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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (5,327)
  • Oxford University Press  (4,416)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 1985-1989  (10,791)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1986  (10,791)
Collection
Publisher
Years
  • 1985-1989  (10,791)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure and Sliding of Pellicular Structures During Euglenoid Movement in Astasia longa Pringsheim (Sarcomastigophora, Euglenida) (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The fine structure of cells and isolated pellicular sheets of Astasia longa is examined in relation to the sliding between neighboring pellicular strips believed to accompany euglenoid movement. Sonication breaks the repeating structure of the pellicle in the groove region where tannic acid fixation resolves separate but overlapping pellicular strips. All microtubules (including the two lying between the overlapping strips) remain with the inner strip. We therefore suggest that this fracture plane defines the boundary where sliding occurs between adjacent pellicular units. Consistent with this, traversing filaments running from groove to groove to connect the pellicular strips of adjacent units are displaced from transverse to oblique when elongated cells round up. In contrast, no changes suggestive of distortion within each unit are detected in the particle arrays of the ridge plasma membrane that overlies a single unit. The results are discussed in relation to previous ultrastructural studies, the site at which the force to cause sliding is generated, and the role of the traversing filaments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05585.x
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cross-Reactive Polysaccharides from Trypanosoma cruzi and Fungi (Especially Dactylium dendroides) (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Cross-reactivity between fungal and Trypanosoma cruzi polysaccharides, owing to common residues of β-D-galactofuranose, β-D-galactopyranose, and α-D-mannopyranose, was demonstrated by using a) rabbit immune sera against T. cruzi epimastigotes and b) sera from patients with Chagas’disease. Several chagasic (Ch) sera precipitated partly purified galactomannans from Aspergillus fumigatus and from T. cruzi epimastigotes and also the galactoglucomannan from Dactylium dendroides. Reaction of one Ch serum with T. cruzi galactomannan (GM) was completely inhibited by synthetic β-D-Galf-(1 → 3)-Me α-D-Manp, and that of another Ch serum with a purified D. dendroides galactoglucomannan (GGM) was partly inhibited by (1 → 6)-linked (81%) or by (1 - 3)-linked (33%) β-D-Galf-Me α-D-Manp. The β-D-Galf-(1 → 3)-α-D-Manp epitope was present in both T. cruzi and D. dendroides polysaccharides. Rabbit anti-T. cruzi antisera precipitated A. fumigatus GM, T. cruzi antigenic extracts containing the lipopeptidophosphoglycan (LPPG), T. cruzi alkali-extracted GM, a synthetic GM, and D. dendroides GGM. Weak reactivities were obtained for a Torulopsis lactis-condensi GM containing β-D-Galp terminal residues and for baker's yeast mannan with α-D-Manp-(1 - 3)-α-D-Manp-(1- → 2)-α-D-Manp-(1 → 2) side chains. An anti-LPPG rabbit serum precipitated D. dendroides GGM—a reaction inhibited (82%) by β-D-Galf-(1 → 3)-Me α-D-Manp and, less efficiently, by a (1 → 5)-linked β-D-Galf-tetrasaccharide. Sera from mice immunized with D. dendroides whole cells reacted with CL-strain trypomastigotes as shown a) by indirect immunofluorescence, b) by a Staphylococcus adherence test, but were not lytic. Mice immunized with D. dendroides were not protected against a challenge with virulent T. cruzi trypomastigotes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05587.x
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  • 103
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    Purification and Partial Characterization of the H Immobilization Antigens of Tetrahymena thermophila (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The H immobilization antigens specified by the SerH locus of Tetrahymena thermophila have been purified by a procedure utilizing acid fractionation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography. Purified antigen migrates as a single band on SDS-PAGE and IEF. Molecular weights of the four allelic H antigens range from 44,000 to 52,000, and isoelectric points range from 4.1 to 4.5. No carbohydrate was detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05590.x
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immunoglobulin and Complement Component C3 on the Surface of Trypanosoma lewisi (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . We have reinvestigated whether surface immunoglobulin (sIg) on Trypanosoma lewisi is antibody directed toward parasite antigen by using flow cytometry to analyze parasites stained with fluoresceinated F(ab′)2 fragments of antibodies to rat IgG and IgM. We have confirmed that IgG antibody to the parasites is present both in the serum of rats and on the surface of parasites between the fourth and twentieth days of infection, that the amount of sIg per cell increases as the infection progresses, and that considerably more IgG is present on parasites harvested from intact rats than on those from rats that had been immunosuppressed by whole body γ-irradiation. In addition sIgM was detected on trypanosomes from intact, but not on parasites from irradiated rats. We have also made two observations suggesting that not all sIg is specific antibody made in response to T. lewisi. First, a low but significant amount of sIgG was detected on parasites throughout infection in irradiated rats; no sIgM was detected on these parasites. Second, when parasites harvested from immunosuppressed rats were incubated in normal rat serum, the amount of both sIgG and sIgM detected by flow immunofluorescence increased. Parasites harvested from intact animals bound IgM but not IgG from normal rat serum. These results suggest either that natural antibody to the trypanosomes is present in the serum of uninfected rats or that some rat immunoglobulins bind to structures on the trypanosome surface in ways that do not depend on usual antigen-antibody interactions. Finally, flow immunofluorescence was also used to detect complement component C3 on the surface of both intact and trypsinized bloodstream forms harvested from intact or immunosuppressed rats. The amount of sC3 per cell did not increase until late in the infection and consequently did not correlate with the increase of sIgG. Therefore, T. lewisi avoids destruction by the immune system although immune effector molecules, IgG, IgM, and C3, are on its surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05589.x
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  • 105
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    Isolation and Characterization of a Neutral Glycosphingolipid from the Epimastigote Form of Trypanosoma mega (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . A glycosphingolipid fraction from Trypanosoma mega was isolated after acetylation and was further purified on a silicic acid column. Final purification was by preparative thin-layer chromatography. The carbohydrate components of the glycolipid were fucose and galactose in approximately equimolar amounts. The neutral glycolipid of T. mega has a sphingosine base composition that consists of sphingosine and traces of dihydrosphingosine. Fatty acids forming amide groups with the sphingosine bases were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and are a mixture of normal and α-hydroxy fatty acids. Normal C16:0, C18:0, and 2-hydroxy C18:0 are the predominant fatty acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05591.x
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  • 106
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    Leishmania mexicana pifanoi: Analysis of the Antigenic Relationships Between Promastigotes and Amastigotes by Gel Diffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis, and Immunoprecipitation (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The antigenic relationships between Leishmania mexicana pifanoi promastigotes, axenically grown amastigotes, and amastigotes isolated from the footpads of infected hamsters or from a J774 macrophage cell line were studied by three serologic methods. Amastigote and promastigote antigens were disrupted by freeze-thawing of intact cells in a lysis buffer. Antisera were prepared in rabbits by repeated subcutaneous inoculations of the parasite antigens in complete Freund's adjuvant and were tested against the homologous and heterologous antigens in a series of gel diffusion experiments. Negative results were obtained in all control experiments. In each instance, the homologous antigen-antiserum reactions yielded the largest numbers of precipitin lines. A pattern of cross-reactivity was also observed in the heterologous systems. Results indicated that the amastigote and promastigote forms had unique and common antigens. The two parasite antigen-antiserum systems were also examined by immunoelectrophoresis. Qualitative and quantitative differences between the promastigote and amastigote antigens were readily demonstrable by this technique. Results indicated that each parasite form had specific and many common antigens. In the homologous system, major proteins, with molecular weights (MW) of 23, 52, and 68 kd, were demonstrated in the promastigotes by immunoprecipitation of lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodinated cells. In a similar (homologous) system, axenically grown amastigotes were found to contain three proteins with MW of 38, 70, and 74 kd and, therefore, different from those demonstrated for the promastigotes. All the results suggested that the three amastigote stages of different origins are antigenically similar to one another, but differ from the promastigote forms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05588.x
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  • 107
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    Isoenzyme Analysis of Babesia microti Infections in Humans (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . We used high-resolution polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis (PGGE) to separate four babesial enzymes to aid in the identification of two Babesia microti isolates established in hamsters. The isolates were compared to two different hamster passages of the “Gray” strain. All isoenzyme patterns from the two isolates and the “Gray” strain were similar except glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) from one of the “Gray” strain passages. It showed a polymorphic GPI pattern as opposed to a monomorphic GPI pattern seen in the other “Gray” strain passage and the two isolates. The observed differences suggested (i) that some populations of B. microti are capable of having polymorphic GPI, (ii) that the “Gray” strain originally contained (and may still contain) a heterogenous population of B. microti, and (iii) that the population possessing polymorphic GPI was selected over that with monomorphic GPI. This information was obtained by a PGGE method that eliminated hemoglobin from gels and allowed, for the first time, detection of babesial leucine amino peptidase (LAP) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). In addition, this method provided molecular weight estimations on babesial GPI, LAP, IDH, and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and it proved useful in the identification and characterization of the B. microti isolates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05592.x
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  • 108
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    Kinetics of the DFPase Activity in Tetrahymena thermophila (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Crude homogenates of the ciliate protozoon, Tetrahymena thermophila, can hydrolyze the potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors O, O-diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP) and O-1,2,2-trimethylpropylmethylphosphonofluoride (soman). Characterization of the enzymatic activity of the homogenate has been performed. The DFPase operates over a pH range of 4 to 10 and an ionic range of 0–500 mM NaCl. Rate of reaction increases three-to four-fold from 25°C to 40°C and is still present at 55°C. These results indicate that the enzymatic activity operates over a broad range of environmental conditions, making it an attractive material for use in the detoxification and detection of organofluorophosphates. DFPases may be important in the metabolism of naturally occurring organophosphates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05593.x
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  • 109
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    Suitability of Selected Bacteria and Yeasts for Growing the Estuarine Heterotrich Ciliate Fabrea salina (Henneguy) (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Twenty-six species of bacteria and seven species of yeasts were aseptically presented separately as potential food sources to the estuarine heterotrich ciliate, Fabrea salina, under standardized conditions of cell number, medium, and temperature. The bacteria and yeasts were classified according to their effect on the intrinsic growth rate of the ciliate: Nutritious bacteria: Photobacterium fisherii, Vibrio neresis, V. natriegens, Flavobacterium sp. strain ASN16, V. harveyi, Xanthomonas sp. strain ASN22; Maintainer bacteria: V. vulnificus, Vibrio sp. strain V344, V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, Bacillus sp. strain ST332B2, Vibrio sp. strain V415, Acinetobacter sp. strain BHT8, Flectobacillus marinus, and Enterobacter aerogenes; Maintainer yeasts: Candida albicans and Cryptococcus marcerans strain 2; Nonnutriuous bacteria: V. parahaemolyticus, Planococcus sp. strain ASN13, P. mandapapanensis, Hyphomicrobium vulgari, Pseudomonas sp. strain CNS1, an unidentified gram-negative, yellow-pigmented, motile bacillus strain IG9A2, Thiobacillus thioparus, Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium sp. strain BR 17, Achromobacter sp. strain 23030, and Oceanospirillum beijerinckii; Nonnutriuous yeasts: C. marcerans strain 1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Debaryomyces hansenii, an unidentified black yeast, and C. laurentii. Under the conditions specified, bacteria appear to have a certain minimal value for the growth of Fabrea while yeast have little to none.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05594.x
