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  • Articles  (6)
  • heuristic  (3)
  • pastoralism  (3)
  • 1985-1989  (6)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
  • 1986  (6)
  • Economics  (3)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (3)
Collection
  • Articles  (6)
Source
Keywords
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  • 1985-1989  (6)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discrete space location-allocation solutions from genetic algorithms (1986)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 6 (1986), S. 35-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Genetic algorithm ; adaptive search ; heuristic ; discrete-space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Genetic algorithms are adaptive sampling strategies based on information processing models from population genetics. Because they are able to sample a population broadly, they have the potential to out-perform existing heuristics for certain difficult classes of location problems. This paper describes reproductive plans in the context of adaptive optimization methods, and details the three genetic operators which are the core of the reproductive design. An algorithm is presented to illustrate applications to discrete-space location problems, particularly thep-median. The algorithm is unlikely to compete in terms of efficiency with existingp-median heuristics. However, it is highly general and can be fine-tuned to maximize computational efficiency for any specific problem class.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027381
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial competition facility location models: Definition, formulation and solution approach (1986)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 6 (1986), S. 47-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Spatial competition ; heuristic ; location ; profit maximization ; variational inequalities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Models are presented for locating a firm's production facilities and determining production levels at these facilities so as to maximize the firm's profit. These models take into account the changes in price at each of the spatially separated markets that would result from the increase in supply provided by the new facilities and also from the response of competing firms. Two different models of spatial competition are presented to represent the competitive market situation in which the firm's production facilities are being located. These models are formulated as variational inequalities; recent sensitivity analysis results for variational inequalities are used to develop derivatives of the prices at each of the spatially separated markets with respect to the production levels at each of the new facilities. These derivatives are used to develop a linear approximation of the implicit function relating prices to productions. A heuristic solution procedure making use of this approximation is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023794
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A hierarchical location-allocation model with allocations based on facility size (1986)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 6 (1986), S. 273-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Hierarchical ; facility size ; heuristic ; differential attractiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, I address the location of successively inclusive hierarchical facility systems. Location analysts have traditionally generated such systems under two unrealistic assumptions — first, that facilities can be located independently at each level, and secondly, that patrons will invariably attend the closest facility offering a particular level of service. In this paper, I employ a heuristic method which allows all levels to be located simultaneously. Further, I introduce an objective function based on a negative exponential adaption of Reilly's “retail gravitation law” which accounts for the differential attractivess of facilities at different levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023746
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability and resilience in East African Pastoralism: The Rendille and the Ariaal of northern Kenya (1986)
    Springer
    Human ecology 14 (1986), S. 269-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Africa ; Kenya ; pastoralism ; economic anthropology ; Rendille
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The social organizations of two closely related nomadic pastoral societies of northern Kenya, the Rendille and Ariaal, are compared in the context of the relative constancy and variability of their herding environments. It is concluded that the application of Brooks and Yellen's model of stability and resilience in human populations is of value in understanding the impact of environmental constraints on social organization, but it is argued that other social features including the organization of labor and ownership of different livestock types directly bear on the differences between the Rendille and Ariaal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889031
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    To sell or not to sell—A Pastoralist's Dilemma: A lesson from the slaughterhouse (1986)
    Springer
    Human ecology 14 (1986), S. 287-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: pastoralism ; marketing strategy ; decision theory ; goat raising ; El Niño ; Peru
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Marketing strategies employed by herders in Piura, a coastal region in northern Peru, are discussed in conjunction with ecological and economic factors. Data from regional slaughterhouses help in analyzing decisions concerning livestock offtakes and in understanding the rationale behind them. Piura is characterized by sharp weather changes, amplified by the El Niño phenomenon. The variations in precipitation and forage availability strongly affect production, structure, and dynamics of the herds and are therefore a significant component in determining the actual marketing decision strategy. “Pure” herders adopt an “insurance” strategy emphasizing a build-up of herds during abundant years in order to compensate for considerable losses caused by frequent droughts. The use of stubble and concentrated feed in coping with droughts is restricted by economic and social factors. Agropastoralists are affected not only by ecological factors but also by labor availability, agricultural cash requirements, and household needs. As a result, these goat keepers practice a “capital-manipulation strategy” in which goats and kids are used as a form of capital. The paper provides an empirical representation of these two marketing strategies based on slaughterhouses' records and a complementary field survey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889032
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cattle and pastoralism: Survival and production in arid lands (1986)
    Springer
    Human ecology 14 (1986), S. 77-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: cattle ; pastoralism ; Maasai seasonality ; drought ; physiological response ; herding strategies ; carrying capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Traditional subsistence pastoralists in East Africa tend to keep large herds, milk cattle in preference to eating them, and subject them to long foraging treks. Such practices are widely considered ill-suited to arid lands and are believed to arise because cattle are raised more for social prestige than food production. Whether this is true can only be judged by considering the responses of cattle to arid zones and, given the herder's goals and options, his management practices. In considering these factors, we show that indigenous East African cattle demonstrate energy-sparing capabilities during drought. Pastoralists can therefore herd cattle at great distances from water at little more cost than animals on the normal maintenance diet and watered more frequently. The physiological response of cattle to drought, the ecological constraints imposed by livestock and wildlife competition, and the energetic efficiency of mixed milk and meat pastoralism explain why herders traditionally select their characteristic management practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889211
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