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  • Nitrogen fixation  (43)
  • Springer  (43)
  • Elsevier
  • Institute of Physics
  • Oxford University Press
  • Wiley
  • 1985-1989  (43)
  • 1986  (43)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (43)
  • Elsevier
  • Institute of Physics
  • Oxford University Press
  • Wiley
Years
  • 1985-1989  (43)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indigenous plasmids and cultural characteristics of rhizobia nodulating chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 146 (1986), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cicer arietinum ; nif Genes ; Plasmids ; Rhizobia ; DNA/DNA hybridization ; Nitrogen fixation ; Chickpeas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined 27 strains of chickpea rhizobia from different geographic origins for indigenous plasmids, location and organization of nitrogen fixation (nif) genes, and cultural properties currently used to separate fast- and slow-growing groups of rhizobia. By using an in-well lysis and electrophoresis procedure one to three plasmids of molecular weights ranging from 35 to higher than 380 Mdal were demonstrated in each of 19 strains, whereas no plasmids were detected in the eight remaining strains. Nitrogenase structural genes homologous to Rhizobium meliloti nifHD, were not detected in plasmids of 26 out of the 27 strains tested. Hybridization of EcoRI digested total DNA from these 26 strains to the nif probe from R. meliloti indicated that the organization of nifHD genes was highly conserved in chickpea rhizobia. The only exception was strain IC-72 M which harboured a plasmid of 140 Mdal with homology to the R. meliloti nif DNA and exhibited also a unique organization of nifHD genes. The chickpea rhizobia strains showed a wide variation of growth rates (generation times ranged from 4.0 to 14.5 h) in yeast extract-mannitol medium but appear to be relatively homogeneous in terms of acid production in this medium and acid reaction in litmus milk. Although strains with fast and slow growth rates were identified, DNA/DNA hybridization experiments using a nifHD-specific probe, and the cultural properties examined so far do not support the separation of chickpea rhizobia into two distinct groups of the classical fast- and slow-growing types of rhizobia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403223
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aspects of nitrogen fixation in Chlorobium (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 143 (1986), S. 330-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Phototrophic bacteria ; Green sulfur bacteria ; Chtorobium ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four strains of the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium were studied in respect to nitrogen nutrition and nitrogen fixation. All strains grew on ammonia, N2, or glutamine as sole nitrogen sources; certain strains also grew on other amino acids. Acetylene-reducing activity was detectable in all strains grown on N2 or on amino acids (except for glutamine). In N2 grown Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum strain 8327 1 mM ammonia served to “switch-off” nitrogenase activity, but the effect of ammonia was much less dramatic in glutamate or limiting ammonia grown cells. The glutamine synthetase inhibitor methionine sulfoximine inhibited ammonia “switch-off” in all but one strain. Cell extracts of glutamate grown strain 8327 reduced acetylene and required Mg2+ and dithionite, but not Mn2+, for activity. Partially purified preparations of Rhodospirillum rubrum nitrogenase reductase (iron protein) activating enzyme slightly stimulated acetylene reduction in extracts of strain 8327, but no evidence for an indigenous Chlorobium activating enzyme was obtained. The results suggest that certain Chlorobium strains are fairly versatile in their nitrogen nutrition and that at least in vivo, nitrogenase activity in green bacteria is controlled by ammonia in a fashion similar to that described in nonsulfur purple bacteria and in Chromatium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00412798
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Symbiotically defective histidine auxotrophs of Bradyrhizobium japonicum (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 144 (1986), S. 334-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Transposon mutagenesis ; Soybean ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules ; Auxotrophy ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Glycine ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four histidine auxotrophs of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA 122 were isolated by random transposon Tn5 mutagenesis. These mutants arose from different, single transposition events as shown by the comparison of EcoRI and XhoI-generated Tn5 flanking sequences of genomic DNA. The mutants grew on minimal medium supplemented with l-histidine or l-histidinol but failed to grow with l-histidinol phosphate. While two of the muants were symbiotically defective and did not form nodules on Glycine max cvs. Lee and Peking and on Glycine soja, the other two mutants were symbiotically competent. Reversion to prototrophy occurred at a frequency of about 10-7 on growth medium without added antibiotics, but prototrophs could not be isolated from growth medium containing 200 μg/ml kanamycin and streptomycin. The prototrophic revertants formed nodules on all the soybean cultivars examined. When histidine was supplied to the plant growth medium, both nodulation deficient mutants formed effective symbioses. On histidine unamended plants, nodules were observed infrequently. Three classes of bacterial colonies were isolated from such infrequent nodules: class 1 were kanamycin resistant-auxotrophs; class 2 were kanamycin sensitive-prototrophs; and class 3 were kanamycin-sensitive auxotrophs. Our results suggest that two Tn5 insertion mutations in B. japonicum leading to histidine auxotrophy, affect nodulation in some way. These mutations are in regions that show no homology to the Rhizobium meliloti common nodulation genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409881
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen fixation in strains ofAzotobacter chroococcum bearing deletions of a cluster of genes coding for nitrogenase (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 146 (1986), S. 74-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase genes ; Nif gene reiteration ; Deletion mutagenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Strains of the obligately aerobic nitrogen fixing organismAzotobacter chroococcum were constructed which contained defined chromosomal deletions in which the nitrogenase structural genenifHDK cluster (nifH for the polypeptide of the Fe-protein component of nitrogenase andnifD andnifK for the alpha and beta subunits respectively of the MoFe-protein component of the enzyme) was replaced by a kanamycin resistance gene. N2 fixation was nevertheless observed in deletion strains though only in a molybdenum-deficient medium or in spontaneously arising tungstate-resistant derivatives. In comparison with the parent strain growing in molybdenum-sufficient medium, diazotrophic growth was slow and the nitrogenase activity in vivo was characterised by disproportionately low rates of C2H2-reduction compared to H2-evolution and relative insensitivity of H2-evolution to inhibition by C2H2. The findings show reiteration of functional structural genes for nitrogenase inA. chroococcum consistent with our previous observation of twonifH genes in this organism and detection in this work of a secondnifK-like sequence in the genomes of both parent and deletion strains whenA. chroococcum nifK DNA was used as a probe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690162
