; oxidation ; chromium oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Four commercially available Ni-Cr-based alloys used with porcelain enamels were studied. Major alloying elements were Al, Be, Si, B, Nb, and Mo. All alloys were multiphase. During heat treatments simulating enameling conditions, phase changes occurred in most alloys and were detected using hardness testing, differential thermal analysis (DTA), and microscopy. Oxidation of these alloys at 1000°Cfor 10 min produced an oxide layer consisting principally of chromium oxide, but the oxide morphology varied with each alloy depending on the alloy microstructure. Controlling alloy microstructure while keeping the overall composition unchanged may be a means of preventing wrinkled poorly adherent scales from forming.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Ni-base alloy IN 617 ; reactor helium ; oxidation ; carburization ; decarburization ; kinetics ; mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Application of the technical nickel-base alloy IN 617 in the primary circuit of the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is limited essentially by the chemical reactions with the impurities (CO, CO2, H2, CH4, H2O) in the helium coolant. The interactions of the alloy with the reactive impurities in different helium-base gases were investigated by thermogravimetry in a gas-tight microbalance and by simultaneous measurement of the changes in gas composition by a continuous sensitive mass spectrometric analysis. The results demonstrate that the set of six reaction equations deduced in part 1 can be applied to describe the corrosion of the alloy. The occurrence of the various reactions is determined essentially by temperature. For the case of a standardized helium gas (HHT-He), three temperature regions can be distinguished. Below a critical temperature (about 1105 K), the presence of CO can cause simultaneous oxidation and carburization. Above this temperature, this reaction does not reverse itself. Rather, oxidation by CO2 and H2O takes place that shows, after a transient period, the same kinetics observed in undiluted oxygen-containing gases. At temperatures above about 1205 K, decarburization of the alloy accompanied by the production of CO takes place, leading to severe destruction of the carbide microstructure and, therefore, limiting the applicability of the material.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: constant-extension-rate tests ; Incoloy 800H ; sulfidation ; oxidation ; sol-gel method ; cerium ; ceramic coatings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The mechanical properties of ceramic coatings containing cerium oxide, prepared by the sol-gel method and used to protect Incoloy 800H against aggressive environments, are reported. Deformation and cracking behavior in oxidizing and sulfidizing environments has been investigated by constant-extension-rate tests. Extension rates were between 9.3×10−6 and 3.7×10−7 sec−1 at 823 〈T〈973 K. Under these conditions, cerium oxide sol-gel-coated specimens do not show any failure at extensions of 1.0% or more, but in hydrogen, sulfide failure is found at lower extensions than in air.
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  • 11
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Transonic flows ; Potential equations ; Relaxation methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A block relaxation scheme, grouped in a red-black ordering, is applied to transonic aerofoil calculations using body-fitted co-ordinates. The scheme is simple and easily vectorizable. Detailed comparisons with the approximate factorization method (AF2) are presented and it is shown that the new scheme is competitive in all cases considered. Transonic results, of engineering accuracy, on an 0-type grid of 149 × 30 points, are usually obtained within 200 iterations (≃ 40s on a Cyber 175).
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  • 12
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Boundary elements ; Free surface ; Riabouchinsky cavity flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes a method for the numerical solution of a Riabouchinsky cavity flow. Application of a boundary element method leads to a system of non-linear equations. The mild singularity appearing at the separation point is treated with the introduction of a curved boundary element, which satisfies the exact behaviour of the free boundary in that neighbourhood.
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  • 13
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 121-122 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 15
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 165-179 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Unsteady laminar boundary layer ; Buoyancy effect ; Non-iterative finite difference method ; Boundary layer singularity ; Separated flow region ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical method is developed to solve the coupled unsteady laminar momentum and thermal boundary layers over a circular cylinder impulsively started from rest. The present non-iterative finite difference method, which requires relatively fewer grid points in the reversed flow region than any other method, can easily handle the separating boundary layer flows. The results indicate that the present method has accuracy comparable with the earlier methods, while consuming computer time approximately one order of magnitude less.The present numerical method allowed investigation of the effect of buoyancy parameter on the starting boundary layer. The time-dependent behaviour of the boundary layer is studied in terms of the appearance of the singularity, the distribution of skin friction and wall heat flux, and the wall position of the inflection point of the velocity profile. The transient as well as buoyancy-dependent patterns of the streamlines and isotherms are also studied.
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  • 16
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 227-242 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Wave-source distribution ; Green's function ; discretization ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The boundary integral equation method constitutes the basis of a number of computer programs used for the solution of wave-obstacle interaction problems. For the case of obstacles in a constant depth fluid, the method assumes that the velocity potential at any point in the fluid may be represented by a distribution of Green's function sources over the immersed surface of the obstacle. Application of the obstacle kinematic boundary condition gives rise to an integral equation which may be solved, using numerical discretization, for the unknown source strength distribution function. Subsequent evaluation of the discretized velocity potential permits evaluation of the hydrodynamic interaction parameters.A series of numerical solutions have been carried out for a range of substantially rectangular obstacles, in a two-dimensional domain, using varying levels of immersed profile discretization. The results, presented in the form of fixed and floating mode wave reflection and transmission, together with the motion response of the floating obstacle, demonstrate the significant sensitivity of the evaluated parameters to variations in the level of discretization.
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  • 17
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 245-245 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 18
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 283-303 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite elements ; Transient flow ; Three-dimensional flow ; Natural convection ; Incomplete ; Choleski conjugate gradients ; Iterative solver ; Vectorization ; Crystal growth ; Gallium arsenide ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper we present a new version of the ‘modified finite element method’ (MFEM) presented by Gresho, Chan, Lee and Upson.1 The main modification of the original algorithm is the introduction of a cost-effective and memory-saving iterative solver for the discretized Poisson equation for the pressure. The vectorization of the preconditioner has been especially considered. For low Prandtl number problems we also split the advection-diffusion operator of the energy equation into explicit and implicit parts. In that sense the present approach is related to the recent implicitization of the diffusive terms introduced by Gresho and Chan2 and by Gresho.3 The algorithm is applied to the study of buoyancy-driven flow oscillations occuring in a horizontal crucible of molten metal under the action of a horizontal temperature gradient.