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  • 110
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    Economic Mass Cultivation of Paramecium tetraurelia on a 200-Liter Scale (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . A new and inexpensive medium is described for axenic mass cultivation of Paramecium tetraurelia stock 51s and the double mutant pawn A/pawn B. Skim milk powder is the major carbon and nitrogen source in this medium. Growth characteristics (proliferation rate, final cell density, and cell size) are similar to those observed with other axenic culture media. Cultures were run in one-liter erlenmeyer flasks, a 20-liter, and a 250-liter airlift bioreactor. The yield of a large bioreactor is 750 g (wet wt.) Paramecium or 5 × 109 cells. This easy, economical culture technique will greatly facilitate the use of Paramecium as a model organism for extensive biochemical studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05595.x
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  • 111
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    Infectivity of Trypanosoma rhodesiense Cultivated at 28°C with Various Tsetse Fly Tissues (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Metacyclic trypanosomes developed in populations of procyclic forms of four stocks of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cultivated at 28°C in a liquid medium containing explants of tsetse fly head-salivary glands, alimentary tract, abdominal body wall, or thoracic muscle. The cultures became infective for mice 7–16 days after they were prepared, and infective trypanosomes were present for prolonged periods. In the culture series of stock TRUM 545, infectivity persisted for 138 days when the cultures were terminated. Only one explant of thoracic muscle tissue was required for the production of metacyclic stages in stock TRUM 497 cultures. Infectivity titrations on trypanosome suspensions from cultures of stocks TRUM 497, TRUM 545, and TRUM 567 revealed that only a small proportion of the culture population was infective. Using stock TRUM 530, mice were infected consistently from inoculations of trypanosomes grown in the presence of explants; infectivity of the trypanosomes ceased when the explants were removed from the flasks, but reappeared when they were returned to the cultures. Parasites grown in medium “conditioned” by explants produced sporadic infections in mice. The control cultures of trypanosomes grown in medium alone were generally not infective, but two of the stocks produced occasional parasitemias. Stained samples of infective inocula contained a few epimastigote-like and metacyclic-like trypanosomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05596.x
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  • 112
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    Observations on the Taiwanese Strain of Leucocytozoon caulleryi (Haemosporina) in Chickens (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The Taiwanese strain of Leucocytozoon caulleryi was isolated from an infected chicken in Taipei, Taiwan, and established in chickens and biting midges Culicoides arakawae from Japan. Sporogony of the strain in C. arakawae was completed on day 3 after the infective blood meals at 25°C. Sporozoites isolated from the salivary glands of C. arakawae on days 3 or 4 after feeding caused infection in all the chickens inoculated. The strain showed high pathogenicity for chickens. Mortality of chickens rose with an increase in the number of sporozoites inoculated. The prepatent period for chickens inoculated with sporozoites was 14 days. Parasites appeared in the peripheral blood of chickens on day 15 and disappeared on day 26 after sporozoite inoculation. Soluble antigens were found in the sera of chickens infected with the strain between 10 and 17 days after inoculation, and homologous antibodies appeared after 17 days. Antigens prepared from sera, schizonts, merozoites, and gametocytes of the Taiwanese strain reacted with the sera of chickens infected witt the same strain or the strain isolated in Japan. The chickens that recovered from a primary infection with the Taiwanese strain demonstrated complete resistance to reinfection with the same strain or the strain isolated in Japan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05597.x
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  • 113
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    Spontaneous Selfing (Intraclonal Conjugation) in the Ciliate Euplotes patella Syngen 2 Takes Place without a Change in Mating Type Expression (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Cells of Euplotes patella syngen 2 have been found to excrete mating-type-specific gamones (mating-inducing factors) into the surrounding medium. In strains of E. patella syngen 2, intraclonal conjugation (selfing) sometimes occurred spontaneously. Cell-free fluids of clonal cultures in which spontaneous selfing occurred were not effective in inducing homotypic pair formation in other cultures of the same mating type as the culture from which the cell-free fluids were derived. This indicates that selfing cultures produce only those gamones expected of their own mating types. This result suggests that spontaneous selling in E. patella syngen 2 is not due to change of mating type expression. The possible mechanisms for spontaneous selfing in E. patella syngen 2 are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05598.x
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  • 114
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    Tritrichomonas mobilensis n. sp. (Zoomastigophorea: Trichomonadida) from the Bolivian Squirrel Monkey Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . A trichomonad flagellate, Tritrichomonas mobilensis n. sp., is described from the large intestine of the squirrel monkey, Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis. The organism has a lanceolate body 7–10.5 μm in length; a well developed undulating membrane; a stout, tubular axostyle with periaxostylar rings that terminate in a cone-shaped segment projecting from the posterior end of the cell; and a moderately wide costa. The anterior flagella are about as long as the body, and the recurrent flagellum is of the acroneme type. All its characteristics suggest that the new species belongs in the Tritrichomonas augusta type of the subfamily Tritrichomonadinae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05611.x
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  • 115
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    BOOK REVIEW (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Lee, J. J., Hutner, S. H. & Bovee, E. C., eds. 1985. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05614.x
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  • 116
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    Physiological Characterizations of Acanthamoeba Strains (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Thirty-seven strains of Acanthamoeba are described using 69 physiological characters. The characterizations of the strains are based on quantitative estimates of growth responses which were standardized to eliminate any effects of differences in growth rates of the strains. Thirty-six distinct patterns are generated using numerical profiles, but it is possible to distinguish within this total diversity 20 sub-generic groups which, although not completely congruent with the morphological species, are consistent with other non-morphological characters. Evidence is presented that Acanthamoeba is a coherent, well-founded genus, but it is not desirable to recognize formal taxa at the sub-generic level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05612.x
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  • 117
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    Study of an Amoeboflagellate Isolated from the Nasal Mucosa of Man (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . This paper examines the biology, morphology, and pathogenicity for mice of an amoeboflagellate isolated from human nasal mucosa. The biological and morphological relationships of this isolate with the amoebae (Lobosea) and the true slime molds (Eumycetoza) are discussed though the taxonomic affinities of the organism have not been determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05565.x
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  • 118
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    Eimeria tenella (Eucoccidiorida): A Quantitative Assay for Sporozoite Infectivity In Vivo (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . A quantitative technique for the assessment of sporozoite infectivity in vivo, using intra-cecal inoculation of Eimeria tenella sporozoites, has been developed. Evaluation of the infection using cecal lesion scores and oocyst counts showed that this technique should be useful for the quantitation of sporozoite viability and thus for the anti-sporozoite activity of different treatments prior to inoculation. Pre-treatment of sporozoites with heat-inactivated hyperimmune antisera neutralized sporozoite infectivity in vivo and indicated that antibodies in the absence of complement inhibited sporozoite infectivity in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05566.x
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  • 119
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    Eimeria tenella: Parasite-Specific Incorporation of 3H-Uracil as a Quantitative Measure of Intracellular Development (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . An assay has been developed using parasite-specific incorporation of 3H-uracil to assess the intracellular growth of Eimeria tenella in vitro. As shown by both scintillation counts and autoradiography, 3H-uracil was incorporated specifically into intracellular parasites from the onset of infection and continued throughout development of the first generation schizonts. Mature schizonts and first generation merozoites did not continue to incorporate additional 3H-uracil, indicating that RNA synthesis had halted in these stages. Based on these findings, a semi-automated microscale uracil incorporation assay was developed to determine parasite viability. This method should be useful for biochemical studies with intracellular parasites and for screening compounds for anticoccidial activity. The ease, rapidity, and quantitative nature of this assay contrasts favorably with standard morphometric approaches of determining parasite development. In addition, parallel studies using host cell incorporation of 3H-uridine have been introduced as a method of determining whether antiparasitic activity is direct or indirect in relation to effects on the host cell.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05568.x
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  • 120
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    Effect of Cytochalasin B on the Cytokinesis of Thuricola folliculata (Ciliophora, Peritrichida) (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Binary fission of the sessiline loricate peritrich Thuricola folliculata was examined by light microscopy. Cytokinesis, which occurs in the oral-aboral median plane, is 35-40 min in duration. Cytochalasin B (CB) was used at final concentrations of 50–100 μg/ml in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). A transition point occurs at about 20 min after the beginning of binary fission and about 10 min before cytokinesis. In most cases, 50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml CB added to cells before the transition point resulted in delays of cytokinesis which were significant compared to DMSO controls; sometimes, cytokinesis was blocked completely. If added after the transition point, CB had no effect on cells.
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    Macrophage Activation by Tetrahymena pyriformis II. Active Protein Fractions from Tetrahymena (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Water-soluble and 0.6 M KCl-soluble protein fractions prepared from Tetrahymena pyriformis, when inoculated into mice, could effectively induce activated macrophages having the ability to kill Toxoplasma gondii in vitro. This effect was not induced by other proteins tested, such as bovine serum albumin, pepsin from porcine stomach mucosa and chicken egg-white lysozyme, nor by muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a potent immunoadjuvant. Five fractions obtained by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography of the water-soluble protein fraction were compared with regard to induction of toxoplasmacidal activity in macrophages. The first peak was most effective for activation of macrophages. Five fractions obtained by chromatography of the 0.6 M KCl-soluble protein fraction were also examined and it was found that the first peak had the activity. No marked difference in activity was observed between the active fractions of water-soluble and 0.6 M KCl-soluble protein fractions. For practical use, we focused on the water-soluble active fraction. The minimum effective dose of the active fraction was 100 μg and the fraction could activate macrophages directly in vitro. Four fractions obtained by gel filtration of the active fraction on Sephadex G-200 were compared and the first peak had the activity. The first peak contained a single protein, revealed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; its apparent molecular weight was 64,000.