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some properties of arctic rhizobia (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 146 (1986), S. 12-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Arctic rhizobia ; Arctic legumes ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Forty-eight strains of Rhizobium isolated from the root nodules of three species of legumes indigenous to the high tundra (Astragalus alpinus, Oxytropis maydelliana andOxytropis arctobia) are phenotypically heterogenous with respect to intrinsic antibiotic resistance, expression of nitrogenase activityex planta and plasmid content. All of the strains possess a 250–300 kb plasmid and are homologous to each other on the genomic DNA level but have little DNA homology with selected reference strains of well characterized species of rhizobia. The arctic rhizobia have an optimum growth temperature of 23°C and can grow slowly at 5°C. The DNA from four of the isolates, which were selected for detailed investigation, have sequences homologous tonif andnod genes fromRhizobium trifolii.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690151
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradyrhizobium japonicum mutants defective in root-nodule bacteroid development and nitrogen fixation (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 144 (1986), S. 355-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; Electron microscopy ; Mutants ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Soybean ; Symbiosis ; Transposon Tn5
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genome of the slow-growing Bradyrhizobium japonicum (strain 110) was mutagenized with transposon Tn5. A total of 1623 kanamycin/streptomycin resistant derivatives were screened in soybean infection tests for nodulation (Nod) and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Fix). In this report we describe 14 strains possessing a stable, reproducible Nod+Fix- phenotype. These strains were also grown under microaerobic culture conditions to test them for free-living nitrogen fixation activity (Nif). In addition to strains having reduced Fix and Nif activities, there were also strains that had reduced symbiotic Fix activity but were Nif+ ex planta. Analysis of the genomic structure revealed that the majority of the strains had a single Tn5 insertion without any further apparent physical alteration. A few strains had additional insertions (by Tn5 or IS50), or a deletion, or had cointegrated part of the vector used for Tn5 mutagenesis. One of the insertions was found in a known nif gene (nifD) whereas all other mutations seem to affect different, hitherto unknown genes or operons. Several mutant strains had an altered nodulation phenotype, inducing numerous, small, widely distributed nodules. Light and electron microscopy revealed that most of these mutants were defective in different stages of bacteroid development and/or bacteroid persistence. The protein patterns of the mutants were inspected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis after labelling microaerobic cultures with l-(35S)methionine. Of particular interest were mutants lacking a group of proteins the synthesis of which was known to be under oxygen control. Such strains can be regarded as potential regulatory mutants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409885
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inorganic nitrogen metabolism in two cellulose-degrading clostridia (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 145 (1986), S. 159-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Clostridium cellobioparum ; Clostridium thermocellum ; Ammonium assimilation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Inorganic nitrogen metabolism in two cellulose degrading clostridia, the mesophile Clostridium cellobioparum and the thermophile Clostridium thermocellum was investigated. Both strains show acetylene reduction (i.e. possibly nitrogenase activity), contain glutamine synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate-dependent transaminases. C. cellobioparum additionally contains a NADH-dependent glutamate synthase and a NH 4 + -repressible glycine dehydrogenase (NADPH). Remarkably, acetylene reduction in C. thermocellum is not repressed by ammonium, casting doubt whether this activity is due to nitrogenase. The results are compared with the data from other saccharolytic clostridia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446774
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of cyanobacterial heterocysts with high and sustained dinitrogen-fixation capacity supported by endogenous reductants (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 145 (1986), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Heterocyst isolation ; Osmoregulators ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Anabaena variabilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for the preparation of cyanobacterial heterocysts with high nitrogen-fixation (acetylene-reduction) activity supported by endogenous reductants. The starting material was Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 grown in the light in the presence of fructose. Heterocysts produced from such cyanobacteria were more active than those from photoautotrophically-grown A. variabilis, presumably because higher reserves of carbohydrate were stored within the heterocysts. It proved important to avoid subjecting the cyanobacteria to low temperatures under aerobic conditions, as inhibition of respiration appeared to lead to inactivation of nitrogenase. Low temperatures were not harmful in the absence of O2. A number of potential osmoregulators at various concentrations were tested for use in heterocyst isolation. The optimal concentration (0.2M sucrose) proved to be a compromise between adequate osmotic protection for isolated heterocysts and avoidance of inhibition of nitrogenase by high osmotic strength. Isolated heterocysts without added reductants such as H2 had about half the nitrogen-fixation activity expected on the basis of intact filaments. H2 did not increase the rate of acetylene reduction, suggesting that the supply of reductant from heterocyst metabolism did not limit nitrogen fixation under these conditions. Such heterocysts had linear rates of acetylene reduction for at least 2 h, and retained their full potential for at least 12 h when stored at 0°C under N2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443652
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of alkene-utilizing Xanthobacter spp. (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 145 (1986), S. 403-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Propene ; 1-Butene ; Xanthobacter ; Mono-oxygenase ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Yellow-pigmented bacteria showing typical characteristics of Xanthobacter spp. were isolated from enrichments with propene and 1-butene, using classical techniques. The generation time for growth on propene and 1-butene of these bacteria ranged from 5 to 7h. A NADH-dependent mono-oxygenase was identified in cell-free extract of Xanthobacter Py2. This mono-oxygenase was not influenced by potential inhibitors tested indicating that propene mono-oxygenase is different from other hydrocarbon mono-oxygenases described until now. Nitrogenase activity could be measured using the acetylene reduction assay with propene as energy source, because acetylene did not inhibit the mono-oxygenase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00470879
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acetylene reduction, H2 evolution and 15N2 fixation in the Alnus incana-Frankia symbiosis (1986)
    Springer
    Planta 167 (1986), S. 382-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Acetylene/nitrogen molar ratio ; Alnus-Frankia symbiosis ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acetylene reduction, 15N2 reduction and H2 evolution were measured in root systems of intact plants of grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) in symbiosis with Frankia. The ratios of C2H2: 15N2 were compared with C2H2:N2 ratios calculated from C2H2 reduction and H2 evolution, and with C2H2:N2 ratios calculated from accumulated C2H4 production and nitrogen content. It was possible to calculate C2H2:N2 ratios from C2H2 reduction and H2 evolution because this source of Frankia did not show any hydrogenase activity. The ratios obtained using the different methods ranged from 2.72 to 4.42, but these values were not significantly different. It was also shown that enriched 15N could be detected in the shoot after a 1-h incubation of the root-system. It is concluded that the measurement of H2 evolution in combination with C2H2 reduction represents a nondestructive assay for nitrogen fixation in a Frankia symbiosis which shows no detectable hydrogenase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391343
