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  • Articles  (28,469)
  • American Geophysical Union  (17,615)
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  • Springer Nature  (4,255)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • Articles  (28,469)
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  • 2010-2014  (19,356)
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  • 1
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    Engineering and Economic Preconditioning for Draining of the PWiK Facilities in Głogów (2012)
    De Gruyter
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-01
    Description: The facilities belonging to Przedsiębiorstwo Wodociągów i Kanalizacji (PWiK) in Głogów have been erected on the floodplain of the Odra river. In consequence, they are in a state of permanent dampness or flooded. Therefore, the need has arisen for indicating an effective method of draining the facilities. In the paper, four different methods of solving the problem have been indicated which are differentiated in both engineering and economic respects.
    Print ISSN: 0137-6365
    Electronic ISSN: 2083-831X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 2
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    On Certain Stationarity Tests for Hydrologic Series (2012)
    De Gruyter
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-01
    Description: The main aim of the article was application of some statistical tests for investigation of weak stationarity of hydrologic time series. The tests were applied to mean monthly flow and maximum annual flow on three rivers: two Polish and one American river. Firstly, the modified Mann–Kendall test for autocorrelated data was used to detect trend. After detrending we used “unit root tests” based on the DF test and “stationarity tests” based on the KPSS test. The tests were investigated and compared in some aspects: analysis of residuals, application to seasonal series, AIC and Schwarz values.
    Print ISSN: 0137-6365
    Electronic ISSN: 2083-831X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 3
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    Modelling Spillway Flow Conditions at Złotniki Storage Reservoir on the Kwisa River (2012)
    De Gruyter
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-01
    Description: An important part of the work connected with planning modernization of outlet devices of Złotniki storage reservoir on the Kwisa river was numerical modelling of flow conditions in the flume of the side-channel spillway. The modelling was preceded by the analysis of operating principles of such a device and performing analytical calculations that defined the spillway capacity ability as a function of the required water levels in the reservoir and the conditions of water flow through the flume that are significant to spillway operation. The results of the numerical modelling performed pointed to the evident need to reconstruct this device, guaranteeing exploitation safety of the reservoir, mainly in view of the computational discharges, exceeding considerably the nominal capacity ability of the reservoir’s outlet installation in the existing constructional state.
    Print ISSN: 0137-6365
    Electronic ISSN: 2083-831X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 4
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    Numerical Model of Seepage Around Planned Water Reservoir in Kamieniec Ząbkowicki (2012)
    De Gruyter
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-01
    Description: With a view to protecting areas lying near the Nysa Kłodzka river and in order to reduce flood wave in Wrocław Waterway System, construction of a water reservoir near Kamieniec Ząbkowicki is being planned. After analysing the hydrology and hydraulics of the river Nysa Kłodzka and the function of reservoirs in Kamieniec Ząbkowicki cascade, a numerical seepage model, based on finite element method (FEM) and taking into account bedrock geology, drainage design and dam sealing, has been proposed. Boussinesq’s mathematical model was used to calculate unconfined groundwater table and vector field of seepage velocity. Building a numerical terrain model and visualisation of the water table in GIS tools enabled presenting calculation results in 3-D space.
    Print ISSN: 0137-6365
    Electronic ISSN: 2083-831X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 5
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    Influence of Loading History and Boundary Conditions on Parameters of Soil Constitutive Models (2012)
    De Gruyter
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-01
    Description: Parameters of soil constitutive models are not constant. This mainly concerns the strain parameters such as K, G or Eoed modules. What influences their values is not only soil type, structure and consistency, but also the history of stress and strain states. So, it is the question of the current state but also of what happened to the subsoil in the past (regarding geological and anthropological activity) and what impact would have the planned soil–structure interaction. This paper presents an overview of the literature showing how much the soil constitutive model parameters depend on loading and boundary conditions of a particular geotechnical problem. Model calibration methods are shortly described with special attention paid to the author’s “Loading Path Method”, which allows estimation of optimum parameter values of any soil constitutive model. An example of the use of this method to estimate strain parameters E and ν of Coulomb–Mohr elasticperfectly plastic model is given.