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    Sequence of the Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Gene from the Hypotrichous Ciliate Euplotes aediculatus (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the small subunit rRNA gene of the hypotrichous ciliate Euplotes aediculatus. It is 1882 nucleotides long and contains several inserts not present in the small subunit rRNA genes of the hypotrichs Oxytricha nova and Stylonychia pustulata. A comparison of the sequences suggests that E. aediculatus is much less closely related to these other two hypotrichs than they are to each other. Although the gene sequence of E. aediculatus is drifting more rapidly than those of these other two species, its faster evolutionary clock is not enough to account for the degree of difference between them.
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    Alternative Processing of Sequences During Macronuclear Development in Tetrahymena thermophila (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . DNA is eliminated during development of the somatic MACronucleus from the germinal MICronucleus in the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila. Facultatively persistent sequences are a class of sequences that persist in the MAC DNA of some cell lines but are eliminated from the MAC DNA of other cell lines. One cloned MAC fragment contains a persistent sequence as well as sequences normally retained in the MAC. When this cloned fragment was used to construct MAC restriction maps of this region in cell lines whose MAC DNAs do, or do not, contain the persistent sequence, extensive variation in the map flanking this region was observed. The different DNA rearrangements of this MIC segment are epigenetically determined during or soon after MAC development. Moreover, different rearrangements may occur among the 45 copies of this MIC segment as a MAC is formed, resulting in polymorphisms that are later resolved by phenotypic assortment.
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    Cytoplasmic Inheritance of Temperature Sensitivity in a Wild Stock of Paramecium primaurelia (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . One stock, GBC, has a maximum temperature of growth about 5°C lower than other recently collected stocks of Paramecium primaurelia. The resistant stocks (R) are able to grow continuously at 35°C while the sensitive stock (S) cells die within 48 h. The F1s of R x S crosses exhibited a cytoplasmic pattern of inheritance and all F2-by-autogamy lines derived from the S cytoplasmic parent are sensitive. The F2-by-autogamy lines cytoplasmically descended from the R parent were predominantly (93%) R in the initial assay. Upon reinvestigation one year later, only 64% of these lines were R, 9% were S, and 27% had a new phenotype, weak (W), intermediate between R and S. Backcrosses of W lines to both R and S strongly suggest that the W lines have normal cytoplasm (i.e. R) but also have nuclear gene(s) for temperature sensitivity that are derived from the original S stock. The delayed manifestation of the W phenotype is not understood.
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    Combined Action of Cadmium and Selenium on Two Marine Dinoflagellates in Culture, Prorocentrum micans Ehrbg. and Crypthecodinium cohnii Biecheler (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The combined action of cadmium and selenium was investigated in two unicellular marine phytoplankton organisms, Prorocentrum micans Ehrbg. and Crypthecodinium cohnii Biecheler, in culture. When present simultaneously in low concentrations, the toxicity of Cd and Se is decreased (antagonism) whereas if one of these elements is present at high concentration, especially for a long period, their toxicity is increased (synergism) more than if they were separate. This interaction affected cell organelles in the following ways: vacuolation, development of chloroplast pyrenoids, and elicitation of lipid vesicles, starch vesicles, giant mitochondria, and lysosomes. Possible competition between these two elements for binding sites is discussed.
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    BOOK REVIEW (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Müller, H. J., ed. 1985. Bestimmung wirbelloser Tiere im Gelände. Bildtafeln für zoologische Bestimmungsübungen und Exkursionen. G. Fischer
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  • 127
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    The Effect of Grazing by a Ciliated Protozoan on Phosphorus Limitation of Heterotrophic Bacteria in Batch Culture (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The yield of the bacterium Enterobacter aerogenes and the ciliate Colpidium colpoda was dependent on initial phosphorus concentrations in batch cultures containing 125 or 250 mg/liter glutamate and 50–1000 μg/liter phosphorus. For both, yield per unit phosphorus declined at higher phosphorus concentrations. A marked decline in growth rate in bacterial cultures was coincident with the depletion of dissolved phosphorus and the development of rapid orthophosphate turnover times. Colpidium introduced to these cultures consumed about 16,000 bacteria/h/ciliate while multiplying exponentially and relieved phosphorus limitation, as indicated by a longer turnover-time for phosphate. The longer turnover-time was due to the reduction of bacterial numbers; in cultures with ciliates, bacteria appear to be more active in taking up phosphate, and much of the total phosphorus accumulates in ciliates. Ciliates released both inorganic and organic phosphorus, but the organic phosphorus did not accumulate to excess in the cultures to an extent that would indicate that it is less used by bacteria. Although ciliates release enough phosphorus to account for ca. 20% of the bacterial uptake, ciliates appear to behave as phosphorus sinks as much as phosphorus recyclers in these closed systems.
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    Relations Between Photobehavior and Ionically Stimulated Swimming Behavior in Paramecium bursaria (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Cells of Paramecium bursaria, which harbor a symbiotic alga of the genus Chlorella, reverse the effective beat of their cilia and swim backward when stimulated in either of two ways. Ionic stimulation is introduction of cells into a solution high in K+ while step-down photostimulation is a sharp reduction in the intensity of light falling on the culture. Much is known about the mechanisms of ionic stimulation of ciliary reversal, but little is known about step-down photobehavior. Inhibitors of ionically stimulated ciliary reversal were applied to cells undergoing step-down photobehavior; Ca-channel inhibitors, neomycin and W-7, inhibit both behaviors. Activation of Ca-channels in the ciliary membrane is involved in step-down photobehavior, suggesting that the algae may alter the Paramecium membrane to make it more excitable.
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    Cytochrome-Free Mitochondria of an Anaerobic Protozoan—Blastocystis hominis (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Isolated mitochondria of the anaerobic protozoan Blastocystis hominis were subjected to spectral analysis, color, catalase, and peroxidase tests and found to be completely negative for cytochrome enzymes, catalase, and peroxide. Based on the absence of cytochrome enzymes, the possible evolution of B. hominis mitochondria from anaerobic bacteria is postulated.
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    Fine Structure and Development of Pilosporella chapmani (Microspora: Thelohaniidae) in the Mosquito, Aedes triseriatus (Say) (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . New information on the life cycle and fine structure of Pilosporella chapmani, a microsporidium of the mosquito Aedes triseriatus, is presented. Pilosporella chapmani is shown to have two sporulation sequences, one of them being involved in transovarial transmission. One sequence, involving meiosis and production of a moniliform sporogonial plasmodium, occurs in the larval fat body, resulting in eight uninucleate, spherical, and fully developed spores. The other occurs in oenocytes of adult mosquitoes and results in isolated, binucleate, elongate, and thin-walled spores. Also, for the first time, metabolic products are shown to be expelled into the surrounding host tissues through the wall of the sporocyst.
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    An Immunofluorescent Study of the Microtubule Organization in Trichomonas vaginalis Using Antitubulin Antibodies (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The flagellated protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis, parasite of the human urogenital tract, possesses a well developed microtubule system organized in highly differentiated structures. We have shown by immunoblotting that monospecific anti-sheep brain tubulin antibodies are able to react with the microtubular tubulin of T. vaginalis. These antibodies were used to study the microtubular system of T. vaginalis both in interphase and mitosis by indirect immunofluorescence. The interphase microtubular pattern, characterized by an axostyle, a pelta, four anterior flagella, and a recurrent flagellum, displayed remarkable changes at the onset of mitosis: the axostyle disappeared, and two pole bodies connected by a short spindle became evident; chromosomal fibers arose while pole-to-pole fibers elongated. The last phases of mitosis were marked by the disappearance of chromosomal fibers, the appearance of two small axostyles, and the depolymerization of the pole-to-pole bundle. At the end of mitosis, the normal interphase microtubule pattern was observed.
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    The Structure and Function of Müller Vesicles in Loxodid Ciliates (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The Müller vesicle is a characteristic organelle of loxodid ciliates. Its structure and development have been investigated using light microscopy and TEM. The organelle consists of a membrane-covered mineral body (the statolith), a vacuole, and various structures derived from the overlying kinety. There is strong evidence that the vesicle functions as a gravity sensor: a) its structure and relative dimensions fulfil the minimum requirements of a functional statocyst; b) its structure bears a close resemblance to the statocysts of some higher animals; c) re-orientation of the cell with respect to gravity produces a gravity-induced displacement of the mineral body, and d) geotaxis in Loxodes can be demonstrated experimentally. The transduction of the signal probably takes place at the level of the two kinetosomes of the organelle, one of which is in close contact with the cell membrane, while the other is connected to the statolith by a fairly rigid stalk containing a bundle of microtubules.
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    Poly(A)-Containing RNA from the Spleens of Mice with Chagas’Disease Triggers In Vitro Macrophage Resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Mouse peritoneal macrophages exposed to the RNA from the spleens of mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (iRNA) exhibit enhanced resistance to this parasite. The poly(A)-containing iRNA was found to be the active fraction. No such activity was observed in macrophages incubated with RNA from normal mice (nRNA) or with synthetic poly A.
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    Axenic Cultivation and Ultrastructural Study of a Phytomonas sp. Isolated from the Milkweed Plant Euphorbia hyssopifolia (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . A large number of trypanosomatids was seen in the latex of the milkweed plant Euphorbia hyssopifolia found in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The parasites, which belong to the genus Phytomonas, were isolated and axenically cultivated in a biphasic culture medium. The form and the structural organization of the parasites as found in the intact plant, in the isolated latex, and in the culture medium was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
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    Determinations of Volumes and Minimal Surface Areas of Individual Compressed Live Tetrahymena (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . A method to determine the volume of individual live Tetrahymena with improved precision has been developed. Cells are compressed between a microslide and coverslip and their volume calculated from their thickness and area determined by interference microscopy and from a photomicrograph, respectively. A formula has been derived to correct for the “edge error” which arises because the rounded edges of the cells are projected on the film as if they were rectangular. The minimal surface area of compressed cells, i.e. that necessary to surround the cells smoothly, can also be calculated. Cells may be recovered after measurements. The method may also be applied to other cells.
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    Pyrotheca hydropsycheae N. Sp., a Microsporidian Parasite of Caddis Fly Larvae, Hydropsyche siltalai Döhler, 1963 (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae) (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Pyrotheca hydropsycheae n. sp. is described from caddis fly larvae, Hydropsyche siltalai Döhler, 1963. All stages were found in oenocytes and fat body cells. Meronts were uni- or binucleate with simple surface membranes. The sporogonic stages were recognized ultrastructurally by the separation of an envelope, the sporophorous vesicle, from their surfaces. Mature sporogonial plasmodia were tetranucleate and gave rise by longitudinal fission to four uninucleate elongate sporoblasts with polar nuclei. Spores were lageniform with an inflated posterior end, containing the polar tube coils and the nucleus, and a narrow anterior section comprising two-thirds of the length, containing the polaroplast and straight part of the polar tube. The polaroplast consisted of an anterior region of loosely packed membranes arranged as partitions at angles to one another and a posterior region of increasingly closely packed parallel membranes. The spore wall consisted of an electron-dense exospore with a fuzzy coat and a thin electron-lucent endospore. All four spores derived from a sporont faced in the same direction in the sporophorous vesicle. Spores measured 8.7 μm long and extruded polar filaments were about 20 μm.