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between alfalfa cultivars and Rhizobium strains for nitrogen Fixation (1986)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1986), S. 724-729 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Alfalfa cultivars ; Rhizobium strains ; Acetylene reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to study the interaction between alfalfa cultivars (Medicago sativa L. and M. falcata L.) and strains of Rhizobium meliloti Dang. for acetylene reduction rate, plant height and dry weights of shoot, root and whole plant. Fifteen alfalfa cultivars were inoculated with 10 strains of Rhizobium in Experiment I. Variance component analysis revealed that more than 30% of the total variance was due to alfalfa cultivars for acetylene reduction rate and 26% was accounted for by Rhizobium strains. More than 36% of the total variation was attributed to the interaction between alfalfa cultivars and Rhizobium strains for this character. Twenty-five host cultivars and 11 Rhizobium strains were included in Experiment II. The results also showed that the interaction of alfalfa cultivars and Rhizobium strains contributed the largest portion of the total variation for dry weights of shoot, root and whole plant and acetylene reduction rate. The results clearly demonstrated that the non-additive effects were the major component of variation for these characters associated with nitrogen fixation in alfalfa. Therefore, an effective way of improving nitrogen fixation in alfalfa is to select for a favourable combination of specific Rhizobium strains and alfalfa cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263270
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary structure and expression of a gene homologous to nifH (nitrogenase Fe protein) from the archaebacterium Methanococcus voltae (1986)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 203 (1986), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Archaebacteria ; Methanococcus voltae ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase ; Fe protein gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Methanococcus voltae, a 3.0 kbp HindIII fragment carrying homology to nifH was recently cloned. In Escherichia coli maxicells, the fragment directed the synthesis of a 30 K polypeptide encoded by the region homologous to nifH. Plasmids carrying the fragment did not complement Klebsiella pneumoniae nifH mutants and did not inhibit the nitrogen fixation of a Nif+ strain. The complete nucleotide sequence of the nifH homologous region was determined. It contained an open reading frame (ORFnifH) of 834 bp encoding 278 amino acid residues (mol. wt. 30,362). The ORFnifH was surrounded by regions of very high A+T content as observed with other mc. voltae genes. The region upstream from ORFnifH contained potential prokaryotic-like promoters and a potential ribosome binding site located 5 bp preceding the translation initiation codon. Using a translational fusion to lacZ of a DNA fragment carrying the putative promoter region and the 5′ end of ORFnifH, it was shown in E. coli that (i) a promoter activity was effectively carried by the cloned fragment and (ii) this activity was not significantly modified by the presence of nifA or ntrC products provided by multicopy plasmids. Though the codon usage was characteristic of Mc. voltae, ORFnifH was very similar to eubacterial nifH genes, in particular the position of the cysteine residues was highly conserved. These data confirmed the high conservation of nifH sequences. SAB values (binary matching coefficients) of 0.5 were found with eubacterial nifH genes at the nucleotide or amino acid level suggesting that the mc. voltae ORFnifH sequence was distantly related to eubacterial nifH sequences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00330379
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nifHDK genes are contiguous with a nifA-like regulatory gene in Rhodobacter capsulatus (1986)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 205 (1986), S. 442-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Rhodobacter capsulatus ; Nitrogen fixation ; Regulation ; nifA-like gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 15.2 kb DNA fragment was isolated from Rhodobacter capsulatus (ex. Rhodopseudomonas capsulata), which was able to complement mutations both in a nifA-like regulatory gene and in the nifH gene. Physical mapping of this fragment revealed that the nifA-like gene was adjacent to, and downstream from, the nifHDK operon. Hybridization experiments were carried out using a cloned Klebsiella pneumoniae DNA fragment containing nifA and the flanking portions of nifB and nifL. This fragment failed to hybridize with a 2.15 kb HindIII fragment of R. capsulatus DNA containing the nifA-like gene, but hybridized instead with a 2.6 kb EcoRI fragment adjacent to the nifA-like gene. The homologous region was found to be located within the K. pneumoniae nifB gene. The adjacent 2.6 kb and 2.15 kb fragments also hybridized with each other, indicating the presence of repeated sequences in this region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338080
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  • 14
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    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide sequence of the nifLA operon of Klebsiella oxytoca NG13 and characterization of the gene products (1986)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 205 (1986), S. 253-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; nifL ; nifA ; Klebsiella oxytoca ; DNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The complete nucleotide sequence of the regulatory operon nifLA of a nitrogen fixer Klebsiella oxytoca NG13 was determined, and the transcriptional start point was assigned by S1 mapping. The nifL protein (a repressor) was coded by an open reading frame of 1,485 bases, corresponding to a protein of 495 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 55,242. The open reading frame (1,572 bases) of the nifA protein (an activator), corresponding to a molecular weight of 58,649, was confirmed by in vitro transcription-translation experiments, using the wild type and artificially deleted nifA genes. The initiation codon (ATG) of nifA overlapped the termination condon(TGA) of nifL, sharing the two bases T and G. A conserved DNA contact point [Gln-(X)3-Ala-(X)3-Gly-(X)5-Val] common in many DNA binding proteins was found in the C-terminal region of the nifA sequence. The promoter sequences of nifLA, nifB and nifF in K. oxytoca coincided exactly with those of K. pneumoniae in the consensus regions at-12 and-26, although the overall homology in the promoter regions was 96%. Changes of four amino acids were found between the nifA coding sequences of K. oxytoca and K. pneumoniae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430436
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Localization of nif genes on a large plasmid in Frankia sp. strain ULQ0132105009 (1986)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 204 (1986), S. 492-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Frankia ; Nif genes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Plasmid ; Actinorhizal symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report that in DNA from one Frankia sp. strain at least some of the nif genes are located on a large indigenous plasmid of 190 kb. Using the cloned nitrogenase structural genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae as hybridization probes, homology was detected with a 5.6 kb EcoRI fragment from the Frankia sp. plasmid. This 5.6 kb fragment was cloned; used as a probe it hybridized to the nif K, D and H genes from Rhizobium meliloti and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The nif probes also hybridized on total DNA blots to a 10 kb EcoRI fragment that is not present on plasmid DNA, suggesting that the nif genes could be located on more than one replicon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331030