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  • 19
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 387-404 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Boundary-fitted co-ordinates ; SIMPLE algorithm ; Non-staggered grid ; Cascade flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The incompressible flow through a two-dimensional cascade is computed using the SIMPLE algorithm in a boundary-fitted co-ordinate system. With the standard staggered grid arrangement the numerical solution was found to allow localized pressure oscillations to persist adjacent to the periodic boundaries. These oscillations were found to be a consequence of the extended momentum control volumes which are required in this region of the cascade. Such control volumes may be removed by the use of appropriately non-staggered velocity storage locations, which are also desirable in the boundary-fitted system since the Cartesian velocity components are no longer related to the grid line orientations. However, this storage permits the propagation of global pressure oscillations, which were previously suppressed by the staggered grid arrangement. This paper attempts to define a solution procedure which uses non-staggered velocity locations and is able to eliminate the consequent global pressure oscillations. To achieve this aim, two forms of pressure correction scheme were considered. The first implemented the scheme proposed by Vanka et al. but was found to be inadequate in the open part of the cascade, whereas the second employed a modification of the scheme proposed by Rhie and Chow and was found to be successful in all regions of the flow. The results computed using this scheme were compared with the available experiment results.
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  • 20
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 21
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 519-536 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Fluid forces ; Viscous incompressible flow ; Fluid-structure interaction ; Finite element method ; Steady streaming ; Added mass ; Added damping ; Added force ; Oscillation flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes a method for determining the fluid forces on oscillating bodies in viscous fluid when the corresponding flow problem has been solved using the finite element method. These forces are characterized by the concept of added mass, added damping and added force. Numerical results are obtained for several example body shapes. Comparison is made with exact analytical results and other finite element results for the limiting cases of Stoke's flow and inviscid flow, and good agreement is obtained. The results for finite values of the body amplitude parameter β show the appearance of added force from the steady streaming component of the flow for asymmetric bodies. Results are also obtained for the associated flow where the fluid remote from a fixed body is oscillating.
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  • 22
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 579-597 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite difference solution for laminar viscous flow through a sinusoidally curved converging-diverging channel is presented. The physical wavy domain is transformed into a rectangular computational domain in order to simplify the application of boundary conditions on the channel walls. The discretized conservation equations for mass, momentum and energy are derived on a control volume basis. The pseudo-diffusive terms that arise from the co-ordinate transformation are treated as source terms, and the resulting system of equations is solved by a semi-implicit procedure based on line relaxation. Results are obtained for both the developing and the fully developed flow for a Prandtl number of 0.72, channel maximum width-to-pitch ratio of 1.0, Reynolds number ranging from 100 to 500 and wall amplitude-to-pitch ratio varying from 0.1 to 0.25. Results are presented here for constant fluid properties and for a prescribed wall enthalpy only.
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  • 23
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 643-657 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The moving boundary (i.e. the piston) within a reciprocating engine poses the problem that as it moves towards the cylinder head it compresses the computational grid lines. Control cells that started with reasonable aspect ratios become so compressed that aspect ratios of 1000 are not unusual in some cases. This, of course, adversely affects numerical accuracy and convergence. It is the purpose of this paper to present a conservative scheme that allows for the removal and addition of grid cells, during simulation, so as to restore reasonable aspect ratios. Results of the computations are presented and compared with experimental data. It is concluded that with the proposed scheme convergence is obtained within fewer iterations, CPU time is reduced and the results are generally in better agreement with experimental data.
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  • 24
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 705-722 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: MHD flow ; Connected channels ; Ducts ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In Sezgin1,2 the problems considered are the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows in an electrodynamically conducting infinite channel and in a rectangular duct respectively, in the presence of an applied magnetic field. In the present paper we extend the solution procedure of these papers to two rectangular channels connected by a barrier which is partially conductor and partially insulator. The problem has been reduced to the solution of a pair of dual series equations and then to the solution of a Fredholm's integral equation of the second kind. The infinite series obtained were transformed to finite integrals containing Bessel Junctions of the second kind to avoid the computations of slowly converging infinite series and infinite integrals with oscillating integrands. The results obtained compared well with those of Butsenieks and Shcherbinin3 which were obtained for the perfectly conducting barrier separating the flows.
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  • 25
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 759-768 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Vortex sheets ; Inviscid flow ; Incompressible flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An accurate numerical scheme has been devised to study the self-induced motion of an infinitely thin, free vortex sheet of finite span in an unbounded, inviscid, incompressible fluid. The new numerical scheme has been tested against two vortex sheet problems for which exact solutions have also been obtained. The agreement between the numerical and exact solutions is excellent. The scheme has been further tested against two more examples for which analytical solutions for small times were available. Here too the agreement is excellent.
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  • 26
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 865-868 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 27
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 845-861 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Non-Newtonian flow ; FEM vs FDM ; Duct flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Two numerical methods, the Galerkin finite element method (FEM) and the boundary-fitted co-ordinate transformation method (BFCTM), have been applied to solve inelastic non-Newtonian fluid flow in ducts of irregular cross-section. Three representative fluid models, namely the power-law, the Ellis and the Bingham models, have been analysed. The application of the FEM is straightforward, while for the BFCTM the accurate estimation of viscosity on the duct boundary and the proper mesh adjustment appear to be critical for generating convergent solutions. A detailed comparison of the two numerical methods in terms of volumetric flow rate, axial velocity, shear rate, viscosity and CPU time is given. Both methods can generate accurate solutions of velocity over a wide range of variables, but the FEM requires much less computing time to reach the same level of accuracy. Only the BFCTM can be used to approximate shear rate and viscosity with reasonable accuracy.