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    The 200th Anniversary of “O.F.M., 1786”: A Tribute to The First Comprehensive Taxonomic Treatment of the Protozoa (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05645.x
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    Recognition of Prey by Suctoria: The Role of Cilia (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The interaction between the predator, Discophrya collini, and the prey, Tetrahymena pyriformis, was investigated in order to determine what prey factors(s) may be recognized, facilitating the feeding response of the suctorian predator. When viable, deciliated T. pyriformis were offered to starved D. collini, only 12% of the suctoria captured a ciliate compared to 98% when presented with ciliated T. pyriformis. Starved suctoria were also offered three types of tanned sheep erythrocytes used as artificial prey. After exposure to erythrocytes coated with sonicates of T. pyriformis, 16% of the D. collini displayed one or more attached erythrocytes but after incubation with erythrocytes coated with T. pyriformis cilia, 72% of the suctoria had tentacles with attached cells. No untreated, tanned erythrocytes were captured. When T. pyriformis were treated with ciliary antiserum and then offered to starved D. collini, the resulting capture rate was low (13%), but T. pyriformis treated with normal rabbit serum were captured at a rate comparable to controls (92%). These results suggest that the prey's cilia and/or their surface macromolecules may facilitate prey capture.
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    Acid Intracellular Vesicles and the Cytolysis of Mammalian Target Cells by Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoites (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Entamoeba histolytica kills mammalian target cells in a multi-step sequential process with separate adherence, cytolytic, and phagocytic events. In the studies reported here, we used fluorescein isothiocyanate linked to dextran to label the endocytic vesicles of the HM1 strain of E. histolytica and measure vesicle pH (5.1 ± 0.2 by spectrofluorimetry). Concentrations of NH4Cl (1.0–10.0 mM) sufficient to increase vesicle pH to °5.7 inhibited amebic killing of target Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as assayed by trypan blue staining, by the release of 3H-thymidine previously incorporated into CHO cell monolayers, and by the release of 111indium oxine from radiolabeled CHO cells. Similar effects were also observed with two other weak bases, primaquine and chloroquine (both 50 μM). In contrast, NH4Cl (10 mM) did not affect either the adherence or phagocytic events, as measured by amebic adherence to CHO cells at 4°C and by the binding and ingestion of 3H-leucine-labeled bacteria. In the presence of NH4Cl and and the carbohydrate ligand asialofetuin, there was no evidence of intracellular trapping of the amebic galactose-inhibitable lectin; inhibition of adherence by cycloheximide (10 μg/ml for 3 h) suggested rapid turnover of the surface lectin. Prolonged exposure to NH4Cl for 48 h (which had no effect on amebic protein synthesis) or shorter exposure to cycloheximide (10 μg for 3 h) produced persistent inhibition of cytolysis. These results indicate that an uninterrupted acid pH in intracellular endocytic vesicles is necessary for the cytolysis of target cells by E. histolytica trophozoites.
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    Cytolytic Activity of Naegleria fowleri Cell-free Extract (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The cytotoxic activity of a cell-free extract of Naegleria fowleri amebae on B103 rat nerve cells in culture was investigated. The cell-free extract was prepared by subjecting lysed amebae to centrifugation at 100,000 g for 1 h, precipitation of the supernatant fluid with 30–60% saturated ammonium sulfate, and desalting by group exclusion chromatography utilizing Sephadex G-25. The supernatant fluid recovered from this procedure was termed the soluble fraction. The Naegleria cytotoxic activity present in the soluble fraction was assayed by 51Cr released from labeled B103 cells. The Naegleria soluble fraction, when added to nerve cells, elicited blebs on the B103 target cell surface within 5 min after exposure to the fraction. Later, holes were observed in the B103 cell plasma membrane. These alterations were never observed on untreated B103 cells. Phospholipase A, phospholipase C, and protease activities were associated with the desalted ammonium sulfate-precipitable cytotoxic activity of N. fowleri cell-free lysate. The cytotoxic activity was impaired by ethylenediamine-tetraacetate (EDTA), phospholipase A inhibitor (Rosenthal's reagent), heating at 50°C for 15 min, or incubation at pH 10 for 60 min. Repeated freeze-thawing and inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes had no effect on the cytotoxic activity. Small amounts of ethanol (5% v/v) enhanced cytotoxic activity of the fraction. Phospholipases A and C, as well as other as yet unidentified cytolytic factors may be responsible for producing 51Cr release from target cells by the soluble fraction of N. fowleri extracts.
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    Trypanosoma cruzi: Structure and Transcription of Kinetoplast DNA Maxicircles of Cloned Stocks (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Restriction endonuclease mapping of the Trypanosoma cruzi kinetoplast DNA maxicircle was performed in nine cloned stocks using maxicircle probes from T. brucei. Analysis of the maxicircle 13–15-kbp encoding region allowed cloned stocks to be divided into three groups: A, B, and C. Parasites from groups A and B had 3% sequence divergence while parasites from group C showed 16–17% sequence divergence with regard to parasites from groups A and B. Cross-hybridization experiments demonstrated that the 23–25-kbp maxicircle divergent region was similar in sequence in group A and B, but different in group C parasites. The high homology of the T. cruzi and T. brucei encoding regions allowed the use of T. brucei probes to detect T. cruzi transcripts, whose overall picture did not differ for parasites from any of the nine assayed clones.
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    Enzydmatic Characterization of Babesia bovis (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to identify metabolic enzymes in Babesia bovis and B. bigemina. Glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase, and hexokinase were identified in B. bovis- and B. bigemina-infected erythrocytes and B. bovis merozoite preparations. A specific electrophoretic mobility was observed for each enzyme. Malate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and adenylate kinase were only detected in normal erythrocyte preparations. Inter-species, but not intra-species, variation was noted when comparing electrophoretograms of both species. Kinin-activating activity was not detected in B. bovis-infected erythrocyte or merozoite preparations at pH 4.2 or 7.6.
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    Cultivation of Phytomonas françai Associated with Poor Development of Root System of Cassava (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . In the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, a cassava disease was recently described, and subsequently a high density of trypanosomatids was revealed in the latex of unhealthy plants. To better characterize this flagellate, Phytomonas françai, we tried to grow it axenically. Successful results were obtained using a biphasic medium containing rabbit blood in the solid phase and a defined medium as overlay.
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    Concentration and Enzyme Content of In Vitro-Cultured Babesia bigemina-Infected Erythrocytes (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Clones of in vitro-cultured Babesia bigemina-infected erythrocytes were concentrated by several density gradient procedures. The density range of infected erythrocytes containing pairs of parasites was 1.077 to 1.089 g/ml, whereas the density range of infected erythrocytes containing single parasites was 1.092 to 1.100 g/ml. Three enzymes-lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-phosphate isomerase, and glutamate dehydrogenase-were found associated with infected erythrocytes. The parasite-specific enzyme and/or isoenzymes were shown to have different mobility patterns in starch gel electrophoresis from those found in the normal bovine erythrocytes. The enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was not detected as a parasite-specific enzyme in B. bigemina-infected erythrocytes.
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  • 145
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    Effects of DL-Alpha-Difluoromethylornithine on Leishmania donovani Promastigotes (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, has been demonstrated to be an effective agent against a variety of parasitic protozoa but not against Leishmania spp. In this report, we show that Leishmania donovani promastigotes in continuous culture are sensitive to the growth inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of DFMO. Incubation of the promastigotes with DFMO obliterates intracellular putrescine pools and depletes spermidine concentrations, which correlates with the onset of growth inhibition. The effects of DFMO on the growth and the intracellular polyamine pools can be reversed completely by the addition of 10 μM putrescine to the culture medium. These results suggest that the treatment of leishmaniasis may be amenable to chemotherapeutic manipulation by DFMO.
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  • 146
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    Encystation of Entamoeba invadens IP-1 Is Induced by Lowering the Osmotic Pressure and Depletion of Nutrients from the Medium (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Trophozoites of Entamoeba invadens IP-1 can be induced to encyst in simple solutions composed of semipermeable constituents (buffer, salts, or sugars) provided that their osmotic pressure is in the range of 60–160 mosmol/kg. Optimal yield of mature cysts was obtained when the osmotic pressure of the medium was 110 mosmol/kg. Encystation could be obtained in the absence of serum although higher yields were obtained in its presence. No difference in the yield of mature cysts was found when either dialyzed or full serum was used. High yields of encystation were obtained (〉70%) in the presence of 5% serum in solutions of NaCl, KCl, or MgSO4, suggesting that the mechanism of encystation is not induced via sodium or potassium channels. Cysts were obtained in the presence of 72 mM glucose, indicating that depletion of a carbon source is not the only requirement for encystation. A rapid change in the density of the Entamoeba cells was observed upon transfer of trophozoites (density 1.061–1.073 g/ml) from growth medium to the low osmotic pressure encystation solutions. Within the first 2 min their density decreased (to 1.050 g/ml), but it soon increased, reaching within 30 min a density higher than 1.120 g/ml. As the encystation process continued to completion, the density of the cells gradually decreased, the mature cysts reaching a density of 1.049–1.061 g/ml.
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    Polyamine Depletion Following Exposure to DL-α-Difluoromethylornithine Both In Vivo and In Vitro Initiates Morphological Alterations and Mitochondrial Activation in a Monomorphic Strain of Trypanosoma brucei brucei (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . DL-α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a specific irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), rapidly depletes cells of intracellular putrescine. When administered to animals and humans, DFMO cures acute infections of trypanosomiasis. In order to determine if the mechanism of drug action is related to initiation of transformation and biochemical alterations subsequent to polyamine depletion, trypanosome morphology and mitochondrial activation were studied in a monomorphic strain of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Exposure of trypanosomes to DFMO in vivo in infected rodents or in vitro in culture resulted in a depletion of intracellular putrescine and a cessation of cell division without specific cytotoxicity. These events were followed by a transformation of the long slender bloodstream form to a short stumpy form via an intermediate morphology. Putrescine, the product of the ODC reaction, abrogates this effect. When introduced into SDM-79 medium, the intermediate form is capable of further transformation to an “insect” procyclic trypomastigote whereas the long slender form and short stumpy form are not. Short stumpy forms are incapable of binary fission and have lost their infectivity for the vertebrate host. In addition, the mitochondrial marker enzyme, NAD diaphorase, was found only in the short stumpy and intermediate forms. We hypothesize that the short stumpy phenotype may not be a viable stage in the natural transformation of the trypanosome from its mammalian host to the insect vector.