    Print ISSN: 0137-6365
    Electronic ISSN: 2083-831X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 6
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    The Issue of Uncertainty for the River Watershed: Data Analysis of Scaled Space and Time Variability (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-07
    Description: The issue of uncertainty is the basis for any application of knowledge (“Uncertainty is an attribute of information.” From L. Zadeh, 2005) and has to be one of the main tasks in Earth’s systems study. Knowledge about natural systems may be only obtained by the analysis of the empirical (instrumental) data. Uncertainty starts from unveiling of the research task by the researcher. The main source of uncertainty comes from the natural system “extraction” (unit’s boundaries) for modeling and limitations of data representing both time and space variability. The consideration of uncertainty is placed in context of time and space with use of the U.S. part of the Great Lakes watershed as an example. All possible empirical (instrumental) data were used for this research. Data analysis was completed for river discharge, precipitation and air temperatures. Results of data analysis provide a base for regionalization, a multi-scaled description of the structure of river watersheds and their interaction with climate characteristics, and uncertainty of the obtained knowledge. The consideration of uncertainty in research helps practical applications like water balance estimations for conservation and/or management of water resources of different scales, and educating the public/communities about environmental issues.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Geosciences , Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 7
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    Assisting natural forest regeneration in Northern Ethiopia: one intervention is not enough (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-09
    Description: Management strategies aimed at rehabilitating degraded and cleared forests often rely on temporary or permanent exclusion of herbivores (wild animals, livestock or both). But in many cases, this simple management technique is not sufficient to induce ecosystem restoration: many negative effects keep the ecosystem in a suboptimal, low biomass state. The presence of such stable states requires restoration measures to act on multiple stress factors simultaneously.Compensating for all limiting factors is neither practically nor economically feasible. But detailed knowledge about the autoecology of tree species – i.e. their site requirements, regeneration strategies and recruitment dynamics – may be used to tailor management to the most pertinent problems. Here we illustrate this approach with results from forest restoration experiments in grazing exclosures in northern Ethiopia using African wild olive (Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata) as a representative Afromontane climax species.The recruitment of African wild olive is affected by seed limitation, restricted seed dispersal and germination and survival limitation. The exclusion of grazing animals as a single measure to restore forest is not enough. Degraded grazing land moves into a state dominated by persistent shrubs, arresting forest succession and discouraging local stakeholders. Direct sowing or planting of seedlings in fertile patches under selected pioneer shrubs, however, may help to overcome this form of bush encroachment, in particular during years with an above-average rainfall.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Geosciences , Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology , Medicine
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  • 8
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    Convergence of atmospheric and North Atlantic CO2 trends on multidecadal timescales (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-09
    Description: The oceans’ carbon uptake substantially reduces the rate of anthropogenic carbon accumulation in the atmosphere1, and thus slows global climate change. Some diagnoses of trends in ocean carbon uptake have suggested a significant weakening in recent years2-8, while others conclude that decadal variability confounds detection of long-term trends9-11. Here, we study trends in observed surface ocean partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in three gyre-scale biomes of the North Atlantic, considering decadal to multidecadal timescales between 1981 and 2009. Trends on decadal timescales are of variable magnitudes and depend sensitively on the precise choice of years. As more years are considered, oceanic pCO2 trends begin to converge to the trend in atmospheric pCO2. North of 30oN, it takes 25 years for the influence of decadal-timescale climate variability to be overcome by a long-term trend that is consistent with the accumulation of anthropogenic carbon. In the permanently stratified subtropical gyre, warming has recently become a significant contributor to the observed increase in oceanic pCO2. This warming, previously attributed to both a multidecadal climate oscillation and anthropogenic climate forcing12,13, is beginning to reduce ocean carbon uptake.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Geosciences , Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology , Medicine
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  • 9
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    Positive disruption (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-03
    Description: The Great Disruption: How the Climate Crisis will Transform the Global Economy by Paul Gilding
    Print ISSN: 1758-678X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-6798
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
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    Emissions markets out East (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-22
    Description: India and China's schemes to reduce greenhouse gases may be delayed and imperfect, but they should be applauded.
    Print ISSN: 1758-678X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-6798
    Topics: Geosciences
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