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  • 28
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 869-895 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: 3D Stokes problem ; Mixed finite element methods ; Primitive variables ; Gradient methods ; Convergence analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper is devoted to a comparison of various iterative solvers for the Stokes problem, based on the preconditioned Uzawa approach. In the first section the basic equations and general results of gradient-like methods are recalled. Then a new class of preconditioners, whose optimality will be shown, is introduced. In the last section numerical experiments and comparisons with multigrid methods prove the quality of these schemes, whose discretization is detailed.
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  • 29
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 943-955 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Cavitation flow ; Cavitation number ; Singular integrals ; Boundary integral method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A method for computing the drag coefficient of a body in an axially symmetric, steady-state cavitation flow is presented. A ‘vortex ring’ distribution along the wetted body surface and along the cavity interface is assumed. Since the location of the cavitation interface is unknown a priori, an iterative procedure is used, where, for the first stage, an arbitrary cavitation interface is assumed. The flow field is then solved, and by an iterative process the location of the cavitation interface is corrected. Even though the flow field is governed by the linear Laplace equation, strong non-linearity resulting from the kinematic boundary conditions appears along the cavitation interface. An improved numerical scheme for solving the dual Fredholm integral equations is obtained by formulating high-order approximations to the singular integrals in order to reduce the matrix dimensions. Good agreement is found between the numerical results of the present work, experimental results and other solutions.
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  • 30
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1011-1027 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Free Surface ; Finite Element Method ; Surface Tension ; Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper the position of the free surface of a swirling fluid held in by surface tension is calculated by the finite element method. A new locally mass-conserving quadratic velocity, linear pressure triangular element is used to overcome non-physical solutions produced by the well known Taylor-Hood element.
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  • 31
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1151-1164 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Boundary-layer flow ; Stability ; Transition ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Laminar-turbulent transition in boundary layers involves a cascade of weak and strong instabilities. In the model considered here the first instability occurs with respect to two-dimensional TS waves and causes streamwise, nearly periodic concentrations of vorticity. Linear stability analysis of this periodic flow leads to Floquet systems of equations. These systems support different classes of three-dimensional disturbances which may initiate different routes to transition. Numerical solutions by use of accurate spectral methods reveal the spectrum of eigenmodes, growth rates and disturbance velocities. The characteristics of this secondary instability are in good agreement with results of experiments and computer simulations of transition. Non-linear self-interaction of the rapidly growing three-dimensional disturbances can sustain or enhance the vital periodic accumulations of spanwise vorticity once their amplitude exceeds some threshold. This feedback loop is considered to be the key to the transition process. Owing to the broad-band nature of secondary instability, however, the prediction of transition in practice requires additional insight into the ‘natural’ disturbance background. The sensitivity of the transition process to initial data in a broad band of frequencies and spanwise wave numbers poses new challenges for non-linear theories and numerical simulations.
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  • 32
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1203-1215 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Unsegregated ; Multigrid ; High-order ; Finite-difference ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper describes and compares two different approaches to solving the equations of motion for fluid flow in a three-dimensional lid-driven cavity, when a higher-order approximation to convective transport is employed. One is based on the traditional pressure correction approach in conjunction with a pentadiagonal ADI solver; the other follows a new unsegregated variable and FAS multigrid methodology. The results generated by both approaches, for laminar flow conditions, at Reynolds numbers of 100 and 1000 are compared with each other and with corresponding solutions obtained with a well known low-order approximation to convection. Cross-reference is also made to flow in a two-dimensional cavity at the same Reynolds numbers.
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  • 33
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1319-1329 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Numerical simulation ; Vortical flow ; Navier-Stokes and Euler equations ; Double-delta wing ; Vortex interaction ; Vortex breakdown ; Grid resolution ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Extensive study on the numerical simulation of the vortical flow over a double-delta wing is carried out using the ‘thin layer’ Navier-Stokes and Euler equations. Two important flow characteristics, vortex interaction and vortex breakdown, are successfully simulated. Grid resolution is one of the most important factors associated with the vortex problem. Computations were performed on a series of grids with various levels of refinement, coarse, medium and fine. Computations using either the coarse or medium grids fail to capture the proper physical phenomena. The computed result using a fine grid shows flow unsteadiness once the vortex breakdown takes place. The CL-α characteristics are well predicted up to the breakdown angle of attack for all the grid distributions. The Euler solutions show fairly good agreement with experiment on the CL-α characteristics. However, other aspects of the solution at each angle of attack, such as the locus of the leading-edge separation vortex, are not consistent with experiment. Even for the fine grid Navier-Stokes computations, further grid resolution is required to obtain good quantitative agreement with experiment.
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  • 34
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1389-1401 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Non-Newtonian fluid interfaces ; Porous media ; Frontal advance theory ; Power law behaviour ; Oil displacement mechanisms ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper concerns the applications of frontal advance theory to the dynamics of a moving flat interface in a porous medium, when both displacing and displaced fluids are of power law behaviour. The rheological effects of non-Newtonian behaviour of these fluids on the interface position and its velocity are numerically illustrated and discussed with regard to the practical implications in oil displacement mechanisms. The results obtained should be useful in finding an optimal policy of injection in order to control the dynamics of the moving interface in field projects of enhanced oil recovery floods.
