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  • Articles  (6,953)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (3,651)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science  (3,274)
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  • 1986  (6,953)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (6,953)
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  • Articles  (6,953)
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  • 1985-1989  (6,953)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When training a sensory evaluation panel, reference standards play an important role in developing appropriate terminology, establishing intensity ranges and showing the action of an ingredient. In addition, use of reference standards reduces the amount of training time while providing documentation for terminology. Product characteristics can be demonstrated through reference standards for application in plant quality assurance programs as well as for project planning in new product development, product maintenance (i.e., shelf-life), product improvement and cost reduction programs.
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  • 2
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An odor profiling procedure was developed based on the ASTM odor profiling method. This modified procedure involved using approximately twenty panelists. Panel sessions and data collection were controlled by computer. The results obtained by this panel compared favorably to results obtained by the ASTM panel for which 150 panelists evaluated each compound, indicating that a small panel can be used to produce replicable results. Statistical methods of finding similarities and dissimilarities among compounds using profile data are discussed and compared to results from a multidimensional scaling (MDS) study in which degrees of differences among compounds were judged directly. These results indicate that profile data can be used to define and map the degree of similarity/dissimilarity among compounds, as well as to define the sensory dimensions on which these compounds differ. The use of factor analysis to study the underlying sensory dimensions of the odor space is also discussed. It is hoped that this type of research will lead to a better understanding of the underlying dimensions used to describe odorants.
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  • 3
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Component and factor analysis were compared as means of reducing scaled values for 10 descriptors of tea to two dimensions so that relations among the attributes could be visualized. The association diagrams yielded by the two methods were generally similar, and there were significant differences between the diagrams for English Breakfast, an 80:20 blend of English Breakfast and Sencha teas, Ceylon and Darjeeling teas. Bartlett's test for equality ofvariance-covariance matrices was significant. When tea was equivalently sweetened with sucrose and with saccharin, the association diagrams were different. Preference and sweetness were highly correlated with each other and they had high com-munality with the other attributes when saccharin was the sweetening agent. When sucrose was the agent, sweetness still had high communality with the other attributes, but preference did not, indicating preference was the result of interplay of all the attributes rather than a dominant one. The correlation matrices were not significantly at p= 0.05, but they were at 0.10.
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  • 4
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The relative sensitivities of four scaling methods were assessed in central location tests with untrained judges. The scales included category scales, line scales, magnitude estimation, and a hybrid of the line and category scales. Approximate parity was observed among category scales, line scales and the hybrid scale in their ability to differentiate small physical differences. Magnitude estimation was used as efficiently as the other methods by a college population, but less efficiently by a heterogeneous sample of consumers. Judges used the scales with greater accuracy as they became familiar with the range of products to be judged. In spite of relatively small physical differences, subjects used wide ranges of the scales, supporting the view that rating scales are relative, not absolute, measuring instruments.
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  • 5
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Books review in this article: Role of Chemistry in the Quality of Processed Foods. Owen R. Fennema, Wei-Hsien Chang and Cheng-Yi Lii, eds.
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  • 6
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 7
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data sets from three studies were examined to determine the effects of brand identification and package design on consumer responses during product evaluation. In these studies, consumers evaluated products with or without brand identification, compared products in standardized conditions, and compared products in different package designs with different or identical product contents. Measurement of consumer responses for all studies was based on 9-point hedonic scale. The results of the study showed that consumers were less critical in their evaluation when the samples being assessed were identified by brand names. Brand identification and package design, when not concealed in the comparison of product contents, resulted in consumer response bias. Also, the popularity of a brand influenced consumer's perception of products.
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  • 8
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A collaborative study of twenty-three laboratories was conducted to compare the relative effectiveness of three scales: two forms of magnitude estimation scaling and one form of a category scale in the measurement of hedonic response to a controlled stimulus. Responses from 553 individual judges show that all scales yield hedonic measurements that are very similar in both direction and magnitude of difference between the stimuli. No scale showed any clear superiority in reliability, precision, or discrimination. Selection of a scale must be based on considerations other than the simple form of response.