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    Food Vacuoles During Heat-Shock-Induced Transformation from the Microstomal to the Macrostomal Cell Type of Tetrahymena vorax (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The heat-shock method for induction of the macrostomal form of Tetrahymena vorax involves the transfer of cells to reduced nutrient medium and the application of a series of elevated temperature shocks followed by washing the protozoa into inorganic medium. The component of the procedure that had the greatest effect on food vacuoles was the heat shocks. At the end of the heat shocks, cells formed vacuoles at a lower rate than non-heat-shocked cells, but the size of the vacuoles formed was larger and the protozoa contained an increased number of vacuoles and total vacuolar membrane. The rate was further reduced by washing cells into nonnutrient medium. In the absence of the heat shocks, the medium had little effect on the capacity of the cells to form vacuoles although after 7.5 h in inorganic medium, the vacuoles formed were smaller and the protozoa possessed fewer vacuoles and therefore less vacuolar membrane. The amount of membrane required to form the cytopharyngeal pouch of the macrostomal cell type was equivalent to the surface area of food vacuoles present in cells prior to the onset of the heat shocks, but the number and surface area of vacuoles decline between the time of oral resorption and pouch development.
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    Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies of Blastocrithidia triatomae (Trypanosomatidae) in the Rectum of Triatoma infestans (Reduviidae) (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The morphology of Blastocrithidia triatomae, when colonizing the rectum of Triatoma infestans, was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The posterior end of the epimastigote's body is tapered and often rolled up. The “straphangers” (cyst stages) are connected with the flagellum by “cytoplasmic bridges”; after “straphanger” detachment these bridges persist as remnants. A comparison of colonization densities of B. triatomae and Trypanosoma cruzi shows that both prefer to colonize the rectal gland, but minor density differences are apparent for B. triatomae in other rectal regions. The colonization density in established infections of B. triatomae is always greater than that of T. cruzi, especially near the midgut exit.
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  • 150
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    Lipidic Vacuoles in Plasmodium knowlesi Erythrocytic Schizonts (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Electron microscopy of schizont development in erythrocytic Plasmodium knowlesi has revealed that spheroidal vacuoles 250 nm in diameter with semi-dense contents appear at the periphery of the parasite prior to the budding of merozoites. When treated with non-polar solvents, their contents are completely extracted, and after fixation in tannic-glutaraldehyde they contain regular lamellae with a periodicity of 5.5 nm. Both of these reactions are typical of lipids. Some of these structures are associated with phagosomal vacuoles which may contribute to their lamellae. They disappear at the onset of merozoite formation, but membranous whorls of various sizes continue to be associated with the schizont surface during budding of merozoites. It is suggested that the lipidic vacuoles are a source of preformed lipid which can be utilized rapidly during the generation of merozoites.
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    Coccidian Parasites (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Insectivores. II. Six New Species from Japanese Shrew Moles (Talpidae) (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Thirty-eight of 51 (74.5%) shrew moles collected in Japan were infected with from one to four species of Eimeria and/or Isospora including six of six Dymecodon pilirostris and 32 of 45 (71.1%) Urotrichus talpoides. Four eimerians and two isosporans were identified and all are described as new species. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria amorphospora n. sp. were subspheroid/ellipsoid, 21.1 × 17.9(18-25 × 16-21) μm. Sporocysts were amorphous, gelatinoid envelopes 20.3 × 7.5 (17–24 × 7–9) μm. Sporozoites were enclosed together within a membrane in each sporocyst. This species was found in 9 of 45 (20%) U. talpoides. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria gonocilia n. sp. were subspheroid/ellipsoid, 28.8 × 24.4 (25–30 × 21–28) μm; a highly ornate outer oocyst wall gave the appearance of a ciliated ball. Sporocysts ovoid, pointed at both ends, were 17.0 × 9.0 (15–19 × 7–11) μm; this species was found in 4 of 45 (8.9%) U. talpoides. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria talpoidei n. sp. were asymmetrical ovoid, 20.6 × 13.3 (18–23 × 12–15) μm, with sporocysts lacrimiform, 12.0 × 5.8 (10–14 × 5–7) μm. This species was found in 7 of 45 (15.6%) U. talpoides. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria honshuensis n. sp. were ellipsoid, 15.5 × 11.4 (13–18 × 10–13) μm, with sporocysts ovoid, 9.1 × 5.2 (8–10 × 4–6) μm. This species was found in 10 of 45 (22.2%) U. talpoides and in 5 of 6 (83.3%) D. pilirostris. Sporulated oocysts of Isospora dymecodi n. sp. were subspheroid/ellipsoid, 15.8 × 12.6 (13–17 × 11–13) μm, with sporocysts ellipsoid, 10.9 × 6.9 (10–13 × 6–8). This species was found in six of six D. pilirostris. Sporulated oocysts of Isospora urotrichi n. sp. were spheroid/subspheroid, 13.4 × 12.4 (11–16 × 9–14) μm, with sporocysts ovoid, 9.2 × 6.3 (8–11 × 5–7) μm. This species was found in 27 of 45 (60%) U. talpoides. Only 14 of 38 (36.8%) infected hosts (one D. pilirostris, 13 U. talpoides) were seen to be naturally infected with only one coccidian species when sampled.
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    Pterospora schizosoma, a New Species of Aseptate Gregarine from the Coelom of Axiothella rubrocincta (Polychaeta, Maldanidae) (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . An undescribed species of aseptate gregarine, for which the name Pterospora schizosoma is proposed, occurs in the coelom of the maldanid polychaete Axiothella rubrocincta (Johnson). The body of the mature gamont is divided into two cylindrical trunks, which are joined anteriorly. Posteriorly, each trunk bifurcates twice, thereby producing four terminal branches. The length of the entire organism varies from 230–600 μm. The organism actively pumps endoplasm from one trunk to the other, and the nucleus (average = 56.2 × 25.9 μm) moves with the flowing endoplasm. In all four of the previously described species, the gamont's main trunks arise from a substantial body mass whereas in P. schizosoma the trunks make up most of the body mass. Pterospora schizosoma's oocysts possess a distinct outer and inner capsule, which contains eight tightly appressed sporozoites.
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    Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Sciurid Rodents (Eutamias, Sciurus, Tamiasciurus spp.) from the Western United States and Northern Mexico with Descriptions of Two New Species (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Since May 1979, 190 rodents in the family Sciuridae, representing three genera and nine species, have been collected in the western United States and northern Mexico and examined for coccidia; 71 (37%) had coccidian oocysts in their feces. These included 2 of 12 (17%) Eutamias canipes; 7 of 12 (58%) E. dorsalis; 18 of 50 (36%) E. merriami; 33 of 96 (34%) E. obscurus; 3 of 4 (75%) E. townsendii; 3 of 9 (33%) Sciurus aberti; 1 of 1 S. griseus; 1 of 1 Tamiasciurus hudsonicus mogollonensis; and 3 of 5 (60%) T. mearnsi. The following coccidians were identified from infected rodents: Eimeria cochisensis n. sp. and Eimeria dorsalis n. sp. from E. canipes; E. cochisensis, E. dorsalis, and E. tamiasciuri from E. dorsalis; E. dorsalis and E. tamiasciuri from E. merriami; E. cochisensis, E. dorsalis, E. tamiasciuri, and E. wisconsinensis from E. obscurus; E. cochisensis and E. dorsalis from E. townsendii; E. ontarioensis and E. tamiasciuri from S. aberti; E. tamiasciuri from S. griseus; E. tamiasciuri and E. toddi from T. h. mogollonensis; and E. tamiasciuri from T. mearnsi. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria dorsalis n. sp. were ovoid, 21.9 × 16.8 (17–24 × 14–20) μm with sporocysts ovoid, 11.5 × 6.9 (10–14 × 6–8) μm. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria cochisensis n. sp. were spheroid to subspheroid, 16.7 × 15.3 (15–18 × 14–17) μm, with sporocysts ovoid, 8.4 × 5.6 (6–11 × 4–7) μm. Fifty-five of 71 (77%) infected hosts had oocysts of only one eimerian species in their feces at the time they were examined. One eimerian, E. tamiasciuri, was found in seven of nine host species in three genera. A list is provided of all eimerians (22, including the species described here) that have been described in the literature from Eutamias, Sciurus, and Tamiasciurus spp.
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    Gibbsia archiuli (Apicomplexa, Eucoccidiorida) n. g., n. sp. from the Millipede Archiulus moreleti (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Gibbsia archiuli n. g., n. sp. (Eucoccidiorida, Adeleidae) is named for the apicomplexan protozoon described by Gibbs (1952) from the blood cells of the South African garden millipede Archiulus moreleti. Merogony, gamogony, and sporogony all take place in the host's blood cells. The oocysts contain four sporocysts, each with one sporozoite. The microgametes are not flagellated.
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    The Life Cycle of Cryptosporidium baileyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) Infecting Chickens (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The life cycle and morphology of a previously undescribed species of Cryptosporidium isolated from commercial broiler chickens is described. The prepatent period for Cryptosporidium baileyi n. sp. was three days post oral inoculation (PI) of oocysts, and the patent period was days 4–24 PI for chickens inoculated at two days of age and days 4–14 for chickens inoculated at one and six months of age. During the first three days PI, most developmental stages of C. baileyi were found in the microvillous region of enterocytes of the ileum and large intestine. By day 4 PI, most parasites occurred in enterocytes of the cloaca and bursa of Fabricius (BF). Mature Type I meronts with eight merozoites first appeared 12 h PI and measured 5.0 × 4.9 μm. Mature Type II meronts with four merozoites and a large granular residuum first appeared 48 h PI and measured 5.1 × 5.1 μm. Type I meronts with eight short merozoites and a large homogeneous residuum first appeared 72 h PI and measured 5.2 × 5.1 μm. Microgamonts (4.0 × 4.0 μm) produced 16 micro-gametes that penetrated into macrogametes (4.7 × 4.7 μm). Macrogametes gave rise to two types of oocysts that sporulated within the host cells. Most were thick-walled oocysts (6.3 × 5.2 μm), the resistant forms that passed unaltered in the feces. Some were thin-walled oocysts whose wall (membrane) readily ruptured upon release from the host cell. Sporozoites from thin-walled oocysts were observed penetrating enterocytes in mucosal smears. The presence of thin-walled, autoinfective oocysts and the recycling of Type I meronts may explain why chickens develop heavy intestinal infections lasting up to 21 days. Oocysts of C. baileyi were inoculated orally into several animals to determine its host specificity. Cryptosporidium baileyi did not produce infections in suckling mice and goats or in two-dayold or two-week-old quail. One of six 10-day-old turkeys had small numbers of asexual stages only in the BF. Four of six one-day-old turkeys developed mild infections only in the BF, and sexual stages of the parasite were observed in only one of the four. All seven one-day-old ducks and seven two-day-old geese developed heavy infections only in the BF with all known developmental stages present.