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  • 35
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1543-1561 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Developing flow ; CFD ; FIDAP ; Finite element method ; Electronic packaging ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The use of numerical techniques to augment experimentally collected temperature data of electrical components is illustrated. FIDAP, a finite element CFD code, is used to generate the numerical results. Comparisons of the numerical results with experimental data of HaCohen, experimentally derived correlations of Wirtz and Dykshoorn and numerical results of Heaton et al. are given. A discussion of modelling techniques, mesh refinement, numerical error and stability is presented with suggestions for improvement of flow models. The results generated by FIDAP, using 2D models, compare favourably (to within 10%) with the experimental data of HaCohen. The results indicate the possibility of augmenting experimental data collection with numerical results, at least in the regions of laminar and low turbulent flow.
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  • 36
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 247-281 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Natural convection ; Finite element method ; High Rayleigh number ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Finite element predictions of two-dimensional laminar natural convection in a partially divided rectangular cavity at high Rayleigh number are presented. The walls are differentially heated, the horizontal surfaces are insulated and the cavity contains a partial vertical divider which is centrally located and whose height is varied. Detailed results are presented for an aluminium half-divider in water for Rayleigh number up to 1011 and compared directly with recent experiments in a cavity of aspect ratio 1/2. The predicted flow and heat transfer are in good agreement with the measurements and confirm the existence of a high Rayleigh number regime with characteristic behaviour that differs significantly from that found at lower Rayleigh number. In addition, the effects of the divider height, the divider conductivity, the fluid Prandtl number and the cavity aspect ratio are studied. The results show that a direct simulation of the complex flow and heat transfer that occurs in partially divided cavities is possible for realistic physical conditions.
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  • 37
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 365-366 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 38
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 659-669 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Magnetohydrodynamics ; Homotopy ; Quasi-Newton ; Rotating disk ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper studies the effects of a circular magnetic field on the flow of a conducting fluid about a porous rotating disk. Using modern quasi-Newton and globally convergent homotopy methods, numerical solutions are obtained for a wide range of magnetic field strengths, suction and injection velocities and Alfven and disk speeds. Results are presented graphically in terms of three non-dimensional parameters. There is excellent agreement with previous work and asymptotic formulae.
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  • 39
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 40
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 615-616 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 41
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 617-641 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Higher order ; Boundedness ; Convective transport ; Curvature ; Finite difference ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper describes a new approach to approximating the convection term found in typical steady-state transport equations. A polynomial-based discretization scheme is constructed around a technique called ‘curvature compensation’; the resultant curvature-compensated convective transport approximation is essentially third-order accurate in regions of the solution domain where the concept of order is meaningful. In addition, in linear scalar transport problems it preserves the boundedness of solutions. Sharp changes in gradient in the dependent variable are handled particularly well. But above all, the scheme, when used in conjunction with an ADI pentadiagonal solver, is easy to implement with relatively low computational cost, representing an effective algorithm for the simulation of multi-dimensional fluid flows. Two linear test problems, for the case of transport by pure convection, are employed in order to assess the merit of the method.
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  • 42
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 933-942 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Least squares ; Finite elements ; Non-linear ; Hyperbolic ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A class of stable least-square finite element methods for non-linear hyperbolic problems is developed and some exploratory studies made. The methods are based on modifying the L2-norm of the. residual and a related approximation to the H1-norm of the residual. The effect of the additional terms in these residual functionals is to introduce a dissipative effect proportional to the solution gradient. This acts to stabilize the solution for non-linear hyperbolic problems which generate shocks. Numerical results for a one-dimensional nozzle and shock tube problem demonstrate the accuracy and stability of the method. Results are for an implicit scheme and calculations for linear, quadratic and cubic elements are given.
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  • 43
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 559-578 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Boundary-type finite element method ; Helmholz equation ; Mild-slope equation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The boundary-type finite element method has been investigated and applied to the Helmholz and mild-slope equations. Four types of interpolation function are examined based on trigonometric function series. Three-node triangular, four-node quadrilateral, six-node triangular and eight-node quadrilateral elements are tested; these are all non-conforming elements. Three types of numerical example show that the three-node triangular and four-node quadrilateral elements are useful for practical analysis.
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  • 44
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 599-612 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes ; Boussinesq ; Bernoulli ; Vorticity ; Potentials ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A formulation based on three scalar functions or potentials is applied to analyse the Navier-Stokes and Boussinesq equations in three dimensions. In this formulation an explicit expression for the pressure exists, the so-called generalized Bernoulli equation. Therefore the scalar functions formulation may be considered as a generalization of the well-known potential flow and Bernoulli theory for irrotational fluid motion. The many advantages of this formulation applied to three-dimensional Navier-Stokes and Boussinesq flow will be discussed, and a numerical example is given as an illustration.
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  • 45
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 671-686 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Multigrid ; Pressure correction ; Navier-Stokes ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The behaviour of the pressure correction method is studied for the solution of the incompressible steady-state Navier-Stokes and continuity equations in a rotating cylindrical-polar co-ordinate system, the specific problem being that of laminar source-sink flow between two corotating discs. Modifications to improve the linearization and the handling of the rotation terms are introduced, and we compare three extended pressure correction schemes and also the use of a multigrid algorithm in part of the calculation procedure as a linear solver.
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  • 46
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1291-1318 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: SHARP simulation ; Third-order upwinding ; Monotonic differencing ; High convection ; Resolution of discontinuities ; Wiggles eliminated ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: For steady multi-dimensional convection, the QUICK scheme has several attractive properties. However, for highly convective simulation of step profiles, QUICK produces unphysical overshoots and a few oscillations, and this may cause serious problems in non-linear flows. Fortunately, it is possible to modify the convective flux by writing the ‘normalized’ convected control-volume face value as a function of the normalized adjacent upstream node value, developing criteria for monotonic resolution without sacrificing formal accuracy. This results in a non-linear functional relationship between the normalized variables, whereas standard methods are all linear in this sense. The resulting Simple High-Accuracy Resolution Program (SHARP) can be applied to steady multi-dimensional flows containing thin shear or mixing layers, shock waves and other frontal phenomena. This represents a significant advance in modelling highly convective flows of engineering and geophysical importance. SHARP is based on an explicit, conservative, control-volume flux formulation, equally applicable to one-, two-, or three-dimensional elliptic, parabolic, hyperbolic or mixed-flow regimes. Results are given for the bench-mark purely convective oblique-step test. The monotonic SHARP solutions are compared with the diffusive first-order results and the non-monotonic predictions of second- and third-order upwinding.