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  • 9
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 10
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Taste sensations are of primary importance in food flavor. Any attempt to synthesize chemically the flavor of a natural food involves mainly taste active compounds. Many distinct taste sensations can be identified as associated with food compounds. Thirteen different taste sensations are discussed herein. These different taste sensations are differentiated on the basis of stimulus chemistry and peripheral nerve conveying the taste information. Neurophysiological examination of the peripheral nerves involved in taste reveals that the sensory neurons can, in any species, be subdivided into distinct neural groups. These different neural groups respond to distinct classes of chemicals and often display different neurophysiological characteristics. Altogether in four different species, nine functional neural taste groups can be distinguished. In many cases, these neural groups can be taken as analogs for the neural groups assumed to underly human taste sensations. Distinct human taste sensations can be considered to arise from the excitation or inhibition of different neural groups. For certain human taste sensations there are no animal neural analog groups; and for certain neural groups there are no analog human sensations.
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  • 11
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A set of terms in descriptive analysis should enable differentiation among products, specification of the sensory properties of the products, and sufficient characterization to permit its recognition or identification. Meeting these criteria enables the use of descriptive data in several applications: (1) interpretation of other sensory data, (2) correlation with instrumental measures, (3) quality monitoring, and (4) product development and maintenance. Several aspects of the specific terminology and the way it is taught are important in effective descriptive analysis. Terms should be uncorrelated with one another. Terms should be related to physical or chemical references. Training a panel requires the establishment of a system in which relevant dimensions can be abstracted and attended to. In this paper, specific problems of descriptive analysis training such as the choice of reference sets and the boundaries of terms are discussed.
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  • 12
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Category ratings are a popular device for assessing preferences and for guiding efforts in the development of new products. They are frequently misinterpreted or misused, however, because their use is so closely analogized to the process of fundamental measurement. Unlike physical measures, psychological scales such as category ratings are strongly affected by situational or contextual factors which must be carefully controlled and fully understood for proper use of the scale. Category ratings are affected by stimulus range and frequency, number of stimuli and number of categories, as well as by stimulus sequence. Implications for appropriate use of the scale in sensory evaluation are addressed.
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  • 13
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sensory evaluation makes use of the remarkable virtuosity and range of the human senses as a multi-purpose instrument for measuring the sensory characteristics of foods. The brain protects itself from an overload of information from the senses by two processes: feature extraction and adaptation. The former involves information reduction by the extraction of selected features from the environment; these form the basis for the reconstruction of the percept in consciousness. The latter, adaptation, involves the attenuation of repetitive and constant input so as not to overload the brain with redundant information.The effects of adaptation can be observed for all senses. For the chemical senses, the effect is that a constant odor or taste stimulus will be perceived as decreasing in intensity while sensitivity to that stimulus is also decreased. For sensory evaluation, this poses problems. It means that a taste or odor has a tendency to vanish while it is being observed and that sensitivity to subsequent stimuli will be altered. Such sensitivity drift in the human instrument must be anticipated in the design of measurement procedures for the sensory evaluation of food.For taste, adaptation changes caused by the measurement method can be seen to be largely responsible for disagreements in the literature concerning threshold and intensity measurement. Adaptation is also a contributing factor, but by no means the only one, in determining the relative discriminability of sensory difference tests. It is worth noting, however, that adaptation is not always a disadvantage; it can sometimes be used to advantage in sensory testing procedures.
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  • 14
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Psychological studies have assessed the intensity of simple sensory mixtures, both in taste and olfaction. In taste mixtures, suppression or partial masking among the components is often observed. An analogous result is often found in odor mixtures, counteraction of one component in the presence of a second odor. These effects, particularly taste suppression, are also observed in food systems. Interactions between sensory modalities are far more complex, ranging from inhibition of taste and odor sensations by trigeminal irritation, to relative independence of tastes from odor stimulation and independence of odors from tastes.
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gustatory function is not static within an individual. Taste sensitivity and preferences are modified by numerous, well-documented external factors (e. g. smoking) as well as less widely recognized physiologic or internal idiosyncratic attributes such as salivary composition and genetic make-up. In addition, no single gustatory attribute adequately characterizes an individual's taste world. Measures of threshold sensitivity, suprathreshold sensitivity and preference may vary independently necessitating the assessment of each to derive a reliable assessment of an individual's gustatory status. Measures of taste preference, however, appear to hold the greatest predictive power for dietary behavior. Gustatory disorders may be manifest in the following forms: hypergeusia, hypogeusia, dysgeusia, ageusia, food aversions and food cravings. Each of these disorders is defined and, to the extent that information is available, the prevalence, etiology and clinical significance of each is discussed. Following this, a general scheme is presented along with numerous examples for evaluating the potential impact health or nutritional disorders may have on gustatory function. Finally, implications of health and nutritional disorders for applied sensory research are briefly considered.
