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  • Articles  (5)
  • pastoralism  (3)
  • Land classification  (2)
  • 1985-1989  (5)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
  • 1986  (5)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (5)
  • Economics
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  • Articles  (5)
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  • 1985-1989  (5)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional reference sites: a method for assessing stream potentials (1986)
    Springer
    Environmental management 10 (1986), S. 629-635 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Aquatic ecosystems ; Aquatic ecoregions ; Control sites ; Stream classification ; Land classification ; Water body standards
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Field assessments of impacted streams require a control or at least an unbiased estimate of attainable conditions. Control sites, such as upstream/downstream or wilderness sites, have proven inadequate for assessing attainable ecological conditions where the control streams differ naturally from the impacted streams to a considerable degree or where different disturbances exist than those being studied. Relatively undisturbed reference sites with watersheds in areas having the same land-surface form, soil, potential natural vegetation, and land use as are predominant in large, relatively homogeneous regions are suggested as alternative control sites. These areas are considered typical of the region and therefore the sites also are considered typical of the region because their watersheds exhibit all the terrestrial variables that make that region a region. The logical basis for developing regional reference sites lies in the ability to group watersheds and common stream types into regions by integrating available maps of terrestrial variables that influence streams. Relatively undisturbed reference sites can be selected from typical areas of the regions and from transition zones where one or two of the terrestrial variables are not the predominant one(s) of the region. These reference sites are useful for estimating attainable conditions, for evaluating temporal and spatial changes in ecological integrity, for classifying attainable uses of streams, and for setting biological and environmental criteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866767
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A first alternative for estimating the physical carrying capacities of natural areas for recreation (1986)
    Springer
    Environmental management 10 (1986), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Ecological inventories ; Land classification ; Universial Soil Loss Equation ; Outdoor recreation ; Recreational land use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Utilizing an adaptation of the Universal Soil Loss Equation, this article discusses a method for approximating the physical carrying capacity of natural areas for outdoor recreation. Classification of forested woodland and field environments is based upon the conversion of ground cover coefficients to the percentage of ground cover required to maintain soil productivity over time. Four canopy types, three canopy densities, and two general types of ground cover are recognized in the equation as well as soil characteristics, topographical variations, and rainfall velocities and intensities. The method requires that the areal distribution of soils occurring within natural areas be mapped. Approximations will vary according to the intensity of the planning desired, and may range from a general classification of large land areas to highly site-specific evaluations. Data generated from over 40 years of cooperative research form the basis for classifying natural areas according to their relative physical capacities to accommodate outdoor recreation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867363
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability and resilience in East African Pastoralism: The Rendille and the Ariaal of northern Kenya (1986)
    Springer
    Human ecology 14 (1986), S. 269-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Africa ; Kenya ; pastoralism ; economic anthropology ; Rendille
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The social organizations of two closely related nomadic pastoral societies of northern Kenya, the Rendille and Ariaal, are compared in the context of the relative constancy and variability of their herding environments. It is concluded that the application of Brooks and Yellen's model of stability and resilience in human populations is of value in understanding the impact of environmental constraints on social organization, but it is argued that other social features including the organization of labor and ownership of different livestock types directly bear on the differences between the Rendille and Ariaal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889031
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    To sell or not to sell—A Pastoralist's Dilemma: A lesson from the slaughterhouse (1986)
    Springer
    Human ecology 14 (1986), S. 287-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: pastoralism ; marketing strategy ; decision theory ; goat raising ; El Niño ; Peru
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Marketing strategies employed by herders in Piura, a coastal region in northern Peru, are discussed in conjunction with ecological and economic factors. Data from regional slaughterhouses help in analyzing decisions concerning livestock offtakes and in understanding the rationale behind them. Piura is characterized by sharp weather changes, amplified by the El Niño phenomenon. The variations in precipitation and forage availability strongly affect production, structure, and dynamics of the herds and are therefore a significant component in determining the actual marketing decision strategy. “Pure” herders adopt an “insurance” strategy emphasizing a build-up of herds during abundant years in order to compensate for considerable losses caused by frequent droughts. The use of stubble and concentrated feed in coping with droughts is restricted by economic and social factors. Agropastoralists are affected not only by ecological factors but also by labor availability, agricultural cash requirements, and household needs. As a result, these goat keepers practice a “capital-manipulation strategy” in which goats and kids are used as a form of capital. The paper provides an empirical representation of these two marketing strategies based on slaughterhouses' records and a complementary field survey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889032
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cattle and pastoralism: Survival and production in arid lands (1986)
    Springer
    Human ecology 14 (1986), S. 77-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: cattle ; pastoralism ; Maasai seasonality ; drought ; physiological response ; herding strategies ; carrying capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Traditional subsistence pastoralists in East Africa tend to keep large herds, milk cattle in preference to eating them, and subject them to long foraging treks. Such practices are widely considered ill-suited to arid lands and are believed to arise because cattle are raised more for social prestige than food production. Whether this is true can only be judged by considering the responses of cattle to arid zones and, given the herder's goals and options, his management practices. In considering these factors, we show that indigenous East African cattle demonstrate energy-sparing capabilities during drought. Pastoralists can therefore herd cattle at great distances from water at little more cost than animals on the normal maintenance diet and watered more frequently. The physiological response of cattle to drought, the ecological constraints imposed by livestock and wildlife competition, and the energetic efficiency of mixed milk and meat pastoralism explain why herders traditionally select their characteristic management practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889211
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