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    Eimeria tarentolae n. sp. from the Moorish Gecko, Tarentola mauritanica (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . A new species of Eimeria from the Moorish gecko, Tarentola mauritanica, of Minorca, Spain, is described. Oocysts of Eimeria tarentolae are ellipsoidal and measure 17.8 (17.6–18.7) μm by 13.5 (12.9–14.0) μm. Micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule are absent. Each oocyst contains four spherical to slightly subspherical sporocysts 6.8 (6.4–7.0) μm in diameter. A sporocyst residuum is present, while a Stieda body is lacking. Sporulation is completed within 24–32 h at 21 ± 2°C.
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    Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903: From Xenic to Axenic Cultivation (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05545.x
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    Movement of Naegleria fowleri Stimulated by Mammalian Cells In Vitro (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Naegleria fowleri amebae, but not those of N. australiensis, N. gruberi, or N. lovaniensis, demonstrated enhanced motility when placed in proximity to mammalian cells. Amebae of nonpathogenic species of Naegleria, however, were more motile in cell culture medium than the amebae of N. fowleri. The locomotory response of highly pathogenic mouse-passaged N. fowleri amebae to nerve cells was greater than axenically cultured amebae. The enhanced mobility elicited by whole nerve cells or disrupted nerve cells was not directed migration but chemokinetic. Naegleria fowleri responded to disrupted neuroblastoma cells more vigorously than to disrupted African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells.
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    Immunoblot Analysis of Exospore Polypeptides from Some Entomophilic Microsporidia (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Immunological relationships between genera and species of microsporidia were examined by immunoblot analysis. Exospore polypeptides from two Nosema spp., three Vairimorpha spp., and two undescribed Vairimorpha-like isolates were analyzed. Gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis revealed that a variety of polypeptides, mostly between 15,000 and 90,000 molecular weight, are present on the exospore. The three Vairimorpha spp. are closely related immunologically to each other, but less so to the two undescribed Vairimorpha-like isolates. The two Nosema spp. are immunologically distant from each other and from the Vairimorpha spp. Indirect evidence, however, indicated that many internal spore polypeptides present in both genera are similar. Cross-reactivity between exospore polypeptides from entomophilic microsporidia and antisera to a mammalian microsporidium, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, was very limited. These results indicate that immunoblot analysis of exospore polypeptides may be employed to investigate the interrelatedness of microsporidian species, and that exospore polypeptides of some microsporidia are sufficiently diverse to be of immunodiagnostic value.
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    Effect of Colchicine, Vinblastine, and Cytochalasin B on Cell Surface Anionic Sites of Tritrichomonas foetus (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Drugs that interact with microtubules (colchicine and vinblastine) and microfilaments (cytochalasin B) partially inhibited cell growth and motility of Tritrichomonas foetus. Parasites incubated with these substances became rounded and cell division was blocked. Neither colchicine nor vinblastine disrupted the microtubules that form the peltar-axostylar system. Any one of these drugs interfered with the net negative surface charge of T. foetus as evaluated by determination of the cellular electrophoretic mobility (EPM). The decrease in the EPM of cytochalasin B-treated cells was caused by dimethylsulfoxide, which was used as solvent. Untreated cells as well as cytochalasin B-treated cells showed a uniform distribution of anionic sites on the plasma membrane as seen with cationized ferritin particles. In cells treated with colchicine or vinblastine the anionic sites were distributed in patches. These results are discussed in terms of participation of labile cytoplasmic microtubules and microfilaments in the control of the distribution of anionic sitecontaining macromolecules located on the cell surface of T. foetus.
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    In Vitro Production of Metacyclic Forms of Trypanosoma musculi and Their Infectivity in CBA Mice (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma musculi, cultured in Schneider's drosophila medium at room temperature, multiply and differentiate through a series of developmental stages into infective metacyclic trypomastigotes in 10 days. Oral inoculation with these culture forms into CBA mice produced a parasitemia similar to that produced by intraperitoneal infection with bloodstream forms except for a three-day longer prepatent period. Attempts to induce parasitemia with bloodstream forms given orally were unsuccessful.
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    Identification of the Basal Bodies and Kinetodesmal Fibers in Living Cells of Paramecium tetraurelia Sonneborn, 1975 and Paramecium sonneborni Aufderheide, Daggett & Nerad, 1983 (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Critical use of Nomarski DIC optics and a rotocompressor permits basal bodies and kinetodesmal fibers to be visualized in the cortices of living Paramecium tetraurelia and Paramecium sonneborni. The identification of these structures is confirmed by the correspondence of the images obtained by DIC optics of living cells and by brightfield optics of fixed cells stained by the Fernández-Galiano silver technique.Examination of cells carrying cortical inversions (portions of the cortex rotated 180°) shows that inverted regions may be identified and distinguished from normal regions by the orientation of the kinetodesmal fibers of the kinetids (cortical units) within the kineties (ciliary rows). This demonstrates that both the asymmetry and the polarity of each cortical unit may be assessed in the living cell. This technique has useful applications in the study of morphogenesis and patterning in living cells and for the screening of mutations and variants conferring altered cortical phenotypes.
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  • 163
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    A Comparison of Endogenous Development of Three Isolates of Cryptosporidium in Suckling Mice (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Suckling mice were used as a model host to compare the endogenous development of three different isolates of Cryptosporidium: one from a naturally infected calf, one from an immunocompetent human with a short-term diarrheal illness, and one from a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and persistent, life-threatening, gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis. After oral inoculation of mice with oocysts, no differences were noted among developmental stages of the three isolates in their sites of infection, times of appearance, and duration, morphology, and fine structure. Sporozoites excysted within the lumen of the duodenum and ileum, penetrated into the microvillous region of villous enterocytes, and developed into type I meronts with six or eight merozoites. Type I merozoites penetrated enterocytes and underwent cyclic development as type I meronts or they became type II meronts with four merozoites. Type II merozoites did not exhibit cyclic development but developed directly into sexual forms. Microgamonts produced £16 small, bullet-shaped microgametes, which were observed attaching to and penetrating macrogametes. Approximately 80% of the oocysts observed in enterocytes had a thick, two-layered wall. After sporulating within the parasitophorous vacuole, these thick-walled oocysts passed through the gut unaltered and were the resistant forms that transmitted the infection to a new host. Approximately 20% of the oocysts in enterocytes consisted of four sporozoites and a residuum surrounded only by a single oocyst membrane that ruptured soon after the parasite was released from the host cell. The presence of thin-walled, autoinfective oocysts and recycling of type I meronts may explain why a small oral inoculum can produce an overwhelming infection in a suitable host and why immune deficient persons can have persistent, life-threatening cryptosporidiosis in the absence of repeated oral exposure to thick-walled oocysts.
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    Effects of Mitochondrial Inhibitors on Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum in In Vitro Cultures (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Malarial parasites infecting mammalian hosts are considered to be homolactate fermentors at their asexual intraerythrocytic developmental stage; however, existing ultrastructural and biochemical evidence suggest that their acristate mitochondria could be involved in energy metabolism. In the present study, inhibitors of mitochondrial function including compounds which act on NADH and succinate dehydrogenases, electron transport and mitochondrial ATPase, as well as uncouplers, were found to inhibit the growth and propagation of the human parasite Plasmodium falciparum in in vitro cultures at concentrations that specifically affect mitochondrial functions. Direct measurement of parasite protein and nucleic acid synthesis in synchronized cultures showed that throughout the parasite life cycle both processes were inhibited, the latter process being more sensitive. These results strongly suggest that intraerythrocytic malarial parasites require mitochondrial energy production.
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    Morphological and Biochemical Correlates in the Characterization of Sarcocystis spp. (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Isoenzyme electrophoretic techniques were applied to the characterization of seven Sarcocystis spp. that had been identified by conventional morphological studies. Cystozoites were harvested from macroscopic cysts from sheep, cattle, and mice and from microscopic cysts from sheep, cattle, and goats. Soluble cystozoite extracts were subjected to cellulose acetate gel electrophoresis and characterized at 15 of the 39 enzyme loci examined. Genetic relationships among isolates were examined by simple phenetic clustering. Two different morphological types of macroscopic cysts from sheep, identified as S. gigantea (syn. S. ovifelis) and S. medusiformis, consistently differed at 40% of the loci examined. Such genetic divergence confirms their separate morphotypic classification. Both differed from microscopic cyst isolates from sheep at 87% of the loci examined; however, two different morphotypes of microscopic cysts were found in the sheep sampled (thick-walled and thin-walled cysts). Until sufficient numbers of each type can be isolated and examined separately, both were regarded as belonging to the species S. tenella (syn. S. ovicanis). Macroscopic and microscopic cysts from cattle consistently differed at 80% of the loci thereby supporting their separate classification as S. hirsuta (syn. S. bovifelis) and S. cruzi (syn. S. bovicanis), respectively. Isolates from goats (microscopic cysts identified as S. capracanis) differed from S. tenella and S. cruzi at 20% and 47% of the loci, respectively. All macroscopic cyst isolates from the various host animal species (including S. muris from mice) differed from each other at nearly all loci. Isoenzyme electrophoretic techniques therefore provided genetic evidence supporting the classification of these various Sarcocystis spp. by their morphological characteristics.
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    Detection of Babesia bovis Using DNA Hybridization (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Plasmids containing inserts of Babesia bovis DNA were prepared and clones suitable for use in the diagnosis of B. bovis infections were isolated. Dot blot hybridization with DNA from these plasmids, which probably contain repetitive sequences, can detect after an overnight exposure 100 pg of B. bovis DNA, which corresponds to the amount of DNA present in 50 μl of 0.01% parasitemic erythrocytes. No detectable cross-hybridization was observed with Babesia microti, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Boophilus, or cow DNA. A small amount of cross-hybridization was observed with 10 ng Babesia bigemina DNA. Use of these probes in a hybridization assay may be helpful in the diagnosis of babesiosis in cattle and ticks, in the confirmation of strain identities, and in correlating virulence with particular strains of Babesia.
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    An Unusual Structure in the Primary Cyst Wall of Sarcocystis hemionilatrantis (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Disc-shaped plaques were found in the primary cyst wall of sarcocysts of Sarcocystis hemionilatrantis in mule deer in Montana. Ultrastructurally, the plaques were 190.5 nm in diameter, 161.6 nm thick and consisted of six distinct layers with microfilaments arising from the innermost layer. These unusual plaques have not been reported previously for any species of Sarcocystis.