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  • 16
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A testing procedure was developed to determine the concentration range including an absolute or difference threshold for a compound added to a background medium. Samples were arranged into three groups, each containing a labeled control and three randomly arranged samples. Random samples in each group included an unlabeled control and two samples containing adjacent concentration levels from a series of six increasing concentrations of the added substance. Groups were presented in ascending order by concentration of the added substance. Within each group, panelists rated each sample on a nine-point intensity scale of difference from the labeled control. Group specific psychological errors in judgement were reduced by subtracting the unlabeled controls from the sample scores. Analysis of variance was applied to these data yielding separate estimates of variance for sample scores within groups. Sets of t-tests from paired comparisons were used to construct a confidence statement regarding a threshold interval.
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A computerized sensory analysis system, based on an IBM-PC compatible local area network, was developed. Panelist input was simplified through the use of a light pen and interactive questionnaire program. The system was integrated to allow preparation of descriptive, hedonic, triangle, structured and unstructured ballots; registration of panelists; collection of data; statistical analysis and report generation. The primary benefits are the simplicity of response for panelists, flexibility for the sensory analyst to design questionnaires and the elimination of time-consuming manual scoring and data manipulation involved in conventional sensory analysis.
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Vacuum-packed beef and bacon were treated with gamma- radiation (1–10 KGy) from CO60 and stored for 3 months at + 4°C. The samples were evaluated by a trained sensory laboratory panel, directly after irradiation, and after 3 months. Samples given 1.0 KGy and higher doses were found to be significant different from nonirradiated samples at both times of testing. A higher intensity of off-taste, rancidity, metallic taste and sweetness, and a lower intensity of juiciness and color saturation were found in all the irradiated samples. Off-taste and rancidity were found to increase with increasing doses, and were best explained when analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
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  • 19
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sourness of six organic acids was compared by pair tests in binary acid solutions of equal pH and equal potential hydrogen ion concentration. Monoprotic lactic acid was more sour than three of the four acids against which it was tasted, while triprotic citric acid was less sour than the four other acids against which it was compared. Of the diprotic acid pairs which were evaluated, only one significant difference in sourness was observed; succinic acid was more sour than malic acid. No relationship between buffer capacity or hydrophobicity and intensity of sourness was observed.
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Subjective aroma intensities were performed on smokes generated from cherry, chestnut, hard maple, white and red oak, apple, hickory and mes-quite woods. The smokes were separated into total, carbonyl, neutral, basic and phenolic fractions. A sensory panel rated the carbonyl fraction of all smokes, except mesquite, as having the strongest smoke intensity. The aroma of the basic fraction was next in intensity. In the case of mesquite, the phenolic fraction was the most intense. Contrary to the common belief that the phenolic fraction is the primary contributor to smoke aroma in wood smoke, this study showed the carbonyl fraction to be the primary contributor for most woods. Because of the potential health danger associated with smoke-associated phenolic compounds, this study demonstrated that it would be possible to reduce or eliminate the phenolic fraction in many smoke sources without losing smoke aroma intensity.
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  • 21
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A texture profile panel was developed for measuring textural properties of restructured beef steaks differing in meat particle size. For steaks of different particle sizes, considerable differences existed in the type of sample breakdown and shape of chewed pieces after just two chews. Panelists also found restructured steaks made from large meat particle sizes to be visually more distorted and to contain more gristle than steaks made from small meat particle sizes. Several characteristics (chunkiness after two chews, coarseness of chewed mass at 15 chews) were dropped from the profile over time, while several characteristics (type of sample breakdown and shape of chewed pieces at two chews, size of chewed pieces at 10 chews) not used initially, were added. The texture profile panel approach appears suitable for discerning the textural differences in restructured steaks that can arise from using different meat particle sizes during processing.
