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  • American Chemical Society  (26,541)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (6,243)
  • American Geophysical Union  (2,918)
  • 2020-2024
  • 1985-1989  (35,702)
  • 1988  (35,702)
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  • 2020-2024
  • 1985-1989  (35,702)
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  • 1
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    Ocean/atmosphere heat fluxes within the Agulhas Retroflection region (1988)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research, 93 (C12). pp. 15473-15483.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-18
    Description: The southern section of the Agulhas western boundary current system exhibits unique characteristics as regards ocean/atmosphere heat flux processes. The Agulhas Retroflection region's high heat flux core from 37°S to 41°S, 16°E to 22°E does not demonstrate a distinct annual cycle of turbulent heat fluxes (latent and sensible) as is characteristic of its northern hemisphere counterparts. Rather, a weak semiannual heat flux cycle is found with maximum average losses during winter and summer (200 and 211 W/m2 ) and minimum losses during spring and autumn (185 and 162 W/m2 ). Upstream where the Agulhas Current is closer to land, winter heat losses exceed those of summer, but the differences are small. This behavior contrasts with that encountered at the poleward ends of northern hemisphere western boundary currents where winter heat fluxes are several times those of summer. The main reason for this difference is persistent westerly and southwesterly wind flow over the Agulhas Retroflection region throughout the year which ensures that cold, unsaturated maritime air repeatedly forces loss of heat from the ocean's surface. Spatial heat flux gradients associated with the Agulhas‐Subtropical Convergence surface temperature front are more pronounced in summer than in winter, indicating that cyclogenesis locally may be less seasonally dependent than in the northern hemisphere situation. Average oceanic cooling rates in the core region of the Retroflection, based on net heat flux calculations and a mixed surface layer of 75 m, range from 1.35°C/month during winter to 0.25°C/month during summer. Interannual variability in ocean/atmosphere heat fluxes within the Agulhas Retroflection region often exceeds the variability illustrated by the annual cycle. West of the Agulhas Retroflection core region, interannual sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are more influential in the generation of heat flux anomalies by virtue of their large temporal variability. This high SST variability is primarily attributed to interannual changes in flux of Agulhas Current water into the southeast Atlantic Ocean. Oceanic heat loss within this warm water zone is an important modifying influence to both ocean and atmosphere, thus meriting further research.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    PAPER (OCEANREP)
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predicting deep drainage in the soil from soil properties and rainfall (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Simple predictions of deep drainage in the soil profile are often required for preliminary planning of land management where the cost of direct measurement is not warranted. Soil hydraulic conductivity and drainage of water below the root zone can be related to the salt content at the bottom of the root zone, assuming steady-state balances of water and salt. A physically based empirical model uses readily measured soil properties to predict the quantity of drainage below the root zone under varying regimes of water management and shows a good relationship with ponded infiltration rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00747.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the threshold concentration concept to irrigation with saline water (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The applicability of the ‘threshold concentration’ concept in formulating guidelines for irrigating with saline water was tested under field conditions on red-brown earths from different field experiments in south eastern Australia. Infiltration of water in the field and the effect of rainfall impact were studied using ring infiltrometers and a rotating-disc rainfall simulator.Three threshold concentration lines relating sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and total cation concentration (TCC) in soil extracts were tested. These lines were based on laboratory tests of soil permeability, spontaneous dispersion and mechanical dispersion. They were found to predict the infiltration problems due to rainfall impact under three different surface soil conditions - bare soil without cultivation, soil with no tillage and complete crop cover, and cultivated soils without any crop cover.Infiltration rates in continuous pasture plots were predicted by the threshold concentration line of spontaneous dispersion except in a high salt treated soil where reduced plant growth affected evapotranspiration and water intake during infiltration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00748.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil salinity measurements (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The soil solution may contain both plant nutrients and toxic ions. The total salt concentration affects both osmotic pressure and plant water stress. This review describes the main methods of evaluating soil salinity. They are listed as extraction methods (saturation and other soil extracts, suction cups), displacement methods (pressure membrane, centrifugation) and electrical methods of total salinity measurement (salinity sensors, four-electrode methods and time-domain reflectometry). The methods are compared so that the reader may choose the one most suitable for his purpose, based on cost, on the inherent advantages or drawbacks of the methods themselves, on his need for single or repeated measurements and either estimates of total salinity or the concentration of selected ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00749.