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    The nifH, nifM and nifN genes of Azotobacter vinelandii: Characterisation by Tn5 mutagenesis and isolation from pLAFR1 gene banks (1986)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 205 (1986), S. 318-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; nif genes ; Azotobacter vinelandii ; Tn5 mutants ; Gene banks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Tn5 was introduced into Azotobacter vinelandii on a suicide vector, pGS9. Three Nif- mutants were found to carry Tn5 in nifH (MV6), in nifN (MV22), and in or near nifM (MV21), from the results of hybridisation experiments. For MV21 and MV22 this was also shown by complementation with the nif genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae on pRD1. MV6 failed to synthesis the nifH, D and K gene products. MV6 and MV22 fixed nitrogen in the absence of supplied molybdenum while mutant MV21 did not, suggesting that the nifM gene product may be required for the alternative nitrogenase system synthesised in azotobacteria under conditions of molybdenum deprivation. Reconstitution experiments with mutant extracts showed that MV22 (nifN -) lacked the FeMo cofactor and that MV21 (NifM-) synthesised inactive Fe protein. These biochemical phenotypes are identical to those of the K. pneumoniae nifN and nifM mutants, respectively, demonstrating that these genes have the same function in both K. pneumoniae and A. vinelandii. Complementation of the A. vinelandii mutants with pLAFR1 gene banks of A. vinelandii or a. chroococcum yielded three cosmids of interest. pLV10 complemented UW91, a nifH mutant, and corrected the defect in MV6 after recombination with the mutant genome. It also carried nifD (but not nifK) and about 18 kb of DNA upstream from nifH. pLV1 from the A. vinelandii gene bank complemented both MV21 and MV22 as did pLC11, isolated from the A. chroococcum gene bank. Both pLV1 and pLC11 carried part of the nif cluster downstream of nifHDK which also includes nifEN and nifMVS on about 22 kb of DNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430445
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Factors modulating differentiation of spores: Characterization of mutants defective in sporulation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena doliolum (AdS strain) (1986)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 205 (1986), S. 372-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Anabaena doliolum ; Sporulation ; Mutants ; Nitrogen fixation ; Cell constituents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants of Anabaena doliolum (AdS strain) altered with respect to the time of initiation and degree of sporulation were isolated following mutagenesis with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and hydroxylamine. The non-sporulating mutant showed a high phycocyanin (Pc): chlorophyll a (chl a) ratio (ca. 7.2) as compared to sporulating strains (Pc:chl a, 4.7–5.3). Also this strain seemed to have higher RNA pools per unit of genomic material as reflected in a higher RNA:DNA ratio. The data suggest that degradaton of phycocyanin and controlled RNA synthesis are prerequisites for sporulation. Mutants exhibiting non-sporulation and delayed initiation of sporulation accumulated more nitrogen through nitrogen fixation, probably indicating nitrogenase function over an extended vegetative phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430453
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  • 18
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    Effect of some carbamate pesticides on nodulation, plant yield and nitrogen fixation byPisum sativum andVigna sinensis in the presence of their respective rhizobia (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 125-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cowpea ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Pea ; Pesticide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Six carbamate pesticides namely 1-naphthol, sevin, dimetilan, trematan, NaDDC and dymid were studied to see their effect on nodulation and nitrogen fixation inPisum sativum andVigna sinensis. Low concentrations of the pesticides have little effect on nodulation and nitrogen fixation, whereas higher concentrations adversely effect these processes. The results also indicate that then sensitivity depends upon the species of the Rhizobium and also the type of the pesticide. Pesticides belonging to the carbamate group differ in their capacity to affect nodulation and nitroge fixation.
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    Nutrient and growth interactions in soybeans colonized withGlomus fasciculatum andRhizobium japonicum (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 37-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Mycorrhiza ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Soybean ; Symbioses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Glycine max (L. Merr. cv. Amsoy 71) plants were grown in a greenhouse in a sand/perlite medium low in plant-available N and P. Plants were either inoculated with a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus alone, a strain ofRhizobium japonicum alone, both endophytes together or were left non-inoculated to serve as a control. All combinations received a N-and P-free nutrient solution. Nodulated plants contained 4 to 5 times the phytomass of non-inoculated controls, and plants colonized with both the VAM fungus and Rhizobium were 18% greater in dry weight than nodulated, non-VAM plants due to a positive VAM times Rhizobium interaction. Nitrogen fixation, calculated from C2H4 and H2 data, was significantly higher in the tripartite symbiosis, with 80% of the increase attributable to increased nodule mass and 20% due to increases in specific nodule activity. Colonization by the VAM fungus and the development of vesicles increased significantly following nodulation. The synergistic interactions between the microsymbionts suggests that the response of the host to dual colonization is complex and depends on a balance between the three members of the symbiosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372264
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    Adaptation of red clover rhizobia to low temperatures (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Environmental factors ; Low temperature ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; Trifolium pratense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Red clover Rhizobium strains, isolated from different locations between latitudes 60° and 63°30′ N in Finland, were tested for their adaptation to low temperatures. 31 strains were tested for growth at 5°C, 10°C, 15°C and 18°C in pure culture. No strain grew at 5°C. At the other temperatures there were differences between the strains, but the same strains grew fast at all temperatures. Ten strains were investigated for nodulation and acetylene reduction in phytotrons in two different climates, one simulating the growing season in southern and the other in northern Finland. There were differences between the strains in their ability to nodulate their host plant, and northern strains showed higher nitrogenase activity than southern strains in the cold climate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372266
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    Acetylene reduction in gnotobiotic cultures with rhizosphere bacteria and wheat (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Associative nitrogen fixation ; Azospirillum ; Nitrogen fixation ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Spring-wheat plant seedlings were inoculated with various isolates of nitrogen-fixing rhizosphere bacteria, includingAzospirillum brasilense, in gnotobiotic sand cultures. Bacteria which had lost their acetylene reduction activity (ARA) during purification did not regain it in the presence of the plant. Bacteria with stable ARA were stimulated to low ARA (maximum 5.6 nmol C2H4 plant−1 h−1) by young (22–32-day) wheat seedlings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372631