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  • 22
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In-house use consumer test data from four studies dealing with three pairs of household products and a pair of antiperspirant products were examined for significant carry-over (product usage order) effects, which would confound the analysis of treatment (product) effects. In each study, two products were compared using a two-period crossover design. One hundred twenty panelists participated in each study. A forced choice preference scale or a 9-point hedonic scale was used to obtain responses from various sensory attributes. In all studies, the estimates of carry-over effects were not significant at the 5% level. Transformation of hedonic scale data into preference dichotomy also gave estimates of carry-over effects which were not significant at the 5% level, but led to a loss of test sensitivity for detecting treatment differences. The authors recommend that all comparative crossover design studies in sensory evaluation be monitored for carry-over effects and that statistically determined sample size should be used to reduce the possibility of obtaining significant carry-over effects.
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  • 23
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Standard texture rating scales of hardness, adhesiveness, fracturability, cohesiveness, and denseness were modified during the training of a Texture Profile panel. New reference materials were selected for each scale to better illustrate the texture characteristics and intensities and to account for previously recommended food products no longer available. In addition, new reference scales for wetness, adhesiveness to lips, roughness, self-adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness of mass, moisture absorption, adhesiveness to teeth, and manual adhesiveness were developed. The application of new texture reference scales reduced the variability among panelists and provided consistent judgments in texture evaluations. Expanded and improved definitions and evaluation procedures for texture attributes are presented. Also, special considerations for the use of reference scales in texture evaluations are discussed.
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new descriptive language for evaluating the taste of warmed-over meat flavor has been developed. These terms should help researchers elucidate the causes of the phenomena of off-flavor in meats. The meat industry should also be able to apply these terms in new meat product development, quality control, and shelf-life stability.
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Four types of rating scales, nine-point category scales, line marking, magnitude estimation, and a hybrid of the category and line scale, were employed to assess visual, tactile and olfactory characteristics of products by consumers. The scales were compared for their ability to discriminate differences among products, for variability, for reliability, and for ease of use. All methods were able to generate highly significant differences among products. However, a modest advantage for category scales was observed in almost all comparisons.
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    Journal of sensory studies 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 29
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    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 604-604 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] DESPITE arguing until 4 a.m. on Wednesday last week, Europe's science ministers have failed to agree on a budget for the European Commission's 'framework' programme of research and development, a programme that aims to lay the basis for European cooperation in key areas of research and technology ...
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    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 604-604 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] STILL wriggling uncomfortably on the hook of human embryo research, the UK government last week issued a consultation paper on Legislation on Human Infertility Services and Embryo Research (Cm 46, HMSO, 2.90), asking for responses by the middle of 1987. The aim is then to introduce legislation, ...
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    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 605-605 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE British Medical Research Council (MRC) faces a deficit of 13.2 million by the end of the decade even if it does no more than maintain the existing rate of awards and renew long-term grants at an appropriate level. But there is also a pressing need to spend more on research into AIDS (acquired ...
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    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 606-606 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington THE US authorities are not doing enough to catch and prosecute unscrupulous food growers who may be steadily poisoning the American public through illicit use of pesticides. A study by the General Accounting Office (GAO) concludes that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the ...
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    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 606-606 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] BRITISH manufacturing industry, part of which enjoys lucrative defence contracts, must itself spend more on research and development, says Mr John Fairclough, the government's chief scientific adviser. Annual government investment in research and development is 4,300 million, of which 51 per cent ...
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    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 605-605 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Tokyo JAPAN'S Volcanic Prediction Liaison Council seems to have been rewarded for its failure to forecast the behaviour of Mount Mihara on Oshima, the volcanic island south of Tokyo evacuated during a major eruption last month. The council has won substantial .new facilities on the island that ...