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  • 47
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1349-1360 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Eulerian-Lagrangian methods ; Navier-Stokes equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper an explicit Lagrangian approach to advective and diffusive term treatment has been derived to improve the stability and to reduce the artificial diffusion of a finite difference scheme for convection-diffusion equations. This concept is then applied to discretize the convective and viscous terms in the Navier-Stokes equations. The pressure gradient and the velocity divergence are discretized by implicit finite differences in such a way that the resulting velocity field is exactly discrete divergence-free at all times. The stability of the method is shown to become less restrictive as the Reynolds number increases. At large time steps the artificial viscosity also reduces and higher accuracy is obtained. Moreover, the present algorithm is so devised as to take full advantage of vector computations in view of a possible implementation of it on an array computer. The performance of the method is illustrated by the numerical solution obtained for the cavity flow problem at high Reynolds numbers.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1367-1388 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Laminar boundary layer ; Splines Incompressible ; Inverse and direct methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A unified approach is presented for solving the two-dimensional incompressible boundary layer equations. Solutions are obtained for direct and inverse options using the same equation formulation by a simple interchange of boundary conditions. A modified form of the mechul function scheme obtains inverse solutions with specification of transformed wall shear, skin friction coefficient or displacement thickness distributions. Direct solutions may be obtained without altering the block tridiagonal structure of the system by simply requiring no corrections on the streamwise pressure gradient parameter. Fourth-order spline discretization approximates normal derivatives with two- and three-point backward differences approximating streamwise derivatives, yielding a fully implicit solution method. The resulting spline/finite difference equations are solved by Newton-Raphson iteration together with partial pivoting. The results of the study demonstrate the importance of proper linearization of all equations. The successful use of spline discretization is also tied to the use of strong two-point boundary conditions at the wall for cases involving reversed flow. Numerical solutions are presented for several non-similar flows and compared with published results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1467-1468 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1491-1511 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Glass process engineering ; Melting ; 3D finite elements ; FIDAP ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Traditionally glass process problems have been studied using laboratory and two-dimensional computer simulation techniques to quantify the melting, cooling and distribution of the molten glass and its quality. Although these approaches are adequate for a large number of simple glass systems, there are processes with asymmetric geometries and operating conditions which cannot neglect the effect of the third dimension. During the past few years, with the advent of commercial parallel processors and corresponding software, extensive progress has been made with the implementation of full three-dimensional glass flow simulations. Several development applications using FIDAP will be illustrated for electric melters, circular refiners and contoured forehearths. The discussion will cover the problem set-ups, mesh generation, solution strategy, post-processing and results. The advantages and developmental needs of FIDAP will be highlighted from the point of view of applied glass process engineering.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1588-1588 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 52
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 199-225 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Strip Theory ; Boundary Elements ; Fluid-structure Interactions ; Radiation ; Diffraction ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In strip theory analysis the vessel is represented by a series of 2D transverse sections. For 2D arbitrary-shaped sections either floating in the free surface or totally submerged, a higher-order boundary element analysis has been developed to permit determination of the associated radiation and diffraction velocity potentials.In this paper the formulation of the cited interaction problems is reworked to reflect the new capability of permitting curved boundary elements to represent the geometry and a higher-order functional behaviour of the unknown velocity potentials over that geometry. This is in direct contrast to the usual technique of using straight-line geometric panels and invariant behaviour of the required potentials over these simple panels.Applications to representative sections of floating ships and the fully submerged pontoon section of a semi-submersible are presented. Within these applications the results of the standard Frank close-fit technique, of linear panels and constant behaviour, are compared with different combinations of higher-order representations of the geometry and the determined velocity potentials.Conclusions regarding the advantages and limitations of the procedures developed are discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 327-338 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Boundary element method ; Stokes flow ; Re-entrant boundaries ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical solutions are presented for two-dimensional low Reynolds number flow in a rotating tank with stationary barriers. The boundary element method is employed, assuming straight panels and quadratic source distribution. The feasibility of repositioning the nodes as a way to minimize the error is explored. A stretching parameter places smaller elements near the re-entrant regions. Elementary error analysis shows uniform improvement in the solution with stretching. The changing eddy pattern for different numbers and sizes of the barriers is compared with experimental results.
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  • 54
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 339-349 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Computational methods ; Pipelines ; Pressure transients ; Two-dimensional model ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper presents a two-dimensional model for the investigation of pressure transients in pipelines. The governing equations have been established and a method of solving the equations using the centre implicit method is presented. The theoretically predicted values are compared with the experimentally determined pressure transients for horizontal pipelines with a valve at the end. The two-dimensional model gives results which are accurate than those of the one-dimensional model and are in good agreement with the experimental results.