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    Nitrogen limitations to field bean productivity: A comparison of combined nitrogen applications with Rhizobium inoculation (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 267-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Combined nitrogen ; Grain yield ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium leguminosarum ; Vicia faba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen limitations to the yield of a field crop ofVicia faba have been examined. Application of nitrogen totalling 560 kg/ha increased dry matter yield at flowering by 674 kg/ha (32%) and grain yield at final harvest by 1.6 tonnes/ha (24%). Attempts to reduce nitrogen limitations by replacing the native rhizobia with strains ofRhizobium leguminosarum selected for high rates of nitrogen fixation were unsuccessful but the introduction of poor rhizobia reduced grain yield. The reasons for this and the implications of the results for crop improvement are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374350
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    Plow down effects of different forage legume species, cultivars, cutting strategies and seeding rates on the yields of subsequent crops (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 95 (1986), S. 419-430 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; Barley ; Corn ; Management ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Plow down ; Red clover ; Sweetclover ; Temperate climate ; Trefoil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Under some conditions the plow down of forage legumes increases the yield of subsequent crops, which is usually caused by improved soil N. However, better soil structure is also a contributing factor. Three experiments were conducted to measure the effect of legume plow down on the yield of subsequent corn crops grown at the Ottawa Research Station (ORS), Ottawa, Canada. In all experiments, corn yields were not affected by legume species, legume cultivars, and/or planting methods. Corn yields from barley plots receiving 0, 60, or 120 kg N ha−1 did not differ until two years after establishment in one experiment and three years in another. The data from these experiments indicated that soil N was high at the ORS, which may inhibit N2-fixation by forage legumès in the establishment year. Therefore, legume plow down was not beneficial to subsequent crops under these conditions. Two other experiments were conducted to measure the effect of legume plow down on the yield of subsequent barley crops. In both experiments, barley yields in the field were not affected by legume type or legume seeding density. Greenhouse and field data indicated that the two cuts with removal strategy benefitted the most to succeeding crops. Data from the greenhouse test indicated that soil N levels were not low in the establishment year, and that some cultivars improved soil fertility more than others.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374622
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    Utilization of simple phenolics for dinitrogen fixation by soil diazotrophic bacteria (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 141-150 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aromatic degradation ; Bacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phenolics ; Physiology ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A microaerobic diazotrophic bacterium tentatively identified as aPseudomonas species was isolated from a forest soil. Its nitrogenase (C2H2 reduction) activity in liquid medium was significantly supported by phenolic compounds when compared with glucose-, mannitol- or malate-supported activity. The utilization of phenolics was dependent on substrate induction and the appropriate oxygen concentration. At a pO2 of 0.05 protocatechuate was a better carbon source for N2 fixation than glucose. In the case ofLignobacter protocatechuate was a better carbon source for N2 fixation than glucose at pO2 0.2 but not at pO2 0.05. It is suggested that certain monomeric phenols can support nitrogenase activities in many carbon-limited soil environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277393
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    The role of root-associatedKlebsiella pneumoniae in the nitrogen nutrition ofPoa pratensis andTriticum aestivum as estimated by the method of15N isotope dilution (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 245-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Blue grass ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Poa pratensis ; Triticum aestivum ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen nutrition ; 15N isotope dilution ; Spring wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The technique of15N isotope dilution was used to verify that nitrogen was fixed and transferred to the plant byKlebsiella pneumoniae strain Pp in association withPoa pratensis orTriticum aestivum. Surface sterilized, sprouting seeds were inoculated withK. pneumoniae and grown in sand in modified Leonard jars. Potassium nitrate enriched with15N was used to provide N concentrations ranging from 10–40 mg Nl−1 nutrient solution. After 10–18 weeks the shoots and roots were analyzed separately for dry matter, N content, total N, and atom %15N excess. The acetylene reduction technique was used to test for the presence of N2-fixing organisms on the roots. The data from15N isotope dilution demonstrated that up to 33.8% of N in the shoots ofP. pratensis and 15.9% in those ofT. aestivum were derived from associative N2 fixation byK. pneumoniae. In most experiments the dry matter yield, N content, and total N yield of the shoots ofP. pratensis were increased byK. pneumoniae inoculation, whereas inoculation had no significant effect on the dry matter yield, N content or total N of the shoots ofT. aestivum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277401
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    Estimation of biological nitrogen fixation associated withBrachiaria andPaspalum grasses using15N labelled organic matter and fertilizer (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 265-292 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brachiaria spp ; Nitrogen fixation ; 15N techniques ; Paspalum notatum ; Pasture grasses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Six pasture grasses,Paspalum notatum cv batatais,P. notatum cv pensacola,Brachiaria radicans, B. ruziziensis, B. decumbens andB. humidicola, were grown in concrete cylinders (60 cm diameter) in the field for 31 months. The soil was amended with either a single addition of15N labelled organic matter or frequent small (2 kg N. ha−1) additions of15N enriched (NH4)2SO4. In the labelled fertilizer treatment soil analysis revealed that there was a very drastic change in15N enrichment in plant-available nitrogen (NO 3 − +NH 4 + ) with depth. The different grass cultivars recovered different quantities of applied labelled N, and evidence was obtained to suggest that the roots exploited the soil to different depths thus obtaining different15N enrichments in soil derived N. This invalidated the application of the isotope dilution technique to estimate the contribution of nitrogen fixation to the grass cultivars in this treatment. In the labelled organic matter treatment the15N label in the plant-available N declined at a decreasing rate during the experiment until in the last 12 months the decrease was only from 0.274 to 0.222 atom % excess. There was little change in15N enrichment of available N with depth, hence it was concluded that although the grasses recovered different quantities of labelled N, they all obtained virtually the same15N enrichment in soil derived N. Data from the final harvests of this treatment indicated thatB. humidicola andB. decumbens obtained 30 and 40% respectively of their nitrogen from N2 fixation amounting to an input of 30 and 45 kg N.ha−1 year−1 respectively.