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    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 607-607 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington THE principal US military plutonium production reactor, a graphite-moderated plant similar to that at Chernobyl, is to be shut down for six months by the Department of Energy (DoE) to carry out urgent safety modifications which could cost about 50 million. The 23-year-old 'N' reactor ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 607-607 
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    Notes: [Auszug] RAMIZ Alia, who became leader of the Albania Workers' Party (AWP) on the death last year of Enver Hoxha, has an unusual approach to his country's non-renewable natural resources. "The interests of future generations", he told the AWP congress last month, demand that such assets as copper and ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 608-608 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE UK Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) has at last taken delivery of its Cray X-MP/48 supercomputer, after much discussion between the British Department of Trade and Industry and the US Department of Commerce. For months, the latter has been concerned that "foreign aliens' might ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] New Delhi AFTER protracted negotiations, India and the United States have signed a document paving the way for the sale of a Cray-XMP supercomputer to India. The deal was approved in principle by the US administration eight months ago but became bogged down because of disagreements over the US ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] Sydney THE initial reaction of the Australian scientific community to the appointment of former New South Wales Premier and federal president of the Australian Labour Party (ALP), Mr Neville Wran, as head of Australia's largest research body, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 609-609 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Washington OUTRAGE and calls for investigations have followed in the wake of revelations about field trials of a recombinant rabies vaccine conducted by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (see Nature 324, 202; 1986). Both the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and a congressional ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 618-619 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SERENDIPITY gave us the homoeobox1, a highly conserved DNA sequence of about 180 base pairs, first found in several Drosophila genes that control segmentation. Homoeoboxes were also detected in other segmented invertebrates and in several vertebrates including mammals, giving rise to the view2 that ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 620-620 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE tendency of many plant mitochond-rial genomes to undergo extensive rearrangements provides a satisfying framework for understanding the phenomenon of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), a maternally inherited defect common to many higher plants that impairs the development of pollen. Some ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 621-621 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Although Williams, Caplow and Mclntosh1 correctly emphasize the important contribution of Horio and Hotani2 in verifying, by real-time experiments, the concept of the dynamic instability of micro-tubules, some of their points are off the mark and they have missed an opportunity to evaluate the ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 622-622 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Doran et al. (Nature 323, 803; 1986) have shown reasonable histological preservation of 8,000-year-old brain tissue from a bog site, yet they have not given an explanation for why the tissue preservation should be so good. We suggest that it is due to tannic acid and related compounds contained ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Edwards' is correct that Islam and Lindgren2 have failed to recognize that their distribution function is a likelihood function. But he is incorrect in asserting that their conclusions are unwarranted and in assuming that physicists do not know how to work with small samples. In fact Islam and ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Wolstenholme et al have probably observed a well-preserved area of a mesh-work of the nuclear lamina lining the nuc-leoplasmic surface of the inner nuclear membrane which supports the interphase chromatin. It is unusual to observe any remnant of lamina in a metaphase preparation, but two ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-In view of the highly critical review of our book Archaeopteryx, The Primordial Bird: A Case of Fossil Forgery (Nature 324, 185; 1986) I would like to bring to your notice recent developments that would seem to have vindicated our views. The issue hinges on whether or not the material on which ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 626-626 
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    Notes: [Auszug] ROLF Sattler is a biologist who believes that it is important to understand the fundamental presuppositions of biology and how they influence research and even our view of life itself. In Biophilosophy he sets out to introduce other biologists to these ideas. I am in full sympathy with Sattler's ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 629-631 
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    Notes: [Auszug] NEW scientific discoveries do not always flow directly from those made just before. Rather, several varieties of discontinuity can be identified in the growth of science. Premature discoveries are those that scientists do not attend to in a timely way, and are retrospectively described as having ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 641-646 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The cDNA sequence of human c-erb-A, the cellular counterpart of the viral oncogene v-erb-A, indicates that the protein encoded by the gene is related to the steroid hormone receptors. Binding studies with the protein show it to be a receptor for thyroid ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 649-651 