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    ANNOUNCEMENT (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    An Improved Procedure for the Purification of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) Metacyclics from the Insect Vector (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . We have developed an improved procedure for isolating and purifying the metacyclic trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi from infected Triatoma infestans. The procedure was simple, did not require time-consuming removal of the insect gut, and gave a good recovery of metacyclics. Purification involved centrifugal flotation of the parasites in Percoll followed by diethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography. The resulting purified metacyclics exhibited no loss of infectivity when assayed in mice as compared to metacyclics taken directly from the insects.
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    Experimental Transmission of Caryospora simplex (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) to Palestine Vipers, Vipera xanthina palestinae (Serpentes: Viperidae) (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Four littermate, laboratory-reared Palestine vipers, Vipera xanthina palestinae (#149, #150, #151, #152) (Serpentes: Viperidae) were used to determine modes by which Caryospora simplex (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) could be transmitted to snakes. Viper #149 was inoculated orally by stomach tube with 5.0 x 104 sporulated oocysts of C. simplex obtained from the feces of an Ottoman viper, V. x. xanthina and began passing unsporulated oocysts of C. simplex 121 days post-inoculation (DPI). Viper #150 was fed five mice that had been inoculated orally £25 days previously with 5.0 x 104 sporulated oocysts of C. simplex and it began passing unsporulated oocysts of C. simplex 33 days after being fed the first two of five mice. Viper #151 was inoculated orally with sporulated oocysts of C. simplex obtained from viper #150 and began passing oocysts 52 DPI. Viper #152 served as an uninoculated control and did not pass oocysts of any species of coccidian. This study demonstrates that snake/snake and mouse/snake transmission of C. simplex readily occurs.
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    IN MEMORIAM ERICH O. SCHOLTYSECK (1918–1985) (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    Inhibition of Trichomonas vaginalis Replication by the Microtubule Stabilizer Taxol (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Taxol, a plant alkaloid stabilizer of microtubules, inhibits in vitro the replication of the human pathogenic flagellate Trichomonas vaginalis in a dose-dependent fashion. Micromolar concentrations of the drug induce massive assembly of microtubules, resistant to antimicrotubule agents, and block the mitosis of the protozoa at an early stage preceding the formation of the spindle fibers and the depolymerization of the axostylar microtubules. Some hypotheses involving the inactivation of the microtubule-organizing centers and the stabilization of axostylar microtubules are formulated to explain the mechanism of action of taxol.
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    The Fine Structure of the Trophont and Stages in Telotroch Formation in Circolagenophrys ampulla (Ciliophora, Peritrichida) (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Ultrastructural studies of the trophont of the epizooic loricate peritrich, Circolagenophrys ampulla, show that the body conforms to the basic peritrich pattern. The lorica is dome-shaped, and the trophont is joined to it by attachment organelles. A single row of barren aboral kinetosomes is present. In telotroch formation, as cytokinesis proceeds, a band of aboral kinetosomes develops, running posteroventrally in an arc from the base of the epistomial disc. In one instance, postciliary microtubules were seen associated with the kinetosomes of the adoral polykinety in a dividing organism. In the fully developed telotroch there are several distinctive structures. In the midaboral region there is a scopula with numerous barren kinetosomes in the epiplasm underlying the pellicle. Surrounding the rim of the aboral surface is a tripartite fringe which overlies the base of the aboral ciliary girdle. The outer layer of this fringe contains regularly spaced electron-dense striations and the middle region contains microfilaments. The aboral ciliary girdle forms a complete ring. It is composed of diagonal rows of kinetosomes, 8–9 in each row. Striated fibers run between the rows of kinetosomes. They bend at the ends of the rows and continue for some distance below the outer rim of the aboral surface. Running beside each striated fiber is a band of paracrystalline material. Several distinctive structures are associated with the kinetosomes and striated fibers of the aboral girdle. In the telotroch many of the adoral cilia are absent but the adoral kinetosomes are still present. The possible functions of the specializations of the aboral surface in settlement of the telotroch, and the relationship between telotroch formation and the molting behavior of the crustacean host are discussed.
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    Principles of land appraisal and land use planning within the European Community (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. In the European Community (EC) a change towards more market-oriented land use planning is required because of surplus stocks of cereals and dairy products, while at the same time other agricultural goods have to be imported. The implementation of such a policy has to be based on a scientifically sound and objective inventory of the physical potential of the EC as a whole.Principles of such a physical land assessment are explained, using the concepts of the FAO-Framework for Land Evaluation and the Agro-ecological Zone Approach, but adapted to European conditions. The conclusions arrived at through this procedure lead to different alternatives and scenarios, and hence provide valuable background information for future land use planning.
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    Soil survey data needs when studying modern land use problems (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Modern land use problems in the Netherlands are now focused on striking a balance between agricultural production, environmental protection, and nature and landscape conservation by means of new laws on soil protection. Quantitative expressions for crucial land qualities for different land management scenarios are needed to obtain adequate input for the decision making process emphasizing not only actual, but particularly potential conditions. Computer simulation techniques are being applied in this context. Three case studies are reviewed, covering: (i) adsorption of excess phosphate from animal manure; (ii) effects of lowering of water deficits for crops, and (iii) effects of soil tillage and compaction on crucial land qualities for agricultural production. Lack of representative basic data for simulation models inhibits their widespread practical application. Derivation of such basic data from existing soil-survey databases is therefore being discussed in terms of using various types of transfer functions, which allow more effective use of available data. In addition, geographical information systems are needed to allow rapid output for areas of land as represented on soil maps.
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    Computerized soil data used in agricultural water planning, Denmark (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A nationwide soil database system has been established containing soil maps, analytical data, and soil classification. The system has been widely used in agricultural planning at county and national level. This paper describes the basic data used for the soil database system, and the exploitation of this system in agricultural water planning. The principles for calculating the irrigation need at county level are given and also those for nationwide mapping of the potential need for drainage. Mapping of potentially acid sulphate soils, which has given rise to legislation on drainage of wetlands, is described, and the future use of the soil database system in agricultural water planning is discussed.
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    Soil moisture regimes and credibility in the assessment of soil suitability for crops in Tuscany (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Results of recent research on moisture regimes of surface water soils and on soil credibility are summarized, and proposals are made for the use of results in soil evaluation for selected crops.Measurements of water table depth show high variability from year to year and during the same season. Soil moisture regimes seem to affect soil management more than crop yield. A probabilistic calendar is needed for the occurrence of topsoil moisture content near the lower plastic limit in periods corresponding to the most important management practices. This is required in order to assess important soil qualities like workability and trafficability.Soil erosion is greatest when superficial run-off can create rills. This happens when run-off shear stresses exceed a threshold proportional to soil shear strength. Consequently, soil shear strength can be used as a measure of soil resistance to erosion. Probabilistic calendars are needed on the occurrence of heavy rainstorms able to create rills when the soil is most at risk.Entries for ratings of workability, trafficability and erosion risk are outlined.
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    An improved method for combining map data (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A system is described using data processed to combine maps from different sources in order to meet specific needs. The system, known as the KALEIDOS-INRA system, has many advantages over traditional map making and provides the user with better information. Its value is illustrated by a map showing the risk of drought to crops growing in central France.
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    EDITORIAL (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00685.x
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    Use of soil and climatic data to predict hydraulic loading behaviour of Irish soils (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The purpose of this study was to try to estimate from soil and climate data both absolute and temporal individual soil hydraulic loading limits under Irish conditions. The two concepts cumulative soil moisture deficit (CSMD) and winter rain acceptance potential were used.Cumulative soil moisture deficit (1956–75) ranged from 116 mm in the southeast to 2 mm in the northwest. Four regions were delineated with mean cumulative maximum deficits (mm) of 105.3, 57.7, 20.0, and 2.0 respectively. Consequently, except for Region 4, hydraulic overloading is unlikely to occur under normal farm practices during soil moisture deficit period. Soil moisture deficit was present in Region 1 from early April through October, in Region 2 from early May through September, in Region 3 from early May through August and in Region 4, only in July.The concept of winter rain acceptance potential (WRAP) has been used to assess the possibilities for farm effluent disposal outside of the SMD period. Some 49% of Irish soils have a very high to moderate WRAP, 36% have a low to very low WRAP. These latter categories are likely to exhibit problems if effluents are applied outside of the SMD period.Regional farm slurry storage duration requirements have been estimated from SMD and WRAP data. These are 11.3, 14.0, 16.7 and 20.0 weeks respectively for regions 1, 2, 3 and 4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00699.x
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  • 181
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    Salt-affected soils in England and Wales (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Soils mainly in alluvial marine sediments around the coast of England and Wales, occupy about 6% of the agricultural land. The extent of salt-affected soils within these parent materials is unknown, but is believed to be significant from the evidence of existing soil surveys.The principal salt is sodium chloride, and the degree of salinity depends on depth to saline groundwater, the intensity of leaching, and the frequency and severity of past marine flooding. Evidence suggests that while the effects of the flooding are obvious and immediate, long-term salinity owes more to groundwater behaviour and chemistry.The amount of sodium in these soils, particularly the heavier-textured ones, makes them structurally unstable, especially when wet. The instability in turn makes them difficult to drain. Ameliorative treatments are possible, but are expensive and slow to take effect.In their natural or semi-natural state these soils form large areas of wetland or unimproved grassland, often of interest to conservationists. In spite of this, and their generally unfavourable properties for cultivation, extensive areas have become arable in recent years.Structural stability, salt content, and exchangeable sodium percentage are intimately linked and can be measured during soil survey, which then aids rational decisions about land use. Such a survey of the North Kent Marshes is presented as a case study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00700.x
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  • 182
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    Cultivation and drainage performance on former opencast coal mining land (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The effect of various cultivation sequences on the performance of field drainage systems was investigated in a number of case studies carried out on former opencast coal mining land. Comparisons of drain flow patterns before and after cultivation indicated marked deteriorations in performance following preparation of the final seedbed. Neither mouldboard ploughing nor discing alone affected drain flow.Soil moisture, hydraulic conductivity and drain flow data suggested that drainage performance may have deteriorated as a result, initially, of secondary drainage channels being blocked with fine materials translocated from the seedbed. A subsequent collapse of tilth to form a surface pan reinforced this adverse effect. It was not clear to what extent the failure of secondary drainage channels contributed to this collapse.Implications for the management of former opencast land and the advantages of various cultivation techniques are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00686.x
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  • 183
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    Field evidence on nitrogen losses by denitrification (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Evidence based on observations of colour, growth and measurements of stem nitrate on carrots and sugar beet, colour and yield of grass, and of yield of wheat in different areas of Britain showed that growth and yield may have been substantially reduced in the wet summer of 1985 due to deficiency of nitrogen following large losses by denitrification. An account of die processes involved is given, together with observations and tests on affected soils. These were compared with field measurements of denitrification also made in 1985, under barley.Examination of climatic data suggests that there were several periods in May, June, July and August when the soils close to the surface would have been saturated for days on end, and in the presence of many tine roots typical of crops at that time of year, the onset of an anaerobic state and accompanying denitrification would have been highly likely. The field evidence in 1985 suggests that nitrogen losses may have been much higher than those reported previously from research station investigations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00687.x