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  • 55
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 351-363 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes equations ; Finite element method ; Viscous flow ; Free boundary flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper a total linearization method is derived for solving steady viscous free boundary flow problems (including capillary effects) by the finite element method. It is shown that the influence of the geometrical unknown in the totally linearized weak formulation can be expressed in terms of boundary integrals. This means that the implementation of the method is simple. Numerical experiments show that the iterative method gives accurate results and converges very fast.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 417-440 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Multigrid method ; Pressure correction ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The use of multigrid methods in complex fluid flow problems is recent and still under development. In this paper we present a multigrid method for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The distinctive features of the method are the use of a pressure-correction method as a smoother and a novel continuity-preserving manner of grid coarsening. The shear-driven cavity problem is used as a test case to demonstrate the efficiency of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 441-461 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Multigrid ; Local mode analysis ; Pressure correction ; Ellipticity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A local mode Fourier analysis is used to assess the suitability of the SIMPLE pressure-correction algorithm to act as a smoother in a multigrid method. The necessary ellipticity of the Navier-Stokes equations and their discrete representation are established. The theoretical analysis is compared with practical results.
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  • 58
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 493-517 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbulent boundary layer flow ; Hyperbolic systems ; Finite element method ; Petrov-Galerkin method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Bradshaw-Ferriss-Atwell model for 2D constant property turbulent boundary layers is shown to be ill-posed with respect to numerical solution. It is shown that a simple modification to the model equations results in a well-posed system which is hyperbolic in nature. For this modified system a numerical algorithm is constructed by discretizing in space using the Petrov-Galerkin technique (of which the standard Galerkin method is a special case) and stepping in the timelike direction with the trapezoidal (Crank-Nicolson) rule. The algorithm is applied to a selection of test problems. It is found that the solutions produced by the standard Galerkin method exhibit oscillations. It is further shown that these oscillations may be eliminated by employing the Petrov-Galerkin method with the free parameters set to simple functions of the eigenvalues of the modified system.
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  • 59
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 537-557 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Spectral methods ; Stokes problem ; Collocation ; Staggered grids ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper is devoted to the description and the detailed numerical analysis of a new spectral collocation method for the Stokes problem in a square, involving three staggered grids.
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  • 60
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 803-811 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Wave Generator ; Boundary Collocation Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes the characteristics of small-amplitude waves generated by a sinusoidally oscillating, inclined paddle-type wavemaker operating in a constant-depth channel. Two-dimensional, linearized potential flow is assumed. A semi-analytical method, the boundary collocation method, is used to establish the relationship between wave amplitude and paddle stroke. The numerical results are compared with the numerical results of the boundary integral equation method. It is found that the boundary collocation method is simpler and more flexible to implement and faster to compute. In addition, the numerical results are in reasonably good agreement with the laboratory experimental data. For the vertical wavemaker, which is a special case of the inclined wavemaker, an analytical series solution can be found. By using the boundary collocation method and the boundary integral equation method to solve the vertical wavemaker problem and comparing the results with the analytical series solution, it is found that the boundary collocation method yields a solution which is much more accurate than that from the boundary integral equation method. Finally, the relationships between wave amplitude and paddle stroke are established for different inclinations of the paddle-type wavemaker, based on the boundary collocation method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 62
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 737-737 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 739-740 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 64
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1037-1050 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Space Conservation ; Numerical Calculation ; Fluid Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In the numerical solutions of fluid flow problems in moving co-ordinates, an additional conservation equation, namely the space conservation law, has to be solved simultaneously with the mass, momentum and energy conservation equations. In this paper a method of incorporating the space conservation law into a finite volume procedure is proposed and applied to a number of test cases. The results show that the method is efficient and produces accurate results for all grid velocities and time steps for which temporal accuracy suffices. It is also demonstrated, by analysis and test calculations, that not satisfying the space conservation law in a numerical solution procedure introduces errors in the form of artificial mass sources. These errors can be made negligible only by choosing a sufficiently small time step, which sometimes may be smaller than required by the temporal discretization accuracy.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1107-1116 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Numerical Stability ; Eddy Viscosity ; LES ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In a spectral LES code it is not possible to treat the actual eddy viscosity implicitly. We have therefore examined the effect on stability of adding a constant pseudo-viscosity to the implicit term and subtracting it from the explicit term: stability limits have been derived theoretically and verified computationally for two different treatments of the explicit term. We have also studied the effect of a stochastic temporal variation of the eddy viscosity.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1095-1105 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Euler Equations ; Riemann Solver ; Generalized Co-ordinates ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite difference scheme based on flux difference splitting is presented for the solution of the two-dimensional Euler equations of gas dynamics in a generalized co-ordinate system. The scheme is based on numerical characteristic decomposition and solves locally linearized Riemann problems using upwind differencing. The decomposition is for a generalized co-ordinate system and a convex equation of state. This ensures good shock-capturing properties when incorporated with operator splitting and the advantage of using body-fitted co-ordinates. The resulting scheme is applied to supersonic flow of real air' past a circular cylinder.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1117-1118 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1119-1120 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 997-1010 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: k-∊ Turbulence model ; Galerkin Finite Element Method ; Penalty Function Approach ; Wall Law ; Backward-Facing Step ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper is devoted to the computation of turbulent flows by a Galerkin finite element method. Effects of turbulence on the mean field are taken into account by means of a k-∊ turbulence model. The wall region is treated through wall laws and, more specifically, Reichardt's law. An inlet profile for ∊ is proposed as a numerical treatment for physically meaningless values of k and ∊. Results obtained for a recirculating flow in a two-dimensional channel with a sudden expansion in width are presented and compared with experimental values.