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    Evaluation of the availability ofAzolla-N and urea-N to rice using15N (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 293-299 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azolla caroliniana (Willd.) ; Isotope dilution ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The symbiotic association of the water fernAzolla with the blue-green algaAnabaena azollae can fix 30–60 kg N ha−1 per rice cropping season. The value of this fixed N for rice production, however, is only realized once the N is released from theAzolla biomass and taken up by the rice plants. The availability of N applied asAzolla or as urea was measured in field experiments by two15N methods. In the first,Azolla caroliniana (Willd.) was labelled with15N in nutrient solution and incorporated into the soil at a rate of 144 kg N ha−1. The recovery ofAzolla-N in the above ground parts of rice [Oryza sativa (L) cv. Nucleoryza] was found to be 32% vs. 26% for urea applied at a rate of 100 kg N/ha; there was no significant difference in recovery. In the second, 100 kg N/ha of15N-urea was applied separately or in combination with either 250 or 330 kg N ha−1 of unlabelledAzolla. At the higher rate, the recovery ofAzolla-N was significantly greater than that of urea. There was a significant interaction when both N sources were applied together, which resulted in a greater recovery of N from each source in comparison to that source applied separately. Increasing the combined urea andAzolla application rate from 350 kg N ha−1 to 430 kg N ha−1 increased the N yield but had no effect on the dry matter yield of rice plants. The additional N taken up at the higher level of N application accumulated to a greater extent in the straw compared to the panicles. Since no assumptions need to be made about the contribution of soil N in the method using15N-labelledAzolla, this method is preferable to the15N dilution technique for assessing the availability ofAzolla-N to rice. Pot trials usingAzolla stored at −20°C or following oven-drying showed that both treatments decreased the recovery of N by one third in comparison to freshAzolla.
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    Effect ofAzospirillum inoculation on nitrogen fixation and growth of several winter legumes (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 335-342 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; Effect on yield ; Inoculation ; Legumes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inoculation of naturally nodulatedPisum sativum L. (garden pea) withAzospirillum in the greenhouse caused a significant increase in nodule numbers above controls. Field inoculation of garden peas in the winter 1981–1982 andCicer arietinum L. (chick pea), in winter 1982–1983, withAzospirillum one week after plant emergence, produced a significant increase in seed yield, but did not affect plant dry matter yield. ForVicia sativa L. (vetch) grown in soil in the greenhouse and in the field for forage, winter 1980–1981, inoculation significantly increased dry matter yield, %N, N-content, and acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) activity. InHedysarum coronarium L. (sulla clover), winter 1981–1982, inoculated with both its specificRhizobium (by the slurry method) andAzospirillum, 7 days after emergence, there was an increase in acetylene reduction above controls inoculated withRhizobium alone. These results suggest that it is possible, under conditions tested in this work, to increase nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and crop yields of winter legumes by inoculation withAzospirillum.
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    Symbiotic N2 fixation in pea and field bean estimated by15N fertilizer dilution in field experiments with barley as a reference crop (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 3-13 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: A-value ; Barley ; Field bean ; Isotope dilution ; Nitrogen fixation ; 15N ; Non-fixing reference crop ; Pea ; Pisum sativum ; Vicia faba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The total amount of nitrogen derived from symbiotic nitrogen fixation in two pea and one field bean cultivar, supplied with 50 kg N ha−1 at sowing (‘starter’-N), was estimated to 165, 136, and 186 kg N ha−1, respectively (three-year means). However, estimates varied considerably between the three years. At the full bloom/flat pod growth stage from 30 to 59 per cent of total N2 fixation had taken place. The proportion of total N derived from N2 fixation at maturity was higher in seeds than in vegetative plant parts and amounted to 59.5, 51.3 and 66.3 per cent of total above-ground plant N in the two pea cultivars and field bean, respectively (three-year means). The recovery of fertilizer N was 62.2, 70.2, 52.1, and 69.5 per cent in the two pea cultivars, field bean and barley, respectively. Growth analysis indicated that barley did not meet the claims for an ideal reference crop in the15N fertilizer dilution technique for estimating N2 fixation in pea and field bean. ‘Starter’-N neither increased the seed yield nor the N content of the grain legumes.
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    Studies of the adenylate and pyridine nucleotide pools during nitrogenase ‘switch-off’ inRhodospirillum rubrum (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Nucleotide pools ; Rhodospirillum rubrum ; Switch off
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary When ammonium ions are added to a nitrogen fixing culture ofRhodospirillum rubrum, nitrogenase activity decreases due to inactivation of the Fe-protein. We have studied the adenylate and pyridine nucleotide pools during switch-off using the sensitive bioluminescence method. Immediately after the addition of ammonium ions there is a decrease in the ATP pool which is quickly reversed and no change is seen during the switch-off period. The pyridine nucleotide pools also do not change significantly during the switch-off. Consequently we conclude that changes in the pools studied were not the signal promoting inactivation of the Fe-protein.