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    Notes: [Auszug] During comet Halley's post-perihelion phase, we carried out observations with the 24-inch planetary patrol telescope at Perth Observatory, using a CCD (charge-coupled device) camera system which is one of two developed jointly with S. M. Larson (the system will be described elsewhere). The present ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 655-657 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Due to industrial and academic interest in stiff chain and semiflexible polymer molecules, there have been an increasing number of structural and rheological studies of liquid crystalline polymers in recent years. A banded texture is often noted in flow-oriented LCP specimens. Donald et al4 have ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 658-660 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Details of the crystallization sequence in the finger structures reported at Rhum have led to the realization that the mafic layers are pene-contemporaneous sills whose presence has caused melt-corrosion of the overlying rock4. Details are clarified in ref. 4, but the features central to the ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 657-658 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Nitrogen oxide formation in combustion has received much attention3"7. The recognition4 that ammonia can be used to reduce nitric oxide in exhaust gases led to major efforts to characterize reactions important in the Thermal DeNOx process. The mechanisms and models that resulted have greatly ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] The nucleotide sequence of clone HHO.clS is shown in Fig. la. Multiple stop codons are present in each frame up to nucleotide 230. Translation of the longest reading frame from the ATG codon at base 250 would produce a peptide sequence of 255 amino-acid residues, containing a homoeo domain ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 668-670 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Gap mutant embryos lack a number of adjacent segments which define the domains of the wild-type gene requirement. Based on the deletion pattern (Fig. 1), zygotic hunchback (hb) activity is required for normal establishment of gnathal and thoracic segments (up to T3), Kruppel (Kr) for thoracic and ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] The autosomal recessive mutations Ipr and gld are non-allelic genes, yet the abnormal cells that populate the lymph nodes of mice homozygous for either mutation are indistinguishable by a wide variety of criteria. We have suggested that the mutations may affect different components of a common ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] The Torpedo and bovine AChRs were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes by microinjection of the respective a-9 ft-, y- and 6-subunit-specific messenger RNAs synthesized by transcription in vitro of the cloned cDNAs (refs 2, 4, 6). Figure la compares the sizes of acetylcholine(ACh)-activated ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] The Windover pond (8BR246) is in Brevard County, Florida, USA. The pond (60 x 80 m) seasonally fluctuates in depth to a maximum of 1 m and contains a soft bottom composed of several distinct peat strata, total depth 4-5 m (Fig. 1). The uppermost black, sawgrass peat (W. Spackman and R. G. Holloway, ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 506-506 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Washington "DISTRUST and dislike" between AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) researchers is the probable explanation for incidents of tampering at the federal Centers for Disease Control (CDC) AIDS programme laboratory in Atlanta, Georgia, according to a special independent assessment by ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] PET records the spatial distribution of an administered radio-nuclide in selected planes of the in vivo brain. Spatial resolution in PET images, however, is inherently limited. This limitation is described most simply by reference to point sources of radioactivity, as follows. Emission detection ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] LAST week the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, in the final stages of its initial commissioning tests, received its first radio signals from space. The 20-million instrument, installed at Mauna Kea Observatory on Hawaii, is the largest telescope in the world operating in the submillimetre region of ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] Bangalore INDIA has been trying for many years without success to evolve a comprehensive national water policy, but this goal is now a step nearer. The chief need is for efficient and integrated management of water resources and more effective use of irrigation facilities. Mr B. Shankarananda, ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 508-508 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Your article on research in Italy (Nature, 323, 751; 1986) depicts the Italian government as working quickly at reorganizing the national research institutions. As a researcher with 18 years' experience and an employee of the National Research Council (CNR) which, with its 6,189 employees, is ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 508-508 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Whether or not he was summarizing the views expressed in Crosby's Ecological Imperialism, The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900, Roy Porter (Nature 323, 587; 1986) shows extreme ignorance when he suggests that the Maori people of Aotearoa (New Zealand) "were stuck in the time-warp of the ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 508-508 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-I have been following with interest the recent correspondence in your pages on evolution, creation science and neo-darwinsim. The letter from T.D. lies1, pointing out the regrettable habit of neo-darwinians of making exclusive claims on the interpretation and exposition of evolutionary ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 509-509 
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    Notes: [Auszug] RESEARCHERS should learn from journalists the dangers of words such as "first". Those who describe some event as the first of its kind are almost certain to be assailed by readers saying that it is nothing of the kind. But to play safe by using qualifiers as in "the first recorded demonstration..." ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 510-510 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE scope of materials that display interesting electrical, magnetic and structural properties at very low temperatures has now been extended by Underhill and co-workers, who on page 547 of this issue1 describe the first two-dimensional organo-metallic compound that exists in an integral oxidation ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE question of how cells estimate their location within the body has preoccupied embryologists for the past century, but when posed by Stumpf1 almost exactly 20 years ago, it seemed to have the beginnings of an answer. The concept of gradients, first explicitly propounded by T.H. Morgan, was ...