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of soil properties on the environmental mobility of caesium in Cumbria (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The interaction of caesium isotopes with soil has been widely investigated and the influence of important soil properties studied. From the results of such work and a detailed knowledge of the physico-chemical properties of soils it is possible to classify Cumbrian soil according to its ability to immobilize caesium. The ‘immobilization capacity’ is a reflection principally of the clay mineral content and type, organic content, pH, ammonium content and potassium status. Although it is not quantifiable, the immobilization capacity permits ranking of the soils and indicates which areas may give rise to persistent caesium problems. Combination of the soil sensitivity classification with deposition data for Cumbria indicates that the mountainous region in the south-west of the county is the most vulnerable. This conclusion is supported by field evidence, since the area identified coincides closely with that where sheep movement and slaughter are restricted and where caesium remains persistently available to the plant-animal chain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00739.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Models for radionuclide transport in soils (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Mathematical models describing radionuclide transport in soil developed for radiological assessment have increased in complexity over the last decade. In particular fairly simple ‘black box’, equilibrium approaches have given way to more complex, time-dependent, process-orientated methods. The increase in complexity of these models has outstripped the available data to specify, test and validate them. Current issues in model development include those that are associated with times up to a million years. Further development requires new laboratory and field research to provide adequate data to justify the inclusion or omission of known soil processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00741.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant uptake of radionuclides (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The factors influencing uptake of radionuclides from soils into vegetation are discussed with reference to soil type, radionuclide, plant species and organ, and time since initial contamination. Gaps in knowledge are identified, particularly as highlighted by the unexpected behaviour of radiocaesium in many upland areas of Britain, following deposition after the Chernobyl accident. The importance of resuspended soil for contamination of aerial plant parts is also considered in relation to radionuclide type, vegetation height, and meteorological conditions.The development of an international database by the International Union of Radioecologists for soil to crop transfer factors of radionuclides derived from European experiments is briefly described. This database is now being used for statistical analyses aimed at quantifying the importance of environmental and biological factors in influencing uptake of radionuclides from the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00740.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term leakage of nitrate from bare unmanured soil (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The Rothamsted Drain Gauges built in 1870 comprise blocks of soil, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m deep, isolated laterally by brickwork and undermined for the collection of drainage water but otherwise undisturbed. The soil has not been cropped, manured or cultivated subsequently. The annual nitrate leakages from these blocks were recorded for the 38 years from 1877/8 to 1914/5. The soil in the 0.5 and 1.5-m gauges lost on average about 45 kg ha−1 of nitrate-N per year during the first seven years of this period; that in the 1.0-m gauge lost slightly less. The overall decline in leakage was masked by large annual fluctuations attributable mainly to variation in rainfall. Fitting a simple function that assumed an exponential decline and took account of rainfall fluctuations gave a rate constant for each gauge from which the half-life could be estimated for the organic nitrogen feeding the leakage. The half-life for the 1.5-m gauge was 41 yr. The average nitrate leakage during the first seven years of the record differs little from estimates of the current leakage from soil carrying fully fertilized crops of winter wheat. This and the long half-life of the leakage show that pollution of drainage water by nitrate will not be controlled by limiting the use of fertilizer in the short term.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00742.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term changes in the acidity of forest soils in North-East Scotland (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Fifteen soil profiles in the Alltcailleach Forest in NE Scotland have been resampled after almost 40 years. The pH, in 0.01 M CaCl2, of the soil has decreased by 0.07 to 1.28 units in 80% of the surface organic horizons and by 0.16 to 0.54 units in 73% of the mineral horizons below 40 cm. The key factors governing increases and decreases in soil pH are changes in ground vegetation and tree canopy, although some effects of acid deposition cannot be ruled out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00744.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the macropore structure of a sandy loam surface soil horizon subjected to two tillage treatments (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Erosion and excessive runoff from a crusting and hard-setting red-brown earth may he ameliorated with suitable management. A field trial, near Cowra, New South Wales, to assess the long-term effect of different tillage systems was used to compare the effect of direct drilling with conventional district cultivation practices under continuous wheat. The soil was sampled in the eighth year for assessment of the soil macropore structure, measurement of bulk density and hydraulic conductivity under tension. Vertical faces were prepared from resin impregnated blocks and the macropore structure described mathematically and visually using digital images and data generated from these images. Infiltration, bulk density and image analysis data all lead to the same conclusions about changes in pore structure. Under direct drilling no crust was evident, and there was greater macroporosity (〉 0.175 mm diameter in section). The treatment effects appeared to be significant to about 30 to 35 mm depth at the time of sampling. Greater root and faunal activity were observed under direct drilling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00743.x
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