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  • 184
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    The effect of freeze/thaw on gaseous nitrogen loss from upland soils (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The effect of a short-term freeze/thaw cycle (15°C to -8°C to 15°C) on gaseous N-loss (denitrification and NH3-volatilization) from intact blocks of an upland soil is described. Rates of both denitrification and NH3-volatilization were increased by the freeze/thaw cycle, particularly when the blocks had previously been fertilized with urea. Increased gaseous N-loss due to freeze/thaw is reported for soils under heather and under improved grass pasture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00688.x
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  • 185
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    The effect of drought on the root growth of winter wheat and on its water uptake from a deep loam (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Avalon winter wheat was grown on deep silty clay loam soil (Hook series) under a fixed shelter at Rothamsted with either full drought or irrigation from the end of March to July, 1982. During this time the irrigated crop used 295 mm of irrigation water plus 45 mm of stored soil water, while the droughted crop extracted 223 mm of water from the soil. The roots penetrated to at least 1.8m and water was extracted from 2 m depth.Even with a fully developed root system the crops could transpire at the full rate of atmospheric demand only when the near-surface soil was well supplied with water. However, the draughted crop extracted enough water from the loamy sub-soil to maintain a reduced transpiration flow for a further nine weeks after the near-surface water was depleted. Thus crop growth was maintained with a loss at final harvest of only 10% in total dry weight and even less in grain yield.A summary of other results confirm that yield losses due to drought have been reported only for light soils, except in the exceptional year of 1976, and that drought is not normally an important factor affecting yields of winter wheat in the UK.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00689.x
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  • 186
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    Soil organic matter, effects on soils and crops (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Manurial treatments and cropping history have remained unchanged for many years in classical and long-term experiments at Rothamsted and Woburn, in some cases for more than 100 years. Soil samples taken periodically have been analysed to follow changes in organic carbon content with time and treatment. Data presented here clearly show effects of carbon input and soil texture on equilibrium organic matter content.Until recently increasing amounts of soil organic matter had little effect on yields of arable crops especially if fertilizer nitrogen dressings were chosen correctly. However the yield potential of many crops has increased and various agronomic inputs have become available to achieve that potential. Yields of many crops are now larger on soils with extra organic matter both on the sandy loam at Woburn and the silty clay loam at Rothamsted. Some of the effect appears to be related to extra water holding capacity, some to availability of nitrogen in ways which cannot be mimicked by dressings of fertilizer N, and some to improved soil physical properties. Responses to fertilizer N have been larger on soils with more organic matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00690.x
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  • 187
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    Drainage guidelines for the soils of Scotland (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Guidelines are proposed to indicate the range of drainage problems encountered under Scottish conditions, along with some of the main factors to be considered for the treatment of these problems. The identified categories are briefly discussed, together with the potential application of the guidelines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00692.x
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  • 188
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    Examples of erosion on brickearth soils in east Kent (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. High rates of erosion are reported from three sites on brickearth (loess) soils in east Kent. Problems are acute where soils are used for intensive production of vegetables and salad crops. Erosion appears to be the result of structural instability, lack of crop cover for much of the year, and certain managment practices, such as ridging the soil for the crop. In the autumn of 1984, about 120 tonnes of soil was lost from rills in a field of onions: an erosion rate of about 15 t ha−1. A large field under winter cereals also eroded and this resulted in damage to property. Conservation techniques are recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00691.x
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  • 189
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    Effects of gypsum-slotting on infiltration rates and moisture storage in a swelling clay soil (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Previous studies have shown marked increases in wheat yields on a swelling clay soil due to gypsumslotting compared to no-gypsum and surface gypsum applications, largely through improved aeration in the surface layers. In the present study, steady infiltration rates indicated 2-fold increases due to surface gypsum applications and 4- to 6-fold increases due to slotted gypsum. This should provide increased moisture storage and reduced soil erosion hazards during prolonged heavy rainfall periods, provided that a crust does not form under the impact of raindrops. However, gypsum-slotted lands should not be used in crop rotations which include ponded rice, due to increased potential water use and risk of rising watertables and salinization.The effect of the ‘throttle’ in the upper B horizon which restricts moisture storage in the lower soil layers during short-term and prolonged ponding was reduced, but not eliminated, by surface and slotted gypsum applications. Thus the moisture contents of the lower depths in both the non-ameliorated and ameliorated soils were less than the moisture content at saturation or at -10 kPa potential even after flooding for 11 days.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00693.x
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  • 190
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    The influence of soil macroporosity on water retention, transmission and drainage in a clay soil (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Reductions in hydraulic conductivity and specific yield (drainable porosity) of large cores of Evesham clay soil were observed for periods up to 40 days under continuous ponding. A strong linear relationship (r2= 0.94) found between these two variables was used as parameter input to a layered drainage model for mole drained soils. Model results indicated that soils of lower drainable porosity and hydraulic conductivity produced higher peaked hydrographs widi faster recessions. These results are discussed in relation to the effects of soil loosening on drain response in heavy clay soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00678.x
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  • 191
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    Practical aspects of sportsfield drainage (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The use of sportsfields in winter results in drastic changes in the physical properties of most soils. In consequence adequate sportsfield drainage demands much greater attention to the transmission of incident rainfall to the underdrain system than is normally necessary in agricultural drainage. Solutions to the problem differ in concept and cost, and range from complete profile construction to bypass drainage systems, causing minimal soil disturbance. Specific requirements are examined and practical solutions illustrated and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00679.x
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  • 192
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    Application of drainage theory in the field (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The prediction of water-table levels from groundwater theory for a drainage system in a uniform homogeneous soil was tested in an existing field system. Specially designed meters recorded water-table heights and drain discharge with time. A comprehensive hydraulic conductivity survey was made below the water table.The results agreed with theory for water-table heights up to about 300 mm above the mean drain level. The drainage above that level was larger than predicted, either because of an increased hydraulic conductivity (which could have been produced by subsoiling the previous year and would not have been picked up by die hydraulic conductivity measurements), or because of the presence of an older shallower lateral drainage system, broken and blocked, that was discovered during the work.Attention is drawn to the inadequacies of dip-wells for monitoring rapid changes in water-table levels and to the problem of sample size in hydraulic conductivity measurements, which if too small can lead to apparent variability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00677.x
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  • 193
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    Mole drainage of a Hallsworth Series soil (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Mole drainage of the Hallsworth Series was compared to a traditional treatment of drains alone at 12 m spacing. It is demonstrated that mole drainage offers superior control of water tables and reduces surface run-off. Some management implications of these results are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00680.x
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  • 194
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    Upland afforestation: influences on stream hydrology and chemistry (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Afforestation in the British uplands can lead to changes in the hydrology, sediment load and chemistry of streams. These changes may affect water resource management costs, stream biota and the health of fisheries. Some of the changes can be related to specific phases of the forest management cycle, e.g. site preparation, fertilization, felling; modifications in management practice can limit their impact. Other changes in water yield and chemistry seem to have complex origins in forest-atmosphere and forest-soil interactions; these are more difficult to counteract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00682.x
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  • 195
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    A rationale for permeable backfill placed over pipe drains (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Much field drainage work in Great Britain includes costly permeable backfill material as a connector between mole drains, subsoiler fissures, or permeable subsoil layers and the pipe. This paper reviews the role of the Ministry of Agriculture in sponsoring research and advice on drainage design, as well as providing grant-aid to farmers for the installation of field drainage. As a result of this involvement permeable backfill is now regarded as an essential element in the drainage of clayey soils and springs. The cost is fully justified by the establishment and maintenance of highly efficient and flexible farming systems. These techniques are applicable to many countries where clayey, slowly permeable soils predominate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00681.x
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  • 196
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    Nitrate leaching from a small, underdrained, grassland, clay catchment (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Losses of nitrogen in the tile drainflow from a clay soil (Evesham series) under grazed grassland were monitored during the 1982/83 and 1983/84 drainflow seasons. In 1982/83, 40% of the discharge had a NO3− concentration 〉 11.3 mgNl−1, while in 1983/84 concentrations were always 〉 20 mgNl−1. Total N lost by leaching was 17.5 and 48.7 kg ha−1 in 1982/83 and 1983/84 respectively, which was equivalent to 9 and 43% of the fertilizer applied. The marked difference in N losses for the two seasons was attributed to differences in the quantity and timing of N fertilizer applications, the dryness of the preceding summer and the duration and density of stocking.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00683.x
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  • 197
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    Water use efficiencies in relation to sugarcane yields (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The literature indicates that cane yield-tonnes cane per hectare (tc ha−1)-is directly related to actual evapotranspiration (Et) and that a ratio 1 tc ha−1 cm−1 Et should be a reasonable objective; this is frequently not attained in commercial practice. Analysis of extensive data from non-irrigated cane in upland Kenya demonstrated water use efficiencies of 0.5 to 0.6 tc ha−1 cm−1 Et in relationships which were remarkably precise; some of the reasons for the failure to achieve higher efficiencies at this location are discussed. The practice of irrigation is likely to introduce additional complications and so reduce water use efficiencies even further; thus responses to irrigation should be measured experimentally before capital expenditure is approved. The main additional complications are the interactions between irrigation and soil type on rooting and growth, in particular the influence of soil type on yield responses; and the fact that advective energy interferes with the convenient, direct relationships between radiation and evaporation and yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00684.x
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  • 198
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    Editorial Policy (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00668.x
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  • 199
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    Soil and environmental problems (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00672.x
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  • 200
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    Farmers' judgement of land evaluation in the Welsh marches (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. An interview survey of farmers' assessment of the overall capacity of land, as well as its suitability for specific uses is compared with the judgement of the Soil Survey of England and Wales. The results are interpreted as showing that in a general evaluation the farmers are accurately aware of the quality of their land, but they are less well informed as to its true suitability for specific uses. The comparison shows the potential importance of land suitability analysis to the farmers, especially at a time of changing economic pressures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00671.x
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