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    Nature 323 (1986), S. 819-822 
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    Notes: [Auszug] During an investigation of the effects of human TNFs on the production of IFN-y by human lymphocytes, we observed that purified recombinant TNF-a and TNF-/3 had IFN-like activity and inhibited virus-mediated cytopathic effects. Pretreatment of a human renal carcinoma cell line (7860) with TNF-a ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 517-517 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Ford has suggested that leaf fall is the mechanism of excretion in vascular plants1. But to view the senescing leaf simply as an 'excretophore' may be to limit our vision. Some species may avoid accumulating high concentrations of heavy metals by removing them in senescent leaves2. The dead ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-When I wrote my paper on undirectional spin1, which was recently referred to in Nature2, I unhappily had not seen a paper3 on this topic which preceded mine by a few years. This highly illuminating work, which overlaps mine hardly at all, is particularly to be recommended to your readers for ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 518-518 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Angel et al.1 while advocating the use of a 16 m diameter telescope optimized for infrared observations to search for Earth-like planets outside the Solar System, criticize my suggestion2 of using an interferometric system, operating at optical wavelengths, for the same purpose. Their criticism ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] ANGEL et al. reply-Burke has defined a mirror surface by equation (1) with / = 1 cm, showing that a relatively large r.m.s. error can be combined with very low sidelobes at 1/4 arc second radius. But this bears little relationship to the best optical surfaces currently made. In practice, errors are ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 554-557 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Creep of rock salt has been the subject of extensive investigations over the past two decades1. Existing data3,4 show good agreement for a wide range of rock salts, and satisfactorily describe short-term mine convergence5. Long-term rheological properties, however, are not accessible in the ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 557-559 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The Tertiary mudstones and interbedded sandstones of the USA Gulf Coast represent one of the world's most intensively studied sedimentary sequences. Many fundamental concepts concerning the nature, timing and consequences of shale diagenesis were developed through work in this area1,5,9-12. Of ...
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 559-561 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 Moored sediment trap (MST) flux Mass flux C N Date (mg m2 d"1) (mg2 d"1) (mgm^d"1) MST l 25 Feb.- 5 March 1984 70m.o.b. 1,240198 546 61 lOm.o.b. 5,450 467 199 44 20 7 MST 2 5-31 March 1984 70m.o.b. 1,810239 11028 125 lOm.o.b. 3,815418 15918 194 MST 3 4-7 April 1984 70m.o.b. 2,298 ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] Over the past 10 years many workers (Table 1) have reported the presence, in recent sediments, of a group of C25 hydrocarbons of unknown structure. The compounds are abundant and are very widely distributed; for example, they are the major hydrocarbons present in sediments from a New England salt ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] Most chloroplast proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and subsequently transported into the organelle by a post-transla-tional, ATP-dependent mechanism (for reviews see refs 4 and 5). The proteins are initially synthesized as larger precursors containing amino-terminal pre-sequences ('transit ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 Pretreatment characteristics of patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism Patient Age no. (yr) Sex Untreated serum calcium (mgdP1; low limit of normal = 8.4) Untreated serum phosphorus (mgdP1; upper limit of normal = 4.8) Serum PTH when hypocalcaemict Peak urinary cAMP response to PTH (nmol ...
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    Nature 323 (1986), S. 253-255 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Although there is general agreement that the great worldwide extinction event of marine floras and faunas signalled the end of the Mesozoic Era, there is less agreement as to whether terrestrial taxa were synchronously affected by the extinction event8'9. To test the model of universal biotic ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] At our study site at a depth of 1,240 m in the Santa Catalina Basin8 (3312''N, 118 30' W), large mounds (-10 cm high and 30 cm in diameter) are relatively abundant, covering ~2% of the sea bed. The most common type of mound is apparently formed of faecal pellets from a large echiuran worm, probably ...
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    Nature 323 (1986), S. 255-257 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Plants and animals are not uniformly distributed in nature. Two contrasting mechanisms5'6 have been proposed to explain the empirical power-function relationship between s2 and M (ref. 7). One mechanism suggests that the fitted exponent b is a measure of spatial heterogeneity that results from a ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] Species of the genus Drosophila have been assigned to several subgenera, the largest of which are the Sophophora and the Drosophila. D. melanogaster is a species of the subgenus Sophophora, which is divided into four groups, obscura, saltans, willistoni and melanogaster, the last one being divided ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] Miller et a\? have shown recently that the amino-acid sequence of TFIIIA contains multiple repeats of a 30-residue unit which they called a 'finger'. There are nine such fingers in the 344-residue TFIIIA, each of which contains the sequence Cys .. Cys .... His .. His and is thought to complex a ...