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1051-1070 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Simulation ; Non-linear Free Surface ; Open Boundary Condition ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The focus of this paper is the analysis of spatially two-dimensional non-linear free surface problems. The critical aspects of the problem concern the treatment of the non-linear free surface, the body boundary condition for large motions and the imposition of suitable radiation conditions. To address such complexities, time domain simulation was chosen as the method of analysis. With the use of a finite domain for simulation, a major concern is with the radiation condition to be applied at the open or truncation boundary. For the two-dimensional problem at hand, no theoretical radiation conditions are known to exist. An extension of the Orlanski open boundary condition, based on phase velocity determination at the free surface, is proposed. Three categories of problems were analysed using numerical simulation-namely, freely moving steep waves, waves over a submerged body and forced body motion. Simulation results have been compared with linear theory and experiments.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1165-1181 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Grid ; Net ; Control points ; Curve ; Interpolation ; Tensor ; Transfinite ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Local control points are established within the context of algebraic grid generation. The method of generation is based upon a multidirectional assembly of multisurface transformations that incorporates the best features of tensor product and Boolean sum constructions. Upon assembly, the resultant capability is the capacity to conform precisely to prescribed boundaries while being able to manipulate the grid through a sparse net of control points.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1217-1227 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Multigrid ; 3D Navier-Stokes solver ; Flow in turbomachinery ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes the implementation of a 3D Navier-Stokes solver within the framework of a multigrid strategy. The ability of multigrid to improve and sustain code performance over a range of mesh sizes and a variety of difficult flow problems is investigated. The code is applied to the study of the shock-induced boundary layer separation on a channel hump, the flow in a 2D cascade of compressor blades, the secondary flow development in a linear cascade of gas turbine blades and the Eckardt backswept centrifugal impeller. In each case multigrid leads to significantly improved performance.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1269-1290 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Petrov-Galerkin ; Multiply connected domains ; Vorticity-stream function ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper we present streamline-upwind/Petrov-Galerkin finite element procedures for two-dimensional fluid dynamics computations based on the vorticity-stream function formulation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. We address the difficulties associated with the convection term in the vorticity transport equation, lack of boundary condition for the vorticity at no-slip boundaries, and determination of the value of the stream function at the internal boundaries for multiply connected domains. The proposed techniques, implemented within the framework of block-iteration methods, have successfully been applied to various problems involving simply and multiply connected domains.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 17-29 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Three-dimensional transonic flows ; Vector potential ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A computational method for three-dimensional flows is presented in terms of two stream functions, which may be considered as two components of a generalized vector potential. An iterative scheme is developed such that only a sequence of two-dimensional-like problems, for each function, is solved. The convergence of the iterative scheme is studied based on von Neumann linear analysis. For transonic flow calculation, numerical methods used for potential flows are readily applied, namely artificial density and Zebra relaxation. Results of transonic flow calculations around a wing are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 31-53 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Non-isentropic transonic flows ; Non-uniqueness ; Stream function solutions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Different models for inviscid transonic flows are examined. The common assumptions that the flow is isentropic and irrotational are critically evaluated. Entropy and vorticity correction procedures for potential and stream function formulations are presented, together with the details of the treatment of shocks and wakes, and drag and lift calculations. The non-uniqueness problem of the potential formulation is studied using different artificial viscosity forms. Numerical results are compared with Euler solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 81-90 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Hydrodynamic stability ; Acoustic waves ; Cryogenic oscillations ; Taconis vibration ; Sondhauss tube ; Continuation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical method to obtain the neutral curve for the onset of acoustic oscillations in a helium-filled tube is described. Such oscillations can cause a serious heat loss in the plumbing associated with liquid helium dewars. The problem is modelled by a second-order, ordinary differential eigenvalue problem for the pressure perturbation. The numerical method to find the eigenvalues and track the resulting points along the neutral curve is tailored to this problem. The results show that a tube with a uniform temperature gradient along it is much more stable than one where the temperature suddenly jumps from the cold to the hot value in the middle of the tube.
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  • 78
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 123-138 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite elements ; Shear-thinning flow ; Convergence study ; Newton-Raphson ; Picard Dominant eigenvalue ; Broyden ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The solution of the non-linear set of equations arising from the application of the finite element method to non-Newtonian fluid flow problems often requires large amounts of computer time. Four iteration schemes (Picard, Newton-Raphson, Broyden and Dominant Eigenvalue method) are compared in three different flow geometries using a shear-thinning fluid model. Points of comparison involve the computer time necessary to converge the equations, ease of implementation, radius of convergence and rate of convergence.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 243-244 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 317-326 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Steady Navier-Stokes equations ; Flux-vector splitting ; Vector variants of relaxation schemes ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The flux-vector splitting method is applied to the convective part of the steady Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow. By the use of partial upwind differences in the split first-order part and central differences in the second-order part, a set of discrete equations is obtained which can be solved by vector variants of classical relaxation schemes. It is shown that accurate results can be obtained on one of the GAMM backward-facing step test problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 367-368 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 405-416 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes equations ; Vorticity-velocity ; Finite difference ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical method for computing high-Re laminar steady flows is presented. The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are expressed in terms of vorticity-velocity variables, discretized in space by finite differences on a staggered grid and advanced in time by a scalar alternating direction implicit (ADI) procedure, which allows a fully vectorized computer code. The accuracy and efficiency of the present formulation are discussed in comparison with the standard ω-ψ and u, v, P forms. Numerical results are presented for two test cases: the driven cavity at Re up to 5000 and the backward-facing step at Re up to 800.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 463-474 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Viscous ; Turbulent ; Subsonic ; Duct ; Diffuser Navier-Stokes ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Three-dimensional, compressible, internal flow solutions obtained using a thin-layer Navier-Stokes code are presented. The code, formulated by P.D. Thomas, is based on the Beam-Warming implicit factorization scheme; the boundary conditions also are formulated implicitly. Turbulent flow is treated through the use of the Baldwin-Lomax two-layer, algebraic eddy viscosity model. Steady-state solutions are obtained by solving numerically the time-dependent equations from given initial conditions until the time-dependent terms become negligible. The configuration considered is a rectangular cross-section, S-shaped centreline diffuser duct with an exit/inlet area ratio of 2.25. The Mach number at the duct entrance is 0.9, with a Reynolds number of 5.82 × 105. Convergence to the final results required about 2700 time steps or 11 hours of CPU time on our CRAY-1M computer. The averaged residuals were reduced by about two orders of magnitude during the computations. Several regions of separated flow exist within the diffuser. The separated flow region on the upper wall, downstream of the second bend, is by far the largest and extends to the exit plane.