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    The improvement and utilization in forestry of nitrogen fixation by actinorhizal plants with special reference toAlnus in Scotland (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 393-406 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus rubra ; Alnus glutinosa ; Fatty acids ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Alnus species are used widely in Britain for land reclamation, forestry and other purposes. Rapid juvenile growth of the AmericanAlnus rubra makes it an attractive species for planting on N-deficient soils, particularly those of low organic content. In small plot trials, this species is nodulated by indigenous soil frankiae as effectively asAlnus glutinosa. Over a three year period both species return similar amounts of N to the ecosystem, estimated at up to 10–12 kg N ha−1. Several strains ofFrankia have been isolated from local (Lennox Forest)A. rubra nodules. These differ morphologically and in their growth on different culture media, both from each other and fromA. glutinosa nodule isolates. AllAlnus isolates, however, have a total cellular fatty acid composition qualitatively similar to some other Group B frankiae. Glasshouse tests in N free culture suggest thatA. rubra nodules formed after inoculation of seedlings with American spore (−) isolates are three times more effective in N fixation than those inoculated with LennoxA. rubra spore (+) nodule homogenates. By contrast, the early growth of seedlings inoculated with spore (−)Frankia strains suggests at best a 35% improvement in N fixing activity over seedlings inoculated with LennoxA. rubra nodule isolates. Nevertheless, this improvement in activity, together with the better performance of seedlings inoculated with isolates compared with those treated with crushed nodule preparations, suggest that it would be worthwhile commercially to inoculate nursery stock with a spore (−)Frankia strain.
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    The genetics of actinorhizalFrankia: A review (1986)
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    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 429-453 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Frankia ; Genetics ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277414
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    Nitrogen in shoot litter, root litter and root exudates from nitrogen-fixingAlnus incana (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 91 (1986), S. 43-49 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus incana ; Frankia ; Leaf litter ; Nitrogen fertilization ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root exudation ; Root litter ; Shoot litter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A pot experiment withAlnus incana (L.) Moench growing in sand was set up to compare the amounts of nitrogen released from plants shoot litter with that released below ground as root litter and/or root exudation. No nitrogen fixation by free-living microorganisms was found in the sand and the increased nitrogen content of the plant + soil system was therefore due to nitrogen fixation byFrankia in the alder root-nodules. Most of the nitrogen released from the plants was in the nitrogen-rich leaf and other shoot litter. Only small amounts of nitrogen were found in the drainage water from the pots and were recorded as increased nitrogen content of the sand.
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    Soil and environmental factors related to nodulation in Cowania and Purshia (1986)
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    Plant and soil 91 (1986), S. 147-160 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cowania ; Frankia ; Microbial ecology ; Nitrogen fixation ; Purshia ; Revegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen fixing trees and shrubs may be useful in revegetation efforts. The possibility that soil and environmental factors may influence a soil's capability to produce nodulated seedlings was explored.Purshia tridentata andCowania mexicana var. Stansburiana seedlings were grown in greenhouse trials using ten soils from native sites for each of the two genera. Treatments included a control and a six mmole nitrogen amendment as NH4NO3 for both surface and subsurface samples. Nodulation was often sparse for seedlings grown in surface collected samples. Although nodulation was usually better in subsoil samples, even some subsoils produced few or no nodules. Nitrogen additions inhibit nodulation and although soil nitrogen may be inhibitory in some unamended surface soils it is probably not a general cause of sparse nodulation. Nodule masses showed the same trends as nodule number but varied less with treatment and depth of soil source. Seedlings compensated for sparse nodulation with an increase in mass per nodule. Incidence of nodulation was related to some soil and environmental factors. Multiple regression analysis explained a substantial portion of nodulation variability. Soils from lower elevations with less precipitation did not produce well nodulated seedlings even in well watered greenhouse trials. Micronutrient cations, potassium, and phosphorus are positively correlated with nodulation incidence. The two genera were generally similar in nodulation responses to soil and environmental factors.
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    The nitrogen fixing potential ofVicia faba rhizobia (R. leguminosarum) from different agricultural locations (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 249-254 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ecology ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium leguminosarum populations ; Vicia faba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The size and symbiotic effectiveness, withVicia faba, ofRhizobium leguminosarum populations from five locations in southern Britain has been estimated. Population numbers varied from 4.54×103 to 1.69×105. Nitrogen fixing potential differed by up to 30%. The implications of the results for improving the productivity of field beans are discussed.
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    Remobilization of labelled nitrogen from vegetative tissues to pods of mungbean (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 147-151 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; 15N Rhizobia ; Vigna radiata ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Remobilization of15N from vegetative tissue of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) into pods was measured during the reproductive phase of growth. Plant tissue was labelled with15N during vegetative development. Experiments were conducted in the field at two sites. At one site the soil provided cowpeas with most of their N but at the other site N fixation provided most of the N. Remobilized N from vegetative tissue to pods occurred soon after they began to develop. The quantity of the labelled N ultimately remobilized to the pods amounted to 50% for one cultivar (Tx33) at the high soil N site and 70% at the low N site. For the other cultivar (Tx13) the values were 25% and 30%, respectively. The two cultivars performed very differently with respect to partitioning of N into pods and the rate of N fixation. Even though more N was accumulated in the shoots of the high N fixing cultivar (Tx13) less total N was contained in the pods.