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    Nature 322 (1986), S. 664-664 
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    Notes: [Auszug] JAMES AND SIELECKI REPLY-Acid activation of porcine pepsinogen has long been known to involve conformational changes1'2 that can be reversed by rapidly returning the pH of the solution to neutrality. Conformational changes on a time scale of 5 ms-2 s have also been detected by stopped flow ...
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    Nature 323 (1986), S. 273-275 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Single cells from frog ventricle were voltage-clamped with the whole-cell f ch clamp technique as described previously7. To block K+ currents, the patch pipette contained an intracellular medium with 120mM Cs and the cells were superfused with 20 mM Cs. The fast Na+ current was blocked with ...
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    Nature 322 (1986), S. 488-488 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Hamburg WEST Germany and the Soviet Union have agreed on closer cooperation in science and technology. Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher signed a framework treaty in Moscow two weeks ago which covers three sub-agreements on nuclear power, medical and agricultural research. Fifteen two-year ...
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    Nature 322 (1986), S. 489-489 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Washington JUST minutes before midnight on 30 July, Japanese and US negotiators reached a comprehensive agreement on trade in semiconductors. Under the terms of the five-year agreement, the Japanese government will both help US semiconductor companies to increase their share of the Japanese market ...
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    Nature 322 (1986), S. 489-489 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Washington FEARFUL that US industry is not doing enough by itself to tap the voluminous output of Japanese scientific and technical literature, the US Senate is expected this week to agree to set aside 1 million per year for efforts to make access easier. How the money will be spent has not yet ...
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    Nature 322 (1986), S. 491-491 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Washington AN agreement between the University of Alaska at Anchorage and the Siberian Branch of the Soviet Academy of Medicine to study problems of human adaptation to circumpolar living was endorsed by a Soviet delegation visiting Washington last week. But last minute uncertainty about official ...
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    Nature 322 (1986), S. 492-492 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE numbers of doctorates awarded to men and women in the United States in 1985, taken from a report from the National Science Foundation division of science resource studies. In total 4,531 doctorates were awarded in physical sciences (3,817 to men, 714 to women) compared with 5,748 in the life ...
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    Nature 322 (1986), S. 493-493 
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    Notes: [Auszug] AT long last the world has an international forum that could help avert the total destruction of tropical forests. All the major tropical timber producing and consuming nations agreed in Geneva last week to put into operation the International Tropical Timber Agreement. Among its clauses are those ...
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    Nature 322 (1986), S. 494-494 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Elitzur1 criticizes Marks3 for having omitted "representative" works. I know of no work that could be acceptable as a case for parapsychology. As for the extraordinary instrumental sophistication proudly presented, my question is why such a complicated mess is necessary for the basically rather ...
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    Nature 322 (1986), S. 496-497 
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    Notes: [Auszug] A newly recovered cranium of one of the early human species called robust australopithecines may well force palaeo-anthropologists to reconsider the evolutionary relationships among all Australopithecus forms. On page 517 of this issue1, Walker and colleagues describe two specimens (a partial lower ...
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    Nature 322 (1986), S. 500-500 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR Geoffrey Ingram Taylor OM, FRS was one of the giants of physical science in this century. His work was at the centre of research on the mechanics of fluids and solids and their application to aeronautics, chemical engineering, meteorology, mechanical engineering, metal physics and oceanography. ...
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    Nature 322 (1986), S. 502-503 
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    Notes: [Auszug] EXPERIMENTAL evidence indicating that major histocompatibility antigens have an important role in host defences against the development and spread of tumours is rapidly accumulating. Various spontaneous as well as experimentally induced animal tumour cells exhibit quantitative and qualitative ...
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    Nature 322 (1986), S. 505-505 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SUSY GUTS is not a radical feminist, but a theory that is designed to unify the fundamental forces of nature. The reader will find this, along with many other esoteric facts, relieved by occasional gossipy anecdotes, in the latest book from prolific science writer John Gribbin. In Search of the ...
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    Nature 322 (1986), S. 505-506 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SCIENCE Confronts the Paranormal contains a selection of articles published by the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal in its journal The Skeptical Inquirer. The book is divided into two sections. The first of them, "Assessing Claims of Paranormal Phenomena", is ...
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    Nature 322 (1986), S. 508-508 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN THE battle being fought in many countries to protect rare or declining species, wildlife conservationists are often severely handicapped by lack of knowledge. What are the species' numbers and distribution? What are its requirements, and how can these be accommodated in a changing environment? ...
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