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 613-614 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 687-704 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element method has been applied to predict the overall features of the fully developed turbulent flow in the non-circular channels of a rod bundle. The finite element discretization is based on the conventional Galerkin method using an isoparametric quadrilateral element with mixed interpolation.The primary axial flow and turbulent kinetic energy distributions have been predicted for fully developed turbulent flow conditions right up to the wall. The secondary velocity is represented by the stream function-vorticity formulation and the no-slip boundary conditions are explicitly introduced in the nonlinear equations by a boundary vorticity formula. The Newton-Raphson method is applied to the stream function-vorticity equations and solved simultaneously by the frontal solution technique.A one-equation eddy viscosity model of turbulence and an algebraic stress transport model have been used to predict primary axial velocity, secondary velocities and turbulent kinetic energy. The predictions obtained for a central subchannel of an equilateral-triangular rod array with p/d= 1.3 are in reasonable agreement with experimental data.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 741-742 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 769-802 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Three-dimensional cavity flow ; Incompressible flow ; Taylor-Görtler vortices ; Secondary flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A role of numerical methods in engineering research is illustrated in the present work, namely the use of computer algorithms as experimental facilities. A complex recirculating flow in a three-dimensional cavity was simulated and an extensive data base was generated which complements data measured in concurrent physical experiments. The objective of this numerical investigation was to improve understanding of physical phenomena in recirculating flows. The dominant physical phenomena in this shear-driven flow simulation are Taylor-Görtler vortices. These structures are intimately coupled with the primary recirculating flow and the effects of end-wall viscous damping.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 90
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 897-912 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Free surface ; Iterative ; Algorithm ; Numerical ; Transient ; Fluid flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A simple, but powerful iterative technique is presented for the numerical solution of the time-dependent flow of an incompressible viscous fluid with or without a free surface. The usual numerical stability restrictions related to the viscous acceleration terms are avoided using standard implicit differencing techniques. The properties and accuracy of the method are illustrated by several calculational examples.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 91
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 957-964 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Conservation equation ; Hyperbolic equation ; Least squares ; Finite elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The numerical solution of a single first-order conservation equation by a least-squares finite element method is considered. Isoparametric bilinear quadrilateral elements are used. The accuracy is studied numerically and it is shown that the discrete equations associated with nodal points on the boundaries should be modified in order to obtain an accurate numerical solution.
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  • 92
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 977-987 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Euler equations ; Least squares ; Finite elements ; Embedding methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The standard least-squares finite element method for the linearized Euler equations turns out to be inaccurate. This method is studied in detail for a system of composite type, obtained by transformation of the linearized Euler equations. The shortcomings of the method are clarified and an embedding method is constructed. It is shown numerically that this new method is O(h2)-accurate.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 93
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 991-994 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 94
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1071-1093 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Deforming Element ; Moving Boundary ; Shallow Water ; Hydrodynamics ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The shallow water wave equation is derived in a general deforming co-ordinate system. A weak form is developed which displays the natural boundary condition prominently and which may be implemented on C0 elements. A time-stepping algorithm is implemented with clastic mapping of interior node motion. Lossless test cases show agreement with analytic solutions. A simple hypothetical test case shows intuitively good behaviour at length scales approaching those required of estuarine simulations.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 95
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1121-1134 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Spectral multi-domain method ; Viscous compressible flow ; Shock waves ; Chemical kinetics ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The first application of a spectral multi-domain method for viscous compressible flow is presented. The method imposes a global flux balance condition at the interface so that high-order continuity of the solution is preserved. The global flux balance is imposed in terms of a spectral integral of the discrete equations across adjoining domains. Since the discretized equations interior to each domain are solved uncoupled from each other and since the interface relation has a block structure, the solution scheme can be adapted to the particular requirement in each subdomain. To illustrate these advantages a Mach 11 shock calculation is presented to study the chemical kinetics initiated as air passes through a fully resolved shock wave.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 96
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1195-1202 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Compressible viscous flows ; Finite volume ; Numerical solutions ; Nozzles ; Flux splitting ; Reconstruction ; Riemann solvers ; Limiters ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite volume method for solving the two-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations is presented. Shortcomings of the direct extension to viscous flows of well known methods used for inviscid flows are demonstrated. Nevertheless, the method allows the computation of oscillation-free shocks with only a few iterations. The double-throat GAMM nozzle test case1 is considered.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 97
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1241-1268 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Incompressible flow ; Navier-Stokes equations ; Finite differences ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper discusses incompressible Navier-Stokes solution methods with an emphasis on the pseudocompressibility method. A steady-state flow solver based on the pseudocompressibility approach is then described. This flow solver code has been used to analyse the internal flow in the Space Shuttle main engine hot-gas manifold. Salient features associated with this three-dimensional realistic flow simulation are discussed. Numerical solutions relevant to the current engine analysis and the redesign effort are discussed along with experimental results. This example demonstrates the potential of computational fluid dynamics as a design tool for aerospace applications.
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  • 98
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1361-1362 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 99
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1363-1365 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 100
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1439-1458 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Cut-off function ; Particle approximation ; Viscous flow ; Vortex method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The accuracy of a deterministic particle method in approximating the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations is investigated. The convective part is solved using a classical vortex method for inviscid fluids, and an iterative procedure is added to improve the interpolation of the vorticity function. In our examples the vorticity is radially symmetric. For a regular initial data, a discrete quadratic error on the velocity and the vorticity is considered. Otherwise, for a singular initial data, the exact and computed angular moments of the vorticity are compared.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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