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    Effect ofLupinus spp. on soil nutrient availability and the growth ofPinus radiata D. Don seedlings on a sandy podzol in Victoria, Australia (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 95 (1986), S. 183-190 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertilizer ; Lupinus ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nutrient availability ; Pinus ; Water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects ofLupinus angustifolius, L. arboreus. and nitrogen fertilizer plus weedicide on soil inorganic nitrogen, and the growth, nutrition and water status ofPinus radiata seedlings were compared on a sandy podzol in Victoria Australia. Both lupins increased the concentration of soil inorganic nitrogen from 6 μg g−1 to at least 11 μg g−1 one year after treatment.Lupinus arboreus (a perennial) led to high mortality ofP. radiata seedlings and no growth response in survivors because it competed for water during summer. In contrast,L. angustifolius (an annual) senesced prior to summer and resulted in increased fascicle size and stem growth rates ofP. radiata. Growth ofP. radiata withL. angustifolius was similar to that with weedicide only. The concentration. of phosphorus in foliage ofP. radiata seedlings was highest when growth withL. angustifolius. However, the highest growth rate ofP. radiata occurred in the nitrogen fertilizer plus weedicide treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375070
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    Nitrate reductase activity in leaves and roots ofAlnus glutinosa (L) Gaertner (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 95 (1986), S. 301-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus glutinosa ; Ammonium ; Nitrate ; Nitrate reductase activity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phyllosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Thein vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was determined inAlnus glutinosa plants grown nonsymbiotically on ammonium, nitrate, a combination of both, or symbiotically with atmospheric nitrogen as the only nitrogen source. Root NRA was absent when ammonium or atmospheric nitrogen was the nitrogen source. With nitrate in the culture solution the roots showed a high NRA. However, the leaf NRA behaved quite differently: with negligible activities on all nitrogen sources except atmospheric nitrogen. The foliar NRA measured, however, is likely not due to the activity of the plant but of microbial origin. Methods commonly used to facilitate produced nitrite to leak out of the tissue, such as addition of propanol and cutting the plant material, did not increase the nitrite release from the leaves. A turbidity developed when testing the samples for nitrite which was positively correlated with the NRA. Populations of microorganisms in the phyllosphere did not differ between the nutritional treatments. Bacteria, able to grow on a low-nitrogen medium, were present on the leaves. Nitrifiers could not be detected. The bacteria on the leaves appear to produce nitrite when incubated with leaf material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374611
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    Relationship between growth, nitrogen fixation and assimilation in a legume (Medicago sativa L.) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Drought stress ; Growth ; Harvest ; Legume ; Medicago sativa L. ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen assimilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Symbiotic N2 fixation, NO 3 − assimilation and protein accumulation in the shoots were measured simultaneously in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in the field or in pots, in order to study how the balance between the two modes of nitrogen nutrition could be influenced by agronomic factors, such as harvest, mineral nitrogen supply and drought stress. During periods of rapid growth, fixation and assimilation may function simultaneously; they are antagonistic at the beginning and at the end of the growth cycle, when the nitrogen requirement of the plant is lower. When nitrogen nutrition does not limit growth, mineral nitrogen supply favours assimilation at the expense of fixation, but does not modify the amount of nitrogen accumulated, which is adjusted to the growth capacity of the plant. After cutting, nitrate assimilation compensated for the decrease in fixation and supplied the plant with the nitrogen required by the regrowth, the proliferation of which determined the fixation recovery. Drought stress decreased N2 fixation much more than NO 3 − assimilation. The latter made growth recovery possible when water supply conditions became normal again. These results suggested the existence of an optimum level of nitrate assimilation, which differed depending on the age of the plants and allowed both maximum growth and fixing activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374992
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    Distribution of spore-positive and spore-negative nodules in stands ofAlnus glutinosa andAlnus incana in Finland (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 205-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizal plants ; Alnus glutinosa ; Alnus incana ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The distribution of spore positive (Sp+) and spore negative (Sp−) nodules on the two native alder species (A. incana andA. glutinosa) in Finland was investigated. Nodules were collected throughout the country from different ecosystems (forests, swamps, lake- sea- and riversides, old pastures and fields as well as from alder plantations). OnA. incana Sp+ nodules predominated, whereas onA. glutinosa the vast majority of the nodules were of the Sp− type. Sp+ nodules onA. glutinosa were found only at sites where the two alder species grew close together. This distribution pattern indicates an association of nodule type with alder species, the reasons for which are discussed. Indications of saprophytic growth in the Sp− strain were also found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374765
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    Acetylene reduction byDaviesia mimosoides under Eucalyptus (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 215-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Daviesia mimosoides ; Eucalypt forest ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Understorey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Daviesia mimosoides is a common understorey legume in Eucalyptus forests of the Brindabella Range in southeastern Australia, capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Rates of N fixation were measured by the acetylene-reduction technique over a growing season in the field. Pot trials under controlled conditions were also carried out to elucidate effects of soil moisture, temperature, and light. Average rates in the field varied from about 1–5 μ mol C2H4/g/h (wet weight of nodule), but rates up to 14 μ mol C2H4/g/h were measured in optimum controlled conditions. Annual N-fixation rates approximate 4.5–7.0 kg/ha. In pot trials, rate of acetylene reduction decreased with soil moisture to about−10 MPa tension, with a marked depression at about−6 MPa, but within the normal field range of soil moisture there was little correlation of moisture with average acetylene reduction rate. Rates were similar in the temperature range of 20–30°C, but were depressed by either low or high temperature (〈10 or 〉30°C). Diurnal fluctuations in acetylene reduction rates were not correlated with solar radiation, but rates were limited by high mid-day temperatures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374766
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    Competition between siratro and kleingrass for15N labelled mineralized nitrogen (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 327-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Isotope discrimination ; Macropitilium atropurpureum ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen transfer ; Panicum coloratum ; Rhizobia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Isotope dilution provides a method for measuring plant competition for mineral N and transfer of biologically fixed N from a legume to a grass. A plant growth medium was enriched with15N, and used to grow Siratro (Macropitilium atropurpureum D.C. Urb.) and Kleingrass 75 (Panicum coloratum L.) in 20 liter pots for 98 days in a glasshouse. The plants were grown in pure stand and in mixtures. When grown in 50∶50 mixture the grass obtained 59% of the labelled N and the legume obtained 41%. The grass produced nearly as much root mass as the legume even though biomass of the shoots were less than half that of the legume. Reducing the proportion of either plant species in the mixture reduced the proportion of the mineralized N absorbed by that species. The shoots of the grass were significantly more enriched (1.166 atom%15N excess) than the roots (1.036). The grass received 12% of its N as biologically fixed N from the legume.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375137
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    Aspects of nitrogen fixation and denitrification byAzospirillum (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 193-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: azospirillum ; Denitrification ; Nitrate respiration ; Nitrite reductase ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Model experiments were performed to investigate the nitrogen fixation (C2H2 reduction) and denitrification (N2O formation) capabilities ofAzospirillum spp. in association with wheat. Plants and bacteria were grown together for a week and then assayed for activities. This association performed C2H2 reduction or N2O formation, depending on the concentrations of nitrate and oxygen in the vessels. Both activities depended on theAzospirillum strains used. The newly isolatedAzospirillum amazonense strains Y1 and Y6 showed significant C2H2 reduction and low N2O formation in association with wheat under the conditions employed and are possibly useful in practice. A cell-free preparation fromAzospirillum brasilense Sp 7 possessed a cytochrome cd type dissimilatory nitrite reductase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277396
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